Feeding plants with mineral and organic fertilizers. Solubility of mineral fertilizers and rules for their application

Seedlings are called young plants grown in protected ground. This means that the growth is covered with a greenhouse, greenhouse, nursery. They create a special, sparing microclimate.

However, protection from winds, cold weather, hail is not enough. Need more and fertilizer for seedlings. But what, why, in what quantities and how to feed it? We will devote the article to these questions.

Features and dosages of fertilizers for seedlings

Fertilizers for seedlings are not a separate category. The coppice is suitable for most mixtures for adult plants. Simply, the dosage is reduced by 2 times.

If the manufacturer recommends the same amount for both young and adult plants, top dressing is probably empty. That is, not nutrients are placed in the container, but cheap raw materials that resemble them, but are not effective.

By purchasing liquid fertilizer for seedlings you should follow the instructions. There is no average dosage. Most loose dressings are diluted in a proportion of 7-10 grams per liter of water.

For seedlings, respectively, 3.5-5 grams are taken. Why dissolve? The liquid is better absorbed by young sprouts, they do not have to expend energy on stretching useful substances from the soil.

The best fertilizers for seedlings chelated. Their basis is complex compounds based on metals. They are associated with atoms, ions, or molecules that have several donor centers.

Usually, these are amino acids. Only together with them, plants are able to absorb most of the vitamins and minerals. The human body, by the way, is no exception. Chelated fertilizers are better and faster absorbed.

In the soil, mixtures do not turn into compounds that are sparingly soluble in water. As a result, seedlings grow quickly, do not get sick and, in the future, bear fruit well.

Sulfate supplements should be avoided. They are absorbed by seedlings the worst and can even harm. You can determine the presence of sulfates in the fertilizer by finding the inscriptions with “SO 4” on the packaging. Sometimes, manufacturers indicate: - "Sulfate".

But, most often, there are no special instructions. All trace elements are the same. This needed by plants boron, magnesium, iron, zinc, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. But, in the form of sulfates, with the very “tail” of SO 4, they are ineffective in caring for seedlings.

The classification of fertilizers does not end with chelates and sulfates. There are many types of supplements. They are divided not only by composition, but also by the form of release, origin. Details in the next chapter.

Types of fertilizers for seedlings

Let's start with universal and specialized fertilizers. For seedlings of pepper, for example, you can not take fresh manure. It burns the roots. They are tender in the shoots of peppers. Therefore, if manure is only rotted and only in solution.

It turns out that the feeding is specialized, that is, it is not suitable for all plants. By the way, fertilizer for tomato seedlings should reduce the acidity of the soil. Therefore, many gardeners buy superphosphate. However, another one will do fertilizer for tomato seedlings with magnesium.

Tomatoes are classified as vegetables. On the summer cottages they are usually grown several. Therefore, they acquire non-specialized fertilizer for seedlings of tomatoes and peppers, for example, but universal.

These mixtures are used with equal success for all crops, not only vegetables, but also fruits and greens. Most accessible wood ash- a simple and cheap mineral complex. Good for all plants.

Now, about the origin of dressings. There are inorganic, organic and organomineral, that is, combined. Decay products of living tissues contain humic acids. They will strengthen root system seedlings, have a beneficial effect on her immunity, accelerate growth.

However, top dressing only from minerals is more easily absorbed by young shoots. What fertilizer for seedlings choose, it is worth deciding based on the characteristics of the culture. If she already has strong roots and stable immunity, it is better to purchase instant complexes of mineral salts.

The manure mentioned above is a purely organic fertilizer, like bird droppings. Without an additional complex of minerals, top dressing can bring surprises. Concentration useful elements, the quality of the mixture depends on the nutrition, health of the animals.

Manure can be either too vigorous or not nutritious for plants. Moreover, purely organic fertilizers can become a source of seedling infection.

In the first chapter it was mentioned that seedlings absorb solutions best. However, top dressing is produced not only in the form of a liquid. You can dilute in water tablets, granules, powders. This is the division of fertilizers according to the form of implementation. What is the price division? We will devote the next chapter to the issue of the cost of top dressing.

Prices for fertilizers for seedlings

At home you can get wood ash, bird and cow droppings. For subsistence farmers, these supplements will cost nothing. As for purchased mixtures, the price range is large.

The requests of sellers depend on the ambitions of the company, the form of release of the mixture, its mass. Although, the solid weight of top dressing does not always mean that the cost is high. Take for example "Fortress" for seedlings. Fertilizer costs about 50-90 rubles, despite the volume of only a quarter liter.

Approximately 5 such bottles will come out of the dry form of the same top dressing. At the same time, a 50-gram package of "Fortress" costs 30-40 rubles. It turns out that it is more profitable to purchase dry mixes, despite their small volume.

Fertilizers for vegetable seedlings, fruits, berries, green crops are expensive if produced abroad. imported goods bought for dollars.

The ruble price is formed accordingly. In the context of the devaluation of the domestic currency, imported and Russian top dressings can be the same in composition, but differ strikingly in cost.

Fertilizers for seedlings - reviews

Complete nutrition of a plant, which provides it with good growth, is impossible without phosphorus and its components. The earth does not have the amount of phosphorus necessary for planting, therefore, in order to grow healthy, tasty, juicy fruits, vegetables and berries, it is important to add phosphate additives.

Superphosphate has undeniable advantages - a universal in composition, long-acting, economical and inexpensive fertilizer. To get the maximum effect from the use of fertilizer, it is important to know how to quickly dissolve superphosphate in water. With its help, every gardener and gardener will be able to grow a rich harvest on his site.

How to quickly dissolve superphosphate in water?

Obtain superphosphate by numerous chemical reactions. The drug is produced in granular or powder form. Powdered superphosphate is more convenient for introducing into the soil, which instantly dissolves in it and, by interacting with the root systems of plants, nourishes them and enriches them with minerals.

When bookmarking compost pit it is better to use granular superphosphate.

Simple (powder) superphosphate - white powder slightly gray shade, which contains about 20% phosphorus oxide. From humidity, it clumps and cakes, so it is advisable to store it in a dry place.

Compared to new products, this type of additive has a narrower application, although superphosphate is quite inexpensive and is still indispensable for small businesses. household plots and agricultural lands.

Simple superphosphate in granular form is obtained by granulating monophosphate. It contains a higher percentage of phosphorus oxide (about 50%) and calcium sulfate (30%). Granules are convenient for storage and application.

Double Super Phosphate is a highly concentrated formulation that dissolves instantly and easily in water and is economical to use. In farms and household plots, it has found wide application. There are also compounds with sulfur and potassium sulfate, boric, molybdenum and others.

The dissolution of all elements of superphosphate in water contributes to its rapid absorption by the roots, accelerating the process of delivery to the plant and the assimilation of nutrition. For this reason, late spring and summer top dressing berry bushes, vegetables and flowers.

It is difficult to dissolve phosphorus in water, but in liquid form it penetrates faster to the roots of plants.. Gardeners have come up with an affordable and simple way to transfer this substance from one state of aggregation to another.

To dissolve superphosphate in water, heat reactions. Granules for this are poured with boiling water. Keeping your beneficial features, phosphorus at the same time passes into a dispersed easily digestible form.

To prepare the suspension, the container with the solution is placed in a warm place and mixed as often as possible. Under such conditions, complete dissolution occurs within about a day.

The appearance of the resulting suspension resembles full-fat cow's milk. When dissolving superphosphate in water, do not be too zealous. It is impossible to transfer the fertilizer to a completely liquid state of aggregation, but it is quite possible to grind phosphorus granules to the size of the smallest particles.

In order to quickly dissolve superphosphate in water, you must:

1. To boil water.
2. Pour 3 liters of boiling water over 20 tablespoons of granular superphosphate.
3. Leave the resulting stock solution in a warm place.
4. To prepare the basic nutrient mixture, dilute 150 milliliters of the basic mixture in 10 liters of water.
5. IN ready solution add 20 milliliters nitrogen mixture and half a liter of wood ash.
6. Drizzle vegetables with cooked mash.

Nitrogen is instantly taken up and absorbed by the plant culture, and phosphorus provides nutrition for the plant for several more months. This superphosphate extract serves the most the best top dressing for bushes, fruit trees, vegetables and flowers on the plot.

You can dissolve superphosphate in water in another way: using live biobacteria. An agrochemical for this purpose is composted with various solutions phytosporins or with humate.

The mixture obtained after the completion of the process is recommended to be diluted in water. room temperature and stand for a day, stirring occasionally. After that, this solution can be used for foliar and root feeding of various garden and garden plants.

Instructions for use

To calculate the correct dose of superphosphate, which will not harm plants and soil, you need to clearly define specific task its use. It is recommended to start top dressing only after carefully studying the instructions for using superphosphate.

A broad spectrum fertilizer powerful impact on the growth and development of plants:

• contributes to the acceleration of the development of tubers and roots;
• has a positive effect on the formation of ovaries, prolongation of flowering and fruiting;
• provides restoration of disturbed metabolism;
• protects plants from many diseases;
• inhibits oxidative processes in the soil;
• contributes to the improvement of taste and increase the yield of fruit plants.

The lack of phosphorus is evidenced by certain changes that can be observed on vegetables: “rusty” or blue leaves, purple bloom with reverse side sheet.

Such signs often appear when hardening seedlings or a sudden cold snap. The roots absorb phosphorus poorly at low temperatures, and its increase should lead to a normalization of the situation when the leaves turn green again.

If this does not happen, the situation must be immediately corrected by fertilizing.

Superphosphate is applied in several ways:

• scattering on the surface;
• adding to furrows or holes before planting;
• when digging the soil;
• in the form of liquid top dressing;
• in the compost pit.

Superphosphate is a fertilizer with a long nutritional process. The plant, slowly, takes the dose necessary for nutrition in small portions and gradually “digests” phosphorus.

Therefore, one should not rush to make the next portion: an overdose can adversely affect the culture. Concentrated double superphosphate is recommended to be used in smaller quantities.

Simple superphosphate can be applied in spring and autumn by scattering over the site. The fertilizer application rate is 50 grams per 1 square meter. For especially poor lands, the amount of the additive is recommended to be increased by 30%.

Superphosphate application rates for different types plants are:

• young seedlings of fruit trees and bushes (when planting) - 500 grams;
• adults tall trees(in trunk circle) - 40-70 grams;
• when digging greenhouses - 90 grams per square meter;
• for potatoes and tomatoes - 20 grams per square meter;
• for other vegetables - 70 grams per square meter.

Double superphosphate in its composition has more phosphorus (50%) and nitrogen (15%). It can easily dissolve in soil and water. Double superphosphate is recommended to be applied in early spring when the earth thaws and warms up, and in the fall, when the harvest is already harvested.

Spring fertilization is considered to be the main one, when the soil is still wet after the snow melts and spring rains, so its easily soluble composition immediately begins to work. The benefits of superphosphate increase significantly while adding a potash mixture with it.

For different types of plants, double superphosphate is recommended to be applied in such quantities:

• seedlings, young vegetables, leafy greens - 40 grams per square meter;
• potatoes - 4 grams of fertilizer per hole;
• root crops - 20 grams per square meter;
• vegetables in greenhouses - 80 grams per square meter.

Individual proportions for different vegetables and feeding times are indicated in the instructions. The rules for using it should be followed as written. Simple superphosphate can be used together with nitrogen fertilizers.

Granular and double are used simultaneously with potash top dressing. Official instruction does not allow the use of this fertilizer simultaneously with urea, chalk and ammonium nitrate. At least a week should elapse between the application of these fertilizers.

With the correct and dosed use of urea as a fertilizer for a particular crop, the plants respond good growth and development, as well as abundant fruiting. In addition to versatility, there are two more important factors that make carbamide very popular among farmers - urea, a fertilizer that is inexpensive and very affordable.

Appearance, chemical characteristics and physical properties of urea

• Appearance - round, very light (up to white color) or transparent granules. Granulation of carbamide in production, in high degree, prevents fertilizer from caking during storage and transportation.
• Chemical characteristic - (NH 2) 2 CO, where almost half (46%) of the total volume is nitrogen.
• Physical properties - urea fertilizer, dissolves in many polar solvents, including ordinary water, which allows it to be used both in pure form (granules) and in the form of an aqueous solution of the required concentration.

Signs of nitrogen deficiency in horticultural and horticultural crops

1. Unnaturally slow, inhibited plant growth.
2. Thin, weak and short shoots from shrubs and trees.
3. Leaves: narrow and small, light green (pale) or with obvious yellowness. Plants suffering from a lack of nitrogen are prone to early leaf fall.
4. Flower buds: weak and underdeveloped, their formation occurs in much smaller numbers than they should be. And as a result, plants have poor fruiting.

Instructions for the use of urea

When using urea as fertilizer in the garden or garden plot it should be borne in mind that in just a few days it is transformed and modified under the influence of bacteria in the soil, during this process ammonium carbonate is released, which decomposes rather quickly in the open air, as a result of which the surface use of carbamide is, of course, possible, but ineffective.

Optimal and top scores gives the introduction of this fertilizer not only on protected ground, for example, or greenhouses, but also in ordinary horticultural farms. The only condition for maximum efficiency carbamide - its immediate incorporation into the soil, this is due to the fact that at the same time the loss of ammonium carbonate (gaseous ammonia) is minimized, this significantly increases the penetration nutrients, in particular nitrogen, into plants.

Regardless of where and by whom carbamide is made, all manufacturers are unanimous in their recommendations and indicate in the instructions for the use of urea that it can be used on any soil as a main fertilizer or as a top dressing for fruit and berry and / or horticultural crops.
Despite this versatility, it should still be noted - different cultures different amounts of fertilizers are needed, in connection with which agrotechnicians recommend applying nutritional supplements in certain doses, depending on the real needs of plants.

Important! Carbamide significantly acidifies the soil - this is a fact. If the soil is already acidic, then limestone (chalk) is used to neutralize these processes. It is applied together with nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 0.5 kg of urea, 0.4 kg of limestone.

The use of urea as fertilizer in the garden and in the garden

Vegetative period

• Cabbage, beets, onions, peppers, tomatoes, garlic and potatoes - 19-23 g / m².
• When using urea for cucumbers or peas, about 6-9 g / m² are applied.
• Squash, eggplant and zucchini - 10-12 g / m². Top dressing is done 2 times for the entire period of growth, the first during the planting of seedlings, and the second - at the beginning of the formation of fruits.
• Strawberries and garden strawberry- fertilizer in an unchanged form is applied to the soil of the site prepared for planting berries. During the formation of buds and the ovary of berries, spraying is applied, 10 gr. for 2 liters of water. To increase the yield in early September or late August, plants are fed with a concentrated solution - 60 gr. for 20 liters of water.
• Cereals - 300 gr. per hundred in granular form.
• Foliar feeding of vegetable crops, as well as protection against diseases and pests (spraying plants) - 9–15 g for every 10 l. water.

Before planting berry and vegetable crops

In order to fertilize the land for berry and vegetable crops in the pre-sowing period, it is enough to add urea granules (without dissolving) at the rate of 5–11 g/m². As a rule, 60% of the total required amount of urea is applied in the fall, before digging, while the rest of the fertilizer is added in the spring.

How to breed urea for fertilizing fruit trees and berry bushes

Important! An excess of nitrogen fertilizers in the soil is also not good for plants, they can begin to grow intensively with the formation of abundant green mass to the detriment of fruiting. In this case, the formation of underdeveloped ovaries and / or fruits is possible.

If everything is clear with the use of granules - I measured the necessary weight and everything can be applied to the soil, then how to dilute urea and make a solution of the required concentration from it, many, especially novice farmers, can be confusing. And this question is especially relevant for gardeners. This is due to the fact that trees and shrubs are fertilized mainly with urea diluted in water and extremely rarely granulated urea - just before planting a seedling, it is laid directly into the prepared pit.

In order for trees and shrubs to develop well and bear fruit abundantly from urea, as already mentioned, a concentrated solution is prepared, which is applied directly to the area where the roots are located (trunk circle) and to the near-trunk strips. If for some reason it is not possible to prepare a solution, then granules can also be added, although this is not the best way, but it is obligatory, the subsequent abundant watering. At the same time, it is also important to observe the proportions of dilution of urea.

• Apple tree - for each mature tree about 200 g of carbamide (granules) or a solution - the indicated amount of urea is diluted in 10 liters of water.
• Plum, chokeberry, irga and cherry - 120 g / 10 l.

Advice! Do not despair if you do not know how to use urea in the country and how to measure it correctly when there are no scales at hand.

In this case, you can use improvised means:

• 1 st. l. holds 10 gr. carbamide;
• into ordinary Matchbox(without a slide) fits 13 gr. urea;
• 200-gram glass - about 130 gr. this fertilizer.

Properties and uses of urea - video

V. Starovoitenko Moscow region

One can only partially agree with the question and at the same time with the statement.

Nitrogen fertilizers are ammonium nitrate, urea (urea) and ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulfate).

All of them dissolve well in water, are quickly absorbed by plants, but are not bound by the soil, as a result of which they are quickly washed out of it.

Nitrogen fertilizers contribute to soil acidification.

Of the phosphate fertilizers, superphosphates (simple and double) dissolve well in water, the precipitate is somewhat worse. When preparing a liquid fertilizer, mixing it with water, a suspension (cloudy liquid) is obtained. Phosphorite and bone meal are sparingly soluble, are slowly absorbed by plants, are well bound by the soil, and therefore are slowly washed out of it.

Superphosphates increase the acidity of the soil solution, phosphorite and bone meal reduce it.

Potash fertilizers -. potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium salt, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate are highly soluble in water, but due to the presence of impurities, not a solution is formed, but a suspension.

Potassium magnesia partially dissolves in water with the formation of a precipitate. Everything potash fertilizers are slowly assimilated by the plant, are well bound by the soil, therefore they are slowly washed out of it. It should be borne in mind that potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium salt, potassium carbonate (potash) acidify the soil, while potassium magnesia and wood ash alkalize.

Complex fertilizers- ammophos, ammophoska, nitrophoska, nitroammophoska - are easily dissolved in water, but due to the presence of impurities in phosphorus and potash fertilizers, they form a mixture of solution with suspension (turbid solution).

They are quickly absorbed by the plant after being applied to the soil, do not bind to the soil, as a result of which they are quickly washed out of it. Complex fertilizers contribute to the partial acidification of the soil.

From what has been said, it follows that complex and nitrogen fertilizers make in the spring and in the spring-summer top dressing to ensure active growth plants.

Phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied in autumn or early spring and as top dressing during the summer.

They provide the laying of flower buds, good flowering, fruit ripening, increase the resistance of plants to adverse conditions and infections.

©A.MIKHEEV, Ph.D. Sciences

Below are other entries on the topic "Cottage and garden - with your own hands"