Influence of frosts on the national economy. First Grape Hazardous Weather Phenomena

For the most part, they are very tender and at -2 ° C they can already be damaged. In this regard, it is very important for gardeners to know how to protect their garden from such a natural phenomenon.

What's this?

The essence of frost is temporary drop in temperature air in a particular area. They are in autumn and spring.

The reasons Frost may occur as follows:

• migration of cold air from the northern regions to a given place;
• the result of a nightly decrease in temperature (radiation).

If frosts are associated with radiation, then the weather is usually clear and calm. Such a decrease in temperature is always short-term and almost never reaches such a force that manifests itself during return spring coolings.

The latter, on the contrary, can last for several days, cover a larger area and are additionally accompanied by cloudy skies and strong winds.

Did you know? In 1558, such a severe cold set in Europe that, which was stored in French cellars, froze. They began to sell it at that time not on tap, but in ice blocks - by weight. The situation repeated itself in 1709. During the chimes of the bells in the temples, the latter even cracked.

Freeze types

Frost is a decrease in temperature below 0 ° C, mainly at night and in the morning. At the same time, the average daily temperature remains positive. They are divided into three types: advective, radiative and mixed.

advective

The cause of advective frost is air mass migration moving in the horizontal direction. They bring with them cold temperatures, humidity, etc. Such colds come on abruptly and then remain for a long time.

Radiation

Radiation frosts can be explained with the help of physics. During the day they accumulate heat, and at night they give it away.

Because the warm air lighter than cold, it rises, and cold air masses. Naturally, the lower the soil temperature, the more dangerous the consequences will be for the plants. Such cooling can usually be observed in cloudless and windless weather, they can capture a fairly large area.

Advective radiation

As the name implies, this mixed type cooling. A weak frost is considered to be a decrease in the temperature on the soil to -1 / -2 ° С. If it gets colder to -3 / -4 ° С, then such a frost is called strong. A very strong frost is -5 / -8 ° С.

The effect of frost in spring and autumn

Frosts, namely the features of their manifestation on horticultural and horticultural crops, directly depend on frost resistance the latter - the level of critical temperature, at the onset of which the organs of the plant are partially damaged or die. Frost resistance differs not only different plants, but also organs of the same plant or vegetable crop.
If a return frosts come early, then they may not have time to harm the plants, because the latter have not yet had time to germinate, which means they remain under the protection of the soil and. More dangerous are late return drops in temperature, which can manifest themselves until the beginning of June. They just fall into the period of flowering and crops.

Young leaves, buds and flowers are very sensitive to cold and cannot yet resist it. The juice in the cells freezes, as a result of which the membranes rupture and death of the cells occurs, and then the plants themselves.

Did you know?Abnormal winters on the planet were observed long before the invention of thermometers. According to the chronicles, in the winters of 401 and 801, "the waves of the Black Sea hardened."

For garden crops

Even with minimal temperature drop get seriously hurt maybe loosely rooted and not yet hardened seedlings, heat-loving and. An indicator of -1 / -2 ° C is enough for the plants to stop their growth, and fruiting is delayed by 1.5-2 weeks.

If the frost is more severe, the culture may die. Always the first to suffer are those crops that are planted in the ground close to the surface. This, etc.
But still there is horticultural crops who are not afraid of cold snaps. it cold-resistant plants that are not damaged due to a drop in air temperature. These include, and even.

For fruit

Fruit trees are almost always sensitive to frost. Even when the temperature dropped by a short time adverse effects may be irreversible. As observations show, the earlier warm weather, the higher the likelihood that late cold snaps will manifest themselves.

The most dangerous for fruit trees are the conditions when during the day temperature regime remains within 5-10°C, and at night it drops to -2 °C. In this case, the flowers will already receive irreversible damage. As for the ovaries, they can die even at a temperature of -1 ° C.
It happens that after freezing, the ovaries and flowers remain in their places, do not crumble, and it may seem that everything worked out. But unfortunately, quite often, low-quality fruits with pronounced deformation grow on such trees, and the overall yield is relatively low.

Most affected by frost, and gardens. As for, they bloom a little later than others. horticultural crops and damage a little less than the rest. Reduce harmful effects frosts are helped by being close to trees, as the water gives off heat at night and thus warms the plants a little.

Ornamental trees and shrubs

Speaking of and, it is worth noting that the former are more susceptible to damage than the latter. This is due to the fact that at the level of the crowns, air temperatures are usually higher than at the bottom. With light frosts, it may happen that they can be damaged, and at the same time no harm will be done to the trees.

Separately, it is worth talking about whether they will be harmful spring frosts for roses. If the protective one was removed from the flowers before, then the branches can freeze at temperatures below -7 ° C. In the same case, the leaves and buds will definitely freeze. Such an impact will weaken, slightly delay the time of flowering, but will not destroy it.
In order to die, frosts must greatly cool the soil so that the roots have time to freeze through, and this practically does not happen in spring. Weak frosts in the range from -1 ° C to -3 ° C usually do not affect in any way or cause very little damage.

What to do? Frost control methods

There is a lot of talk about methods of dealing with frost. Some methods have proven to be very effective, while others are very dubious, time-consuming and do not bring results.

Sprinkling

The method is quite interesting. It will also take a small one so that the jet resembles raindrops. Trees and shrubs need to be completely watered. And as the water freezes, it will begin to release heat, which will be saving for the plant.

At temperatures closer to 0°C, the liquid evaporates and forms vapor, which has a high level of heat capacity. This method is also suitable for . Watering should be done in the evening if frost is expected at night.

smoke

This method should be applied immediately after the air temperature has dropped to + 2 ° C. Smoke must be carried out before dawn.

Smoke should spread along the ground, only in this case it will help protect the plants from frost. This is due to the fact that its temperature is higher than the air temperature, which means that the smoke will become an obstacle to cooling the soil surface.

It is thanks to this that plants will be able to survive a sharp cold snap. It is desirable that during the smoking process there was calm weather. Otherwise, you need to carefully monitor the absence open fire to avoid fire.

By the way, during spring frosts for smoke, according to gardeners, is the best protection.

The process itself is carried out as follows:

• Along the perimeter of the site, you need to collect heaps of straw, garbage, and other material that will later become a source of smoke.
• Then a stake should be driven into the ground, which will serve as a support, and dry material should be laid around it, which will ensure combustion.
• What ignites quickly should be covered with sawdust, leaves, damp

HAZARDOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

The main ones in the warm period are frosts, droughts, dry winds, dust storms, hail, hurricanes, heavy showers, and in winter very coldy, ice, soaking, damping off, winter droughts.

FROST

Freezing is a decrease in the temperature of the air or active surface to 0 ° C and below against the background of positive average air temperatures. Frosts are observed in all regions of Russia. Frost characteristics are necessary to establish the timing of sowing, planting seedlings and harvesting crops, to justify the placement of heat-loving plants and their selection, as well as to develop measures to protect plants from this phenomenon.

Frosts are especially dangerous when they coincide with the growing season of crops, that is, late spring and early autumn frosts.

The nature weather conditions There are three types of frosts: advective, arising from the invasion of cold air. These freezes are large territories, can last several days in a row and depend little on local conditions. The difference between the temperatures of the soil and the surface layer of air at a height of 2 m is insignificant;

radiative, due to intense cooling of the active surface as a result of radiation on clear, quiet nights. A temperature inversion is formed on the surface 2.5 ... 4.5 ° C lower than at a height of 2 m. Radiation frosts are observed on clear nights, they intensify in the morning hours before sunrise;

advective-radiative, formed as a result of the invasion of cold air and its further cooling at night with a clear sky. Such frosts occur even at the beginning of summer during the growing season of plants, as a result thermophilic species plants are damaged and sick.

Frosts on the soil surface in spring end later and in autumn begin earlier than in the air (at a height of 2 m). Therefore, the frost-free period on the soil is 20–30 days shorter than in the air.

The intensity and duration of radiation and advective-radiation frosts are strongly influenced by the relief: windward slopes, open to cold winds, are more frost-prone; lowlands and valleys where cool air flows are also more prone to frost than hills and upper slopes.

In the forest, during radiation frosts, the temperature is 2...3 °C higher than in the open field.

On the slopes covered with forest, cold air lingers on the edges, and the frost risk of open areas of the slopes increases.

On the shores of the seas, large lakes, the duration of the frost-free period increases by 25 ... 35 days.

Dry and loosened soils, especially drained peatlands, contribute to the occurrence of radiation frosts on the soil surface. Such soils do not conduct heat well from deep layers to the surface.

On the eastern and southeastern slopes, plants are more severely damaged by frosts, since immediately after sunrise they fall under the action of its rays, and from rapid heating, damage to frost-bitten parts of the plant is intensified.

The temperature below which plants are damaged or die is called critical. It depends on the species, variety, phase of development and condition of the plants. For fruit and berry crops, frosts are especially dangerous during flowering and ovary formation.

By the time of the onset of frosts, the territory of Russia is divided into three zones: cold, temperate and with warm winter. In the cold zone, there is no clearly defined frost-free period. In the temperate zone, where the main crop areas are located, the average duration of the frost-free period ranges from 85 days in the north to 280 days in the south. In the zone with warm winters (Krasnodar Territory), the duration of the frost-free period is on average 300 days.

Particularly frost-prone areas Eastern Siberia, where frosts can occur during the period of active vegetation and where the relief is strongly indented.

The average and extreme dates of frosts, as well as the probability of different dates of the beginning and end of frosts, are given in reference books on agro-climatic resources. So, for the Moscow region, the average date of the last frost in spring in the air is May 6, on the ground - May 20, and the latest date is June 15 in the air and June 22 on the ground. Frost forecast can be carried out according to the formula

where is the expected minimum air temperature, °С; - wet-bulb temperature at 1 pm, o C; t- temperature according to the dry urgent thermometer at 13 h, ° С; С- coefficient depending on relative humidity air/at 13:00:

% 100 90 80 70 60 40 30 20 10

FROM 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,5 0,9 0,7 0,4 0,2

BUT- correction for cloudiness.

For determining minimum temperature on soil, the formula has the form

Cloud influence factor BUT with cloudiness up to 7 points do not enter, with a cloudy sky BUT = +2.

The following methods of protection are used against frosts: smoke (used in gardens); shelter of plants (film, caps, earth); irrigation (sprinkling) reduces frost by about 2 °C; blowing plantings with the help of exhausted aircraft engines. Nice results gives a set of measures, that is, the correct consideration of the microrelief, the use of early maturing and frost-resistant varieties, the use potash fertilizers, sprinkling, etc.

Temperature drop air on the surface of the soil and plants below 0 ° C at positive average daily air temperatures.

There are advective, radiation and advective-radiation frosts.

advective frosts

occur as a result of the onset of cold waves with temperatures below 0 ° C, usually in early spring and late autumn, with full cloudiness and, therefore, the strength of the wind; may last for several days.

Radiation frost

occur on quiet, clear nights as a result of the diurnal temperature variation at relatively low average daily temperatures and intense night radiation. Their level significantly depends on the landforms. So, in the lowlands they occur more often than in elevated places or on slopes, since in concave forms of relief the night temperature decrease is intensified, cold air stagnates longer. Therefore, during radiation frosts, mainly plants located in low places of concave landforms are damaged. Frosts of this type are limited by the duration of the night and usually last 5-6 hours in a row. For grape culture, spring frosts are most dangerous if they occur in the second phase of the growing season. Advective-radiative frosts are observed in a limited time, mainly in the morning or from half of the night and last 3-4 hours. These are late frosts of spring and early frosts autumn, i.e., the time of year when the level of average daily temperatures is relatively high. When they occur, the processes of advection and radiation complement each other. Negative values temperatures can only be in the subsoil layers, while at the level of the meteorological booth - positive. Spring frosts damage leaves, blossoming buds, tops of shoots, grape inflorescences, autumn frosts damage leaves, sometimes berries. Frost control means have been developed, which can be combined into 3 groups: selection of frost-resistant grape varieties. Their stability is associated with the peculiarities of the varieties to open their eyes later and bear fruit from spare buds in the eyes; agrotechnical impacts on grape bushes: late spring pruning(to delay bud break) and leaving a segment of a stepson with 1-2 nodes at the eyes, followed by a fragment of shoots grown on these stepchildren, the use of high-stem forms of bushes; agrotechnical impact on the environment in order to reduce radiation through the destruction of weeds.

During radiation frosts, according to our observations, the temperature changes by an average of 1°C for every 15 m of height along the slope.
In the horizontal direction, the temperature field during freezing is cellular.

Over one meter, the air temperature in short periods of time can change by 2-3 ° C or more. That is why even small area plants during radiation freezing are damaged differently

Fig.1. Graph for determining the probability of a frost (matinee) on the air temperature at 21:00 and on the temperature difference at 13:00 and 21:00.

A warning about the possibility of frost on the territory of the region, its individual districts is given on the basis of forecasts made in the institutions of Roshydromet. But will there be frost on a particular garden plot an amateur gardener can clarify using his own observations. The degree of possible overnight cooling to frost is predicted in many ways. The simplest is the method of P. I. Brounov.

For calculations by this method, the air temperature is measured at 13 o'clock (in the shade) and at 21 o'clock. Find the difference between these indicators and make simple calculations.

For example, the air temperature at 13:00 is 9.5 °C, and at 21:00 it is 3.3 °C. The difference between them is 6.2 °C. The calculation is performed according to a special schedule (Fig. 1). On it, the difference between day and evening temperatures is plotted horizontally, and the air temperature at 21:00 is plotted vertically. °C. Then we draw straight lines to the right (from the vertical axis) and up (from the horizontal axis) until they intersect with each other. The point of intersection of the lines will be denoted by the letter A. It lies below the sloping straight line, showing a 100% probability of freezing, which means that there will be a frost.
One more example. At 13:00 the air temperature is 12.3 °C, and at 21:00 it is 10 °C. The difference between them is 2.3 °C. We find the point of intersection of two lines (the construction is similar to that described above). This point will be denoted by the letter B. The graph shows that the probability of freezing is about 18%. Therefore, frost is unlikely.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

frosts

pl. Light frost, usually in the mornings in spring or autumn.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

frosts

lowering the temperature below 0°C in the surface layer of air or on the soil in the evening or at night (at a positive temperature during the day). Frosts occur in spring and autumn due to night cooling of the soil.

frost

a decrease in air temperature below 0 ° C in the evening and at night with a positive temperature during the day. The emergence of frost is caused either by the intrusion of cold air masses that have come from other regions (more often from the Arctic), ≈ advective frost, or by nighttime radiative cooling of the surface of the soil and vegetation cover, ≈ radiative frost. However, in most cases, frost plays a role in the emergence of the preliminary advection of a mass of cold air into a given area, and the subsequent night radiation, which cools the soil, and from it the air to negative temperatures. Usually in middle lane USSR Z. are in the spring (until the middle of June) and in the fall (starting from the second half of September).

Z. can be the cause of a significant reduction in the yield of field, vegetable and fruit crops. The destructive effect of Z. on the page - x. culture is explained by the direct effect of low temperature on a living cell, during which water is frozen out of the cell sap, ice crystals are formed in the intercellular spaces, and protoplasm is dehydrated. Most resistant plants, withstanding short-term frosts from ≈7 to ≈10╟С, ≈ early spring breads and legumes early dates sowing; medium-resistant, enduring from ≈3 to ≈4╟С, ≈ soybean, mogar, rope, etc.; low resistance, able to tolerate from ≈2 to ≈3╟С, ≈ corn, millet, sorghum, potatoes, shag, etc.; unstable plants, the seedlings of which are damaged from ≈0.5 to ≈1.5╟C, ≈ beans, rice, cotton, melons, sesame, peanuts, buckwheat, etc. Generative organs are especially sensitive to frost.

In the fight against Z. great importance has implementation early maturing varieties s.-x. crops in areas with a short frost-free period, plant breeding for frost resistance, the use of potash fertilizers, as well as timely agricultural production. works, right choice sowing places, taking into account the microclimate, etc. The most well-known and widespread method of pest control is smoke, which is widely used to protect flowering fruit crops and seedlings of thermophilic plants. vegetable crops in the middle lane and in the south of the USSR. In the subtropics of the USSR, open heating is used on lemon plantations (the air among the plants is heated by burning oil in special heaters, hard coal etc. combustible substances); they also practice covering lemons and oranges with three-layer gauze. Plantation heating electric heating pads, batteries with warm water or steam is efficient, but expensive and applicable only to obtaining valuable products.

Lit .: Berlyand M. E., Krasikov P. N., Prediction of frosts and the fight against them, 2nd ed., L., 1960; Gol'tsberg IA, Agro-climatic characteristics of frosts in the USSR and methods of dealing with them. L., 1961.

I. A. Gol'tsberg.

Wikipedia

frost

frost- lowering the temperature below 0 °С in the surface layer of air up to or on the soil in the evening or at night at a positive air temperature during the day. In the central regions of the European part of Russia, the last spring frosts are often observed in late May - early June, and the first autumn frosts are possible in early September. Period of the year from the mean date of the last spring frost to the mean date of the first autumn frost called the frost-free period. In late spring, summer or early autumn, frosts are often patchy or sporadic. Characteristic features freezing are hoarfrost and ice in puddles.

Examples of the use of the word freeze in the literature.

At the end of October, when the real ones come frosts, both water striders and water beetles disappear, at this time and in November, on quiet days, not a single wrinkle runs into the water surface.

Tanya swears that they bite through the sole and envies the cat Nyurka - they don’t bite her, and frosts Nurka doesn't care.

In the white fog, the canoe caravan will come to the reach in the evening, and the fog will roll down in the morning with tears from the willow - frosts, frosts.

The forest quietly froze by the sleepy water, listens to the tales of the evening star, At the full moon the shadows are cutting - frosts, frosts.

What are gardeners most afraid of in spring? That which is in bloom garden trees and bushes suddenly hit by spring frosts, and future harvest will die. We plant heat-loving garden crops in greenhouses, make shelters for them. But what about bigger plant protection? And most importantly: is it possible to somehow predict cooling and frost without relying on the weather forecast?

During frosts, the apical point of growth is damaged in plants, which further leads, for example, potatoes and tomatoes to late blight disease. In cabbage, during frosts, instead of one healthy head, several small heads of cabbage are formed, pumpkin crops die, in apple trees, cherries, strawberries and even currants, flowers and young ovaries are damaged. Damage is stronger in lowlands, in drafts and in dense plantings.

Critical air temperatures for the garden in autumn, winter and spring

A sign of the onset of night frosts in spring and early summer is a sharp cold snap in the evening and a clear sky with bright stars. On such evenings at 21-22 o'clock it is necessary to check the readings of two thermometers: one dry, and the other wrapped in a damp cloth. If the readings turn out to be approximately the same as in the table below, then at night or in the early morning hours there will almost certainly be a frost.

Dry and wet bulb readings indicating upcoming frosts

How to protect your garden during frost

Are you worried about the thermometer readings? Then take a hose or a sprayer and water the garden well in the evening on the eve of freezing by sprinkling, spraying the crowns of trees not only outside, but also inside. Also spray shrubs, strawberries, vegetable gardens, flower beds, and the outside of greenhouses.

When sprinkling garden air humidity around the plants increases. During freezing, frost forms from moisture droplets, the process proceeds with the release of internal heat, and the temperature around the plants rises by 1-2 degrees. Moist soil well passes heat from the lower layers, so it cools slowly, which is also important, since frost goes through the soil.

Another quite reliable way avoid the effects of frost plant shelter any available material. In order to save the buds, flowers and ovaries from damage, it is enough just to cover the bushes from above. The garden can be covered with lutrasil or just newspapers.

In greenhouses, plants need to be additionally covered with either lutrasil or newspapers, or put arcs and make additional cover with a film. Such a double film cover will create the effect of a thermos: a layer of air between the two films will keep the temperature more or less constant, and in the heat the plants will not overheat, and in the cold they will not freeze.

At night, many gardeners light electric (100 watt / hour per 10 m2) or kerosene bulbs in greenhouses. The lamps must be covered with a cap so that the glass does not burst from the drop.

When the temperature drops to zero in the greenhouse at night, you can put just two buckets with very hot water, but not on the ground, but on wooden stand so that the water does not cool too quickly.

And further: folk omen- there will be no more frosts if the cuckoo cuckoos regularly, the red mountain ash has blossomed, and a white lily leaf has appeared on the water.

How to calculate flowering time

If you do not live in the country in spring and early summer, during the flowering of trees and shrubs, then you cannot know exactly when, say, cherry blossoms will bloom - and whether flowering will coincide with cooling and frost. But the timing of flowering can be calculated.

Below I give the average statistical data on the beginning of the flowering time of various horticultural crops for Leningrad region in which I cultivate my plot. You ask: why are they needed, because the timing of flowering of the same plants will vary significantly in different regions countries? Yes, and temperatures current year may differ from the average data...

However, it has been noticed: the sequence of flowering shrubs and trees in the garden is very stable, therefore, taking some phenomenon as a starting point, for example, the flowering time of the coltsfoot on your site, you can very accurately determine the flowering time of other crops.

Calculate the number of days from the table between the flowering of the coltsfoot and, for example, currants. Get 40 days. Suppose your coltsfoot bloomed on April 20, which means that the currant will bloom in 40 days, that is, on June 1. If in your region the coltsfoot bloomed on April 8, then you can be sure that the currant will bloom on May 18. So, based on the above table, you can make a similar one for any region of the country.

Average statistical data for the beginning of flowering plants for the Leningrad region
Transition of average daily temperature through 0 °C 1.04
Flowering coltsfoot 15.04
The transition of the average daily temperature through +5 °С on 29.04
Blossoming currant, birch, mountain ash buds 2.05
Last frost in the air 9.05
Cherry blossom 12.05
The transition of the average daily temperature through +10 ° С 17.05
Gooseberry blossom 20.05
Last frost on the soil 24.05
Currant blossom 25.05
Cherry blossoms, plums 26.05
Apple blossom 29.05
Strawberry blossom 3.06
Lilac blossom 4.06
Blooming red rowan 6.06
The transition of the average daily temperature through +15 ° С 10.06
Raspberry blossom 18.06
Ripening strawberries 25.06
Currant ripening 22.07
The transition of the average daily temperature through +15 ° С 31.08
First frost on soil 19.09
The transition of the average daily temperature through +10 °С on 27.09
First frost in the air 9.10
First snow 12.10
The transition of the average daily temperature through +5 ° С 21.10
The transition of the average daily temperature through 0 ° C 18.11

Comment on the article "Frosts and the garden in spring: protection of plants during flowering"

Frosts and the garden in spring: protection of plants during flowering. However, it has been noticed: the sequence of flowering of shrubs and trees in the garden is very If the coltsfoot bloomed on April 8 in your region, then you can be sure that the currant will bloom on May 18.

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