What is an autoclave and what is it used for? Autoclave for food processing. Selecting the desired capacity parameters

Sterilization by boiling.

Sterilization by boiling is carried out in a sterilizer. Distilled water is poured into the sterilizer, as tap water forms scale. (Glass objects are immersed in cold, metal objects in hot water with the addition of sodium bicarbonate). Sterilized items are boiled over low heat for 30-60 minutes. The beginning of sterilization is considered the moment of boiling water in the sterilizer. At the end of boiling, the instruments are taken with sterile tweezers, which are boiled along with the rest of the items.

Dry heat sterilization.

Sterilization by dry heat is carried out in a Pasteur oven. The material prepared for sterilization is placed on the shelves so that it does not come into contact with the walls. The closet is closed and after that the heating is turned on. The duration of sterilization at a temperature of 150°C is 2 hours, at 165°C - 1 hour, at 180°C - 40 minutes, at 200°C - 10-15 minutes (at 170°C paper and cotton wool turn yellow, and at more high temperature charred). The beginning of sterilization is the moment when the temperature in the oven reaches the desired height. At the end of the sterilization period, the oven is turned off, but the cabinet doors are not opened until completely cooled, as cold air entering the cabinet may cause cracks on hot dishes.

Steam sterilization under pressure.

Steam sterilization under pressure is carried out in an autoclave. The autoclave consists of two boilers inserted one into the other, a casing and a cover. The outer boiler is called a water-steam chamber, the inner one is called a sterilization chamber. Steam is produced in a steam boiler. The material to be sterilized is placed in the inner cauldron. There are small holes in the upper part of the sterilization kettle through which steam from the steam chamber passes. The lid of the autoclave is hermetically screwed to the casing. In addition to the listed main parts, the autoclave has a number of parts that regulate its operation: a pressure gauge, water gauge glass, safety valve, exhaust, air and condensate taps. The pressure gauge is used to determine the pressure that is created in the sterilization chamber. Normal Atmosphere pressure(760 mm Hg) is taken as zero, therefore, in a non-working autoclave, the pressure gauge needle is at zero. There is a certain relationship between the pressure gauge readings and temperature (Table 1).

The red line on the pressure gauge scale indicates the maximum operating pressure, which is allowed in the autoclave. The safety valve serves to protect against excessive pressure buildup. It is set to a predetermined pressure, that is, the pressure at which sterilization is to be carried out, when the pressure gauge arrow goes beyond the line, the autoclave valve automatically opens and releases excess steam, thereby slowing down the further rise in pressure.

On the side wall of the autoclave there is a gauge glass showing the water level in the steam boiler. On the tube of the water gauge glass, two horizontal lines are applied - the lower and the upper, indicating, respectively, the permissible lower and upper water levels in the water-steam chamber. The air valve is designed to remove air from the sterilization and water-steam chambers at the beginning of sterilization, since air, being a poor heat conductor, violates the sterilization regime. At the bottom of the autoclave there is a condensing cock to release the sterilization chamber from the condensate formed during the heating of the sterilized material.

Autoclave rules.

Before starting work, inspect the autoclave and instrumentation. In autoclaves with automatic steam control, the arrows on the electrovacuum manometer of the water vapor chamber are set in accordance with the sterilization mode: the lower arrow is set to 0.1 atm. lower, upper - by 0.1 atm. above the working pressure, the water-steam chamber is filled with water up to the upper mark of the measuring glass. During the period of filling with water, the valve on the pipe through which steam enters the chamber is kept open for free air to escape from the boiler. The sterilization chamber of the autoclave is loaded with the material to be sterilized. After that, the lid (or door) of the autoclave is closed, tightly fastened with a central lock or bolts; to avoid distortion, the bolts are screwed crosswise (in diameter). Then turn on the heating source ( electricity, steam) by closing the valve on the pipe connecting the steam source to the sterilization chamber. With the onset of vaporization and the creation of pressure in the water-steam chamber, a purge is performed (air is removed from the sterilization boiler). The method of removing air is determined by the design of the autoclave. At first, the air comes out in separate portions, then an even continuous stream of steam appears, indicating that the air has been completely expelled from the sterilization chamber. After removing the air, the valve is closed, and a gradual increase in pressure begins in the sterilization chamber.

The beginning of sterilization is the moment when the pressure gauge indicates the set pressure. After that, the heating intensity is reduced so that the pressure in the autoclave remains at the same level for the required time. At the end of the sterilization time, heating is stopped. Close the valve in the pipeline supplying steam to the sterilization chamber and open the valve on the condensate (downward) pipe to reduce the steam pressure in the chamber. After the pressure gauge needle drops to zero, slowly loosen the clamping devices and open the lid of the autoclave.

The temperature and duration of sterilization are determined by the quality of the material to be sterilized and the properties of the microorganisms with which it is infected.

Temperature control in the sterilization chamber is carried out periodically using bacteriological tests. Biotests are produced by the bacteriological laboratories of the Central Epidemiological Service. If these tests fail, the technical condition of the autoclave is checked.

The most common way to make preparations for the future is, of course, canning, which allows you to prepare for the winter and cook various goodies. However, this process usually takes a lot of time and does not always guarantee a high-quality result of the work done and the safety of products for a long time. In addition, often there are practically no vitamins left in canned vegetables, the presence of which is especially important in winter.

The ideal solution to this problem is to use a unit such as an autoclave for home canning for proper sterilization. With it, you can make any homemade preparations: fruit, berry, vegetable, meat and fish.

General characteristics

An autoclave for home canning is a metal hermetically sealed vessel, on the lid of which a pressure gauge is fixed to control pressure, a thermometer, and a fitting designed for air injection.

Characterized enough simple principle work. Providing rapid heating, the loaded apparatus operates at constant temperatures (about 120 degrees) and pressure (about 4.5 atm.) for the time necessary for sterilization, after which cooling occurs.

Home autoclaves: types

Autoclaves produced today differ in heating method and volume. Therefore, when buying a device, you should take into account these characteristics. According to the method of heating, the devices are divided into gas and electric ones with a pointer thermometer or an electronic control unit. The last type is a fully automated autoclave, the price of which is slightly higher. As for capacity, models are produced for volumes from 20 to 46 liters.

The choice of apparatus depends primarily on the conditions under which canning will be carried out and how many jars of a certain volume the autoclave should hold per load. The price of the device is also largely determined by these parameters. So, for example, estimated cost gas autoclaves, depending on the capacity, range from 13 to 25 thousand rubles, electric - from 18 to 32 thousand rubles, equipped with an ECU - from 30 to 40 thousand rubles.

Autoclave: operating instructions

Cooking canned food in an autoclave involves several steps. First, rolled cans with prepared products are loaded into the body. The filled containers are loaded in rows (can to can). A gasket is placed on the bottom of the autoclave. This could be, for example, rubber mat or cloth bag.

Banks are filled with water so that it covers their lids by at least 20 mm. With less water, it is impossible to set a general sterilization mode for all jars. A rubber gasket and an autoclave lid are installed on top, bolts are tightened.

An automobile pump through an air valve in the body of the apparatus creates a pressure equal to 1 atm., which is necessary to prevent the lids from breaking off the loaded containers. With the help of soapy water, as well as “by ear”, the tightness of the connection is checked.

Heat

The autoclave is installed on the heating source. It could be gas stove or burner. Heating lasts up to a certain temperature value necessary for the sterilization of a particular product. At the same time, the pressure shown on the pressure gauge also increases. Its limit value depends on the temperature. So, at 110 degrees, the pressure is from 2.5 to 3.5 atm., At 120 ° C - from 4 to 4.5 atm. It is not recommended to adjust its values ​​yourself, since its optimal level is set by itself.

Sterilization

From the moment the desired temperature is reached, the heating intensity decreases and the sterilization mode begins, in which the jars are kept for the required time (depending on the product), after which the heating source is turned off.

Next, the stage of cooling in a natural way begins to a temperature value not higher than 30 degrees. In this case, the pressure value will be slightly higher than the initial one. To reduce it, air is gently released through the valve. Then the lid bolts are unscrewed, the autoclave is opened, and the cans are removed. The condition of the lids is checked, as well as the strength of the seaming.

After draining the water from the device (using a hose), it is necessary to wipe its surface dry and leave it in open form for drying.

Working with electric autoclaves

The electric autoclave for home canning allows you to special trouble behind a short time prepare and sterilize canned food from any food products. The temperature and pressure inside the autoclave are created using a block of tubular electric heaters. For the preparation of canned food in such a device, rolled cans are installed in a special cassette designed for fastening containers in the apparatus, and are fixed with clamping nuts.

Plug the device into a socket. The end of the drain hose is put on the drain tap and secured with a clamp. The other end is lowered into a container with cold water and also fixed. Water is poured into the body of the autoclave in such an amount that its level is 1 centimeter above the cover of the cassette when placed inside. Next, the apparatus is closed (without the use of clamps) and the heating is turned on. After the water warms up to 60 degrees, the cover is removed again. A cassette with cans is lowered inside the machine. The lid is put in place and pressed against the body with the help of clips. Heating of water continues until the required for sterilization is reached. specific product temperature and then maintained at the desired level until the end of the process, after which cooling begins.

After the end of sterilization, the switch is turned off, the plug is removed from the socket, through drain hose water descends and cans are taken out.

When working with an automated autoclave, after placing the cans in the body and closing the lid, the necessary settings are selected on the electronic control unit (depending on the product and recipe) and the “Start” button is pressed. After that, the device works according to the program set in the ECU.

Average temperatures and sterilization times

The sterilization modes of autoclaves vary and depend on the configuration of the apparatus, their heat transfer characteristics, heating methods, and so on. Optimal Modes autoclaves are selected experimentally in the process of working with the apparatus. The average values ​​of temperature and time of sterilization of the main products are:

• canned meat from lamb, pork and beef - 118-120 ° C in 45 minutes;
• canned rabbit and poultry - 115 ° C for 30 minutes;
• canned fish - 112-115 ° C for 20-30 minutes;
• canned mushrooms - 110 ° C for 30-40 minutes;
• canned fruits - 115-120 ° C in 30 minutes;
• vegetable - 100-120 ° C in 15-20 minutes.

Home autoclaves provide the ability to change the duration of sterilization. It can be increased or decreased depending on taste preferences. However, it should be remembered that the less canned food is in the autoclave, the shorter its shelf life.

The advantages of preparing blanks in household autoclaves

The autoclave for home canning, used in the production of spins at home, has a number of advantages, the main ones are:

• saves a lot of time;
• a significant part of useful substances is retained in the products;
• during the heat treatment, bacteria and pathogens are destroyed;
• increases the shelf life of products.

The original analogue of the autoclave appeared back in 1795 in France. A prize was even announced to the one who would invent a reliable food preservation agent. It is connected with the fact that in those days the issue of food and human survival was in the first place. One confectioner under the name of Upper François won. He put food in a special container and boiled it in ordinary water. Thus, the first autoclave for home (domestic) use was obtained.

In 1880, another Frenchman, Charles Chamberland, created a real autoclave, in which the necessary pressure was created when temperature regime. The use of this invention was limited, and became widespread only among chemical scientists and physicians, who were faced with the issue of sterilizing instruments.

In 1953 (only two hundred years later) the autoclave received further development. Lagarde has developed a unique autoclave for use in the textile industry - using the device to dye fabrics. And in 1978, Lagarde released the first professional autoclave for sterilizing food.

The USSR made a significant contribution to the development of autoclaves - a device was developed at the Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis high pressure. This gave impetus to the appearance of resin, polymer materials and synthetic oils.

At this time, there is a division of autoclaves into several branches - appeared industrial devices, household (home) and medical.

A few years later, literally in 1988, an autoclave for home canning appeared, which worked with the help of electrical energy. That is, absolutely anyone could connect the autoclave to the mains and cook food accordingly right at home.

A modern autoclave is an apparatus that is made in the form of a sealed chamber and is used to process material under pressure above atmospheric pressure. Under such conditions, the reaction is accelerated and a higher quality product is obtained.

1. When used in medicine, high-pressure autoclaves are used to sterilize instruments. If the device works without pressurization, then it is called drying cabinet or sterilizer.
2. For chemical reactions use special devices, which are called chemical reactors. But in its essence and principle of operation, it is still the same autoclave.
3. The autoclave is widely used at home - with its help it is possible to both prepare canned food and sterilize food. And by installing a distiller, you will get purified water for cooling systems Vehicle and battery charge.

Design features

At present, autoclaves are made from especially strong alloyed steels of various grades: and 20K, 06KhN28, 16GS, 12Kh18N9T, 09G2S. The hull is constructed by welding or riveting links with convex bottoms. Special openings (lids) are made in the case through which it is convenient to load materials. Steam is supplied through the fitting to the pipe, and condensate is removed using a drain valve.

A modern industrial autoclave is equipped with a wide variety of devices: remote, external and internal heat exchangers, electric heaters, various other heating components, agitators (pneumatic, electromagnetic or mechanical), various devices regulation and measurement of pressure and temperature, other control and measuring sensors.

Main characteristics

in diameter this device, as a rule, varies from 1.2 meters to 8 meters. The length can reach large sizes- from 2 to 40 meters! It is mounted on special supports that allow the metal to lengthen (expand) when heated. To avoid heat loss, the casing is made of special thermal insulation. Inside the autoclave there are rails with trolleys - this is the way products for sterilization are fed.

Changing the temperature regime and pressure occurs with the help of copper or platinum thermal resistance transducers.

In general, an industrial high pressure autoclave is a complex technological device.

Design differences

The main parameters of industrial autoclaves can be different: the capacity varies from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters, it is possible to work under pressure up to 150 MN / m2 and temperatures up to 500 degrees Celsius. The differences are due to the fact that such devices are used in a wide variety of industries:

• construction- production and release building materials;
• food- sterilization and food preparation;
• chemical- production of various dyes, herbicides;
• rubber- vulcanization of products;
• metallurgy- recovery of precious and non-ferrous metals.

Different autoclaves are used for each individual process. For example, tunnel and dead-end units are involved in construction. They are a pipe three to six meters long and fifteen to twenty meters in diameter. Tunnel systems are closed with a lid on both sides, and dead-end systems - only on one side.

In the field of chemistry - glandless installations that do not require additional sealing. Such devices are equipped with a unique shielded electric motor. The rotor is protected by a screen made of a special non-magnetic material.

And in Food Industry there are a wide variety of models in size, principle of operation, both horizontal and vertical installation. AT horizontal installations it is possible to sterilize products not only in rigid containers, but also in semi-rigid or even soft containers. This is due to the fact that back pressure is created inside the unit in relation to each specific product package.

The latest developments are equipped multilevel systems protection systems automatic shutdown and locks. A special “protective jacket” is used, which reliably protects the seams and body materials from the influence of the coolant.

Additional equipment

Autoclaves are produced in any size and configuration, both in conventional and explosion-proof versions. Parameters are selected according to the wishes and requirements of the customer. It happens and non-standard equipment for the chemical and oil industries.

The units are equipped with the following equipment:

• ventilation system;
• heating blocks;
• vacuum pumps;
• other systems for the regulation and control of vacuum, pressure, temperature and time.

The sale of industrial autoclaves today is carried out in a wide range of choices - the needs of absolutely any customer will be satisfied.

The principle of operation of the device

After selecting a sterilization cycle, a vacuum is created inside the chamber with periodic heating. Thus, air is completely removed from the working chamber along with condensate. In accordance with the specified parameters, the operator creates the necessary indicators of temperature and pressure. This is the so-called sterilization phase.

AT normal conditions when the water temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it stops heating further. If the water boils for a long time, then the moisture is transformed into steam. The process of intense evaporation begins. Steam is the same gas that creates excess pressure in the chamber. In this case, the heat has an increased penetrating power, and therefore completely penetrates the structure of microorganisms, destroying them.

Modern industrial autoclaves use the vacuum function, which implies the removal of oxygen in several cycles. Thanks to this technique, the sterilization process is many times faster with the preservation of all useful properties substances.

The pressure is then released and the drying phase begins. And the remaining moisture instantly evaporates at high temperatures. The sterilization cycle is fully automated by the machine, so there is no human error.

But the sterilization cycle can be controlled using the electronic touch screen. It also displays the parameters of the current program. Using the display, it is possible not only to select the autoclave cycle, but also to transfer the unit to the “standby” mode.

Achievements of scientific progress make it possible to manufacture industrial autoclaves of a wide variety of models, but the principle of operation of some differs little from others. In industry, autoclaves are used, both water-cooled and air-cooled.

1. Air cooling means cooling with a jet of cold air.
2. Water cooling consists in the action of water, which circulates in the system with the help of a pump.

Autoclave operation

cameras high blood pressure and temperatures are actively used in hydrometallurgy, chemical, rubber, light, construction industry, in medicine. Especially when creating products from carbon fiber.

But autoclaves have been actively used in the food industry. Such devices are equipped with reliable multi-level protection and a special “jacket” that protects the main (external) material from the effects of a thermal carrier.

Around the world, about 1.5-2 million industrial autoclaves are constantly in operation.

Unit advantages:

• automation and modernization production processes;
• ensuring perfect sterility - microorganisms and infections are completely destroyed;
• saving electrical energy;
• possibility of operation in various fields and with the most a variety of materials;
• high quality and reliability of sterilization;
• autonomy and safety of the process.

It is for these reasons that autoclaves have become so widespread.

Variety of autoclaves

An autoclave is either a fully enclosed vessel or with a lid, designed to carry out technical processes, which are necessary for the processing of materials by pressure and high temperature. Optionally, it can be equipped with pneumatic, electromagnetic or mechanical agitators. If necessary, it is equipped with remote, external or internal heat exchangers and other devices for measuring liquid level, pressure, temperature, and so on.

Industrial autoclaves are classified according to design features, type of heating, purpose, volume, pressure, lid design.

By design type

All autoclaves can be divided into two large blocks - vertical units, horizontal, rotating, swinging and column. Each of these types has both its obvious advantages and some disadvantages.

1. Vertical. The water medium is heated with the help of special heating elements. heating elements located inside the camera at the bottom of the device. It is characterized by a compact structure. It has been widely used in the laboratory.
2. Horizontal. The most commonly used gas heating, which is characterized by a minimum heating time and greater flexibility in operation. This unit is usually used in industry for processing composite materials. Among the advantages of a gas horizontal autoclave, it is worth highlighting the ease of installation, small dimensions, and there is no need to equip a diathermal heating system. The costs of an electric autoclave are slightly higher. However, technology does not stand still - it already exists horizontal systems with a spiral energy-saving heat exchanger. At a price, a spiral heat exchanger will cost several times more than its gas counterpart. Payback periods are much higher.
3. Rotating. Suitable for handling suspended solids or mushy, namely for leaching mineral concentrates various metals and rud. It looks like a sealed vessel with a removable lid. The latter is attached to the body with gasket and studs. Mounted on the outside of the cover stop valve with multilayer filter.
4. rocking. These devices allow the mixing of substances in such packages, for which sterilization in conventional autoclaves is considered unacceptable.
5. columnar. Commonly used to create alumina from bauxite. This unit allows you to simplify the labor and time costs in such a process.

By working volume

There are construction and chemical units with a capacity of hundreds cubic meters. For example, such high-pressure systems are used to produce bricks. There are also food (capacity - 5-100 liters) and laboratory autoclaves (0.25-5 liters).

By pressure

Devices of high and low pressure. The former include industrial autoclaves, while the latter include medical and food devices.

By arrangement of lids

Materials are loaded through special hatches, which are closed with lids. Tunnel autoclaves use two lids, and dead end autoclaves use one. Last option is more widely used due to its structural simplicity.

By appointment

According to their purpose, industrial autoclaves can be divided into the following types:

1. food- used for food processing and canning.
2. Chemical- usually work with nominal pressure under 15-25 atmospheres, but there are modifications under 100 atmospheres. They are divided into laboratory and classical industrial ones.
3. Construction- are used for the production of the same brick or more complex structures by the type of triplex, carbon, kevlar.
4. Medical- are used for sterilization of tools and materials.

According to European standard EN 13060

Autoclaves are divided into the following three classes:

• "AT"- are intended for sterilization of any objects, including fabrics, both porous and hollow, and massive. The most functional devices.
• "S"- are involved in the medical field. More economical systems, in contrast to class "B". They are considered the most in demand, due to the provision of an acceptable level of sterilization.
• "N"- in terms of application, the most limited class: used for processing unpackaged items that do not contain gaps and voids.

Modern industrial gas and electric autoclaves are complex plants with high performance rates.

NIPKI PTO "Konservprod" offers the manufacture of industrial autoclaves, the quality of which has been proven by no production in the Russian Federation and other countries.

An autoclave is an apparatus for steam sterilization under pressure and at temperatures above 100°C. The autoclave is used for sterilization, linen for operations, tools, utensils for, for growing microorganisms, etc. The principle of operation of the autoclave is based on an increase in the boiling point of water with increasing pressure (at a pressure of 1 atm, the boiling point of water is 99.1 ° C, and at a pressure of 2 atm - 119.6C). Autoclaves are stationary and portable, horizontal and vertical. The water in the autoclave is heated to form steam using electrical energy or the energy of burning gas, kerosene.

The main parts of the autoclave (Fig. 1): casing, water vapor chamber, sterilization chamber, cover with rubber gasket. Water vapor chamber made of special high quality; steel is designed to produce steam. The material to be sterilized is placed in the sterilization chamber. A massive lid with a rubber gasket tightly closes the water vapor chamber.

The cover is attached to the body with bolts and clamped on top with wing nuts. The outer casing protects the autoclave from mechanical damage.

In modern electric autoclaves (Fig. 2), the heated steam supply system is separated from the sterilization chamber. Steam is supplied to the sterilization chamber through a branch pipe from a kettle equipped with an electric heating element with a heating degree regulator.

Fittings are attached to the autoclave: a pressure gauge with a siphon tube and a three-way cock, a water-meter glass tube for measuring the water level in the water-steam chamber of the autoclave, a safety valve to prevent excessive pressure build-up in the autoclave, an air and drain cock to remove air at the beginning of sterilization and to remove condensate from sterilization chamber.

The personnel operating the autoclave must be trained in special courses. The Qualification Commission, in the presence of a boiler supervision inspector, issues certificates for the right to operate the autoclave. At inept work the autoclave may explode.

It is forbidden to use the autoclave if: a) the term for inspection of the autoclave by a heating engineer has expired; b) at least one defective clamping bolt is found; c) at least one lug of the autoclave lid is damaged; d) the pressure gauge, safety valve or glass of the water meter tube is damaged;
e) the autoclave was not cleaned from scale and dirt within the prescribed period;
e) a boiler leak is noticed. Before using the autoclave, it is necessary to check its completeness and study the instructions supplied with the autoclave. See also .

Rice. 1. Portable autoclave (section): 1 - cover; 2 - cover shirt; 3 - umbrella; 4 - holes for steam; 5 - casing; 6 - water vapor chamber; 7 - sterilization chamber; 8 - drain valve; 9 and 11 - steam taps; 10 - water meter glass tube; 12 - funnel with a tap; 13 - pressure gauge; 14 - safety valve.

Modern autoclaves for industry are complex aggregates with great performance. Represents autoclave vertical or a horizontal vessel that is hermetically sealed with spherical lids.
Applies autoclave horizontal for processing composite materials. In most cases it is used gas autoclave, since gas heating has great flexibility and minimal heating time. This is the best way classic autoclave, as it has a simple installation, a small area and does not require a diathermic heating system. In addition, process costs heat treatment the products of such an autoclave are significantly lower than those required for autoclave electric(for example, compare the cost of electricity and gas). Of course, there are models of the autoclave horizontal and with a spiral heat exchanger, which are a model of energy-saving technologies. A spiral heat exchanger allows you to work with any product, but its cost is much higher than a gas heat exchanger, in addition, it also has a long payback period.
The pressure vessel is autoclave vertical, the heating of the aqueous medium in which is carried out mainly with the help of heating elements located in the inner lower part of the autoclave.
As a rule, modern industrial autoclaves in diameter range from 1.2 m to 7.6 m, and in length - from 1.9 m to 40 m. Autoclaves are distinguished by the method of loading into horizontal and vertical ones. There are also specialized models of autoclaves. But the principle of their work is the same: it consists in heating the sterilized product under pressure to high temperatures. The increased pressure in the autoclave compensates for the thermal expansion of the product.
Install the autoclave on supports that allow it to elongate when heated. Steam is supplied to the perforated pipe through a fitting, and condensate is removed through a drain valve. Inside the autoclave itself is laid rail track, along which trolleys with products for sterilization are rolled in.
To avoid big heat loss, external surfaces autoclaves are covered with thermal insulation, which contributes to the intensification technological process.
The change in pressure and temperature in the autoclave is carried out by sensors. As a rule, the temperature change is made by platinum or copper resistance thermocouples.
The principle of operation of the autoclave is as follows: after the sterilization cycle is selected, a preliminary fractionated vacuum with periodic heating is created in the working chamber of the autoclave, i.e. going on effective removal air and condensate in the working chamber of the sterilizer. Then pressure and temperature are created in the chamber in accordance with the set parameters and the sterilization phase begins. After the sterilization exposure is over, the pressure in the autoclave chamber is initially released and the stage of vacuum pulsed drying begins. Thus, effective drying of the sterilized products occurs, and the remaining moisture instantly evaporates at high temperature and negative pressure. This type of sterilization is absolutely adequate for all sterilized products that can withstand a temperature of 135 degrees Celsius, and the operator is deprived of the opportunity to make even the slightest mistake, since the sterilization cycle is fully automated.
Sterilization cycle control, as well as display of cycle parameters, is carried out using an interactive, electronic touch screen located on front panel autoclave. The display allows the operator to select a cycle, adjust the display contrast, and put the autoclave into standby mode.
A wide variety of autoclave models are currently being produced for various industries industries, the principle of operation of which is not much different from each other. Used in industry autoclave with air-cooled and water. With water cooling, water is circulated by a pump, continuously spraying the product, and with air cooling, cooling is carried out by a jet of cold air.
For the manufacture of film triplex, it is necessary autoclave for triplex which provides improved optical characteristics glass, increases their moisture resistance and makes it possible to perform additional machining designs. At the first stage of manufacturing triplex, glass is cut right size and processing is done before receiving smooth surface. After that, a polyvinyl butyral or ethylene vinyl acetate film is laid between the glasses and the product is pressed in an autoclave.
Also, in the production of carbon fiber, an autoclave for carbon is needed. In general, there are several ways to obtain carbon fibers, but the autoclave method is the most widely used. It consists in the following: polyacrylonitrile fibers are oxidized in air for a day at a temperature of 2500C. Then the fibers are transferred to an inert gas, in which the carbonization process is carried out at a high temperature - 800-15000C. This is followed by the process of graphitization at a temperature of 1600-30000C. The process of manufacturing carbonate threads ends here.
Indispensable is also CFRP autoclave, since with its help products of uniform thickness are obtained, it is possible to mold large-sized high-quality products with low porosity.