Soil soil for potted plants gost. mechanized workpiece. soil test site

Introduction date 01.07.88

This International Standard establishes terms and definitions of concepts in the field of soil science. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature that are within the scope of standardization or use the results of this activity. This standard should be used in conjunction with GOST 20432-83. 1. Standardized terms with definitions are given in Table. one . 2. One standardized term is established for each concept. The use of terms - synonyms of the standardized term is not allowed. Synonyms that are unacceptable for use are given in Table. 1 as reference and are marked with “Ndp”.2.1. For individual standardized terms in Table. 1 are given as reference short forms, which are allowed to be used in cases that exclude the possibility of their different interpretation. 2.2. The above definitions can be changed, if necessary, by introducing derivative features into them, revealing the meaning of the terms used in them, indicating the objects included in the scope of the concept being defined. Changes should not violate the scope and content of the concepts defined in this standard.

GENERAL CONCEPTS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF SOILS ANALYSIS OF SOILS PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF SOILS ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE INFORMATION DATA

Table 1

Term

Definition

GENERAL CONCEPTS
1. Soil An independent natural-historical organo-mineral natural body that arose on the surface of the earth as a result of prolonged exposure to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors, consisting of solid mineral and organic particles, water and air and having specific genetic and morphological features, properties that create appropriate conditions for the growth and development of plants
2. Soil classification The system of separation of soils by origin and (or) properties 3. Soil profile The set of genetically conjugated and regularly changing soil horizons into which the soil is divided in the process of soil formation 4. Soil horizon A specific layer of the soil profile formed as a result of the impact of soil-forming processes 5. Type of soil The main classification unit, characterized by a commonality of properties due to the regimes and processes of soil formation, and unified system main genetic horizons
Continuation of the table. one
Term

Definition

 6. Soil subtype Classification within a type characterized by qualitative differences in the system of genetic horizons and in the manifestation of overlapping processes that characterize the transition to another type 7. Type of soil Classification unit within the subtype, determined by the characteristics of the composition of the soil-absorbing complex, the nature of the salt profile, the main forms of neoplasms 8. Type of soil Classification unit within a genus, quantitatively differing in the degree of expression of soil-forming processes that determine the type, subtype and genus of soils 9. Variety of soil Classification unit that takes into account the division of soils according to the granulometric composition of the entire soil profile 10. Soil Discharge Classification unit grouping soils according to the nature of soil-forming and underlying rocks 11. Ground cover The totality of soils that cover the earth's surface 12. Structure of the soil cover Spatial arrangement of elementary soil areas, in varying degrees genetically related to each other and creating a certain spatial pattern 13. Soil-forming factors Elements of the natural environment: soil-forming rocks, climate, living and dead organisms, age and terrain, as well as anthropogenic activities that have a significant impact on soil formation 14. Elementary soil range Primary component of soil cover, which is the area covered by soil in one of the lowest ranking units

15. Soil mapping

Ndp. Mapping

 Drawing up soil maps or maps of their individual properties 16. Soil fertility The ability of the soil to meet the needs of plants in nutrients, moisture and air, as well as to provide conditions for their normal life 17. Soil passport A document containing a fixed set of soil data necessary for the purposes of its rational use and protection 18. Soil evaluation Comparative assessment in points of soil quality by natural properties

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

 19. Mechanical element of soil Isolated primary particles of rocks and minerals, as well as amorphous compounds in soil 20. Soil aggregate Structural unit of soil, consisting of soil mechanical elements connected to each other 21. Mechanical fraction of soil A set of mechanical elements, the size of which is within certain limits 22. Soil Skeleton The set of mechanical elements of the soil with a size of more than 1 mm 23. Fine earth The totality of mechanical soil elements less than 1 mm in size 24. Silty soil fraction The set of mechanical elements of the soil in size from 0.001 to 1.0 mm 25. Soil colloids The set of mechanical elements of the soil in size from 0.0001 to 0.001 mm 26. Granulometric composition of the soil The content of mechanical elements in the soil, united by fraction 27. Solid part of the soil The totality of all types of particles that are in the soil in a solid state at a natural level of moisture 28. Soil structure The physical structure of the solid part and the pore space of the soil, due to the size, shape, quantitative ratio, the nature of the relationship and the location of both mechanical elements and aggregates consisting of them 29. Pore space in soil Gaps of various sizes and shapes between mechanical elements and soil aggregates occupied by air or water
Continuation of the table. one
Term
 Definition 30. Soil moisture Water in the soil and released by drying the soil at a temperature of 105 ° C to constant mass 31. Soil moisture capacity The value that quantitatively characterizes the water-holding capacity of the soil 32. Soil swelling Increase in the volume of the soil as a whole or individual structural elements when moistened 33. Soil consistency The degree of mobility of the particles that make up the soil under the influence of external mechanical influences at different soil moisture, due to the ratio of cohesive and adhesive forces 34. Soil density The ratio of the mass of dry soil, taken without disturbing the natural composition, to its volume 35. Soil air capacity Volume of pore space containing air at soil moisture corresponding to field capacity 36. Soil biological activity The totality of biological processes occurring in the soil 37. Biological accumulation in soil Accumulation in the soil of organic, organomineral and mineral substances as a result of the vital activity of plants, soil microflora and fauna

SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

 38. Chemical characterization soil Qualitative and quantitative description of the chemical properties of the soil and the chemical processes occurring in it 39. Soil organic matter The totality of all organic substances in the form of humus and the remains of animals and plants 40. Humus Part of the organic matter of the soil, represented by a combination of specific and non-specific organic substances of the soil, with the exception of compounds that are part of living organisms and their residues 41. Group composition of humus List and quantitative content of groups of organic substances that make up humus 42. Fractional composition of humus The content of organic substances included in separate groups of humus compounds and differing in the forms of their connection with the mineral part of the soil 43. Specific humic substances dark colored organic compounds, which are part of humus and formed in the process of humification of plant and animal residues in the soil 44. Humic acids A class of high-molecular organic nitrogen-containing hydroxy acids with a benzoic nucleus, which are part of humus and are formed in the process of humification 45. Humic acids A group of dark-colored humic acids, soluble in alkalis and insoluble in acids
GC
 46. ​​Hymatomelanic acids Group of humic acids soluble in the standard
MMC
 47. Fulvic acids
FC
 A group of humic acids soluble in water, alkalis and acids 48. Gumin Organic matter that is part of the soil, insoluble in acids, alkalis, organic solvents 49. Organo-mineral compounds of the soil Complex, heteropolar, adsorption and other products of the interaction of organic and mineral substances of the soil 50. Degree of humification of organic matter The ratio of the amount of carbon in humic acids to the total amount of soil organic carbon, expressed in mass fractions 51. Mineralization of the soil solution Total content of mineral compounds in soil solution 52. Easily soluble soil salts Salts contained in the soil, the solubility of which in water exceeds 2 g / dm 3

Continuation of Table 1

Term

Definition

 53. Sparingly soluble soil salts Salts contained in the soil, the solubility of which in water is equal to or less than 2 g / dm 3 54. Mobility chemical compounds in soil Connections ability chemical elements move from solid phases; soil into soil solution 55. Soil acidity The ability of the soil to exhibit the properties of acids 56. Soil alkalinity The ability of the soil to exhibit the properties of the bases 57. Soil buffering The ability of the soil to resist changes in its properties under the influence of various factors 58. Acid-base buffering of the soil The ability of the soil to withstand changes in the pH of the soil solution when the soil interacts with acids and bases

ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF SOILS

 59. Soil absorption complex The set of mineral, organic and organo-mineral particles of the solid phase of the soil, which have absorptive capacity 60. Ion exchange in soil Reversible reaction of stoichiometric exchange of ions between the solid and liquid phases of the soil 61. Selectivity of metabolism in soil The ability of the soil to preferential absorption of certain types of ions 62. Soil cation exchange capacity The maximum amount of cations that can be retained by the soil in the exchange state under given conditions 63. Soil anion exchange capacity The maximum amount of anions that can be retained by the soil in the exchange state under given conditions 64. The amount of exchangeable cations in the soil The total amount of exchangeable cations in the soil. Note. Exchangeable actions include potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, etc. 65. Exchange bases of soil Exchangeable cations that are part of the soil absorbing complex 66. Sum of exchangeable bases in soil The total number of exchangeable bases in the soil 67. The degree of saturation of the soil with bases The ratio of the sum of exchangeable bases to the sum of hydrolytic acidity and the sum of exchangeable bases

SOIL ANALYSIS

 68. Soil analysis A set of operations performed to determine the composition, physico-mechanical, physico-chemical, chemical, agrochemical and biological properties of the soil 69. trial site soil Representative part of the study area, intended for sampling and detailed study of the soil 70. Single soil sample A sample of a certain volume, taken once from the soil horizon of the layer 71. Pooled Soil Sample Ndp . Mixed soil sample Soil sample consisting of a given number of single samples 72. Absolutely dry soil sample Soil sample dried to constant weight at 105°C 73. Air dry soil test Soil sample dried to constant weight at laboratory temperature and humidity 74. Soil extract An extract obtained after soil treatment with a solution of a given composition that acted on the soil for a certain time at a certain ratio: soil - solution
Continuation of the table. one
Term Definition

SOIL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

 75. Soil protection A system of measures aimed at preventing the decline in soil fertility, their irrational use and pollution 76. Rational use soil Economically, ecologically and socially justified use of soils in national economy 77. Soil degradation Deterioration of soil properties and fertility as a result of natural or anthropogenic factors 78. Soil erosion Destruction and demolition of the upper most fertile soil horizons as a result of the action of water and wind 79. Depletion of the soil Depletion of nutrients and a decrease in the biological activity of the soil as a result of its irrational use 80. Soil fatigue The phenomenon observed in the monoculture of plants and is expressed in a decrease in yield with the introduction of full fertilizer and the preservation of favorable physical and mechanical properties of the soil 81. Soil leaching Washing out of the soil various substances filterable solutions 82. Soil salinization Accumulation of easily soluble salts in the soil 83. Migration of chemical compounds Movement of chemical compounds within a soil horizon, profile, or landscape 84. Hummification According to GOST 20432-83 85. Soil acidification
Ndp . soil acidification 		Changes in the acid-base properties of the soil caused by the natural soil-forming process, the entry of pollutants, the introduction of physiologically acidic fertilizers and other types of anthropogenic impact 86. Soil alkalization
Ndp . Soil alkalinity 		Changes in the acid-base properties of the soil caused by the natural soil-forming process, the entry of pollutants, the introduction of physiologically alkaline ameliorants and other types of anthropogenic impact 87. Soil pollution Accumulation in the soil of substances and organisms as a result of anthropogenic activities in such quantities that reduce the technological, nutritional and hygienic and sanitary value of cultivated crops and the quality of other natural objects 88. global pollution soil Soil pollution resulting from the long-range transport of a pollutant in the atmosphere over distances exceeding 1000 km from any source of pollution 89. Regional soil pollution Soil pollution resulting from the transfer of a pollutant into the atmosphere at distances of more than 40 km from technogenic and more than 10 km from agricultural sources of pollution 90. Local soil pollution Soil pollution near one or a combination of several sources of pollution 91. Background content of a substance in soil The content of the substance in the soil, corresponding to its natural composition 92. Industrial source of soil pollution Source of soil pollution caused by the activities of industrial and energy enterprises 93. Transport source of soil pollution Source of soil pollution due to exploitation Vehicle 94. Agricultural source of soil pollution Source of soil pollution due to agricultural production 95. Household source of soil pollution Source of soil pollution caused by human household activities 96. Soil pollution control Checking the conformity of soil contamination according to established standards and requirements 97. Soil pollution monitoring System of regulatory observations, including observations of actual levels, determination of predictive levels of pollution, identification of sources of soil pollution
Continuation of the table. one
Term

Definition

 98. Soil pollutant A substance that accumulates in the soil as a result of anthropogenic activities in such quantities that adversely affect the properties and fertility of the soil, the quality of agricultural products 99. Pesticide residue in soil Amount of pesticide after a specified waiting period from the moment of its application 100. Soil self-purification The ability of soil to reduce the concentration of a pollutant as a result of migration processes occurring in the soil 101. Self cleaning time soil The time interval during which the mass fraction of a soil pollutant decreases by 96% of the initial value or its background content 102. Maximum allowable concentration of a soil pollutant The maximum concentration of a soil pollutant that does not cause a negative direct or indirect effect on natural environment and human health

MPC

 103. Persistence of a soil pollutant The duration of the persistence of the activity of a soil pollutant, characterizing the degree of its resistance to the processes of decomposition and transformation 104. Detoxify Soil Pollutant Converting a soil pollutant into compounds that are non-toxic to organisms 105. Sanitary condition of the soil The totality of physico-chemical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, which determine its direct impact on human and animal health
3. An alphabetical index of the terms contained in the standard in Russian is given in Table. 2.4. Terms and definitions of concepts established in ST SEV 5298-85, but not used in the USSR, are given in the Appendix. 5. Standardized terms are in bold, their short form is in light, and invalid synonyms are in italics.

table 2

ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Term

Term number

 Soil unit 20 Biological accumulation in soil 37 Soil biological activity 36 Soil analysis 68 Areal soil elementary 14 Soil appraisal 18 Soil buffering 57 Soil buffering acid-base 58 Specific humus substances 43 soil pollutant 98 Soil organic matter 39 Soil type 8 soil moisture 30 soil moisture capacity 31 Soil air capacity 35 Soil self-cleaning time 101 Soil extractor 74 soil leaching 81 GC 45 MMC 46 soil horizon 4 Gumin 48 humification 84 Humus 40 soil degradation 77 Soil pollutant detoxification 104 soil anion exchange capacity 63
Continuation of the table. 2
Term

Term number

 Soil cation exchange capacity 62 Soil pollution 87 soil pollution global 88 Soil pollution local 90 Soil pollution regional 89 soil acidification 85 Soil salinization 82 Soil healing 86 Soil use rational 76 Source of soil pollution industrial 92 Source of soil pollution agricultural 94 The source of soil pollution is transport 93 Source of household soil pollution 95 soil depletion 79 Mapping 15 soil mapping 15 Soil acidity 55 Hymatomelanic acids 46 Humic acids 45 Humic acids " 44 Soil classification 2 The amount of pesticides in the soil is residual 99 Soil colloids 25 Soil absorption complex 59 soil consistency 33 Soil pollution control 96 The maximum permissible concentration of a soil pollutant 102 fine earth 23 Migration of chemical compounds 82 Mineralization of the soil solution 51 Soil pollution monitoring 97 soil swelling 32 Soil ion exchange 60 Soil bases are exchangeable 65 Soil protection 75 Soil passport 17 MPC 102 Soil pollutant persistence 103 soil fertility 16 soil density 34 Soil trial site 69 Mobility of chemical compounds in soil 54 Soil acidification 85 Soil subtype 6 Soil alkalization 86 Soil cover 11 The soil 1 soil fatigue 80 Soil sample absolutely dry 72 Soil sample air-dry 73 Single soil sample 70 Soil sample combined 71 Soil sample mixed 71 Pore ​​space in the soil 29 soil profile 3 soil type 9 soil discharge 10 Soil type 7 Soil self-purification 100 Selectivity of ion exchange in soil 61 soil skeleton 22 The content of the substance in the soil is background 91 Soil organic-mineral compounds 49
Continuation of the table. 2

Term

Term number

 Easily soluble soil salts 52 Soil salts, sparingly soluble 53 Composition of humus group 41 Fractional composition of humus 42 Soil composition granulometric 26 Soil condition sanitary 105 Degree of humification of organic matter 50 The degree of saturation of the soil with bases 67 Soil cover structure 12 Soil structure 28 The amount of exchangeable cations in the soil 64 The amount of exchangeable bases in the soil 66: soil type 5 Soil-forming factors 13 FC 47 Soil fraction silty 24 Soil fraction mechanical 21 Fulvic acids 47 Soil chemical characteristics 38 Part of the soil is hard 27 Soil alkalinity 56 soil mechanical element 19 soil erosion 78
APPENDIX
Reference

Definition
1. Soil-forming substrate weathered part earth's crust from which the soil was formed and develops
2. Type of soil-forming substrate Classification unit of a soil-forming substrate that has similar characteristics in terms of texture and formation
3. Pedotop Homogeneous soil spatial unit, the features of which vary within a certain interval
4. Podochore A heterogeneous soil spatial unit consisting of several pedotopes that have a certain pattern of distribution
5. Soil shape Classification unit of soils, defined by a combination of soil type or subtype and soil-forming substrate
6. Soil quality Characteristics of the properties and composition of the soil, which determines its fertility
7. Heterogeneity of the soil cover Spatial differentiation of soil cover characterized by differences in the properties and location of soils or pedotopes
8. Homogeneous (heterogeneous) soil cover Soil cover containing at least 75% of the area with similar soil properties
9. Mechanical composition of the soil -
10. Soil organisms The totality of plant and animal organisms whose life takes place entirely or mainly in the soil
11. Soil reaction The amount of free protons contained in the soil solution
12. Optimal content chemical in soil The content of the chemical in the soil, corresponding to its natural chemical composition
13. Soil absorption capacity A quantity that quantitatively expresses the ability of the liquid and solid phases of the soil to withstand a change in the reaction of the environment when a strong acid or alkali is added

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Agro-Industrial Committee 2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards No. 326 dated February 23, 1988 3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 5298-85 4. INSTEAD OF GOST 17.4.1.03-84 5. REFERENCES NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS 6. REPUBLICATION

Basic Services

Sale and delivery in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Cost (rub / m 3) *

plant soil

Plant soil is called top part fertile soil layer. Plant soil has certain characteristics such as higher density with reduced content of mineral nutrients and humus.

Plant soil can be divided into several different types

  • Field - the upper part of the fertile soil layer, which is removed from the fields. Use the field vegetable soil as fertile soil and for site planning.
  • Chernozem is a highly fertile black soil with a distinct granular-cloddy structure. Used to optimize soil composition.
  • Floodplain land is a land similar to black soil. They place it in floodplains. Used as an additional nutrient substrate.
  • Peat-sand mixture - its basis is lowland or transitional peat, the mixture has a black color. 70-80 percent of the mixture consists of peat, and 20-30 percent of sand. Used in the cultivation of clay soils, as well as in the creation of all types of lawns.
  • Peat-land mixture - similar to peat-sand mixture, but differs in composition. The mixture is fifty percent peat and fifty percent floodplain. With the help of this mixture, dense, erosion-resistant sod coverings are created on the slopes and slopes of embankments;
  • Peat is a carbonaceous substance that is formed as a result of slow decomposition in swamps, where there is no air access, plant residues. Peat is used in the cultivation of infertile soils.

There are two types of soil: natural (that is, natural) and prepared. Natural plant soil is a fertile layer of soil that was removed in an ecologically safe area. Uses: laying out municipal lawns, cultivating heavy soils, making the soil loose, which is so necessary for plants.

As for the prepared vegetable soil, we can say that it is prepared on the basis of peat-sand mixtures. Usage: landscape architecture and garden design.

The quality of the plant soil

The quality of the crop and the plants grown directly depends on the quality of the plant soil. This material may have different ratios of constituent components, and depending on the crops that are grown, a certain composition of the soil is selected. This is important, as improperly selected land can ruin the entire crop.

Also, when buying, pay attention to the color. It should be dark, the consistency of the soil should be loose, without pieces of clay and debris. It is also worth analyzing for acidity, if it is high, then additional components will be needed, otherwise the plants will die. The soil is also checked for structure. To do this, it is moistened and twisted into a cord, and by the way it behaves, they determine how much clay and loam is in the soil. The earth is also tested for radioactivity. If the level is high, then it can be hazardous to health.

Often, information about the composition and quality of the soil must be indicated in the documents for the material. This is an important indicator of the reliability and integrity of the supplier.


plant soil on the basis of peat-sand mixtures, it is prepared from peat of low-lying or transitional bogs. The mixture is loose, free-flowing with a high content of organic matter, rich in humates of various compositions.

When preparing plant soils based on peat-sand mixtures, slightly acidic or neutral peat is used. The addition of sand activates microbiological processes by improving air exchange, reducing the density and reducing the moisture content of peat. Improves water-physical properties and agrochemical characteristics.

Plant soil based on peat-sand mixtures is characterized by great content organic matter (more than 45%), increased and balanced content of mineral nutrients, medium reaction close to neutral pH = 6.5 - 7.0.

Plant soil based on peat-sand mixtures is used when laying out lawns, when cultivating heavy clay soils, to create a favorable water-air regime and the loose, cloddy soil structure necessary for plants.

Plant soil based on peat-sand mixtures is used as a component of soil mixtures, mulch and fertilizer on poor soils and to improve soil fertility and structure.

Vegetable soil is used to level the surface of the site during landscaping and to replace soil during lawn repairs.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW!

There are five groups of soils on urban landscaping sites:

  • Natural fertile soil, no need to add vegetable soil
  • Soils requiring the addition of plant soil up to 25% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 10 cm)
  • Soils requiring the addition of plant soil up to 50% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 15 cm)
  • Soils requiring the addition of vegetative soil up to 75% of the volume (lawn base layer - 20 cm)
  • Soils in need of complete replacement (lawn base layer 20 cm, while the average need for vegetable land is 2.5 thousand m3 per hectare of green area)

    • The most popular types of soil

    Vegetable soil (floodplain) (humus 2.87%, pH salt 6.88 (GOST 26483-85). Can be used as a fertile soil (when applying required amount fertilizers), as well as for planning the surface of the site for landscaping

    Plant soil (with humus) (humus 9.4%, pH water 7.33, saline 6.75 (GOST 27753.3-88,26483-85). It is characterized by the highest natural fertility: a significant content of nutrients, humus, has a loamy mechanical composition, granular-cloddy soil structure, neutral reaction of the environment.It is used for arranging lawns, flower beds, kitchen gardens, planting fruit and ornamental crops.

    With delivery in Moscow and the Moscow region, buy black soil in Moscow, payment after the fact, low prices.

    Sale of soil over 500 cubic meters. at the agreed price.

    Name 10-20m 3 20-50m 3 50-150 m 3 150-300 m 3 300-500 m 3 a photo
    Chernozem 1500 1480 1440 1410 1350
    lowland peat 950 920 900 880 850
    fertile soil 1200 1150 1100 1050 990
    peat-earth mixture 1220 1200 1180 1150 1050

    Additional information about fertile soil

    Soil for lawn

    What should be the soil in order for a beautiful and healthy lawn to grow on it? What to do if the soil is acidic or waterlogged? Can you grow a lawn on sandy soil? The answer to these and other questions can be found in this article.

    The most good soil for the lawn - loam and, oddly enough, sand. You can grow an excellent lawn on sand. The best lawn fields of football and golf clubs are grown on sand. On sandy soil, good lawns from red fescue and bluegrass. The lawn on the sand is also in the best possible way to prevent washout of light soil.
    In the "ideal" lawn soil, the sand content can reach 80-85%. Sand is added to chernozem soils to make them lighter. A mixture of such soil can be obtained using a motor cultivator. It is impractical to use "pure" black soil for a lawn, as it is expensive, too heavy in structure for lawn grasses and quickly degrades.
    Sandy soil requires regular watering and more frequent top dressing with fertilizers, best of all prolonged action. To simplify lawn care, peat, loam, compost, imported fertile soil, sawdust, husks, biohumus are added to such soil. In this case, the original soil must be thoroughly mixed with the additive. The fertility of sandy or depleted soil can also be increased by growing perennial crops and fodder grasses with a strong root system, going to a depth of 0.5-0.7 m (rye, urchin, ryegrass). These plants after 5-7 years of cultivation on the site "glue" the grains of soil.
    It is enough to lay the imported soil on the sand with a layer 10-15 cm thick.
    The optimal soil environment for a lawn is slightly acidic. Alkaline soil, as well as excessively acidic, is detrimental to lawn grasses. Before sowing the lawn, you can do a soil analysis on the following parameters:
    1. Salinity.
    2. Soil acidity.
    3. The content of potassium in the soil.
    4. The presence of mobile phosphorus in the soil.
    For lawn grasses, the presence of nitrogen in the soil is also very important, but since this element is extremely unstable, such an analysis is not done. Compensation for the loss of nitrogen in the soil is carried out by regular fertilizing with fertilizers. Phosphorus in the earth is in a sparingly soluble form. Mature plants can absorb it, but before planting seeds or young plants, additional feeding with phosphorus, for example, ammophos, will not hurt.
    Slight acidification of the soil can be eliminated by adding dolomite flour or granulated lime fertilizer before sowing the lawn in the amount of 20-30 kg per hundred square meters. Too abundant application of these fertilizers is also undesirable, since lawn grass does not respond well to an excess of calcium.
    The easiest way to determine the acidity of the soil under the lawn is litmus paper, which can be purchased at the chemical store.
    Most optimal range pH for the lawn - 5-7 units.
    There are several ways to test acidity with litmus paper:
    1. Put a lump of earth in a linen bag made of dense fabric. Immerse the bag in clean distilled or rain water, after 5 minutes, immerse the paper for 2-3 seconds in the solution. Water should be 3-4 times more in volume.
    2. Mix the earth, moisten clean water and squeeze a clod of earth in your hand along with litmus paper.
    Lawn soil tends to acidify over time due to fertilization. If the soil is alkaline, most the best option its improvement is the removal of the top layer by 15-20 cm, and the backfilling of a new one, more suitable for the lawn.
    The most "difficult" soil for growing a lawn is clay. Clay soil is very dense and poorly permeable to water. And stagnant water is very detrimental to lawn grasses. To improve the quality of such soil, pour on top fertile land with a layer of at least 15 cm. You can also dig clay with a mixture of sand and peat. Digging must be done to the depth of the shovel bayonet. The ratio of sand, clay and peat is 3:1:1. Adding only loosening sand clay soil may be completely ineffective, as sand and clay are cemented.
    Clay soils under the lawn require the mandatory organization of drainage on the site. Water drainage can be provided by sloping the site or digging in sewer pipes filled with rubble. Such pipes are buried vertically to a depth of 3-4 m, the upper level of the pipe should be several centimeters below the level of the soil under the lawn to ensure the "drain" of excess moisture.
    The main problem of clay soil is its overconsolidation. Therefore, it is periodically necessary to aerate it - with a pitchfork or an aerator.
    The problems of growing a lawn on waterlogged soil are similar to those of clay soil. Therefore, measures to improve waterlogged soils under the lawn are the same.
    Generally lawn grasses unpretentious, the lawn can be grown on almost any soil, if you make the right pre-sowing preparation and subsequent care.

    Non-rocky (loose) is a mixture of chernozem, high-moor peat, sandy, clay and

    clastic rocks, which is the top layer of soil, which is its most fertile part. Soils are classified according to component composition and, accordingly, purpose. They can be used as the foundation of buildings and the foundation for various engineering structures, used for planning sites for construction, used in land development and backfilling, serve as material for structures such as dams, embankments, roads, be an environment for placing underground structures And so on. In addition, we should not forget about the fertile soil, indispensable in agricultural and garden work, when performing landscape design and cultivation of all types of crops. Vegetable field soil is the top layer of earth taken from the fields. Its fertility is determined by the degree of content of nutrient minerals and humus (organic component). Soil intended for growing various fruits and vegetable crops and ornamental plants, as a rule, consists of the top fertile soil layer, high-moor peat, microelements and mineral fertilizers. natural organic matter, which are contained in the soil, create a nutrient medium necessary for plants. But, we should not forget that they can be subject to decay. That is why natural soil needs to be enriched with its essential substances. After applying a certain amount of fertilizer, the vegetable field soil becomes suitable for growing all types of plants, including the most whimsical ones. It can be widely used in landscape design and gardening of territories, beautification household plots and growing seedlings. It is this soil, enriched with the necessary mineral nutrients, that is called fertile and is used for arranging lawns, flower beds, greenhouses, etc. Possessing good biological activity and favorable water-air properties, fertile soil creates excellent conditions for the development and growth of the root system of plants. high quantity nutrients, which are present in the composition of the fertile soil, is enough to grow full-fledged seedlings of any berry, fruit and ornamental plants.

    The use of fruit soil can be both in pure and mixed form. In greenhouses and household plots pure soil is used, or its mixture with mineral soil (ratio by volume 1: 1).

    Plant soil is created by mixing peat, sand, minerals and nutrients. Such compositions have a low level of acidity, high density and degree of decomposition. Benefits of using mixtures summer cottages lots of. Among the main ones:

    • The soil does not deform under the influence weather conditions and retains useful properties.
    • Due to the balance of nutrients, water and air, the survival of weakened plants increases. The depleted soil is restored and becomes fertile.
    • The lumpy and friable structure provides ideal growth and development of any plants.
    • The rapid mineralization of complex compounds ensures the self-renewal of the soil layer.

    You can renew the soil with the help of vegetable soil in whole or in part.

    There will be a benefit.

    The main thing is to correctly select and apply the composition.

    The composition of the plant soil

    High-quality vegetable soil has a saturated dark color, loose structure and does not contain foreign inclusions. It should be free of leaves, stones, seeds and sawdust.

    The ratio of components in the composition may be different and depends on the purpose of use.

    The basis is peat.

    It is always more than other components. Peat refers to organic rocks that form in marshy places. Dead rotted plant fibers heal and improve soil characteristics. Due to the large number of useful trace elements and the optimal water-air balance, peat stimulates plant growth, reduces the content of harmful bacteria and nitrates.

    To provide the necessary density and improve physical properties, purified sand is added to the composition of the plant soil. It contains many mineral substances, retains heat, retains air and moisture well.

    Plant soils natural origin contain turf. The concentration of the surface layer of the soil is 15%. Approximately the same amount of sand is contained in the composition. The remaining 70% is peat. Such a balanced composition, where each component performs its function, creates ideal conditions for growing crops and obtaining good harvests. The soil is saturated with nutrients, freely passes air and water, acidity is kept within normal limits.

    Where is plant soil used?

    Plant soil is indispensable wherever there is depletion of the soil and low fertility.

    Peat-sand mixtures provide good survival for garden and garden plants during transplantation, suitable for fruit trees, flowers and vegetables. The compositions are used in home crop production, in greenhouses, in flower beds, beds, etc.

    In addition to increasing soil fertility, vegetable soil is actively used for the improvement of land:

    • Alignment of the surfaces of the plots;
    • Repair and gardening of the territory;
    • Cultivation of original plants;
    • Creation beautiful lawns and flower beds.

    High-quality vegetable soil is used in areas of different sizes and conditions. Positively influencing soil properties, peat-sand mixtures provide the necessary conditions for saturated growth and full development of plants.

    Features of use

    Plant soil is easy to work with. Both experienced professionals and beginner summer residents cope with this. It is only important to correctly select and apply vegetable soil. Its properties depend on the type of peat used.

    Most often, the composition of nutrient mixtures contains lowland or transitional peat. In such soil there are completely decomposed plants. The mixture has a high thermal conductivity, is resistant to moisture, ideal for flower crops, wild strawberries and strawberries, green spaces.

    Compositions based on high-moor peat deposits are used to create lawns, planting shrubs and trees. Mixtures contain a large number of useful micro and macro elements, prevent the active germination of weeds and reduce the evaporation of moisture.

    When choosing vegetable soil, it is necessary to pay attention to the ratio of components and take into account natural shrinkage (up to 17%).

    When using mixtures, the main thing is not to overdo it with the amount and frequency of application.

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