Where a person uses various substances of plant cells. Plants that "dress" a person. Human use of plants

Group of 3b grade students

The project is modern and effective form education, which allows to form a complex of universal educational activities that are necessary not only for a modern student, but also for an adult. A teaching and research project is what we do in the framework of the course "I am a researcher" from the 1st grade. in front of you is one such project.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 24"

Municipal Formation "Mirninsky District"

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

school competition research projects"Step into the Future"

Teaching and research project

Working group : Ryabukhin A., Rudenko K.,

Karpenko T., Boldokhonova K.,

Gobeeva M., Cherepukha A.,

Kulaychuk T., Lapiy A.,

Semenov D., Musina P.

Speaker : Ryabukhin A.

Head: Garkavaya E.Yu.

I Introduction

Why did we choose this topic? It seems that there is nothing new to tell about the role of plants in the life of our planet? We just finished studying the theme of the world around "This amazing nature" and it became interesting to us how much we still do not know about plants and what the children of the 3rd and 4th grades of our school know about their importance in life. And yet, we decided to check how knowledge about the role of plants in human life and his attitude towards them are connected.

Problem: every year students elementary school break branches and bushes in the school yard.

Hypothesis: If elementary school students really knew and understood the role and importance of plants in people's lives, they would have a different attitude towards plants in the school yard.

Objective of the project : search for ways to develop a responsible and careful attitude of younger students to nature; formation of ideas about conducting scientific research.

Project objectives:

1. Master the methods of research (survey, processing and analysis of the data obtained).

2. Learn to build diagrams.

3. Learn to collect information on the topic and arrange it.

4. Prepare information for a conversation with primary school students.

Stages of work on the project:

1. Preparatory(choosing a topic; defining goals and objectives; conducting a survey)

2. Analytical (processing survey results; plotting diagrams; conclusions)

3. Informational (collection of information about the meaning and role of plants in human life)

4. Final (design of research materials; presentations).

II. Study

How often do we think about how rich nature has endowed us? Each of us uses this wealth without hesitation.

We decided to start our study with a survey of students in grades 3-4. Our research group divided into two people and interviewed the guys in the classes. We asked only one question: "Why do people need plants." The answer was asked to be written down.

The question assumed that in their answers the guys would remember not only that we breathe air, but also what they produce from them, and what role they play on the planet as a whole, because everything in the world is connected.

After conducting a survey, we processed and summarized similar answers, entered the results into a table:

As can be seen from the table, most of the responses relate to "breathing" (114 responses). That is, the fact that plants are a source of oxygen necessary for respiration is well understood by everyone.

The second most popular answer is “beauty” (56 answers). Some people remember that we use plants for food (33 answers) and for medicinal purposes (27 answers).

Few people remembered that plants are used to produce paper, fabric and make furniture (11 answers for three positions in total).

Still, 7 students remembered that plants are a source of food and shelter for animals, and 6 that plants provide ecological balance. But this is very little, in our opinion.

Based on the results of the study, we compiled diagrams by dividing the results of a survey of students in grades 3 and 4.

As follows from the diagram, out of 10 points of the possible use of plants that the guys remembered in their answers, students in grades 3a, 3c and 4c named 5 ways each; 4a - 7; 4b, 8; 3b - 10. In our class, all methods were mentioned due to the fact that some classmates participated in research work.

findings

1. We do not live in tropical climates, vegetable world the tundra is poor and very vulnerable, which means it needs special care. There are few plants here and they grow very slowly.

2. Understanding what plants provide for us fresh air, we do not understand that if we do not take care of them, we can be left without air.

3. Putting the ability of plants to decorate our lives in second place, we do not care about our schoolyard being beautiful.

4. Judging by the answers, we do not really imagine that the presence of rich and diverse vegetation on the planet ensures the ecological balance of the planet.

The results obtained confirm our hypothesis that the guys, despite the fact that in the lessons of the world around us from the first grade we talk about the importance of nature protection, we make reports about rare and extinct plants and animals, this knowledge does not touch us and is not used by us in relation to the surrounding world. And, therefore, there is a need to return to this topic once again, to find out where plants are used, to assess their importance and indispensability, to study the history of the issue of their protection.

III. Overview of sources of information on the use of plants

Man has long used a significant number wild plants. They are:

Delivered him firewood for fires;

They served as material for the construction of dwellings and pens for animals;

From plants, man made fishing tackle and hunting tools;

He built boats and rafts, wove mats and baskets,

Prepared various household and ritual decorations;

Feeding animals and birds with plants

He dug up the roots and harvested the fruits for food and medicine,

A man took refuge in the forests from bad weather, hid from enemies and predatory animals.

In a word, the whole life of primitive man was connected with plants. And the more diverse was the world of plants that surrounded man, the more widely he used plant riches for his needs.

Subsequently, when a person began to grow some of the plants useful to him near his dwellings, that is, he began to engage in agriculture, he laid the foundations of plant growing, although he continued to use the gifts of wild nature.

At present, mankind continues to widely use plants for their needs. At the same time, the natural vegetation cover is gradually changing. Forest areas are decreasing, treeless spaces are increasing, some plants that were once widespread on Earth are disappearing and not being restored. Although this process of destruction of the original natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless, there are still many plant species that continue to maintain a large economic importance for people's lives.

On the the globe grows about 300-500 thousand years. higher plants and many lower ones. Of this number, in plant growing practice, a person uses over 2500 species of higher plants. However, as noted by N. I. Vavilov, 99% of the entire cultivated area is occupied by only about 1000 species.

In addition to cultivated plants, man uses many wild, mainly woody, plants, as well as various perennial herbaceous species. A significant number of wild plants found in forests or living in treeless spaces (in the tundra, meadows, steppes, prairies, savannahs) are used by humans for other purposes. He enjoys juicy fruits and nuts to get food products, extracts essential oils and various fragrant substances, obtains coarse and fine fiber from leaves and stems, produces tapping for the extraction of rubber, gums and resins, collects raw materials used to obtain various medicinal substances.

The countries with a tropical climate are richest in useful plants. They grow least of all at the extreme limits of the continents adjacent to the poles of the Earth: there are only 400-450 species here.

The entire vegetation cover of our planet can be conditionally divided into areas covered with forests and treeless spaces. Forests on the globe, occupying over 4000 million hectares and concentrated mainly in the northern hemisphere, have the largest number of useful plants.

A significant number of plant species used by man live in arid (forestless) territories: in the steppes and prairies, savannahs and semi-deserts, as well as in thickets of various shrubs. Treeless spaces are also characteristic of the arctic tundra and highlands. And here is different kinds useful plants found practical use In human life.

Depending on how wild useful plants are used, they can be divided into the following main groups:

1) plants that produce wood (firewood, lumber, lashing timber, poles, sleepers, piles, plywood, wood chips etc.);

2) plants that serve to obtain a variety of substances used in various industries industry and medicine;

3) plants used to obtain fresh and canned food products;

4) plants that produce fresh and processed green mass used for animal feed;

5) plants used for decorative and landscaping purposes, as well as for creating protective coatings soil;

6) plants that find complex use depending on their inherent properties and characteristics.

Different plants are used either whole or in parts: trunks of trees and shrubs and their bark, roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, stems and leaves, flowers and inflorescences, fruits and seeds, galls on leaves and growths on trunks (caps), pollen and spores, juice and various secretions(stains of resins, gums, etc.). It is very difficult to list all the fields of application of plants, but we can talk about medicinal and industrial, food and fodder, rubber and gutta-percha, mucus and gum-bearing, fatty and essential oil, tanning and dyeing, fibrous and braided, etc.

Many areas of application of plants gradually change or lose their significance over time and in connection with the development of technology and industry. For example, in connection with the production of many cheaper synthetic materials (artificial rubber, synthetic resins, artificial fibers, etc.), a part of useful plants either ceased to interest man at all, or received a new application.

Plants are the main source of pet food, fiber, rubber, gutta-percha, cork. A person receives bread, sugar, fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, wine, as well as milk, butter, cheese, eggs, honey from cultivated plants, because animal products are the result of processing plants. Furniture, clothes, books, writing paper are made from plant materials. On the basis of the study of the properties of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, the development of mankind takes place. It is difficult to imagine a high level of material well-being of a person if he was forced to be content with only coniferous trees, ferns, horsetails and mosses. Even livestock do not eat these plants.

Nature, as it were, “prepared” a vast arena for man in advance for his work and development: he found around him a wide variety of useful plants. In labor, man had to carry out the great mission of knowing, domesticating and improving plants. Gathering preceded the domestication of plants and animals. food primitive obtained by hunting, fishing, collecting fruits, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs of wild plants.

The areas of application of plants can be represented as the following diagram:

IV. plant protection

Plants give a lot to a person, but what can a person give to plants?

Since ancient times, using plants and animals for their needs, people gradually began to notice that where there were dense forests in the past, they began to thin out, that the herds of wild game animals decreased, and some animals completely disappeared. The man also noticed that the full-flowing rivers and springs began to shallow, and the fish caught in the nets less and less. Birds left their usual nesting places, and their flocks thinned out. The network of ravines and gullies has noticeably increased, and destructive black storms and dry winds have become frequent guests. Loose sands approached the villages and covered their outskirts, often along with the fields. Soil fertility decreased, and weeds appeared on the fields, oppressing crops and reducing the yield of cultivated plants.

Particularly strong changes occurred around cities and emerging industrial centers. The air here has become smoky and heavy from factory and factory chimneys. Near the mines, high waste heaps and dumps of empty rock appeared, as well as extensive dumps of various garbage and waste. The water in rivers and lakes became polluted and became undrinkable. Swamps and hummocks appeared on the site of once former meadows.

Only the memory of the former distribution of forests has been preserved in the names of many villages, villages and individual tracts. So, on the territory of the European part of Russia, you can often find a lot of Borki and Borov, Dubkov and Berezovka, Lipovki and Lipki, where pine forests, oak forests and birch forests used to rustle, and linden was also found. For example, near St. Petersburg there is Sosnovaya Polyana and Sosnovka Park, but there are no pines in them for a long time, and they have been replaced by thickets of alder or, in best case, birches. There is an Aspen Grove there, but without an aspen. Berezovy Island disappeared a long time ago, where multi-storey buildings now rise.

The same can be said about the animal world. There are Lebyazhye and Gusinye lakes, but swans and geese do not fly to them everywhere. There are lakes Shchuch'i and Okunevye, but neither pike nor perch have been caught in them for a long time. Losiny Ostrov and Losinoostrovskaya station have survived near Moscow, but moose are not seen here as often as they were in the memory of Muscovites.

And how many places there are with the names of Ravines and Ravines! Let us recall, for example, Sivtsev Vrazhek in Moscow or other Vrazhki to the south-west of it. There are many places with the names Dry Valley, Dry Valley, Dry Log, Dry Ford, Dry or Dead Balk. There are quite a few villages that are called either Pustoshki, or Bespolie or Zapolie. Separate places with the eloquent names of Gary and Pozharischa, Pali and Palniki, as well as Penki and Penechki have also been preserved.

In all these names, people have long noted the appearance of ravines, the disappearance of water, forest clearings, empty and unusable lands and conflagrations. All of them testify to how unceremoniously people treated nature, land and vegetation.

Similar changes in nature have occurred everywhere, in many countries of the world. AT tropical countries instead of the former rich and peculiar forests, monotonous thickets of bamboos took their place. Many species of plants, formerly widespread, were rapaciously cut down and disappeared altogether. Vast savannahs appeared, overgrown with tough and thorny grass, where even thick-skinned buffaloes cannot always penetrate. The edges of the forests have become impenetrable jungle from many vines and thickets of shrubs. The hills and slopes of the mountains were covered with a dense network of cattle tracks due to the immoderate grazing of domestic animals.

Over the past millennia, 2/3 of all forests have been cut down and burned on the globe. Only in historical time over 500 million hectares have turned into deserts. Over the past centuries, 540 million hectares of forest have been cut down in America. The forests of Madagascar disappeared on 9/10 of its territory. The once vast forests of the island of Cuba now occupy barely 8% of its land. The famous naturalist Alexander Humboldt said a long time ago: "Man is preceded by forests, he is accompanied by deserts." People, said F. Engels, "did not dream that by doing this they laid the foundation for the desolation of countries, depriving them ... of centers of accumulation and preservation of moisture."

Acute alarm is caused by the accelerating rate of disappearance of many species of flora and fauna. According to far from complete data, over the past four centuries, mankind has lost 130 species of animals, that is, an average of one species in three years. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 550 species of rare mammals and birds are on the verge of extinction, and up to 1,000 species of animals are under the threat of extermination.

The more often a person began to encounter such impoverishment of the Earth, the deeper he began to learn the laws of nature, the more clearly he understood the danger of its further unfavorable changes.

Initially, people half-consciously protected cultivated areas and individual plants from their neighbors. After that, they began to think about some kind of patronage of nature as a source of food, and, consequently, life. There were rules governing the use of natural resources. The ancient Egyptians, for example, believed that man should not exterminate animals in their pastures and drive them from "God's" lands. These actions were considered "sinful" and this was recorded in the "Book of the Dead", which contains the spells of the souls of the dead, who appeared before the court of the god Osiris.

In the famous Code of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who lived 17 centuries BC. e., rules were established for the protection of forests and their use, and for the illegal felling of a tree in someone else's garden, the perpetrators were supposed to be charged a certain and not small fee.

In the Middle Ages in Western Europe powerful feudal lords, interested in preserving game, issued bans on the use of hunting grounds. Violations were severely punished, up to and including the death penalty. For royal and royal hunting, forbidden and reserved lands appeared, specially protected.

In Russia, the regulation of hunting, for example, appeared under Yaroslav the Wise, and it was recorded in the first written document - Russkaya Pravda.

Peculiar forms of protection of natural resources developed in the Vladimir-Volyn principality (XIII century). In a certain area, hunting for all animals was completely prohibited here. It was the first reserve - Bialowieza Forest.

During the heyday of the Lithuanian state, special codes of laws were created - Lithuanian statutes, which played a positive role in nature protection. The statute took swans, beavers, foxes and other animals under protection. For the theft, murder or destruction of swan nests, a significant fine was levied.

The conservation of forests was greatly facilitated by the abutments, or aforesaid forests, which were created along the southern border of the forest part of the Russian state. These notches were created to protect against nomads who made raids on Russia.

It was forbidden to cut down trees for economic purposes in the notch forests under pain of severe punishment and even death. The main notches - Tula - were arranged under Ivan the Terrible, and they were corrected already under Mikhail Fedorovich. By the end of the XVII century. in connection with the advance of the defensive line of the Russian state to the south, the notches fell into disrepair, but they were until the beginning of the 19th century. were protected as protected state forests. The Tula notches have survived to this day, but the Kozelsky, Orlovsky, Ryazan and Kazan ones have not been preserved.

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), many decrees were issued on hunting, its terms, forbidden zones, as well as violations of established rules, duties and punishments. Decree (1649) "On the conservation of the reserved forest in the Ryazan district" concerned not only hunting, but also the protection of the forest area.

If in pre-Petrine time the forest was cut down to obtain land for arable land, then under Peter I it began to be carefully guarded for shipbuilding. In 1701, Peter I announced a decree "On the uncleaning of forests for arable land along the rivers, along which forests are driven to Moscow, and clean them 30 versts above." Two years later, oak, elm, elm, ash, elm and larch, as well as pine 12 inches (in diameter) were commanded. It was strictly forbidden to cut forests with these species within a strip of 50 versts from large rivers and 20 versts from small ones. For violation of the decree, up to 10 rubles per tree were charged.

Peter I returned to the ban on cutting down forests more than once. He issued a series of decrees prohibiting burning forests, grazing goats and pigs in them, making tes (to cut down on waste wood), and so-called " knowledgeable people» The tsar sent to inspect the oak forests on the Volga. He forbade cutting forests in Novgorod, Starorussky, Lutsk and Toropetsk counties.

In St. Petersburg, at the Admiralty Board, a Waldmeister Office was established, whose duties included monitoring the forests on the Volga, Sura, Kama, Oka, Dnieper, Western Dvina, Don, Lake Ladoga and Ilmen. For non-compliance with the rules of protection, the right was given to fine hackers, and punish violators by tearing out their nostrils and referring to hard labor.

Peter I thought not only about the protection of forests, but also about their planting. He planted a lot of trees personally, and on his initiative the Shipov forest was planted in the Voronezh region. The forest "expert" Fokel planted near St. Petersburg the Lindulovsky ship grove (near the village of Lindula), which still attracts the attention of visitors with huge larch trees, carefully numbered and protected to this day.

Peter I was interested not only in forests, but also in other useful plants. So, in 1702, the Apothecary Garden (now the Botanical Garden of Moscow University) was opened in Moscow, and in 1714 - Apothecary garden Petersburg, which became the predecessor of the first botanical garden, and then the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. These pharmaceutical institutions were intended to supply the army and the population with medicinal raw materials, which had previously been imported from abroad.

Understanding widely the need to protect nature, Peter I was also interested in the preservation of fur-bearing animals, game and fish, "so that these crafts develop." Predatory methods of hunting were banned and fishing. For illegal hunting, “people of higher ranks” were charged 100 rubles each, and “lower ranks” were threatened with cruel, without any mercy, punishment and exile to Azov “with their wives and children for eternal life.”

Peter I took care of the preservation of the soil, and also paid much attention to protecting the canal banks from erosion and destruction. Peter I also provided for the protection of water bodies, for which it was forbidden not only to cut wood along their banks, but also to process it, “so that the rivers would not be littered with those chips and litter.” It was also forbidden to take out garbage into canals and rivers, as well as to dump ballast from ships, “in all harbors, rivers, raids and marinas Russian state". For pollution of reservoirs with ballast, a fine was imposed "100 efimki for each shovel."

mid 18th and early XIX in. in Russia were marked by a significant weakening of the severity of the protection of forests and partly animals. The old rules were replaced by others and consigned to oblivion. Protected ship forests were plundered, the protection of Belovezhskaya Pushcha was removed, and she herself became a place of royal and grand ducal hunting. Catherine II distributed vast areas of land to her close associates, did not care about forests, but on her whim forbade "catching nightingales in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and throughout Ingermanland." The landowners again began to reduce forests for crops and at the same time sell the cut wood.

The damage caused to forests, vegetation in general and the animal world, which was the result of the predatory conduct of the developing capitalist economy, was gradually realized both in Russia and abroad. The best minds of scientists and public figures were concerned about the destruction of nature, and the most progressive specialists began to actively advocate for its protection. It has been proven that a predatory attitude towards nature entails such negative consequences which are difficult to predict. The realization that nature should not only be protected in its individual areas, but also the proper use of natural resources, came later. However, already at the end of the XIX century. the first nature reserves, sanctuaries and National parks that laid the foundation for nature conservation.

One of the first reserves in Western Europe was the reserve in Ireland (1870), and after it, reserves were organized in Iceland, Sweden and Switzerland. Reserves, natural parks and reserves appeared from the end of the 19th century near Singapore (1883), in South Africa, Australia, Canada and the USA, and at the very beginning of the 20th century - in Burma, Central Africa, Argentina, Canada, the USA and Australia.

The first protected area and natural zoo in Russia was the well-known Askania-Nova, established in 1874 in the former estate of Falzfein. Later, a reserve arose on the small islands of the Baltic Sea (1910) and in other places.

All other currently active protected areas were organized from 1918 to 1969 and in subsequent years both in Russia and abroad.

Total in the world total number the largest reserves, national parks, protected areas and reserves exceeded 720. Until 1963, there were 120 reserves and protected areas in the USSR. On the short period time their number decreased, but then most of them were restored. Now there are 86 protected areas, the number of which tends to increase.

Plants and vegetation as a whole are the most important part of the biosphere, that is, the spheres of life of plants, animals and humans. Transformation processes take place in the biosphere inorganic matter into organic, release of oxygen and ozone into the atmosphere, absorption from air and water carbon dioxide. Plants are an important part of the biological resources of the Earth, used by humans and animals for a long time.

The plant world is a source of various natural raw materials, building materials, many chemicals, human food and feed for agricultural and wild animals and birds. Everywhere, in all zones and regions, there are useful plants - medicinal, food, ornamental, etc. Of the 20 thousand species of higher plants that form the flora of Russia, not all have been studied.

Although wild plants they themselves are renewed, however, as a result of human activities, many of them have reduced their distribution or are on the verge of destruction. Thus, the protection of natural flora is one of the important tasks of our time. It is especially necessary to preserve forests as a source of timber, many food and feed products, and habitats for useful animals and birds. Forests have water-protective, water-regulating (anti-erosion), soil-protective and climatic significance. They serve as a place for people to relax and meet their cultural and aesthetic needs.

In addition to forests, it is very important to preserve natural pastures for domestic and wild animals. It is known that pastures and hayfields deliver up to 70% of the feed - this livestock base.

The vegetation cover as a whole contains many other useful plants used in the national economy (in industry), as well as in medicine. Procurers of vegetable raw materials should not use predatory methods of their harvesting, which prevent the renewal of useful plants and cause destruction of the vegetation cover.

The protection of nature also concerns the preservation of the most typical landscapes, picturesque corners of the working people's recreation areas and rare plants and animals of historical significance. The whole set of natural conditions is also subject to protection, as well as forest park zones, air, rivers, lakes and other water sources, etc.

An important place among environmental protection measures is the creation of protected areas in the interests of existing and future generations of people.

"Nature conservation" is a very capacious concept, which concerns not only vegetation cover, wildlife, soil and water, but also the activities of people who build cities and industrial centers; cutting down forests and utilizing various minerals; changing the course of rivers and their level; dumping industrial waste into the water and covering the land with dumps rocks; releasing harmful gases into the atmosphere, soot from factories and plants; using many chemicals in agriculture (herbicides, pesticides, arboricides and defoliants); littering the earth with garbage plastic substances and construction waste, etc.

To protect nature means to know the laws of its development and interaction with man. Going to the future, man must enter into an alliance with nature and preserve it everywhere. First of all, it is necessary to protect the vegetation cover of the Earth - our green friend.

V. Conclusion

While working on a project, we:

Mastered new ways of research activities: conducting a survey, processing responses and analyzing them; presentation of the results obtained in the form of tables and diagrams.

They learned to conduct a dialogue, listen to each other, express an opinion, put forward a hypothesis, find arguments and prove their point of view.

Expanded their knowledge of where and for what plants are used.

We learned when and how people began to protect nature.

Research work was not easy, but exciting. We hope that the presented material will be interesting and useful for students. And we will continue our research on this topic and would like to know about the most unexpected and unusual ways plant use. slide 2

Choice of topic: we decided to check how knowledge about the role of plants in human life and his attitude towards them are connected. Problem: every year, elementary school students break branches and bushes in the school yard. Hypothesis: If elementary school students really knew and understood the role and importance of plants in people's lives, they would have a different attitude towards plants in the school yard.

The purpose of the project: to find ways to develop a responsible and careful attitude of younger students to nature; formation of ideas about conducting scientific research.

Project objectives: 1. Master the methods of research (survey, processing and analysis of the obtained data). 2. Learn to build diagrams. 3. Learn to collect information on the topic and arrange it. 4. Prepare information for a conversation with primary school students.

Stages of work on the project: 1. Preparatory (choosing a topic; defining goals and objectives; conducting a survey) 2 . Analytical (processing the results of the survey; building diagrams; conclusions) 3. Informational (collecting information about the importance and role of plants in human life) 4. Final (designing research materials; presentations).

II. Research Methods: survey, processing and analysis of survey results Participants: students of 3rd and 4th grades of MBOU "Secondary School No. 24" Form of presentation of results: table, diagrams

value grades total 3a 3b 3c 4a 4b 4c Breathing 17 18 20 20 23 16 114 Beauty 8 12 4 9 15 8 56 Food 5 12 5 3 8 0 33 Medicines 8 7 3 1 3 5 27 Construction 0 4 0 2 1 0 7 Paper 0 2 0 0 1 1 4 Furniture 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 Fabric 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 Food and shelter for animals 0 4 0 2 0 1 7 Ecological balance 0 3 1 1 0 1 6 Unclear answers 1 2 6 1 2 2 14

1. We do not live in places with a tropical climate, the flora of the tundra is poor and very vulnerable, which means that it needs special care. There are few plants here and they grow very slowly. 2. Understanding that plants provide us with fresh air, we do not understand that if we do not take care of them, we can be left without air. 3. Putting the ability of plants to decorate our lives in second place, we do not care about our schoolyard being beautiful. 4. Judging by the answers, we do not really imagine that the presence of rich and diverse vegetation ensures the ecological balance on the planet. findings

III. Overview of information on the topic

According to far from complete data, over the past four centuries, mankind has lost 130 species of animals, that is, an average of one species in three years. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 550 species of rare mammals and birds are on the verge of extinction, and up to 1,000 species of animals are under the threat of extermination. The code of the Babylonian king Hammurabi "Russian Truth" The first reserve - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (XIII century) Lithuanian statutes Zasechny forests Decree (1649) "On the conservation of the reserved forest in the Ryazan district" Waldmeister office .... You will find out what this has to do with nature conservation if you want to get acquainted with sections 3 and 4 of our project IV. From the history of the issue of nature conservation

While working on the project, we: - mastered new ways of research activities: conducting a survey, processing responses and analyzing them; presentation of the results obtained in the form of tables and diagrams. - learned to conduct a dialogue, listen to each other, express an opinion, put forward a hypothesis, find arguments and prove their point of view. - expanded their knowledge of where and for what plants are used. - found out when and how people began to protect nature. VI. Conclusion

There are five main areas where plants are used directly or indirectly:

As human food and animal feed,

As a source of raw materials for industry and economic activity,

As medicines and raw materials for the production of medicines,

In decorative gardening and

In the protection and improvement of the environment.

The nutritional value of plants is well known. As human food and animal feed, as a rule, parts containing reserve nutrients or the substances themselves extracted in one way or another are used. The need for carbohydrates is mainly satisfied by starch- and sugar-containing plants. The role of sources of vegetable protein in the diet of humans and animals is performed mainly by some plants from the legume family. The fruits and seeds of many species are used to produce vegetable oils. Most vitamins and minerals also come with fresh plant foods. A significant role in human nutrition is played by spices and plants containing caffeine - tea and coffee.

The technical use of plants and their products is carried out in several main areas. The most widely used wood and fibrous parts of plants. Wood is used in the manufacture of building and other structures, furniture, as well as in the production of paper. Dry distillation of wood makes it possible to obtain a significant amount of important organic substances widely used in industry and in everyday life. In many countries, wood is one of the main types of fuel.

Despite the widespread use of synthetic fibers, plant fibers derived from cotton (morphologically, these are trichomes), flax, hemp and jute have retained great importance in the production of many fabrics.

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for a very long time. AT traditional medicine they make up the bulk of drugs. In the scientific medicine of the countries of the former USSR, about a third of the drugs used for treatment are obtained from plants. It is believed that with medicinal purposes the peoples of the world use at least 21,000 plant species (including mushrooms).

At least 1000 plant species are bred with decorative purposes: either because of the beautiful flowers, or because of the spectacular greenery.

The existence and normal functioning of all ecological systems of the biosphere, of which man is also a part, is entirely determined by plants.

Plants already used by man or which may be used by man in the future constitute plant resources. Plant resources are categorized as renewable (with correct operation) as opposed to, for example, non-renewable mineral resources. Most often, plant resources are divided into natural flora resources (this includes all wild species) and resources of cultivated plants. In terms of volume and significance in the life of mankind, they differ significantly.

The natural resources of flora are limited and, according to experts, in their initial volume they could provide food for only about 10 million people. Optimization (optimization is an increase in the productivity of natural populations with the help of biotechnical measures (fertilization, clearing, clarification, etc.). This part of plant resources is possible within a relatively limited range. The most widely wild plants are used as sources of technical raw materials, in economic human activities, as well as medicines.

The introduction of plants into culture and the formation of additional plant resources in this way is associated with the formation of ancient human civilizations. The existence of these civilizations could only be ensured by a certain "range" of cultivated plants that provide the necessary amount of vegetable proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The life of modern man and modern civilization are impossible without the widest use of cultivated plants. Almost all cultivated plants, the number of which now reaches about 1500 species, are angiosperms. By the middle of the XX century. cultivated plants occupied 1.5 billion hectares, i.e., about 10% of the entire land surface of the globe.

Increasing the resources of cultivated plants is possible within a very wide range, both by increasing the area of ​​their cultivation, and by improving agricultural technology and breeding highly productive varieties. It is believed that the full mobilization of renewable resources, including plant resources, can ensure the existence of at least 6 billion people on Earth.

Life, which originated on our planet about 4 billion years ago and is a unique natural phenomenon, has gone through a long path of development, which resulted in the emergence of amazingly complex living systems - organisms. During this period, the appearance of the Earth changed repeatedly, the composition of the atmosphere changed, oceans and entire continents arose and disappeared. Numerous and once prosperous groups of plants and animals came to replace each other, giving way to more and more complex and perfect living organisms in the face of increasing competition and an ever-changing climate. The natural stage of this grandiose process was the appearance of thinking beings, whose mind allowed them not only to realize the phenomenon of life in all its manifestations, but also to recreate in general terms the history of its development and classify the forms of life in all their amazing diversity. One can only guess in what ways life will develop and improve in the future, but it is already clear that human activity to a very large extent negatively affects its development. One of the main tasks of biology, and in particular botany, is to show not only the material, but also the spiritual dependence of mankind on the biosphere, which, figuratively speaking, is the cradle of our civilization. The complexity and endless diversity of the living world around us, the unsurpassed beauty of the universe form the vital spiritual side of our consciousness.

§ 50. HOW PEOPLE USE PLANTS

Which plant organs need mechanical tissues the most? In what organs of the plant are reserves nutrients?
What happens during the year with tubers, bulbs and rhizomes?
Under what circumstances are nutrients consumed from different plant organs? How are grains, apples, carrots, cabbage stored?

Lena: People have learned how to make artificial substances. It turns out that plants are now not really needed by us.
Biologist: Whatever synthetic materials no matter how people have learned to do it, they will always need durable wood, and without plant foods from carbohydrates and fats, we are unlikely to learn to do. And plants provide us with oxygen on Earth.

Seeds - nutrient concentrate in safe packaging
Seeds should be light, but with a large supply of all the necessary nutrients. Therefore, in mature seeds there is little water, but there are a variety of nutrients - fats, proteins, starch. The seeds of some plants contain more proteins (peas, beans, beans, soybeans), others - fats (sunflower, flax, mustard), others - carbohydrates (rice). The seeds of many plants contain a lot of both proteins and carbohydrates (buckwheat, oats, wheat). Seeds are storable and are easiest for humans to store long time just the seeds.

100 grams of seeds contains:

Underground organs - canned food with a shelf life of academic year
Autumn and winter underground shoots and roots survive underground, and in the spring they spend nutrients on the rapid formation of new shoots and flowers.
Potatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, onions and garlic in a dry, cool and dark place, in bulk, in boxes or in sand, retain nutrients until spring, and then begin to germinate - therefore, unlike seeds, they can be stored for several years it is forbidden.

Different fruits in natural conditions are stored for different periods
In the resettlement of plants, fruits participate in different ways. Some fall immediately after maturation, others dry on the branches and attract animals for a long time. People breed varieties of plants from. extended shelf life of fruits and create them special conditions storage. Often people pick fruits unripe - such fruits last longer, but their aroma is not so strong.

Edible leaves usually do not lie long
People use for food plates and petioles of the leaves of many plants - lettuce, onions, parsley, cabbage, rhubarb. A person does not digest cell walls, there are no reserve substances in the leaves of greenery, and a person assimilates only the substances of the cytoplasm of living cells.
With rare exceptions, leaves are not designed to store nutrients; leaves are actively working organs that quickly wither after cutting. Only leaves cultivars cabbages are stored in cellars until spring.

Sometimes flowers of plants are also eaten.
A powerful flow of nutrients enters the ripening flowers, and it would seem that the inflorescences should be one of the products of agriculture - however, apart from unripe cauliflower inflorescences, no flowers are used in Russia for food.

Wood - building material
The main purpose of wood in a plant is to serve as a support. For this purpose, wood is also used by people.
Lignin-impregnated xylem cells are as strong as steel. The combination of tubes and fibers in wood makes it a strong, lightweight, resilient material. Hundreds of types of wood are used in the world, differing in specific weight, ability to transmit heat.
Unfortunately, a significant part of the trees cut down on all continents are burned in stoves, heating a home or warming food.

Paper - cell wall material
Cellulose fibers are used to make paper, cardboard, fibreboard. These fibers in the old days were obtained only from dilapidated fabrics, and now - mainly from trees. In principle, paper can be made from any plant by separating cellulose from other substances and bleaching it. But the best raw materials for this are the long tracheids of conifers.

Bast - a source of fibers
Many plants contain long thin cells - supporting (bast) fibers. With the help of bacteria, people release these fibers from other cells and spin threads from them. In Russia, the main source of such fibers is flax; earlier threads were also made from hemp and nettle.

Cork fabric - valuable technical material
In the bark of many trees there is cork tissue - a loose tissue of cells with walls impregnated with a water-repellent substance.
An inhabitant of the subtropical zone, the cork oak, grows layers of cork tissue several centimeters thick. Such a layer of cork saves the tree from a fire, since the cork does not burn and does not conduct heat well. This fabric can be cut without harm to the tree. Cork is used to make bottle caps and facing tiles - light, resilient, impervious to water and air.

Substances with which plants lure pollinators or repel enemies are used by people as spices or medicines.
Many plants contain substances poisonous to insects or fungi - bitter, with strong smell or tasteless. The flowers of many insect pollinating plants contain aromatic substances that attract pollinators. The value of these substances for a person is greater than food. From these substances, people make medicines, perfumes and insecticides (substances that destroy insects in the fields and in dwellings).

Nectar and honey
Humans cannot collect the nectar of flowers, but bees do the job. They not only collect nectar, but also thicken it and subject it to special processing, as a result of which an unusually useful product is formed - honey.

Purpose: to establish the relationship between plants and humans.

Tasks: highlight the basic concepts that determine the importance of plants for humans,

To identify ways of positive human influence aimed at the conservation of plants,

Contribute to the formation of research skills

Be able to prove, analyze, reason, generalize

Develop speech, thinking, attention, memory, cognitive abilities,

Promote the development of a sense of responsibility, frugality towards nature.

Equipment: tablets, subject pictures, a set of aroma oils, wood items, a flipchart.

Org. moment

Today's lesson is different

But for you it is quite familiar,

You have to think with your head

The question is difficult to hear.
The nut of knowledge is hard, but still

We are not accustomed to retreat.

Magic words will help us split it:

"Want to know everything!"

Weather forecast

What month is it?

What do you know about February?

In ancient Russia, February was considered last month year, hence the name "section ”, as if cutting off the year. It was also called " low water " - calendar between winter and spring, " snowfall " and "fierce ”- from snowfalls and frosts that fall at this time. And yet, perhaps, the most apt nickname of February is “ side-grain ”, on the sunny side it starts to warm up.

What changes have taken place in nature?

What surprised you?

February 4 - Timofei Poluzimnik . The crawl has passed. Timofeevsky frosts. Knocks down the horn of winter. It's time not to doze - plows get along, carts correct. On this day, beekeepers inspect bees in omshaniki. They listen: the bees are buzzing barely audibly - they endure the winter easily; a restless buzz speaks of the trouble of the bee colony.

What signs of February do you know?

signs of the day

• 
  If the sun is visible on this day at noon, spring will be early, if a blizzard sweeps, the whole week is blizzard.
• 
  If the windows and frames sweat in the cold - wait for warming.
• 
  "Snow plants" climb up the glass - the frost will continue, their shoots bent - to the thaw.

What groups of plants do you know? (trees, herbs, shrubs)

Give examples. (Rebuses) Slides

What conditions are necessary for plant life? (air, water, light, heat, nutrients)

Plants grow in a variety of environments. Depending on the growing conditions, they are divided into water, moisture-loving, drought-resistant, cold-resistant and heat-loving, light-loving and shade-tolerant.

Let's see how well you know these plants.

1. 
   These plants have wide succulent leaves, well adapted to the evaporation of moisture. Their roots are not long, branched in the form of a bundle of thin roots.

B) moisture-loving

B) shade tolerant

2. These plants need heat to survive. They do not tolerate frost at all.

A) drought tolerant

B) cold resistant

B) hygrophilous

D) shade-tolerant

D) thermophilic

E) light-loving

3. Once in open areas as a result of cutting down trees, these plants die in direct sunlight.

4. The seeds of these plants are sown in early spring, and some varieties - before winter.

5. These plants have long roots, thick fleshy leaves or in the form of small scales.

6. These plants prefer to grow in well-lit places.

7. Match the tiers of the forest

1) mosses and grasses

2) low trees

3) shrubs

4) tall trees

(mutual check)

Work in pairs

Match the plants into groups (Work in the "Diary of Observations") p.44

Examination

Target setting.

Have you ever wondered how rich nature has endowed us?

Each of us uses this wealth and sometimes does not think about how he does it.

Problem Question: Please look at the things I brought. Think about what they have in common?

Today we will talk about the role and importance of plants in human life.

Know: where and how a person uses plants

Be able to: establish the relationship of plants and humans.

Plants are the primary source of existence, prosperity and the promotion of life on Earth.

Think about whether a person can do without plants?

Let's try to prove that a person cannot exist without plants, they are connected with each other and depend on each other.

What do plants secrete? (oxygen)

How important is oxygen to all living organisms? Plants are often referred to as "oxygen factories" for a reason.

OXYGEN

Why can't any of living organisms, including humans, be able to live without plants?

Plants give us food. But we also eat animal food, what do plants have to do with it?

Food chain: plants - animals people

Make a conclusion about how a person uses plants.

I have in my hands the book "Medicinal Plants". What do you think about what you can read in it?

Why are more and more people turning to this book rather than pills?

Infer, based on our discussion, how and why does a person use plants?

MEDICINE

Why did many settlements get the name "village"?

Who among you has seen a wooden house?

What does man use the forest for?

HOUSING FURNITURE TABLEWARE

What utensils are made from wood?

What kind musical instruments Are they made from different types of trees? (balalaika, guitar, fife, maracas)

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

(dyes, fuels, fabric making, cosmetology, …)

group work

You will be scientists in a laboratory that studies how humans use plants.

Group 1 - Plants - food source

Group 2 - Plants - a source of raw materials for industry

Group 3 - Plants - a source of raw materials for the production of medicines. Medicinal plants.

Group 4 - Psychological and aesthetic effects of plants on humans.

Group 5 - Plants - indicators

Target: To study the theoretical material. Choose main. Make a diagram. Give examples of plants in your group.

Advertising.

We always speak beautifully
Bold and slow.

Clearly, clearly speaking
We think and do not hurry.

During the speech of the comrades, we make notes in the table.

Plants are a source of food for humans. They contain: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, starches, vitamins. There are many spices among plants that we use in cooking.

Project defense (Nikita's group

Textile industry

Receiving rubber

Perfumery and aromatherapy (identify the plant by smell)

Medicine (The Tale of Medicinal Plants)

What medicinal plants are found in the fairy tale? Do people use these plants? (chamomile, St. John's wort, bear's ear, cabbage, Snapdragon, plantain, cloudberry, blueberry, wild strawberry, lingonberry, raspberry)

Which poisonous berry met? (Wolfberry)

All plants need to know
Protect and protect them.
After all, from the herbs of the forest kingdom
People make drugs.
biofuel

Determination of ways of positive human influence on the condition of plants

Plants give a lot to people. And what can a person give to plants?

Work according to the textbook p.132

What actions should a person take in order for our planet to be rich in oxygen?

How can a person protect medicinal plants?

What actions should a person take to preserve our wealth - the forest?

How should a person relate to plants - the source of life on earth?

Creative work in groups

Creation of the sign "Take care of the plants!"

1) Do not trample plants.

2) Do not pick flowers.
3) Plant trees, shrubs, herbs.
-4) Do not cut trees.

5) Do not break tree branches, do not tear off the bark.

Advertising

- On excursions, during hikes and walks, do not break the branches of trees and shrubs! A plant is a living being and the branches, together with the leaves, help it breathe, release oxygen into the air, and trap dust. Where there are many plants, it is easy to breathe!

Do not damage tree bark. Understand they hurt! They stop growing and die painfully for a long time, only they cannot say about it.

Do not pick flowers in the forest and in the meadow! After all, a flower in a vase is a prisoner sentenced to death. May this miracle please the eye, rejuvenate the heart, the soul of those who come after us. It was the habit of picking flowers that led to the extinction of many plant species.
- ) In the forest, try to walk along the paths so as not to trample the grass and soil. folk wisdom says: "One person leaves a trail in the forest, a hundred people leave a path, and thousands leave a wasteland."
- Do not build a fire in the forest if it is not necessary! Bonfires are wounds in the forest above ground cover. They take 15-20 years to heal. A fire can start from a fire!

Do not knock down mushrooms, even inedible ones. Anyone who knocks fly agarics with a stick does not respect the forest, does not understand it. Amanitas help trees grow, they feed on squirrels, moose, magpies
In order for there to be enough oxygen on our planet, a person must .......

Generalization

Try to prove that plants and man are connected with each other and depend on each other.

Plants give a person ...... In order for the source ...... not to dry out, a person needs .......

Lesson summary

For millions of years, wild plants fed man, provided firewood for fires, served as material in the construction of dwellings and the manufacture of tools for labor and hunting. Without plants and vegetable raw materials, a person will not be able to live in the age of modern nuclear energy and electricity. The whole history has been and will be for a long time connected with plants. And the more diverse the plant world, the wider and more fully it can serve man.

Conclusions: 1. The value of plants is determined by their role in the life of other organisms and in nature as a whole. 2. A land devoid of plants will turn into a barren, lifeless desert.

D / s. In groups, prepare newspapers about the Importance of plants for humans

Crossword about medicinal plants, according to the textbook pp. 132-133, retelling

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

At present, mankind continues to widely use plants for their needs. At the same time, the natural vegetation cover is gradually changing. Forest areas are decreasing, treeless spaces are increasing, some plants that were once widespread on Earth are disappearing and not being restored. Although this process of destruction of the original natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless, there are still many plant species that continue to be of great economic importance for human life.

There are five main areas where a person directly or indirectly uses plants:
as food;
source of raw materials for industry;
as medicines;
for decorative purposes;
to preserve and improve the environment.

The nutritional value of plants is well known. As human food and animal feed, as a rule, parts containing reserve nutrients or the substances themselves extracted in one way or another are used. The need for carbohydrates is mainly satisfied by starch- and sugar-containing plants. The role of sources of vegetable protein in the diet of humans and animals is performed mainly by some plants from the legume family. The fruits and seeds of many species are used to produce vegetable oils. A significant role in human nutrition is played by spices and plants containing caffeine - tea and coffee.

Tea plantation. Photo: Jakub Michankow

A person receives from plants not only energy-rich substances, but also vitamins. Almost all fruit and vegetable plants can be classified as vitamin-bearing plants.
An essential role in our diet is played by spices and spices, everything, with the exception of table salt, which has vegetable origin. The main part of the flavoring substances of spice plants belongs to a large group of essential oils that are formed by plants in special cells or secreted into special receptacles located inside the tissues, and later when they leave the plant body through glandular hairs or glandular cells. We are talking about easily evaporating, pleasant-smelling liquids, which are a mixture of alcohols, carbonic acids, esters and other substances. Taste also depends on organic acids playing important role in metabolism.

The technical use of plants and their products is carried out in several main areas. The most widely used wood and fibrous parts of plants. Wood is used in the manufacture of building and other structures, furniture, as well as in the production of paper. Dry distillation of wood makes it possible to obtain a significant amount of important organic substances widely used in industry and in everyday life. In many countries, wood is one of the main types of fuel.

In world trade, a variety of painted woods are in great demand for furniture and decorative plywood. This is a mahogany, for example, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), mined in South America; green Tree(Ocotea roiaci), also found in South America; ebony (species of the genus Diospyros) supplied by countries in Africa and East Asia; teak tree (Tectona grandis) - inhabitant rainforest East Asia, etc.

Despite the widespread use of synthetic fibers, plant fibers derived from cotton (morphologically, these are trichomes), flax, hemp and jute have retained great importance in the production of many fabrics.

Many wild plants serve as a source of a variety of fragrant substances that are used as raw materials in the manufacture of soaps, perfumes, as well as products used in the food industry and medicine. The most valuable of them (except for cultivated pink geranium, Kazanlak rose, clary sage, lemongrass, etc.) are numerous species of the families Umbelliferae, Labiaceae, Compositae (wormwood), etc., growing in different parts of the Earth.

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for a very long time. In folk medicine, they make up the bulk of medicines. In the scientific medicine of the countries of the former USSR, about a third of the drugs used for treatment are obtained from plants. It is believed that at least 21,000 plant species (including mushrooms) are used by the peoples of the world for medicinal purposes.

At least 1,000 plant species are cultivated for ornamental purposes, either for their beautiful flowers or for their showy greenery.

The existence and normal functioning of all ecological systems of the biosphere, of which man is also a part, is entirely determined by plants.
Plants already used by man or which may be used by man in the future constitute plant resources. Plant resources are categorized as renewable (when properly exploited) as opposed to, for example, non-renewable mineral resources. Most often, plant resources are divided into resources of natural flora (this includes all wild species) and resources of cultivated plants. In terms of volume and significance in the life of mankind, they differ significantly.

The introduction of plants into culture and the formation of additional plant resources in this way is associated with the formation of ancient human civilizations. The existence of these civilizations could only be ensured by a certain "range" of cultivated plants that provide the necessary amount of vegetable proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The life of modern man and modern civilization are impossible without the widest use of cultivated plants. Almost all cultivated plants, the number of which now reaches about 1500 species, are angiosperms. By the middle of the XX century. cultivated plants occupied 1.5 billion hectares, i.e., about 10% of the entire land surface of the globe.

Today man has unique opportunity not only to use plants already invented by nature, but also to invent and create something new. We are talking about the genetic biotransformation of plants and the creation of transgenic plants with unique properties that are resistant to various factors.

What are transgenic plants used for? Of course, first of all, in order to preserve the harvest. Transgenic plants are generally resistant to either herbicides or insect pests. Up to 50% of all non-transgenic potatoes die from harmful insects, including from the Colorado potato beetle. This is a significant blow to the economy and prices, so genetically modified soybeans, transgenic potatoes, transgenic corn are being introduced and used in the United States and other developing countries of the world. Transgenic plants resistant to herbicides carry a gene taken from one of the bacterial species. This gene encodes a toxin that is used to spray non-transgenic plants, so essentially nothing changes. That we externally spray non-transgenic plants, that we introduced this gene, and it acts from the inside.

In addition to transgenic plants resistant to herbicides and traditional pests, there are plants with improved properties: an increased content of vitamins, an increased content of amino acids, and an altered composition of fatty acids.
An example is rice with a high content of beta-carotene, which in the human body turns into vitamin A. It is known that today in countries developing world a person does not get enough vitamin A. In extreme cases, this can lead to blindness. Therefore, the development of such organisms is relevant. Another example is the development of genetically modified carrots in which beta-carotene is increased. This carrot is already successfully sold in American stores today.