Plan a plot for a garden and a vegetable garden. Household plot: layout of the garden and vegetable garden. How problems are solved no longer by the dacha, but by the “horticultural constitution”

The Earth for us is a natural wealth that fed our grandfathers and parents. Today, only a small percentage of people manage to interact with it directly - coming to summer cottages a couple of tens of kilometers away, living in rural settlements or their own private house within the city. All these options often converge on one thing - cultivation work, weed removal, planting cultivated plants and (or) ... Sometimes, all these cases are carried out on the "weekend", after working working days. But, after all, you also need to relax, go out to the summer terrace or just stand on the edge of the garden and contemplate how you were able to properly plan the garden on your site.

Of course, while the endless expanses of the snow cover are in front of you, you don’t really “plan”, but you have a warm blanket, a cozy chair, you have brewed delicious tea for yourself and you can start to decide from a theoretical point of view how you want to plan the garden.

If you decide, you can give each square meter of land such a look that cultivated plants will give up to 15% -20% more yield, the flowers will be slimmer, and the eye will only rejoice

Based on this, we offer you the following theses, which We will reveal during our “journey” in planning a “workspace”:

We decide on the landing plan;
We form the correct dimensions and position of the beds;
Alternation of cultures - what is it and what is eaten with;
Combined landing;
Crop rotation and many other "topical" issues and their solutions.

Bed planning

Soil in the garden

We are sure that you, as an experienced person in terms of the annual choice of crops grown on your site, know that in order to plan them, you need to know which soil in the garden is more suitable for a particular variety or variety. And if earlier this was done “by eye”, now it is necessary to correctly determine the soil composition, which means that it is imperative to find out acidity (pH).

This is quite simple to do - take samples taken in the garden to a special laboratory. Be sure, for a more accurate composition, you need to take several samples from different parts of it. If you do not want to wait a long time, pay, or are just interested, and Can this test be done at home?, we answer - albeit not so accurate, but possible. To do this, take the same “samples”, mix them thoroughly to get a literally homogeneous mass and pour some into a jar or other container. Next, pour some vinegar and see the result. There will be 2 of them, and each will point to its designation:

On a soil sample, when in contact with vinegar, bubbles appear, which will mean neutral pH;
The vinegar will soak into the ground with no visible reaction, which will determine acidic pH soil.

Let's say right away that this is not the most accurate analysis, but it allows you to quickly and more clearly highlight this important issue.

Planning rules or how to plan a garden

In addition to the composition of the soil, plan a site the competent arrangement of those several beds that you are already “sorting out” in your imagination will help. Here are some rules to help you with this:

Most the best way garden location - flat terrain. In cases where the site is on a slope, choose the southern or southeastern part;
Be sure to resolve the issue with. Innovation or automation is not important here - it's your choice. Both large and small gardens love the availability of water, which will be more convenient for you;
We define the soil. Chernozem is best suited to plan a garden and get a rich harvest. But if heavy clay predominates in the soil, you will have to ennoble it and bring peat, sand, or black soil itself to the site;
If you have not yet decided how to make beds correctly and where to start, start by laying out the site at a distance from the trees. They will not create a shadow, and at any time the ground will be warmed up by the sun's rays.

From south to north beds are located if the site you own is in a lowland. Often, the earth is constantly damp, which means that it needs to be warmed up by the sun;
West to East, beds are planned in case of dry soil. The aisles will be under the shade of the plants, which will retain moisture;
With ground slope, it is better to break the beds across;
South side suitable for planning a garden, and northern- a garden, if the site is not initially flat.

How to plan a garden

We create a landing plan

We agree that planning a garden is a painstaking work that will take a single day, but without it you will not make rich harvests, and this place will not become your rest.

The first thing to start with - Draw a plan of "possessions" on paper

The drawing should contain the most complete information: shape and size, information about the acidity of the soil, its orientation. Next, break the site into zones - a garden, a vegetable garden, a residential and economic zone. It will be great if you observe, and bring in, the magnitude of the shadow from buildings, trees. Now, in order to more clearly plan the garden, we make its “model”. To do this, cut out strips of paper and write the name of the plants you will be planting, as well as important fixtures such as watering centers,. Post them, "play" and find the right combination. For those who believe that these actions "can be omitted", let's say that it is better to prepare on paper than to find right places in the garden in the spring. When all forms and places are determined, you can think about the varieties and varieties of crops that are needed in the garden.

Correct beds

If there are no proper beds in the garden, then rest will not work - everything will be painstaking work. Therefore, we will pay attention to the beds in order to correctly plan the garden.

Lowering or lifting

There are several positions of the beds: deepened, raised, level with the ground. The level is determined by the availability of watering every day, natural conditions. For example, if you cannot water your beds every day, then it is better to deepen them, and vice versa.

Dimensions

Forms can be completely different, the most important thing is easy access. If the length can be any, then the width for easy access should not be more than 1 meter. Optimal Width- from 60 cm. Size design - according to your desire (brick, slate, etc. or do not make out).

Crop rotation for your crops

This is one of the most important issues that must be addressed not only in order to plan the garden, but also to get a rich harvest. The sequence of "returning to the same place" is about 4 years. Therefore, we advise you to divide the entire area into 4 sections, and follow all the necessary sequences, according to the crop rotation tables.

Combined planting crops

Here, in order to correctly plan the site, it is worth knowing which cultures cannot get along side by side, and which ones will even help to grow, forming a “community”. For example, beans and, among agronomists, are called "Three Sisters" because their growth rates are perfectly matched. But, it is worth knowing that not all plants are so “friendly”. Dill and a knowledgeable person will never plant nearby. The same applies to beans and. In order to understand exactly which cultures help, and which ones “scam” each other, see the TABLE:

Culture compatibility table

Interesting tip: garlic can not only help a person to strengthen the immune system, but also allow you to take care of the "immune system" of plants. So, they will be much less sick. To do this, make a useful infusion according to the recipe: cut 5 garlic cloves and pour boiling water over them (1 liter), and then close the lid and let it infuse for about 20 minutes. Immediately after this, in order to prevent any diseases, it is possible to water indoor and garden plants with this infusion.

Planning and planting a garden in 6 acres

plan a garden large area quite simple, because of the good dimensions. But here on 6 acres you can’t really clear up. But this is not a problem, especially if you take into account a few nuances:

Garage position;

Do not arrange a garage in the depths of the cottage (house), because it will be necessary to allocate a road (entrance) for the car.

The garden on the south side will cover the vegetable garden with shade for most of the day;
Installation of the brazier is best done from the windward side;
The non-standard shape of the flower beds will allow not only to plan the garden, but also visually expand it;
A mini-garden located in the barbecue area or gazebos will decorate the perimeter and save space;

To do this, the block is knocked down from the boards, earth is poured and flowers or crops are planted. The bed can be fenced with wattle to limit the beds.

Drainage systems in the lowlands are simply irreplaceable;

If your site is located on a slope, then the lower part will always contain excess moisture. It is the drainage systems, disguised as special terraces, that will visually and actually make the use of the site more convenient.

These tips will serve as a good lesson, both in planning a simple garden of small sizes, and large plots.

So, adhering to the above measures, you can do it right from a piece of paper this spring right garden that will bear fruit to your delight

We wish you to relax on your personal plot and not to believe people who say that work in the countryside turns into torture. Turn your site into a fairy tale right now.

Foreword

In the struggle for the harvest, the diligence of the land owner is the most important factor, but not the only one. For the season to be as productive as possible, a reasonable layout of the garden and vegetable garden and soil preparation are required. What rules are followed for this?

Garden and vegetable garden planning: purpose and first steps

When planning an estate, the following goals are pursued:

arrange the house, garden and vegetable garden so that the latter is as little as possible in the shade;
avoid the neighborhood of incompatible plants;
place in accordance with the norms all objects relative to the red line, neighboring areas and water sources;
use all the available space to the maximum effect.

The site plan is drawn on paper. A convenient scale is 1:100. The drawing will turn out to be large, so you should prepare a sheet of drawing paper.

All are applied to the drawing required dimensions, planned objects are indicated - flower beds, garden, paths, buildings, etc.

The objects already on the site are drawn, and the new ones are cut out from another sheet of paper. By stacking them differently on the plan, it will be possible to consider several options for arranging.

If there are no houses and outbuildings on the estate yet, planning begins with them. The following distribution of territory is considered optimal:

house and adjacent residential area: 20%;
outbuildings: no more than 15%;
garden and vegetable garden: not less than 65%.

When placing a house and outbuildings, consider the following:

Areas near the road are preferred - it is easy to drive here. The house is located closer to the street so that it is visible, the outbuildings are behind it, in the depths of the site.
In front of the house, a front garden is laid out with ornamental plants or berry bushes.
It is desirable that the buildings are located on the north side of the site, without shading the garden.

When planning, it is necessary to maintain the distances specified by the standards:

from the house to the red line - 5 m, to the fence of the neighboring site - 3 m;
from the windows of the house to household facilities in the neighboring area - 6 m;
minimum distances between buildings (for reasons of fire safety): stone - 6 m, wooden - 15 m, mixed - 10 m;
from the fence to the animal shed - 4 m;
from the fence to other outbuildings - 1 m.

The playground is arranged so that it is clearly visible.

The playground for children should be clearly visible from the windows of the house

the garden was not shaded by trees;
the garden protected the vegetable garden from the prevailing wind.

The finished drawing of the site allows you to approximately determine the volume and cost of work on soil preparation.

Removal of stumps and shrubs

In the living area, the stump can be left as a decorative element or arranged as a table, chair or element of a children's playground.

a little imagination - the stump turns into a fun site decoration

In other cases, the stumps are uprooted. They do it in different ways:

Manually. The stump is dug in, exposing the upper roots, then chopped off with an ax or a shovel. Next, the stump is rotated around a vertical axis until the central root breaks. This method requires considerable physical strength. It's easier to uproot stumps with a winch. The process also begins with digging and cutting the roots, then the stump is hooked and pulled out, simultaneously cutting off the roots that appear from the ground.
With the help of technology. This method is resorted to in the presence of several stumps. Along with traditional equipment - excavators, bulldozers, tractors - special crushing machines are used. The work of the latter is expensive, but they do not spoil the landscape.
chemical reagents.

Stump wood is corroded by such substances:

means "Roundup": some time after processing, the remains of the stump are easily uprooted;
urea: they fall asleep in the drilled holes, fill it with water and wrap the stump with polyethylene;
sodium or potassium nitrate: it is used in the same way, corrodes even deep roots.

The action of saltpeter extends to other plants within a radius of 0.5 - 1 m, so before using it, the most valuable of them should be transplanted.

Shrubs in small quantities are uprooted with a shovel and a pickaxe, having previously dug. Removed over large areas. mechanized way in three stages:

cut with a gasoline rotary brush cutter;
the roots are milled with a crushing machine;
roots are removed with a tractor with a special plow, less often with an excavator.

Chemicals for destroying shrubs are called arboricides. These include the same "Roundup", as well as "Tornado", "Octopus", "Fighter" and others. Most of them are based on the herbicide Glyphosate.

Drainage device

Often required in low-lying areas that are heavily flooded during rain. Some at the same time literally turn into a swamp and then dry for a long time.

With a slight water cut, proceed as follows:

on the border of the site at its lowest point, they dig a well with a depth of 2.5–3 m;
on the site they dig several trenches with a depth of 1 m, directed from the upstream zones to the well (the slope is 3–4 cm / m);
they fill the trenches halfway with rubble or pebbles (construction debris and uprooted stumps are suitable) and cover them with geotextiles on top;
lay fertile soil on top of the geotextile.

Trenches can be covered with stones and completely, laying on top of the sand or boardwalk paving slabs- these will be garden paths.

With strong watering, a full-fledged drainage system is arranged:

In areas without a slope, the drainage well is especially deep. Then its walls are reinforced with supports and concreted. As the water fills up, the wells are pumped out.

Ground leveling

On a site dotted with irregularities, it is extremely inconvenient to work and you have to spend a lot of water for irrigation. Therefore, it is advisable to level the ground. In the simplest case, when the height difference is small, the area is cultivated, then leveled with a board or ladder, which is pulled by a rope.

With a strongly pronounced relief, they resort to removing the soil on the hills and adding it to the depressions.

If the site has a difficult terrain, it will not be possible to level it without special equipment

Doing so better in autumn: during the winter, the soil is caked and in the spring it will be clear where improvement is required. Alignment is carried out in three stages:

Mark out the area. It is necessary to drive pegs into the ground with a certain frequency and pull a cord between them - strictly horizontally and at the same height. To do this, on the pegs, using a water level (a transparent polymer tube filled with water), pre-marks are made.
Focusing on the cord, they determine the heights and depressions, then transfer the soil. For large volumes, technology is used.
After waiting for the soil to settle (it will take a couple of weeks), trim the area with a rake.

The transferred soil is easily weathered: in the absence of forest protection, the site must be closed with a fence.

Terracing

In areas with a slope of 15 degrees, horizontal steps are formed - terraces. They are built from top to bottom, each time using the cut soil as the basis for the underlying step.

Each terrace is supported by a wall, which is called a retaining wall. The retaining wall is a critical element: if it is not strong enough, the soil may converge with serious consequences. Therefore, the construction should be carried out by an experienced specialist. The walls are built of stones and bricks, logs and even steel sheets on the supports. A foundation is required.

After the formation of steps, retaining reinforced concrete walls are constructed

Maximum allowable height for a terrace is 1.5 m. The lower the height, the less durable and, accordingly, expensive retaining walls will be needed.

To climb from one terrace to another, stairs are arranged. The condition for the choice of materials and design for them is harmonious combination with a retaining wall. For safety reasons, stairs are equipped with handrails.

The arrangement of terraces on a slope is a costly undertaking, but such a site looks impressive and is illuminated better than a flat one (when located on a southern slope).

Sod removal

If the site is used for planting cultivated plants for the first time, the existing turf ( upper layer soil with grass) it is advisable to turn it into a valuable fertilizer. They do it like this:

in spring, the turf is cut with a shovel into pieces 10 cm thick and 20x40 cm in size;
upside down (roots up), the turf is stacked in piles with a maximum width and height of 1.2 m, sprinkling each layer with lime;
during the summer, the stacks are watered with liquid manure or at least water, loosened 2-3 times.

The following year, turf land is used as a fertilizer. With an excess of clay, it is diluted with sand.

In the presence of molehills, it is recommended to harvest soddy land from them - here it has high breathability and does not contain harmful insects.

The turf is cut into squares with a bayonet shovel, carefully removed and stacked upside down in stacks

Irrigation organization

For irrigation, a water pipe is laid to the site. For year-round use (estates with permanent habitation), pipes are laid in trenches below the freezing depth. If they are polypropylene (PP), then they must have a special reinforced design. You can find these pipes by orange color. For seasonal use, pipes are laid on the surface. For this, there is also a special PP that is resistant to ultraviolet radiation. It is distinguished by black color.

In places where vehicles pass, pipes on the surface are laid in trays with strong covers that protect them from damage.

In the absence of a connection to a centralized water supply system, when planning a garden and vegetable garden, an autonomous water supply system is arranged using a natural reservoir, well or well as a source. A pumping station is used to supply water. Unlike household, it should not be equipped with a pressure switch, but with a flow sensor. When the faucet is opened, the pump turns on automatically and runs indefinitely until the user turns off the water.

Water from a well or well should be checked for the concentration of salts: if there is an excess of them, water is not used for irrigation - it causes salinization of the soil (it hardens like a stone).

Modern irrigation systems provide completely offline work: soil moisture is analyzed by the sensor and the equipment is switched on when it is needed.

Soil preparation

The soil at the site is checked for acidity. The exact pH will be shown by analysis in a special laboratory, where several samples from different areas of the site should be taken. Approximately, it can be determined at home by filling a portion of the soil with vinegar. Test results:

bubbles are visible on the wetted surface of the sample - the soil is neutral;
the sample absorbs vinegar without any manifestations - sour.

The pH of the soil is also determined by the vegetation growing on it:

alkaline: coltsfoot, clover (white or common), nettle, etc.;
neutral: horsetail, mint, buttercup, etc.;
sour: heather, plantain, sedge, Ivan da Marya, etc.

Reduce acidity (deoxidation) by adding compost, manure humus and wood ash to the soil. For the same purpose, they introduce dolomite flour and fluffy lime, but this should be done in the fall.

Increase acidity by adding fresh sawdust and peat.

If the soil is not fertile, as evidenced by sparse vegetation, black soil or at least peat is brought to the site.

garden planning

At the stage of planning a garden on a personal plot, the owner makes a list of all the trees and shrubs that he intends to plant. The number of seedlings is determined based on the available area, while the space for each of them is allocated taking into account the size of a mature tree. Plants of medium size require 2–3 m 2, the largest - 4 m 2.

Easy breakdown plan orchard will significantly speed up the work on its implementation

Compiling a list and choosing a place is carried out taking into account the characteristics of cultures:

A pear is the tallest fruit tree, so it can be planted in a shady place, for example, behind a bathhouse. In a few years the tree will rise above it.
Cherries prefer acidic soil.
For a plum, a place is considered suitable where the prevailing winds blow away the snow. Under snowdrifts above 40 cm, this tree dies.
For pear and apple trees, choose a place with a low level ground water- 2 m or more. Otherwise, they will live no more than 10 years.
For stone fruit crops, the minimum allowable groundwater depth is 1.5 m.

When choosing crops, the climate of the region is also taken into account. In the southern regions (Crimea, Astrakhan, Rostov regions, etc.), any perennials. Only a few, more prone to cool climates, grow poorly in hot conditions:

blueberry;
blueberry;
coniferous trees.

Traditional for such latitudes are:

peach;
quince;
apricot;
cherries;
almond; Walnut;
grape.

You can also breed exotic plants, for example, mulberry, whose berries are very tasty. Fruit trees are supplemented with any berry bushes - gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, red and blackcurrant, aronia.

AT middle lane(Bryansk, Tula, Voronezh regions, etc.) and the northern part (Altai, Buryatia, part of Karelia, etc.), when selecting crops, take into account the so-called winter hardiness - the ability to tolerate low temperatures. The following varieties are planted here (the maximum allowable minus temperature is indicated in brackets):

Pear Honey (-30 0 C): late variety.
Decora pear (-25 0 С): fruits ripen in September.
Pear white-red columnar (-30 0 C): early variety.
Apricot Prince Mart (-30 0 C).
Sweet cherry red and black columnar (-30 0 С).
Cherry Queen Mary (-30 0 C): gives a good harvest, growing even in the shade.
Arbat apple tree (-30 0 C): fruits ripen in early autumn.
Early grape varieties: Arcadia, Arochny, Souvenir (-30 0 С).

There are two ways to plan a garden:

With regular planting between seedlings, observe the following distance:

dwarf varieties: between trees in a row - 2 m, between rows - 3 m;
semi-dwarf: respectively, 3 m and 4 m;
large-sized varieties: respectively, 4 m and 5 m.

So that fruit trees do not cast a shadow on the garden, they are planted on the north side of the site. At the same time, the tallest, such as apple, pear, walnut, are planted on the northwestern side, and undersized ones, like cherries, apricots and plums, on the northeastern side. The fact is that photosynthesis is most intensively carried out in the morning. In addition, the light at this time falls on the surface of the earth by 12% more compared to the afternoon period, since the atmosphere is more transparent in the morning. Therefore, with such a planting of trees at the most favorable time of the day, low ones will not be obscured by high ones.

Trees are planted in spring or autumn. The choice of planting time depends on the variety: some take root better in autumn period, others - in the spring. in the middle lane and northern regions in autumn, only the most winter-hardy varieties are planted, since young seedlings are quite vulnerable to frost.

The diameter and depth of the pit depends on the type of soil:

fertile soil: 0.5x0.5 m;
barren: 1x1 m.

For spring planting, pits are prepared in the fall: this is due to the fact that as much as possible is required. early boarding until the buds open.

Berry bushes, if possible, are planted between the garden and fruit trees. The timing of planting depends on the form in which the seedling was purchased:

Container (landed in a small container). Planted in spring or autumn, depending on the variety.
With bare root system. Planted only in autumn.

Landing pattern berry bushes includes the following steps:

Holes are made in the ground. Their depth when planting seedlings in containers is 1.5 times greater than the height of the container. In the case of a bare root system, they are guided by a mark indicating how deep the seedling was buried during cultivation. The pit is also made 1.5 times deeper.
Immediately before planting (an hour and a half), the seedlings are prepared: containerized - watered abundantly, with bare roots - placed in containers with water.
The bottom of the hole is covered with humus and dug up with a pitchfork. The soil extracted during the formation of the hole (it is also used for backfilling) is also mixed with humus.
Having straightened the roots of the seedling so that they grow in all directions, they lower it into the hole and sprinkle it with a mixture of earth and humus. Then the earth is lightly compacted.
The next shrub is planted at a distance of 70–80 cm.

Video: when is it better to plant seedlings of fruit trees

Garden layout

Most of the vegetables grow well in different climatic zones. But you need to choose zoned varieties. Otherwise, the plants may wither from the heat or stop growing from the cold. A short summer or lack of moisture will not allow you to get a crop of heat-loving varieties. In regions with such climatic conditions, it is advisable to build greenhouses and greenhouses.

When planning an assortment of crops, preference should be given to plants that require the same conditions for growth: this makes it easier to care for the city.

The yield depends on where and how the greenhouse is placed. The most successful location is considered:

On a hill where it's drier.
In a bright place, not obscured by buildings and trees.
In the direction east - west (latitudinal).

This arrangement is beneficial for the following:

beds are illuminated evenly;
the sun's rays fall on the wall of the structure almost perpendicularly, therefore the reflection coefficient is very small.

The installation of a greenhouse in the north-south direction (meridian), in which a significant proportion of the light is reflected and the beds are illuminated unevenly (the northern side is worse), is acceptable only for greenhouses operated exclusively in summer and south of the 60th latitude. In such conditions, the sun rises high and the shortcomings of the meridian location are minimal.

Properly position the greenhouse from north to south - in this case, it will be lit by the sun throughout the daylight hours

Garden beds are located in places not shaded by trees during the day. Orientation to the cardinal points depends on the water content of the area:

in wet low-lying areas: the beds are formed in the direction from south to north, so that the aisles are warmed by the sun;
in dry areas: choose the direction "west - east" so that the aisles remain in the shade and retain moisture longer.

According to the height, the beds are divided into:

in-depth: used when it is not possible to frequently water the garden;
at ground level: standard, for normal conditions;
raised (the soil is poured into wooden frames): they do not require soil preparation on the site, they quickly warm up by the sun (relevant for the northern regions).

In addition to horizontal, vertical beds are also arranged: this arrangement of plants helps to significantly save space in small areas.

Crop rotation

Plants differ in chemical composition, respectively, each of them extracts its own set of trace elements from the soil. Rational use of the soil consists in alternating different types of plants in order to extract trace elements evenly and allow them to recover. If plants of the same type are planted on the site from year to year, the soil is depleted. In addition, pathogenic microorganisms characteristic of this plant develop in it.

The crop rotation cycle is 4 years. That is, each crop is re-planted in a certain area only after 3 years. Based on this, the site is divided into 4 parts, crops of 4 types are planted on them and then they are alternated according to the table.

Table 1: Crop rotation of horticultural crops traditionally grown in the garden

Plant compatibility

Some plants planted side by side oppress each other, others do not have any mutual effect or even contribute to the development of a neighbor. So, in the neighborhood of beans and peppers or carrots and dill, a high yield cannot be expected. But corn, pumpkin and beans, on the contrary, are great for each other. Full information about the compatibility of cultures is displayed in the table.

Table 2: plant compatibility

Video: mixed landings

Growing plants in a limited area

Plot small size requires a special approach so that all areas are used with maximum effect. Here's how they do it under these conditions:

The garage is located near the road, so as not to divert usable area to the entrance to it.
Berry bushes are planted around the perimeter of the site. When landing from the edge of the trees, you would still have to retreat from the border of the site so that the branches do not block the street, and then the extreme lane will be unoccupied. It is not scary if some of the shrubs are in a shady place - the lack of sun has almost no effect on their growth and productivity.
Instead of ordinary fruit trees, columnar ones are planted. In such plants, the branches are directed upwards, which allows them to be planted at a distance of 0.7 - 0.8 m from each other. On a plot of 5 sq. m fits up to 15 columnar trees.
Planted among the trees plants that can develop in partial shade. In the southern regions, under such conditions, even pumpkins, watermelons, zucchini and cucumbers can produce a good harvest. In the central and northern - only salads and greens. So, rhubarb, lettuce, sorrel, parsley, cilantro, spinach, Odessa curly, watercress and others grow well in shaded areas. A rich source of vitamins is wild garlic, which grows in natural conditions just under the trees. Cucumber grass (borage) and garlic are also unpretentious to lighting conditions. You can also plant beets: the root crops will be smaller, but more tender and easy to cook.

Of the berry bushes, fragrant raspberries, blue honeysuckle, chokeberry, viburnum, and irga are not afraid of shade.

Before spraying fruit trees, the greens planted between them must be covered with polyethylene.

How to decorate a backyard

In addition to performing a purely utilitarian function - growing crops - a garden plot can become a beautiful natural corner. Residents have the greatest opportunities for decorating the garden. southern regions. The following ornamental plants are traditionally grown here:

In the middle lane, gardens are decorated with plants:

Coniferous: berry yew(form hedges), elfin species of cypress and juniper.
Perennial flowers: hostas, callas, bergenia, geykhera.
Flowering shrubs: lilac, honeysuckle, weigella, panicled hydrangea, rhododendron, garden jasmine, solar forsythia.
Plants for vertical gardening(form a green wall): campsis, clematis, parthenocissus. The latter, having high winter hardiness, does not require shelter in cold weather.

In the northern latitudes, two methods are used to improve the garden:

Local plants are planted - dwarf birches, berry bushes growing in this region, raspberry trees, coniferous crops.
Ornamental plants are planted in containers, and for the winter they are hidden in greenhouses, winter gardens or basements. In this case, the choice of crops is not limited, as long as the plants have small roots.

Terraced areas on the slopes have great artistic potential. Apart from ornamental plants they are decorated with waterfalls, retaining walls made of natural stone, beautiful platforms and stairs.

Video: the best ideas and crafts for giving your own hands

A good harvest will bring only a properly organized plot. As you can see, before its development it is necessary to answer a number of questions. Following our advice, the reader will be able to get the most out of his possessions.

Seed propagation in the garden strawberry familiar to us, unfortunately, leads to the appearance of less productive plants and weaker bushes. But another type of these sweet berries - alpine strawberries, can be successfully grown from seeds. Let's learn about the main advantages and disadvantages of this crop, consider the main varieties and features of agricultural technology. The information presented in this article will help you decide whether it is worth giving her a place in the berry.

Often, at the sight of a beautiful flower, we instinctively bend over to smell its fragrance. All fragrant flowers can be divided into two large groups: nocturnal (pollinated by night butterflies) and diurnal, whose pollinators are mainly bees. Both groups of plants are important for the grower and designer, because we often walk in the garden during the day and relax in our favorite corners with the onset of the evening. We are never put off by the fragrance of our favorite fragrant flowers.

Pumpkin is considered by many gardeners to be the queen of the beds. And not only because of its size, variety of shapes and colors, but also for excellent taste, useful qualities and a rich harvest. Pumpkin contains a large amount of carotene, iron, various vitamins and minerals. Due to the possibility of long-term storage, this vegetable maintains our health all year round. If you decide to plant a pumpkin on your site, you will be interested to know how to get the largest possible harvest.

Scotch eggs are amazing! Try to cook this dish at home, there is nothing difficult to prepare. Scotch eggs are a hard boiled egg wrapped in minced meat, breaded in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and deep fried. For frying, you need a frying pan with a high rim, and if you have a deep fryer, then it's just great - even less hassle. You will also need deep-frying oil so as not to smoke the kitchen. Choose farm eggs for this recipe.

One of the most amazing large-flowered tub cubanola Dominican fully justifies the status of a tropical miracle. Heat-loving, slow-growing, with huge and in many ways unique bells of flowers, cubanola is a fragrant star with a difficult character. She demands special conditions content in the rooms. But for those who are looking for exclusive plants for their interior, the best (and more chocolatey) candidate for the role of indoor giant cannot be found.

Chickpea Curry with Meat is a hearty hot dish for lunch or dinner inspired by Indian cuisine. This curry is quick to prepare, but requires pre-preparation. Chickpeas need to be soaked in in large numbers cold water for several hours, preferably at night, the water can be changed several times. It is also better to leave the meat in the marinade overnight so that it turns out juicy and tender. Then you should boil the chickpeas until tender and then cook the curry according to the recipe.

Rhubarb can not be found on everyone garden plot. It's a pity. This plant is a storehouse of vitamins and can be widely used in cooking. What is not prepared from rhubarb: soups and cabbage soup, salads, delicious jam, kvass, compotes and juices, candied fruits and marmalade, and even wine. But that's not all! A large green or red rosette of plant leaves, reminiscent of burdock, acts as a beautiful backdrop for annuals. Not surprisingly, rhubarb can also be seen in flower beds.

Today, experiments with non-banal combinations and non-standard colors in the garden are in trend. For example, plants with black inflorescences have become very fashionable. All black flowers are original and specific, and it is important for them to be able to select suitable partners and a position. Therefore, this article will not only introduce you to the range of plants with slate-black inflorescences, but also teach you the intricacies of using such mystical plants in garden design.

3 delicious sandwiches - cucumber sandwich, chicken sandwich, cabbage sandwich with meat - great idea for a quick bite or for a picnic in nature. Only fresh vegetables, juicy chicken and cream cheese and some spices. There are no onions in these sandwiches, you can add marinated in balsamic vinegar an onion in any of the sandwiches, it will not spoil the taste. Having quickly prepared snacks, it remains to collect a picnic basket and go to the nearest green lawn.

Depending on the variety group, the age of seedlings suitable for planting in open ground, is: for early tomatoes - 45-50 days, medium ripening - 55-60 and late terms - at least 70 days. When planting seedlings of tomatoes at a younger age, the period of its adaptation to new conditions is significantly extended. But success in obtaining a high-quality crop of tomatoes also depends on the careful implementation of the basic rules for planting seedlings in open ground.

unpretentious plants The “second plan” of sansevieria does not seem boring to those who appreciate minimalism. They are better than other indoor decorative foliage stars for collections that require minimal maintenance. Stable decorative effect and extreme endurance of only one type of sansevieria are also combined with compactness and very fast growth - Khan's rosette sansevieria. The squat rosettes of their stiff leaves create striking clusters and patterns.

One of the brightest months of the garden calendar pleasantly surprises with the balance of the distribution of favorable and unsuccessful days for working with plants according to the lunar calendar. Gardening and gardening in June can be done throughout the month, while the unfavorable periods are very short and still allow you to do useful work. There will be their optimal days and for crops with plantings, and for pruning, and for a reservoir, and even for construction work.

Meat with mushrooms in a pan is an inexpensive hot dish that is suitable for a regular lunch and for a festive menu. Pork will cook quickly, veal and chicken too, so this meat is preferable for the recipe. Mushrooms - fresh champignons, in my opinion, the most good choice for homemade stew. Forest gold - mushrooms, boletus and other goodies are best harvested for the winter. Boiled rice or mashed potatoes are ideal as a side dish.

I love ornamental shrubs, especially unpretentious and with an interesting, non-trivial foliage color. I have different Japanese spireas, Thunberg barberries, black elderberry ... And there is one special shrub that I will talk about in this article - the viburnum vesicle. To make my dream of a low maintenance garden come true, it's probably the perfect fit. At the same time, it is able to diversify the picture in the garden very much, moreover, from spring to autumn.

Federal Law "On the conduct by citizens of gardening and horticulture for their own needs and on the introduction of amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter - new law), adopted at the end of July 2017 (No. 217-FZ), even by its name testifies to the changes caused by its appearance. 39 previously adopted legislative acts were subjected to changes and additions at once. Apparently, for this reason, the entry into force of the new law was postponed until January 1, 2019, with the establishment of a transitional period of 5 years from the date of entry into force to complete certain reorganization procedures.

The main goal of the new law, which replaced the Federal Law “On horticultural, horticultural and dacha non-profit associations of citizens” (in this regard, no. somewhere successfully, somewhere not very effectively, 60 million gardeners, summer residents and gardeners work for their own benefit, and this, no less, is almost half of the Russian population.

The most painful problems, causing great criticism, as lawmakers found out during the preparation of the law, which began in 2014, were the following:

the plurality of organizational forms of dacha and horticultural associations (DNP, SNT, various horticultural and dacha cooperatives and other options, all together representing 9 independent legal forms non-profit associations of citizens created for the purpose of country farming)
malicious extortions in the form of membership and other types of contributions, not uncommon for many horticultural and dacha associations
former administrative persecution for the construction of residential buildings on garden and summer cottages, and, accordingly, the impossibility of registration (registration) in capital buildings erected on plots that are absolutely suitable for living
the high cost of drilling and building water wells in horticulture or in individual areas, the cost of which translates into impressive amounts (from 1 million rubles to 2.5 million rubles) and without which, in the absence of a centralized water supply, staying in dachas becomes simply unthinkable
absence real support on the part of the municipalities, existing and emerging new dacha and garden partnerships to provide them with engineering communications.

How does not the dacha, but the “garden and garden constitution” solve problems?

In order to understand what changes the new law brought and how it affected the life of summer residents, we will review its main provisions, commenting on some features.

New organizational forms of non-profit associations of citizens for country farming

Such a legal organizational form of citizens' associations as a "dacha non-profit partnership" was excluded from the new law, in connection with which the Land, Town Planning, Water, Civil Codes, Housing of the Russian Federation, the federal laws "On Subsoil", "On Non-Profit Associations", "On general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation”, “On state registration real estate”, “On Mortgage (Pledge of Real Estate)”, “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, “On Agricultural Cooperation” and a number of other laws have already been introduced and will be further amended.

The use of the concept of dacha partnerships should completely disappear in 1.5 years, but it is unlikely that the words “dacha” and “dacha residents” habitual to hearing will disappear from the everyday vocabulary during this time. Well, they are very family. Historically introduced into life since the time of Peter I, who granted his entourage for their great services to the Fatherland land for estates in the magnificent environs of St. Petersburg, they came into use through the word "dacha", meaning the action of the king (as a derivative of the verb "give").

The new law eliminated the artificially formed and still existing distinction between dacha and horticultural associations, created in accordance with the already mentioned Federal Law “On horticultural, gardening and country non-profit associations of citizens” and established only 2 types of legal status for suburban associations of citizens:

horticultural non-profit partnerships (SNT)
horticultural non-profit partnerships (ONT)

The rights of individuals who do not wish to enter into a partnership are set out below. In the meantime, let's look at what's new in SNT and ONT.

A horticultural non-profit partnership and a horticultural non-profit partnership are types of partnerships of real estate owners.

New garden and garden plots, as before, are formed from lands settlements or from agricultural land. Each garden or horticultural land plot may be included within the boundaries of only one horticultural or horticultural area.

Carrying out gardening or horticulture on garden or garden plots located within the boundaries of the territory of the partnership, can be carried out by the owners of the plots in the following organizational and legal forms:

with partnerships,
without partnerships.

In accordance with the new law, it is established that an association can be formed with a minimum number of members of 7 people (part 2 of article 16 of the new law). If the requirement for the number of members of the partnership is not met, then such a non-profit association may be liquidated by a court decision:

at the suit of the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation,
at the claim of the local government at the location of the territory of horticulture or horticulture,
at the claim of the owner or right holder of a garden or garden plot located within the boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture.

Upon liquidation of the partnership, the property of the general use of the partnership (with the exception of real estate of common use, owned by the partnership and remaining after the satisfaction of creditors' claims), is transferred to the owners of plots located within the territory of the SNT or ONT:

in proportion to their area,
regardless of whether these persons were members of an association (paragraph 1 of article 28 of the new law).

The law also defines provisions regarding:

grounds and procedure for admission to membership in the partnership,
rights and obligations of members of the association,
grounds for termination of membership;
the rights and obligations of the governing body of the partnership,

to which several chapters and articles of the law are devoted, including Article 8, which reveals the main provisions of the Charter of the partnership.

The supreme body of the partnership is the general meeting of its members. It is valid if more than 50% of the members of the partnership are present at the meeting. Decisions of the general meeting of members of the partnership are made by a qualified majority of at least 2/3 of the total number of members of the partnership present at the general meeting.

The management body of each of the new types of partnerships is, in general, the same body, but with partially changed powers:

chairman, representing the sole executive body,
Board, which is a permanent collegial executive body with a maximum number of at least 3 people, but not more than 5% of the number of members of the partnership, which not only creates a certain convenience in the "management" of the board itself by the members of the partnership, but also reduces the amount of membership fees for the maintenance of the board with a reduced number,
audit commission (auditor), accountable to the general meeting of members of the partnership.

The board of the partnership is accountable to the general meeting of SNT or ONT. The management body will be elected for 5 years, and not for 2 years, as it is now and until 01/01/2019. Despite the noticeably longer term of his powers, by decision of the general meeting of members of the partnership, for the hack work of the chairman or negligent members of the board, it will be possible to remove and be re-elected at any time.

A meeting of the board of an association is competent if at least half of its members are present. Decisions of the board of the association are made by open voting by a simple majority of votes of the members of the board present. In case of equality of votes, the vote of the chairman of the partnership is decisive.

Possibility of changing SNT to HOA

By decision of the general meeting of members of the SNT, the owners garden plots has the right to change existing view associations for a homeowners association (HOA). The organizational and legal form of a partnership of property owners in this case does not change, but the main requirement for such a procedure is the compliance of the HOA with the norms of the housing legislation of the Russian Federation, which regulates the creation of an HOA with the simultaneous satisfaction of the following conditions:

the gardening area is located within the boundaries of the settlement,
residential buildings are located on all garden plots located within the boundaries of the gardening area.

Changing the type of horticultural non-profit partnership (SNT) to a homeowners association (HOA) is not considered a reorganization (paragraph 2 of article 27 of the new law).

The possibility of changing SNT or ONT to another type of activity of the partnership

A horticultural or horticultural non-profit partnership may change the type of activity, again by decision of the general meeting:

for the production, processing and marketing of crop products,
other activities not related to horticulture and horticulture and allowing the creation of a consumer cooperative.

The creation of a production cooperative is a reorganization of the former organizational and legal form of SNT or ONT (paragraph 1 of Article 27 of the new law), which means that it requires changes to the USRN.

Is it necessary or not to change documents for legalized buildings during the transition period and after?

For the transitional period, which will last for 5 years, that is, until January 1, 2024, the new law defines the following provisions:

DNP, dacha cooperatives, dacha farms, horticultural partnerships and other non-profit organizations of citizens created before January 1, 2019, do not need to be reorganized.
From January 1, 2019, the requirements of the new law will apply to all previously created horticultural or dacha non-profit partnerships, as well as horticultural non-profit partnerships, even before their charters are brought into line with the new law:
1. or in accordance with the provisions on horticultural non-profit partnerships,
2. or in accordance with the provisions on horticultural non-profit partnerships.
Bringing the constituent documents of horticultural or dacha non-profit partnerships and horticultural non-profit partnerships created before the introduction of the new law is carried out after the entry into force of the new law through the introduction of changes:
1. in constituent documents (title establishing, charter and other documents) and registration of these changes in the USRN,
2. changing the names of non-profit associations is not required, but can be carried out at the request of interested parties,
3. changing the names does not require changes in title and other documents containing their former names.
Buildings on garden plots registered in the USRN before January 1, 2019 with the designation "residential", "residential building" are recognized as residential buildings:
1. replacement of previously issued documents with those registered in the USRN before 01.01. 2019 buildings or amendments to documents for them, changes in the USRN records, as well as replacement of the names of real estate objects are not required,
2. replacement of documents and names of buildings can be performed at the request of the right holders of real estate objects.
Non-residential buildings located on garden plots, buildings for seasonal use, intended for recreation and temporary stay of people and not being outbuildings and garages, registered in the USRN before 1.01. 2019, are recognized as garden houses:
1. replacement of previously issued documents with those registered in the USRN before 01.01. 2019, these buildings or amendments to the documents for them, changes in the USRN records, as well as replacement of the names of objects are not required,
2. replacement of documents and names of the listed buildings can be performed at the request of their right holders.

Register of partnership members

The distribution of plots among the members of the partnership is carried out on the basis of a decision of the general meeting of members of the partnership in accordance with the register of members of the partnership.

Garden and garden plots of land, which are in state or municipal ownership, are provided to citizens free of charge in cases established by federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The register of members of the partnership must be formed within 1 month from the date of state registration of the SNT or ONT in the USRN (Article 15 of the new law). The register is created by the chairman of the partnership or an authorized member of the board.

The register of partnership members contains the following information:

about the members of the association,
cadastral (conditional) number of each land plot, the owner of which is a member of the SNT or ONT (after the allocation of land plots between the members of the partnership).

Members of the partnership are obliged to provide reliable information necessary for maintaining the register, and promptly inform the chairman of the partnership or an authorized member of the board of changes in information.

Failure to comply with the requirement to provide information, a member of the SNT or ONT bears the risk of imposing on him the costs of the partnership associated with the lack of up-to-date information in the register.

The principle of territorial subordination of partnerships

The law introduced the principle of territorial subordination, which prohibits the operation of several partnerships with a common infrastructure and one common area on the same territory. In other words, a garden partnership cannot appear inside a garden partnership.

The purpose of introducing this principle is quite obvious:

exclusion of situations of “pulling” advantages in using, for example, a transformer box owned by one legal entity and a fire reservoir owned by another legal entity, that is, located on the territories of different legal entities (partnerships), but providing electricity and water to each of these partnerships ,
establishing legal relationships between partnerships for the use of engineering infrastructure and common areas,
management of common property within the boundaries of the territory of gardening or horticulture can be carried out by only one partnership.

Since the introduction of the new law into force, the owners of garden or garden plots located within the boundaries of the territory of the SNT or ONT have the right to create only one horticultural or horticultural non-profit association. Its boundaries should be determined in accordance with the territory planning documentation:

prior to its approval by the municipal authorities, the documentation on the planning of the territory must be approved by the decision of the general meeting of the members of the partnership,
preparation and approval of a territory planning project for a gardening partnership is not required, and the establishment of the boundaries of garden land plots and the formation of garden land plots and land plots general purpose within the boundaries of the territory of the ONT are carried out in accordance with the approved project of surveying the territory.

The boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture, when preparing documentation for the planning of the territory for the partnership, include land plots that simultaneously meet the following requirements:

the plots are owned by the founders of the partnership,
plots constitute a single, inseparable element of the planning structure or a set of elements of the planning structure located on the territory of one municipality.

When forming new horticulture and horticulture and preparing documentation for the planning of their territory, the boundaries of their territories also include:

plots that are in state or municipal ownership and not provided to citizens and legal entities (their total area should be at least 20% and not more than 25% of the total area of garden or garden plots falling within the boundaries of the horticulture or horticulture area),
plots and territories of common use, determined in accordance with land legislation and legislation on urban planning (the formation of general-purpose land plots is carried out in accordance with the approved land surveying project).

It is prohibited to establish the boundaries of horticulture or horticulture territories that restrict or terminate free access from other land plots to common areas, or to common land plots located outside the boundaries of the territories of partnerships being formed.

Common property in SNT and ONT

One of the tasks of SNT and ONT is the management of common property located within the boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture and owned by members of the partnership.

Common property located within the boundaries of the territories of horticultural or horticultural associations includes real estate that simultaneously meets the following 2 conditions:

the property was created or acquired after the entry into force of the new law,
this property belongs to the owners of land plots on the basis of common shared ownership in proportion to the areas of their plots.

Such property, represented by capital construction projects and general-purpose land plots, is used exclusively for the needs of gardeners and gardeners.

The list of needs includes:

passages and driveways to the territory
supply of heat and electricity, water, gas
drainage
security
collection of municipal solid waste and other needs
movable things created (created) or acquired for the operation of a horticultural or horticultural non-profit partnership

General-purpose land plots related to public property are formed during the development of documentation for the planning of the territory of gardening or horticulture.

Owners of land plots located within the boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture use general-purpose land plots for passage and travel to their land plots on the following conditions:

free,
without charge.

No one has the right to restrict the access of right holders of plots to their land plots.

The main goals of creating public property by the new law include:

use by all right holders of land plots located within the boundaries of the SNT or ONT territory for their own needs,
placement on common areas of other common property (for example, sports or children's playgrounds. their equipment, etc.).

Common property of an SNT or ONT may also belong to the partnership on the basis of ownership or other right permitted by civil law.

After the registration of the partnership in the USRN, the owners of the plots included in it can, at a general meeting with the presence of 100% members of the SNT or ONT, decide on the desire to acquire shares in the common property into ownership, moreover, free of charge and without allocating a share in kind.

After registration in the Unified State Register of Real Estate Rights of ownership of a share of common property on the territory of the partnership, each of the owners of such a share inevitably increases its tax base.

By decision of the general meeting of members of the SNT or ONT, public property can be transferred free of charge to the municipality or to the state property of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in whose territories the partnership operates, subject to the following conditions:

the general meeting of the members of the partnership decided to transfer the property,
property, by law, may be in state or municipal ownership,
there is the consent of all owners of garden and garden plots, who have also issued the right of common shared ownership of common property for its transfer to the municipality or state property.

Execution may not be levied on immovable property of common use owned by the partnership. In the event of the liquidation of the partnership, such property is transferred free of charge to the common shared ownership of the owners of garden or garden plots of land located in the SNT or ONT, in proportion to their area. The transfer is made regardless of whether the owners were members of the partnership (clause 2 of article 28 of the new law).

Transactions with shares in the right of common ownership of common property

In transactions with garden and garden plots, accompanied by the transfer of ownership of these real estate objects, the share in the common ownership of the common property from the previous owner passes to the new owner.

The owner of a share in the right of common ownership of common property does not have the right to:

alienate a share separately from the ownership of your garden or garden plot,
perform actions that entail the transfer of a share separately from the ownership of your own garden or garden plot.

The terms of the agreement under which the subject of the transaction appears:

transfer of ownership of a garden or garden plot of land without transfer of a share in the common ownership of common property,
transfer of ownership of a share in the right of common ownership of common property without transfer of the right to a garden or garden plot of land,

are void (if the owner of the garden or garden plot owns such a share).

Contributions to SNT and ONT

The new law establishes only 2 types of contributions that must be made by members of the SNT or ONT in a bank to the settlement account of the partnership (Article 14 of the new law):

membership
targeted

You won't have to pay an entry fee.

The lists of tasks for which contributions can be spent are limited. Thus, membership fees can be spent exclusively on the economic needs of the partnership related to the following tasks:

with the maintenance of the common use property of the partnership, including the payment of lease payments for this property,
with settlements with supply organizations - suppliers of heat and electricity, water, gas, sanitation on the basis of contracts concluded with these organizations,
with settlements with the operator for the treatment of municipal solid waste on the basis of agreements concluded by the partnership with these organizations,
with landscaping for general purposes,
with the protection of the territory of horticulture or horticulture and the provision of fire safety within the boundaries of such territory,
with the audit of the partnership,
with the payment of wages to members of the management board with whom the partnership has concluded employment contracts,
with the organization and holding of general meetings of the members of the partnership, with the implementation of the decisions of these meetings,
with the payment of taxes and fees related to the activities of the partnership, in accordance with the legislation on taxes and fees.

With regard to earmarked contributions, the possibilities for spending them are more diverse. They are associated with the following tasks:

with the preparation of documents necessary for the formation of a land plot that is in state or municipal ownership, in order to further provide such a land plot to the partnership,
with the preparation of documentation for the planning of the territory of horticulture or horticulture,
carrying out cadastral work to enter into the Unified State Register of Real estate information about garden or garden land plots, general-purpose land plots, other real estate objects related to public property,
with the creation or acquisition of common property necessary for the activities of the partnership,
with the implementation of measures outlined by the decision of the general meeting of members of the partnership.

The total annual fee will be equal to the sum of the annual targeted and membership fees of a member of the partnership.

The obligation to make contributions applies to all members of the association. In case of evasion of payment of contributions, they are collected by the partnership from a member of the SNT or ONT in a judicial proceeding.

Those individual gardeners and gardeners who did not wish to become members of the SNT or ONT are now required to pay contributions on an equal basis with members of partnerships (Article 5 of the new law). Non-payment is fraught with the same consequences as for members of the SNT or ONT. This is one of the differences between the new law and the previous law on summer residents, which allowed individuals to pay for the use of various resources (electricity, water, gas, if it is connected, as well as for garbage collection and security) in an amount less than that of members. partnerships, and not pay contributions to the salary of the chairman and members of the board of the SNT or ONT. Under the new law, individuals also have other rights - the opportunity to participate in general meetings of members of partnerships, to vote on issues of establishing the frequency and size of contributions. No, still, only the right to participate in the election of the chairman and members of the board.

The charter of the SNT or ONT may provide for cases of changing the amount of contributions for individual members of the partnership, taking into account:

different volume of use of common property depending on the size of the garden or garden plot,
the total area of real estate objects located on such a land plot,
the size of the share in the right of common shared ownership of the land plot or real estate objects located on it.

In the general case, the amount of contributions is determined on the basis of the income and expenditure estimate of the partnership and the financial and economic justification approved by the general meeting of members of the partnership. Also, the charter may establish the procedure for collecting and the amount of penalties in case of late payment of contributions. Failure to pay penalties, as well as non-payment of contributions, entails their recovery in court.

What is allowed to build on garden and garden plots?

New construction of capital residential buildings for permanent residence, according to the introduced law, is allowed only on garden plots and only if such land plots are included in the territorial zones provided for by the land use and development rules (LZZ), for which:

urban planning regulations approved,
in accordance with urban regulations, limiting parameters of permitted construction have been established.

Although the construction of residential buildings on the garden plots of residential buildings was allowed even before the entry into force of the new law, registration in them turned into “Sisyphean labor” with a positive result only by a court decision that recognized the residential building as capital and suitable for permanent residence.

The new law not only completely legalized such construction, but also the registration of its inhabitants in a residential building, even if it was built or will be built in the future on a plot of 6 acres.

In addition, the new law has simplified the procedure for transferring an existing garden (that is, non-capital construction) house to a permanent residential building and vice versa.

Garden plots should be used only for growing fruits and vegetables, but, nevertheless, outbuildings can be erected on them.

Those developers of garden plots who managed to build on them, as Federal Law 66 (Article 33) allowed, “non-capital residential buildings” and even register their ownership in the USRN, were just lucky, because according to the new law they will not be considered unauthorized construction. Such cases affected, in particular, sites and buildings on lands allocated at one time by the Ministry of Defense.

To avoid ambiguous interpretations about plots and buildings on them, about common property and contributions that will be used from January 1, 2019, all concepts are specially deciphered in the law (Article 3 and Article 23 of the new law):

garden plot- one that is intended for recreation of citizens and (or) cultivation by citizens for their own needs, crops with the right to place garden houses, residential buildings, outbuildings and garages
garden house- a building of seasonal use, designed to meet citizens' domestic and other needs related to their temporary stay in such a building (construct garden houses possible without any permissions and approvals)
residential building (object of individual housing construction) - in the case when land plots are included in the territorial zones provided for by the land use and development rules, in relation to which urban planning regulations have been approved, providing for the possibility of such construction (Article 23 of the new law with accompanying explanations), while:
1. a residential building is understood to be a stand-alone building with no more than 3 above-ground floors, no more than 20 m high, which consists of rooms and premises for auxiliary use, designed to meet citizens' domestic and other needs associated with their living in such a building, and not intended for division into independent real estate objects,
2. no later than 1 month from the date of completion of construction or reconstruction of an individual housing construction or garden house, the developer must submit to the local government a notification of the completion of construction or reconstruction (Article 16 of the Federal Law No. 340-FZ, as well as parts 16-21 of Article 55 of the Urban code of the Russian Federation),
outbuildings- sheds, baths, greenhouses, sheds, cellars, wells and other structures and structures (including temporary ones) designed to meet citizens' domestic and other needs
garden plot of land- one that is intended for recreation of citizens and (or) cultivation by citizens for their own needs of agricultural crops with the right to place outbuildings that are not real estate objects intended for storage of inventory and harvest of agricultural crops,
common property- located within the boundaries of the territory of gardening or horticulture for their own needs by citizens:
1. capital construction projects,
2. general purpose land,
3. movable things created (created) or acquired for the operation of a horticultural or horticultural non-profit partnership;

public property (passage, passage, supply of heat and electricity, water, gas, sewerage, security, collection of municipal solid waste and other needs) is used exclusively to meet the needs of citizens engaged in horticulture and horticulture;

general purpose land plots- land plots that are public property:
1. such sites are provided for by the approved documentation for the planning of the territory,
2. such plots are intended for general use by the right holders of land plots located within the boundaries of the territory where citizens conduct gardening or horticulture for their own needs,
3. such plots may be intended for the placement of other common property;
contributions- funds contributed by citizens who have the right to participate in the partnership (members of the partnership) to the settlement account of the partnership for the purposes and in the manner determined by this Federal Law and the charter of the partnership;
the territory of gardening or horticulture by citizens for their own needs(hereinafter - the territory of gardening or horticulture) - the territory, the boundaries of which are determined by the approved documentation for the planning of the territory.

On the construction of water wells on garden and garden plots

With regard to the construction of water wells in garden and garden plots, in accordance with the new law (Article 31), amendments were made to the Federal Law "On Subsoil".

The Law "On Subsoil" is supplemented by Article 192, according to which:

Horticultural and horticultural non-profit partnerships and right holders of garden or vegetable garden plots located within the boundaries of their SNT or ONT territories are granted the right to use a subsoil plot of local importance for the extraction of groundwater used:
1. for the purposes of household water supply,
2. for personal, domestic and other tasks not related to the implementation of entrepreneurial activities,
groundwater extraction can be carried out in a simplified manner:
1. without conducting a geological study of the subsoil,
2. without conducting a state examination of mineral reserves,
3. without geological, economic and environmental information about the subsoil plots provided for use,
4. without coordination and approval of technical projects and other project documentation for the performance of works related to the use of subsoil,
5. without providing evidence that the partnerships have or will have qualified specialists, the necessary financial and technical means for efficient and safe conduct works.

The main requirement for the construction of wells is the need to comply with the rules for the protection of underground water bodies, as well as the basic requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil.

Thus, non-profit organizations established to conduct horticulture, horticulture or dacha farms before the entry into force of the new law have the right to extract groundwater for domestic water supply of the indicated non-profit organizations until January 1, 2020 without obtaining a license for the use of subsoil. The requirement for mandatory well licensing will come into force on January 1, 2020.

Forms and procedure for support by public authorities and local self-government of horticulture and horticulture

The new law (Article 26) introduces the obligation of municipalities to develop their municipal and investment programs to support horticulture and horticulture, providing, in addition to educational work to popularize horticulture and horticulture or the introduction of special units involved in the implementation of regional and municipal policies to support horticulture and horticulture, the decision important tasks such as:

organizing the supply of partnerships with heat and electricity, water, gas, sewerage, fuel supply,
financing of complex cadastral works in relation to cadastral quarters within the boundaries of which gardening or horticulture areas are located,
gratuitous acquisition into state ownership of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or into municipal ownership of public property (roads, facilities power grid economy, water supply, communications and other facilities) located within the boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture - in accordance with the statements of the partnership or participants in common shared ownership of the common property of the property,
providing priority state and municipal support to citizens entitled to an extraordinary, priority or other preferential purchase of garden and garden plots,

State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments have the right to support the development of horticulture and horticulture in other forms established at the local level in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

For these tasks, the authorities have the right to use federal budget funds.

Registration in garden houses

Until January 1, 2019, it was possible to register in a dacha only by a court decision, which was supposed to recognize the house as capital, suitable for permanent residence.

After January 1, 2019, registration of citizens will be possible provided that the building is located on a garden plot and is registered in the USRN as a residential building.

It is not possible to register for permanent residence in the garden house.

Recognition of a garden house as capital and suitable for permanent residence may equate it, by appointment, with an individual residential house, which, in turn, may mean its status as a second residential property.

In connection with this circumstance, in addition to the appearance of a full-fledged tax on such a property, those people who built it can be evicted from the apartments where they permanently reside under social tenancy agreements and excluded from the queue for housing.

But the initial situation seems to be more “interesting” - the procedure for transferring a garden house to housing stock currently not fully defined. When the government will clarify it is also not clear.

Collisions between the new law and other laws

First collision

The new law defines 2 new types of partnerships (SNT and ONT), and in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 123.12), the creation of such a partnership as TSN is allowed only for those citizens who also own a plot of land that owns a share in public property, which includes roads, electricity, water supply, etc.

Common property, as defined by the new law, may or may not belong to a partnership. or, by decision of the general meeting of gardeners or gardeners, it can be transferred free of charge to local municipalities and state authorities. In other words, with such a transfer of common property, its owners deprive themselves of the right to solve the problems of managing property and developing common areas at their own discretion.

Second collision

In accordance with the law "On Registration of Real Estate" (No. 218 FZ), the only confirmation of ownership of a property is an entry in the Unified State Register of Real Estate. To date, at least 50% of gardeners and gardeners in Russia have not yet taken care of this record and have limited themselves to only possessing such documents as:

membership books confirming only participation in the general land allocation for gardening (horticulture) or the purchase of plots made much earlier on such rights,
old certificates, resolutions of heads of administrations on the provision of land plots for ownership, any state acts on the provision of land plots.

The percentage of such owners in the total mass of summer residents and gardeners is very high. For example, in St. Petersburg in 2017, there are 300 horticulture and horticulture, but only about 100 of them registered their land in ownership. AT Leningrad region, where there are more than 3,000 such partnerships, the percentage of non-privatized land is much higher.

Even if the plots were previously put on the cadastral register and they were assigned cadastral numbers as previously recorded in the State Property Committee until 2008, then, without being included in the USRN, as required by Federal Law No. 218 (paragraph 3 of Article 70), which entered into force on January 1, 2017, such plots cadastral registration be recognized as ownerless and become the property of municipalities. The users and owners of such plots, therefore, will regularly join the ranks of those poor fellows who still admire their gardening membership books.

As a result, it turns out that “extra” summer residents, gardeners and gardeners fall out of the field of view of the new law, and that a very small number of people have the right to create SNT and ONT, and only those who not only made an entry about the ownership of the plot in the register (EGRN ), but also owns, as required by the new law, also a share in public lands entered into the USRN. And the new law did not establish the procedure for making entries in the USRN relating to horticulture and horticulture. And all this despite the fact that in gardening and horticulture people still have a variety of land documents. The situation is more than reminiscent of the running of a squirrel in a wheel. “Protein” in the bureaucratic wheel, as you know, can be gardeners and gardeners who plan to be in SNT or ONT.

Third collision

The third conflict is related to the variety of interpretations of the article on the possibility of gardening and horticulture without forming a legal entity.

Although the new law introduced an article, according to which horticulture and horticulture are allowed without forming a legal entity, nevertheless, it seems to be “vague” and allowing for ambiguous perception:

individuals cannot apply for a settlement, which means they will not have to rely on municipal support measures,
individuals “honored” with the obligation to pay contributions and the right to participate in general meetings of the partnership with their votes must “interact with the municipalities”, which, nevertheless, will not create any infrastructure for them (as they say, “the collective farm is, of course, a matter voluntary, but we will not tolerate individuality”).

Fourth collision

We are talking about the provision of shares in common property. According to the new law, all 100% of the owners of plots in SNT or ONT at their general meeting must decide on the desire to purchase shares in public property:

neither the regulations nor the conditions are specified under which such a meeting of land owners in partnerships (not all members of the collective, namely the owners) can be recognized as authorized,
the impossibility in reality of holding a meeting, which must be attended by 100% of the owners of plots in SNT or ONT.

As a consequence of the indicated minuses of the provision on shares in common property, situations that are negative in their consequences are not excluded when:

public land may be in the possession of a legal entity (partnership) and its founders, who, at such general meetings, approve, in particular, estimates, contributions, etc.,
all owners of land plots left “out of distribution” will be required to maintain this legal entity and public property, pay for the acquisition of this property, but they will not become its owners and members of the partnership.

Fifth collision

There is some confusion with the transitional period introduced by the law. The transition period will last until 2024. Related laws will change at this time. At the same time, from the beginning of 2019, SNT and ONT should use their charters only to the extent that they do not contradict the new norms that have changed over the course of 5 years. It is somehow difficult to link together these 2 provisions of the new law, which are mutually exclusive, spelled out as “execution cannot be pardoned.

Lyudmila Golosova, Chairman of the Trade Union of Russian Gardeners, shares her opinion on the new law:

Results of consideration of the bill by the State Duma in the 3rd final reading - adoption of the law

On July 20, 2017, the State Duma adopted in the third, final reading, a law regulating gardening, horticulture and dacha farming by citizens for their own needs (FZ No. 217-FZ).

Consideration of numerous comments and amendments received during the discussion of the draft law resulted in significant changes reflected in the law.

Let us reiterate the main provisions of the law:

now there will be only 2 types of suburban partnerships:
1. horticultural
2. horticultural,
all partnerships will have to re-register, decide what type they belong to:
1. the decision on who to be (gardeners and gardeners) is made by the general meeting of the partnership,
2. following the results of the general meeting, submit a corresponding application to Rosreestr,

contributions to new SNT and ONT:

contributions can be only of 2 types - membership and target,
there will be no entrance fees
contributions must be transferred to the account of the partnership,
cash contributions are not allowed,
the amount of membership and earmarked contributions is determined on the basis of a financial and economic justification approved by the general meeting of members of the partnership,

the minimum number of members of the partnership is 7,
it is now possible to elect a chairman for 5 years, and not for 2 as before, and an unlimited number of times, and in order to “overthrow” him, an extraordinary general meeting must be held at the request of at least 1/5 of the total number of members of the partnership,
members of the management board of the partnership and their relatives cannot be members of the audit commission,

partnership documents must be kept for 49 years,

members of the partnership have the right to get acquainted with the financial statements,

if copies of some documents are needed, then the members of the partnership can receive them for a fee established by the general meeting, but this fee should not exceed the cost of making these copies, and the issuance of copies of documents to authorities is free of charge,
members of the partnership are obliged to comply not only with the decisions of the general meeting, but also with the decisions taken by the chairman of the partnership and the board of the partnership;
the concept of “residential building” was introduced, excluding the definitions of “dacha”, “country house”, “dacha economy” - this was done in order to prevent legal uncertainties,
a garden house can be transferred to a residential building (for example, to obtain the right to register in it) and, conversely, a residential building can be transferred to a garden building (for example, to reduce real estate tax), but this or that degree of capitalization of a garden or residential building will have to be justified , in accordance with established requirements and rules,
capital buildings cannot be erected on garden plots - only temporary garden houses that are not real estate objects can be erected on them,
the difference between gardeners and gardeners, according to the new law:
1. gardeners can build residential buildings on the site and register in them,
2. gardeners can only build garden houses for seasonal living,
if the majority of the members of the partnership wish to become gardeners, then it will not be necessary to demolish the already built full-fledged residential buildings (not seasonal), but at the time the law comes into force, the ownership of the buildings must be registered,
if the ownership of residential buildings is not registered, then such houses will have to be demolished, dismantled or rebuilt into garden houses,
owners of plots with unregistered buildings need to know that in the near future it is planned to introduce a five times higher tax on land by law - a relevant bill is being developed in this regard (on amendments to the Tax Code, according to which the value of identified real estate objects will be determined as the cadastral value of the plot, on where unregistered structures are located, multiplied by a certain coefficient),
it has been established that the maximum area of public land (including land plots along which roads are laid and power transmission poles are needed to install a transformer, garbage heap, board house, a playground, organize public spaces between fences, where members of the partnership can walk and communicate) is up to 1/4, that is, 25% of the area that is occupied by all personal land plots taken together,
common property belongs to the members of the partnership on the right of shared ownership in proportion to the area of their plots (for owners of large shares, the tax will be higher, which is unlikely to please them, but for other gardeners and gardeners, such a tax situation will probably please, but the joy will be relative, since their taxes: nevertheless, will increase, since you still have to pay for your share of the collective property;
it is allowed to conduct gardening and horticulture without forming a legal entity, and if the right holders of land plots want to be members of the partnership, they are offered such an opportunity by law (both for land owners and for citizens who have the rights of perpetual use or lease of land plots),
the powers and responsibilities of non-profit organizations created for horticulture, horticulture and dacha farming are spelled out:
1. for the convenience of voting, internal-absentee and absentee forms of holding general meetings of members of the partnership are introduced,
2. the opportunity for general meetings of members of the partnership on a voluntary basis to decide on the gratuitous transfer of part of the common property (roads, electric grid facilities, water supply, communications and other facilities) to state or municipal property - in other words, collective property, according to the new law, can be not to divide into shares, but to give it entirely to some legal entity (for example, to transfer the transformer and networks to the energy company, and the roads to the municipal authorities), and such a decision can become very expedient, since members of the partnership are relieved of the concern for maintaining and repairing their collective property,
3. if contributions are not paid for more than 2 months, a member of the partnership may be expelled from the partnership, however, he will still use the common property (electricity, road, garbage) and pay for it the same as the members, having lost only the right to vote at the general meeting,
the concept of “the boundaries of the territory of the partnership” has been improved: it has been replaced by “the territory of gardening or horticulture by citizens for their own needs”, since the size of the common property, which is in common shared ownership and managed by the partnership, depends on the territory of horticulture or horticulture,
the definition of the concept of "common property" was specified, possible types and the purpose of using such property, which will reduce the risk of the appearance in partnerships of property not related to its activities,
for persons who are the right holders of land plots, but who have not joined the partnership, the following are provided:
1. the obligation to pay for the acquisition, creation, maintenance, current and major repairs of common property, as well as for services and work on the management of such property in amounts equal to those established for members of the partnership,
2. the right to use common property located within the boundaries of the territory of horticulture or horticulture, on an equal footing and in the amount established for members of the partnership,
3. the right to take part in voting at the general meeting of members of the partnership on issues related to the disposal of public property;
in relation to associations created before the adoption of the law and which are owners of common-use property, transitional provisions provide for the obligation until January 1, 2024 to submit for consideration by the general meeting of members of the partnership the issue of transferring such property to the common shared ownership of land owners,
the procedure for licensing wells of partnerships has been simplified - the requirement for their mandatory licensing comes into effect from January 1, 2020 without obtaining a license for the use of subsoil).

An important merit of the new law lies in the desire to respect the rights of those gardeners who do not want to be members of horticultural associations, and those who are a supporter of this form of farming. The law became a document not about legal entities, but about the relationship of citizens who are gardening and gardening. It is scheduled to come into effect on January 1, 2019. Until that moment, gardeners, gardeners and gardeners will be in transitional mode, adapting to the new rules.

On the stormy discussion of the bill in the final third reading in State Duma this video shows:

Good to know

What is interesting about the "forest amnesty" for land owners - read
Read about the possibility of building a residential building on farm land.
You can familiarize yourself with the calculation of taxes on real estate objects according to the new rules of 2019.

The layout of the garden and vegetable garden will help to solve many problems for its competent arrangement and obtaining the required amount of crop. Inexperienced summer residents and gardeners, having planted their own comfortable garden, complain that there is not the required abundance of fruits and fruits that they counted on.

Option 3D layout of a plot of 15 acres with the location of the garden, house and vegetable garden

The layout of the site is considered the most important stage in its arrangement. The layout of the summer cottage and garden plot directly begins with a preliminary study of the soil where horticultural and garden crops are to be grown, and climatic conditions that affect the number of fruits. If the soil is excessively clayey or with sand impurities, then you need to additionally add peat to it, feed it with black soil, other substances and fertilizers, on which the proper nutrition of the roots will directly depend.

In the climate, the fundamental factor that negatively affects the fruiting process is:

excess moisture;
frosty winters;
spring frosts.

Therefore, it is important to select trees and crops that are most suitable for a particular region.

Sketch and layout of the garden, garden and the entire plot of 10 acres

Important aspects are the layout of the garden and the competent selection of trees. The most frost-resistant trees are locally bred. They perfectly adapt to any climatic conditions and give a good result, if not annually, then after a year. The hardiest trees are cherries, pears, apples, and plums. Apricots and peaches are considered the least resistant to frost and high humidity.

Sweet cherry does not tolerate closely located groundwater at all, and if reclamation is not carried out in time, then in just a few years it will dry up.

Layout of the arrangement of a small suburban area

There are a variety of gardens, therefore, when choosing the required assortment of trees and plants, it is necessary to take into account their future productivity.

An example of planning a vegetable garden and a garden on a small plot

To determine how many trees you need to plant on a garden plot, you must first mark up the suburban area, taking into account the existing buildings. This must be done because each object casts a shadow, so when planting bushes, trees and other crops in the shade of buildings, they will not bear fruit, but will be drawn into the natural light area. This will continue until the top of the plants is slightly above the barrier that restricts access to natural light.

Therefore, on the developed plan, it is necessary to indicate the height of each existing building and the cardinal points. It should be noted that the shadow, most likely, will be located from the east and west, somewhat narrowing towards the south. It is necessary to shade the places on the diagram where the shadow is more than half a day. These places are not suitable for planting plants.

In shady places, you can lay decorative paths, equip lawns, a pond, make flower beds. In order for the trees to provide a good harvest, the shade area must be excluded from the planting plan.

How to combine a garden and a vegetable garden

The layout of the garden and the garden is considered to be a rather important stage, because it is necessary to correctly distribute the usable area. starts with the idea of the direct arrangement of the beds, which must be perfect. If you need a garden and garden layout, then you need to do two separate schemes, which will display the suburban area at different times of the year. Thus, it is possible to achieve a more competent distribution of free space. When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account not only the area of \u200b\u200bthe summer cottage itself, but also take into account the fact that planted crops can grow over time.

Drawing and layout of a plot of 6 acres with a combination of a garden and a vegetable garden

In addition, it is worth remembering that planting vegetable and horticultural crops should not be too tight. It is necessary to consider where the garden will be located on the equipped summer cottage. Experienced gardeners recommend planting all crops on the south side, however, if this is not possible, then it is worth choosing sunny areas, but with some periods of shade.

Be sure to take into account the rules for planting each plant, its compatibility with neighboring crops, the need for natural sunshine and fertilizer, frequency of watering.

It is carried out taking into account the periods of fruiting of all available trees and shrubs. It is best to place all crops in the garden and in the garden, taking into account the periods of their full ripening. The scheme for planting all crops in the country must certainly be planned very competently. In order to think everything over correctly, you need to prepare a photo of your dacha with adjacent land.

What can be models for planning a garden and a vegetable garden

There may be a variety of options for planning a garden and a vegetable garden, but with each of them it is necessary to take into account:

the number of marked acres;
feature of the soil of the garden;
the required number of equipped beds.

Layout and placement of beds in a garden of 4 acres

Ideal for those who prefer the arrangement of a rather unpretentious garden and vegetable garden, which implies the use of predominantly ornamental crops and green spaces. Often such a model is a circle shape. Inside it should be exquisite beautiful flowers and other plants to fully show all their beauty.

Outside, a certain design is created, consisting of green spaces. It is best if these are low shrubs so that you can fully demonstrate the beauty of the planted flowers. If the dimensions of the summer cottage are quite impressive, then fruit trees are planted behind a semicircle, the number of which directly depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe proposed model. Enough interesting option is a rectangular shape.

Drawing and layout of the site

The peculiarity of this model implies that in this case it is necessary to plan the garden and the garden together. Often, the design of such a summer cottage involves the use square shape. The peculiarity of such a plot is that it is possible to plant as many beds of vegetables as the size of the plot allows.

Near garden crops, you can place a few berry bushes. For best view suburban area costs extra, but place them a little far from all other cultures. A feature of this layout is that with all the abundance of species, the original form remains.

Sketch and layout of landings on a plot of 5 acres

An interesting and unusual option is free layout available land. The shape and size of such a plot depend directly on the available acres. When developing such a scheme, one must take into account whether it is possible to combine several different cultures with fruit trees.

If the area of \u200b\u200bland for the garden remains quite small, then it is best to use the method of arranging vertical beds. Tall vegetables and legumes will feel great on grids and various supports. When organizing a garden, it is necessary to take into account the compatibility of crops, the need for well-equipped natural lighting. In addition, it is worth considering that you do not need to plant old trees for. In this case, young seedlings are quite suitable.

How to make the best choice for arranging an orchard

Given various kinds of landscape tricks, you can competently equip your plot of land, taking into account all the norms and requirements. To organize a site with your own hands, you must first correctly select the place for arranging the future orchard, select the types and varieties of trees, while taking into account the available natural and climatic conditions in the country.

When equipping an orchard and a vegetable garden, you need to remember that the depth of groundwater should be no more than 1.5 m. Otherwise, to significantly lower the level of groundwater, you will have to make certain channels or lay drainage pipes. Trees located on a land plot with high groundwater will:

grow poorly;
give a rather low yield;
do not tolerate winter frosts;
be subject to fungal diseases.

Project and layout of the garden on a plot of 10 acres

Plants located in the country will help determine the acidity of the earth. Areas where cereals and legumes thrive are ideal for gardening. If there is a lot of sorrel on the ground in the country house, this means that the soil is quite acidic, which can adversely affect the normal fruiting of trees. You can reduce the acidity of the soil by adding lime to it. The program for arranging a garden and vegetable garden implies a preliminary study of the relief of the site.

The south side is considered the best option for arranging the garden, and the north side is the worst.

It is not necessary to place the garden on the lowest point of the land, since it is there that cold air will be concentrated, which can cause serious damage to many plants. When deciding on the location of the garden, it is necessary to take into account the orientation of the cardinal points.

Categories

Popular