TTK. The device of monolithic ceilings with a concrete pump. Typical flow chart for concreting monolithic slabs
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)
CONCRETING OF THE FLOORS OF A TYPICAL FLOOR OF A MONOLITHIC BUILDING
1 AREA OF USE
1.1. A typical technological map (hereinafter referred to as TTK) was developed for a set of concrete works during laying concrete mix into ceilings with the help of a concrete pump truck with transportation of the concrete mixture by concrete mixer trucks during the construction of a residential building. Floor height up to 2.5 m, ceiling thickness up to 180 mm.
The support of a continuous floor slab is envisaged to be carried out along the perimeter on bearing reinforced concrete, monolithic walls, and in the spans between the walls on monolithic reinforced concrete columns.
1.2. A typical flow chart is intended for use in the development of Work Performance Projects (PPR), Construction Organization Projects (POS), other organizational and technological documentation, as well as to familiarize workers and engineering workers with the rules for the production of concrete work on a construction site.
1.3. The purpose of creating the presented TTK is to give a recommended scheme for the technological process of concrete work.
1.4. When linking a Standard flow chart to a specific facility and construction conditions, production schemes, scopes of work, labor costs, mechanization tools, materials, equipment, etc. are specified.
1.5. The installation of a floor made of monolithic reinforced concrete is carried out on the basis of the Project for the production of works, working drawings and Working technological maps that regulate the means of technological support and the rules for the implementation of technological processes in the production of works.
1.6. The regulatory framework for the development of technological maps are: SNiP, SN, SP, GESN-2001 ENiR, production norms for the consumption of materials, local progressive norms and prices, norms for labor costs, norms for the consumption of material and technical resources.
1.7. Working flow charts are reviewed and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Contracting Construction and Installation Organization, in agreement with the Customer's organization, the Customer's Technical Supervision and the organizations that will be in charge of the operation of this building.
1.8. The use of TTK contributes to increasing labor productivity, reducing labor costs, improving the organization and improving the quality of work, reducing costs and reducing the duration of construction, safe work, organizing rhythmic work, rational use of labor resources and machines, as well as reducing the time required for the development of PPR and unification of technological solutions .
1.9. The scope of work sequentially performed in the production of concrete works includes:
supply of concrete mix;
laying concrete mix.
1.10. Works are carried out all year round and are carried out in one shift. Working hours per shift are:
where is the coefficient of use of the truck-mounted concrete pump by time during the shift (the time associated with preparing the machine for work and carrying out the ETO is 15 minutes, breaks associated with the organization and technology of the production process and the driver’s rest are 10 minutes every hour of work).
1.11. Used as a driving mechanism concrete pump truck SY5420THB-48, on the car chassis ^ VOLVO FM 12, with a capacity of 50 m / h with a distribution boom 48 m long for supplying concrete mixture horizontally and vertically (see Fig. 1). 
Fig.1. SY5420THB-48 concrete pump truck
The concrete mixture is delivered truck mixers HTM 1004 on the chassis of the car ^ VOLVO FM 12, with a mixing drum volume of 8.0 m (see Fig. 2).
Fig.2. Concrete mixer HTM 1004
1.12. When concreting the floor slab, heavy concrete mix of B22.5 W6 class, frost resistance grade F75, which meets the requirements of GOST 7473-94, is used as the main material. The maximum fineness of the aggregate is 20 mm, the mobility of the concrete mixture is 8-12 cm along the standard cone.
1.13. Work should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:
SNiP 12-01-2004. Organization of construction;
SNiP 3.01.03-84. Geodetic works in construction;
SNiP 12-03-2001. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements;
SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production;
SNiP 3.03.01-87. Bearing and enclosing structures;
GOST 7473-94. Concrete mixes. Specifications.
^ 2. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK PERFORMANCE
2.1. In accordance with SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization of construction", prior to the commencement of concrete work at the site, the Subcontractor must, under the act, accept the prepared construction site from the General Contractor, including the mounted formwork of the DOKA-type floor and the reinforcing frame of the floor installed in the formwork.
2.2. Prior to the start of concrete work, the following activities must be completed:
a person responsible for the quality and safe performance of work has been appointed;
members of the brigade were instructed in safety precautions and familiarized with the working flow chart for the installation of the floor;
the walls of the floor are erected to the level of the bottom of the floor slab;
columns are concreted, concrete strength is not less than 70% of the design;
ceiling formwork installed;
mounted in the formwork three-dimensional reinforcing cage, embedded parts of the ceiling;
guides for the vibrating screed are arranged;
the ways of movement of concrete mixer trucks and the working parking lot of the concrete pump truck are indicated;
the necessary assembly devices, inventory, tools and a household trailer for rest of workers were delivered to the work area;
measures are provided to ensure the preservation of reinforcing outlets from the walls of the floor from corrosion and deformation;
geodetic breakdown of the axes and marking of the position of the overlap was made in accordance with the project.
In addition, you need:
prepare a horizontal platform for a concrete pump truck;
clean the formwork and reinforcement in the concreting area;
check the strength and tightness of the formwork;
to carry out acceptance of the performed reinforcement and formwork works;
prepare reserve places for receiving concrete mix from concrete mixer trucks;
install a stationary concrete pipeline (if necessary);
mount a reliable sound connection in the working area;
provide the construction site with signaling means;
arrange lighting of the working area;
make barriers for openings staircases and around the perimeter of the building.
2.3. The laying of the concrete mixture into the ceiling is carried out by a concrete pump complete with concrete mixer trucks and is carried out along the grips in a certain order. The grips are determined from the condition of the changeable (daily) operational performance of the concrete pump, the minimum distance for supplying the concrete mixture, and whether concreting is carried out only with the help of the boom of the concrete pump or with the help of a concrete pipeline.
2.4. The process of laying the concrete mixture consists of work operations associated with its supply to the formwork and compaction. Prior to placing the concrete mixture in the formwork, it is necessary to check:
formwork fasteners;
the quality of formwork cleaning from debris and dirt;
quality of cleaning of fittings from rust deposits;
correct installation of the reinforcing cage;
thorough cleaning of the concrete surface of the walls from the cement film;
lubrication of the internal surfaces of the formwork;
callout of the design mark of the top of concreting the floor slab (with paint) on the reinforcing cage.
2.5. The laying of the concrete mixture on each grip begins from the strip farthest from the pump and is carried out in the direction to the place of installation of the truck-mounted concrete pump. The grips are assigned a width of 1.5-2.0 m and are separated from each other by wooden bars, which are attached to the ceiling formwork.
Concrete mixer trucks drive up to the loading hopper of the concrete pump and unload the concrete mixture in portions, which is immediately pumped by the concrete pump into the floor slab structure. Using a flexible hose, the concrete mixture is distributed over the concreting area, starting from the most remote area. The height of the free dropping of the concrete mixture into the coating should be no more than 1.0 m.
Laying of the concrete mixture is carried out through one strip in one layer for the full thickness of the floor. Concreting of the strips is carried out along lighthouse rails (reinforcing bars), which during the period of reinforcing work are installed in rows every 2 ... 2.5 m and attached to the reinforcement frame of the floor slab. The floor slab is concreted in a direction parallel to the main or secondary beams. In this case, the concrete is fed towards the concreting. 
Fig.3. Concrete laying scheme
Before starting the laying of the concrete mixture, the top surface of the walls and columns must be moistened with water. When concreting the slab, light portable shields are laid on top of the reinforcement cage, serving as a workplace and preventing deformation of the reinforcement.
During rain, the concreted area must be protected from water ingress into the concrete mix. Accidentally eroded concrete should be removed.
2.6. The concrete mixture is placed in the formwork under the following conditions:
the top level of the laid concrete mixture should be 50-70 mm below the top of the formwork panels;
the concrete mix should have a draft of 4-12 cm.
adding water when laying the concrete mix to increase its mobility is not allowed;
separated from the mixture cold water must be removed;
the optimal mobility of the concrete mixture should be within 8-10 cm;
the water-cement ratio of the concrete shift should be in the range of 0.4-0.6.
2.7. Concrete mix laid in strips is compacted deep, electric vibrators IV-47B, power N=0.8 kW and leveled vibrating screed ZM. Along the walls and in other inaccessible places for the use of a vibrating screed, the concrete mixture is compacted surface vibrator IV-2, power N=0.6 kW.
2.8. Compaction of the laid concrete mixture must be carried out in compliance with the following rules:
the step of permutation of internal vibrators should not exceed one and a half radius of their action, i.e. 50 cm;
the depth of immersion of the deep vibrator in the concrete mixture should ensure its deepening into the previously laid layer by 5-10 cm;
the vibrator should be taken out of the concrete mixture with the electric motor turned on without jerks in order to avoid the formation of voids in the concrete.
2.9. Workers carry out vibrocompaction of the concrete mixture, being on a wooden ladder.
The deep vibrator is immersed in the compacted layer vertically or with a slight inclination. The tip should be immersed quickly, after which it, vibrating, remains motionless for 10-15 seconds, and then slowly pulled out of the concrete mixture in order to ensure that the vacated space is filled with the mixture. 
Fig.4. Compaction of the concrete mixture with a deep vibrator
Compaction must be stopped when:
settling of the concrete mixture is not observed;
coarse aggregate is covered with mortar;
cement milk appears on the surface;
stops the release of large air bubbles.
The duration of vibration should ensure sufficient compaction of the concrete mixture and is from 15 to 30 seconds or is determined empirically. The thickness of the laid layer of concrete mixture should not be more than 1.25 of the length of the working part of the deep vibrator. When compacting the concrete mixture, it is not allowed to rest the vibrators on the reinforcement and formwork fasteners.
The foreman, by visual inspection, determines the end of the settling of the concrete mixture in the layer, and only after that gives the order to stop compaction and pour a new layer.
The main signs of the end of sedimentation of mixtures can be:
stopping the release of air from the mixture;
the appearance of cement laitance at the junction of concrete to the formwork.
2.10. After internal (deep) vibration of the upper, working layer, its outer (surface) compaction is started. For this, apply vibrolaths ЗМ, with a compacted strip width of 3.0 m. If necessary, remove excess concrete with a shovel or add it to the recesses. After removing the lighthouse rails, the surface is smoothed with a rubberized tape and a metal trowel. 
Fig.5. Leveling the surface of the slab with a vibrating screed
2.11. Concrete care consists in keeping it moist during the curing and curing period by preventing water from evaporating and being absorbed by the formwork. Optimal curing of concrete: temperature +18 °C, humidity 90%.
In the initial period of hardening, concrete should be protected from atmospheric precipitation or drying, and subsequently maintain a temperature and humidity regime with the creation of conditions that ensure an increase in its strength.
In hot and dry weather, after concreting is completed, during the first days of hardening of the concrete mixture, periodic watering is carried out. Watering begins no later than 10-12 hours, and in hot and windy weather 2-3 hours after the end of concreting.
Watering at a temperature of 15 ° C and above is carried out during the first three days during the day, at least every three hours, and at least once at night; thereafter at least three times a day. In dry weather, Portland cement concrete is watered for at least seven days. At air temperatures below 5 ° C, watering is not performed.
The overlap surface in hot and windy weather is covered with wet matting, sawdust or sand for a period of at least 2 days. Concrete care stops after it reaches 70% design strength. The terms of aging and the frequency of watering are determined by the construction laboratory.
2.12. When correcting large defects, all loose concrete is beaten off, and the surface of durable concrete is cleaned with a metal brush and washed with water. Then the sinks are sealed with a concrete mixture with fine crushed stone or gravel up to 20 mm in size. Small sinks after cleaning with a brush and washing with water are rubbed with cement mortar.
Before resuming the laying of the concrete mixture, when the concrete reaches a strength of 1.5 MPa, the vertical edge of the set concrete mixture must be cleaned of the cement film, moistened and primed with cement laitance.
2.13. Transportation and supply of concrete mixtures to the construction site is carried out by concrete mixer trucks, which ensure the preservation of the specified properties of the concrete mixture. The concrete mixture is delivered to the place of laying by means of a concrete pump. Calculation required amount HTM 1004 concrete mixer trucks capable of loading the SY5420THB-48 concrete pump truck are produced in the following sequence:
2.13.1. The operational average shift productivity of the truck-mounted concrete pump is calculated by the formula:
where - technical and passport performance of the concrete pump (50 m/h);
Coefficient taking into account the decrease in the productivity of the concrete pump, depending on the type of concreted structure (0.5);
The coefficient taking into account the decrease in the productivity of the concrete pump, depending on the length of the straight horizontal section of the concrete pipeline with the corresponding pressure in it, which occurs when pumping the concrete mixture (0.66);
Coefficient taking into account the loss of time for the daily care of the concrete pump and its maintenance (0.93);
Coefficient taking into account the qualifications of the concrete pump driver (0.90);
Coefficient taking into account the decrease in the productivity of a concrete pump truck due to various organizational and technological reasons (0.95);
The duration of concreting the structure, hour.
We accept 87 meters per shift or 13 meters per hour.
2.13.2. The required number of concrete mixer trucks with an average hourly productivity of a concrete pump truck equal to 13 m / h and the duration of one trip of 1.5 hours (the time of one trip of a concrete mixer truck is taken approximately depending on specific conditions) and will be
accept 3 mixer truck.
Thus, the set will consist of a SY5420THB-48 concrete pump truck and three HTM 1004 concrete mixer trucks.
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)
DEVICE OF MONOLITHIC SURFACES WITH AUTO CONCRETE PUMP
1 AREA OF USE
A typical technological map was developed for the installation of monolithic ceilings by a concrete pump truck.
General provisions
When installing monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete structures should be guided building codes and the rules and requirements of the project for the production of works. The quality of formwork, reinforcement and concrete work is determined by the overall technical level of construction, its reliability and durability. The use of progressive technology and labor organizations, means of complex mechanization contribute to improving the quality of work and reducing the construction time. A decisive influence on the intensity of erection of monolithic structures is provided by an integrated approach to ensuring the manufacturability of all stages and equipping production with cost-effective means of complex mechanization of work. Particular attention in the construction of monolithic structures is given to the intensification of concrete hardening processes.
Improving the quality of structures is directly related to compliance with the accuracy standards for all operations of monolithic construction:
Geodetic and installation work, taking into account known tolerances for the manufacture of elements and parts that determine the equipment at this stage of operation;
Installation of fittings and accuracy of fixing the position of working rods;
Layered laying and compaction of the mixture;
Modes of heat treatment and curing of concrete.
Improving the quality of monolithic structures is associated with the observance of the accuracy of the technological process of erecting elements and the quality control characteristics.
The accuracy of technological processes during the performance of work is assigned depending on the type of structures and the influence of deviations on the accuracy of erection of overlying floors.
The quality of the formwork must be constantly monitored. Instrumental control of formwork systems should be carried out at least every 20 revolutions, and for timber elements - every 5 revolutions. When checking and accepting the formwork, the following is checked: rigidity and geometric inapplicability of the entire system and the correct installation of supporting elements; the density of the formwork panels and joints of interfaces between themselves and with previously laid concrete; formwork surfaces and their position relative to the design axes of the structures.
During the concreting process, it is necessary to continuously monitor the condition of the formwork, supporting elements and fasteners. The quality of structures is determined by the accuracy and invariability of the position of the reinforcing filling, compliance with the requirements for changing the technological properties of the laid concrete mix and compaction modes.
An analysis of the actual state of the accuracy of manufacturing structures showed that the statistical dispersion of deviations from the nominal geometric dimensions of structures significantly exceeds the requirements of the standards and indicates a rather low level of technology.
More stringent requirements for tolerances should be assigned in the construction of multi-storey buildings and structures, including in monolithic housing construction. Increased requirements should be imposed on the technology of the device of deformation, sedimentary, temperature and shrinkage joints. Expansion joints are made with easily deformable materials; rubber-bitumen, bitumen-polymer mastics, thiokol sealants, etc.
When concreting structures, technological breaks are inevitable. In these cases, work seams are arranged. They exclude the movement of the joined surfaces relative to each other and do not reduce bearing capacity structures. The location of the working seams is assigned in places where there is the smallest bending moment or shearing force. If there is a break in concreting for more than two hours, laying is resumed only after the concrete has gained a strength of at least 1.5 MPa, since with a strength below 1.5 MPa, further laying leads to a violation of the structure of the previously laid concrete as a result of the dynamic action of vibrators and other mechanisms. Before resuming concreting clean the surface of the concrete. For better adhesion of previously laid concrete with fresh working seams on horizontal and inclined surfaces, they are cleaned of the cement film with a water or air jet, metal brushes or mechanical cutters. Then it is covered with cement mortar with a layer 1.5-3 cm thick to fill in all the irregularities.
The concrete mixture is laid in horizontal layers, and it must fit snugly against the formwork, reinforcement and embedded parts of the structure. Layers are laid only after appropriate compaction of the previous one. For uniform compaction, the distance between each vibrator installation must be respected. The thickness of the layer to be concreted is set based on the depth of vibration working: not more than 1.25 of the length of the working part of the vibrator with manual vibration and up to 100 cm when using mounted vibrators and vibrating packages.
When erecting massive structures, stepped concreting is recommended. The laying time of each layer should not exceed the setting time of the previous layer. In each case, the time of laying and overlapping of the layers is determined by the laboratory, taking into account temperature factors and the characteristics of the mixture.
When compacting the laid layer, the deep vibrator should penetrate 10-15 cm into the previously laid layer and liquefy it. This achieves a higher strength of the butt joint of the layers. If, when the vibrator is immersed in the previously laid layer, non-floating recesses are formed, which indicates the formation of a crystallization structure of concrete, then concreting is stopped and a working seam is arranged.
For the rhythmic work on the construction of monolithic structures, an estimated normative set of formwork is required. For the conditions of work on several objects when concreting structures of various types, the formwork set is determined depending on the shift output, the ratio of the volumes of concreted structures and their surface modules.
Concreting with a concrete pump
Currently widely used concrete pumps, representing a concrete pump with a full-rotation distributing boom mounted on a frame, which, in turn, is mounted on a vehicle chassis.
Truck-mounted concrete pumps are designed to supply the concrete mixture to the place of laying both vertically and horizontally. Along the boom, which consists of three articulated parts, a concrete pipeline passes with hinges - inserts at the joints of the boom, ending with a flexible distribution sleeve on supports.
Normal operation of concrete pumps is ensured if a concrete mixture with a mobility of 5 ... the ability to transport it through the pipeline to the limiting distances without delamination and the formation of traffic jams. The optimal mobility of the concrete mix in terms of its pumpability is 6...8 cm, and the water-cement ratio is 0.4...0.6.
As a coarse aggregate, it is recommended to use gravel or crushed stone of a non-acicular shape. The largest grain size of coarse aggregate should not exceed 0.4 of the internal diameter of the concrete conduit for gravel and 0.33 for crushed stone. The number of grains of the largest size and lamellar (lesha) or needle-shaped grains should not exceed 15% by weight.
Before starting the transportation of the concrete mixture, the pipeline is lubricated by pumping lime paste or cement mortar through it. After concreting is completed, the concrete conduit is washed with water under pressure and an elastic wad is passed through it. At a break of more than 30 minutes, the mixture is activated to avoid the formation of traffic jams by periodically turning on the concrete pump; at breaks of more than 1 hour, the concrete pipeline is completely freed from the mixture.
CONCRETING OF MONOLITHIC STRUCTURES USING A CONCRETE PUMP
1. Installation of a concrete pump truck
Performers
Spanners;
Oil level gauge;
Wooden spacers - 4.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Arrange temporary roads, access roads, platforms for the movement and maneuvering of a concrete pump truck, concrete mixer trucks, etc .;
Plan a site for the installation of a concrete pump truck;
Ensure the removal of atmospheric water and water from washing the concrete pump; ensure the supply of water and electricity;
Develop an alarm system.
Check:
Serviceability of all instrumentation;
Oil level in the oil tank;
Availability of fuel for 2 shifts;
Perform periodic lubrication according to schedule;
Filling the rinsing tank with water.
Persons who have studied the device, control system and operating conditions according to the technical documentation are allowed to work with the concrete pump.
Installation of a concrete pump truck at the parking lot. On command C1, M installs the concrete pump truck as close as possible to the structure being concreted, taking into account the unhindered access of concrete mixer trucks to it. Then M switches the operation of the engine of the base machine to the power units of the concrete pump.
Installation of outriggers (Fig. 1). C1 releases the front supports of the concrete pump truck from the safety bolts and instructs M, located at the automatic control panel, to push them into working position. M simultaneously removes the supports from the transport position to failure. C1 makes sure that the supports are firmly in contact with the base. If necessary, under the heel of the supports C1 installs wooden pads. Then C1 secures them with safety bolts, and M blocks the oil supply to the supports. The M supports the rear part using an automatic control system, but if the ground is loose, C1 puts wooden pads under the heels of the outriggers.
Deployment of the distribution boom (Fig. 2). Being at the automatic control panel, M, at the command of C1, alternately deploys the lifting parts of the distribution boom.
2. Installation of a concrete pipeline and its connection to a concrete pump truck
Performers
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Rectangular steel brush - 2;
Telescopic stand-support - 20.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Develop a PPR indicating the order and sequence of assembly of the concrete pipeline;
Provide the construction site with electricity and water;
Install a concrete pump truck taking into account minimum distance to the concreted structures, make a turn and install the distribution boom of the concrete pump to the concreted structures;
Install and fix reinforcement and formwork; establish a reliable audio connection.
The inner surface of the concrete pipeline links must be calibrated, the concrete pipeline links must not have cracks, dents or other damage.
Toe and layout of links. C1 and C2 check each link of the concrete pipeline, use a scraper and a metal brush to clean the connecting flanges of the links. The links C1 and C2 prepared for installation are brought and laid out from the end of the distribution boom of the concrete pump to the structure to be concreted according to the wiring diagram.
Toe and installation of supports. SZ brings the support stands to the installation sites and installs them at the rate of one stand for each link of the concrete pipeline, taking into account the provision of free access to the joints of the links to each other.
Fig.3. Laying concrete pipeline links on supports
Laying concrete conduit links on supports, connecting and fixing joints (Fig. 3, 4). C1 puts a rubber ring-gasket on the end of the first link of the mounted concrete pipeline. C2 and C3 lay this link on a support and bring its end with a gasket to the concrete pipeline of the concrete pump. The joint of the connected pipes C2 and C3 is carefully adjusted. Then C1 closes the joint with a rubber gasket and, using a quick-release joint, makes a strong fastening of the joint of the links, providing the necessary tightness. C3 clamping clip secures the telescopic rack to the mounted link. Subsequent links are mounted and fastened in the same way.
Fig.4. Connecting and fixing joints
Connecting the distribution hose (Fig. 5). C2 and C3 bring the distribution sleeve to the last link of the concrete pipeline, install it so that there are no kinks. At the junction of the defining sleeve and the last link of the concrete pipeline C1 puts on a rubber gasket and fixes the junction with a quick coupling.
3. Reception and supply of concrete mix by truck-mounted concrete pump
Performers
Engineer of concrete pumping plants IV category (M);
Construction fitter IV category (C1).
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Spanners;
Oil level gauge;
Hose 10 m long - 2;
Safety glasses - 2.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Arrange access roads and platforms for the movement and maneuvering of concrete mixer trucks;
Have a water intake device;
Equip the route of the concrete pipeline with light and sound alarms;
Check the serviceability of all pressure gauges of the concrete pump, safety valves;
Check the presence of fuel in the tank, the oil level in the engine, the presence of lubrication and the serviceability of instrumentation, the condition of the fasteners in the joints of the main equipment components, the joints of the concrete pipeline, the completeness of the devices for cleaning and flushing the concrete pipeline.
Preparation and pumping of the starting mixture. The starting mixture can be prepared from cement and water (dough-like consistency), or - a cement-sand mortar of the composition C:P -1: 1 (mobility 6-8 cm) in a volume of 20-40 liters for every 10 m of a pipeline with a diameter of 125 mm. C1 moistens the hopper of the concrete pump with water from the hose from the washing tank, instructs the driver of the dump truck to load the hopper with half the required amount of cement and sand, then adds water in a given amount to the dry mix. At the end, C1 gives the command to M to turn on the concrete mixer. The agitator is turned on "forward" - "backward" for 1-2 minutes, then M instructs the driver to load the remaining cement and sand into the hopper, C1 adds water with constant stirring. After 3 minutes, M turns on the pump "forward" and starts pumping the solution in manual mode with an intensity of not more than 30% of the operating one.
Fig.6. Reception of concrete mixture from a concrete mixer truck into the hopper of a concrete pump truck
Reception of the concrete mixture from the concrete mixer truck into the receiving hopper of the concrete pump truck and its supply to the structure (Fig. 6, 7). C1 instructs the dump truck driver to drive up to the hopper of the concrete pump truck, then drives the guide chute into the hopper. The driver begins to unload the concrete mix. C1 disconnects the connection, inserts the wad at the beginning of the conduit and closes the connection. M starts pumping the concrete mix in manual mode; making sure that the pumping process is going well, and having received a signal from the concrete workers about the first portions of the concrete mixture entering the distribution sleeve, M switches the pump to automatic mode with an intensity corresponding to the rate of concreting the structure. C1 makes sure that the incoming concrete mixture fills the hopper 5-10 cm above the mixer blades. If necessary, C1 removes coarse aggregate from the hopper grate with a rake.
Fig.7. Supply of concrete mixture to the structure
Change of truck mixers. Shortly before the end of the unloading of the concrete mixture, the next concrete mixer truck with the finished mixture drives up to the concrete pump truck. At the end of unloading, M stops pumping, leaving the concrete mixture in the bunker at the working level. C1 removes the guide chute of the unloaded mixer truck and instructs drivers to change mixer trucks. C1 drives the guide tray of the newly installed mixer truck into the hopper of the concrete pump truck and commands the driver to unload the concrete mixture. M starts pumping the concrete mix into the structure.
4. Receiving and laying the concrete mixture into the structure
Performers
IV category concrete workers (B1, B4);
III category concrete workers (B2, B5);
Concrete workers of the II category (B3, B6).
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Device for moving a flexible sleeve - 2;
Deep vibrator IV-26 - 2;
Deep vibrator IV-17 - 2;
Mortar shovel - 2;
Inventory rail - 2;
Goggles - 6;
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Develop a project for the production of concrete works;
Install formwork and reinforcement;
Check the readiness of structures to receive the concrete mixture;
Check the tightness of the connections of the links of the concrete pipeline;
Test all mechanisms for compacting the concrete mixture.
Start concreting from the grip farthest from the concrete pump.
During breaks in work for more than 30 minutes (disconnection of links, lunch break, etc.), release the concrete pipeline from the concrete mixture.
Reception and laying of concrete mixture (Fig. 8). B1 (B4) directs the distribution sleeve into the structure, instructs the concrete pump driver to start supplying the concrete mixture. The incoming mixture B1 (B4) evenly distributes by volume, moving the sleeve with special device. If necessary, B1 (B4) instructs the driver to change the intensity of the mixture supply.
Compaction of the concrete mixture (Fig. 9). B2 (B5) and B3 (B6) compact the concrete mixture with internal vibrators. At the same time, the concrete worker quickly immerses the tip of the vibrator vertically or slightly obliquely into the compacted layer, capturing the previously laid layer to a depth of 5-10 cm. The concrete worker holds the vibrator in this position for 10-15 seconds, after which he slowly pulls the tip out of the concrete mixture to ensure filling concrete mixture of the space vacated by the tip, then the vibrator is moved to another place. Compaction is stopped after the appearance of cement laitance on the surface.
Leveling the open surface. The open surface of the concreted foundation B1 (B4), B2 (B5) and B3 (B6) is leveled using an inventory rail.
Carrying the distribution sleeve. B1 (B4) gives a command to the concrete pump driver to stop the supply of the concrete mixture and turn the pump to the "back" position in order to free the concrete pipeline from the mixture. After executing the command, the concrete workers, using a special device, transfer the sleeve to the next foundation.
5. Dismantling of the concrete pipeline
Performers
Construction fitter IV category (C1);
Construction locksmiths II category (C2, C3).
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Rack-support telescopic - 20;
Hose length 10 m;
Wad on a pole - 2;
Device for moving the distribution sleeve - 2;
Goggles - 3;
Metal box for storing quick couplings with a capacity of 0.6 m3.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Develop a PPR indicating the progress of concrete work, the procedure and sequence for rearranging the concrete pipeline during concreting and its dismantling upon completion of concrete work;
Equip the track with light and sound alarms;
At the construction site, have a water intake device;
Stop the operation of the concrete pump and release the dismantled part of the concrete pipeline from the concrete mixture.
The locksmith team monitors the main concrete pipeline during the concreting process, detects and eliminates the resulting plugs, and controls the position of the supports.
Removing the distribution sleeve (Fig. 10). C1 opens the lock of the quick coupling at the junction of the sleeve and the last link of the concrete pipeline, removes it and the rubber gasket and instructs C2 and C3 to move the sleeve to the point of connection to the remaining part of the concrete pipeline. C2 and C3, using a special device, transfer the hose to the installation site.
Disconnection of the dismantled part of the concrete pipeline (Fig. 11). C1 opens the lock of the quick coupling at the last joint, C2 and C3 unfasten the clamping clips of the supports under the section to be dismantled. Then C1, C2 and C3 remove the dismantled part of the concrete pipeline from the supports.
Distribution hose connection. With the help of a special device, C2 and C3 bring the sleeve to the rest of the concrete pipeline. The junction of the distribution sleeve and the link of the concrete pipeline C1 is closed with a rubber ring and secured with a quick-release joint. C2 and C3 direct the sleeve into the structure to be concreted.
Dismantling into links of the disconnected part of the concrete pipeline. C1, C2 and C3 separate the disconnected section of the concrete pipeline into separate links, unfastening the joint, and lay the elements of the pipe fasteners in a box.
Cleaning the links (Fig. 12). The detached links C1, C2 and C3 are cleaned of concrete residues using wads on poles and washed with water from a hose.
Warehousing of links of concrete pipeline. The cleaned sections of the concrete pipeline C1, C2 and C3 are transferred to the place of their storage and laid on linings.
Dismantling and storage of supports. The released telescopic racks-supports from under the disconnected parts of the concrete pipeline C1, C2 and C3 are folded and transferred to the place of their storage.
6. Cleaning the concrete-water part of the concrete pump
Performers
Engineer of concrete pumping plants IV category (M);
Construction fitter IV category (C1);
Concrete worker II category (B).
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Spanners;
Oil level gauge;
Quick connector - 3;
Link for catching a wad;
Ball rubber wad with a diameter of 145-155 mm - 2;
Goggles - 3;
10 m hose.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Have a sufficient supply of water in the water tank of the concrete pump truck;
Solve the water drainage system; develop an alarm system.
Cleaning of the concrete-water part of the concrete pump is carried out when:
Completion of concreting of the structure; end of the work shift;
Each long break in work due to equipment malfunction for more than 45 minutes;
Termination of the delivery of concrete mix and in other necessary cases.
Preparing the concrete pump truck for cleaning. B instructs M to stop supplying concrete to the structure. M executes the command and then switches the truck-mounted concrete pump to manual mode, after which it turns on the concrete pump "back". The concrete mixture in the concrete pipeline is returned to the hopper. C1 unfastens the corresponding joints, carries the link of the concrete pipeline, located between the supply pipe and the concrete pipeline, to the side, pours out the remains of the concrete mix from it. Then C1 pushes the valve in the hopper and pours out the remains of the concrete mix from it. Being at the end of the concrete pipeline, C1 attaches a link to it to catch the wad, securing the junction with a quick coupling.
Cleaning the concrete line of the concrete pump truck (Fig. 13). A spherical rubber wad is inserted into the C1 concrete pipe and a discharge cover is put on the end of this pipe, fastening the junction with a quick-release joint with a rubber gasket. The discharge cover is connected to the water pump through hose C1. M checks for water in the water tank, starts the water pump and slowly opens the stopcock. In the process of cleaning the concrete pipeline, M monitors the readings of the pressure gauge. As soon as a signal is received from B, reporting that the wad has entered the catcher with a simultaneous drop in pressure on the pressure gauge, M closes the stopcock and stops the water pump.
Flushing the hopper, supply pipe and pump (Fig. 14). C1 flushes the hopper, supply pipe and pump with water from the hose. M turns on the operation of the pump in manual mode and makes the piston move "forward - backward".
Installation of the supply pipe. M and C1 install the washed supply pipe in place and fasten it to the concrete pipeline of the concrete pump, covering the joints with a rubber ring and securing them with quick couplings.
Removing the link to catch the wad. B unfastens the quick-release joint, removes the rubber ring at the junction of the catcher link and the concrete pipeline of the concrete pump. Fastening elements B puts in a box, the link-catcher refers to the place of storage.
7. Rolling up the concrete pump truck
Performers
Engineer of concrete pumping plants IV category;
Locksmith construction IV category.
Tool, fixtures, inventory
Spanners;
Oil level gauge;
Wooden spacers - 4.
Sequence of operations
Before starting work, you must:
Disconnect the main concrete pipeline from the concrete-water part of the concrete pump, reduce the pressure in the system to atmospheric;
Rinse and clean all concrete transport units of the concrete pump truck.
Fig.15. Workplace organization scheme
1 - concrete pump; 2 - rear outriggers in transport position; 3 - receiving hopper; 4 - distribution boom in the transport position; 5 - front outriggers; 6 - wooden spacers; 7 - control panel for the distribution boom and outriggers; 8 - control panel for the concrete water part; 9 - support fork; A, B and C - parts of the distribution boom; M, C1 - workplaces of performers
Transfer of the distribution boom to the transport position (Fig. 16). M, being at the automatic control panel, under the supervision and at the command of C1, alternately folds the parts of the distribution boom of the concrete pump. First roll up the "C" part, then the "B" part. Then the boom part "A", together with the parts "B" and "C" folded on it, is turned in the direction of its laying in the bed and lowered into it, leaning on the support fork of the truck.
Installing the outriggers in the transport position (Fig. 17). M, being at the automatic control panel, turns on the control and winds the rear outriggers under the truck frame. C1 releases the front outriggers of the concrete pump truck from the safety bolts and commands M to set them to the transport position. M executes the command, moves the supports under the truck frame. C1 secures them in this position with safety bolts. M and C1 then carry the wooden spacers to their storage location.
2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE
Basic instructions for the operation of a concrete pump truck
1. Concreting of monolithic floors (Fig. 18) is carried out by a concrete pump of the Putzmeister or Stetter brand, a concrete mixer truck based on KAMAZ-5510 from the parking lot marked on the plan. Concreting works monolithic floor are carried out by captures.
Fig.18. Supply of concrete mix by truck-mounted concrete pump:
a- general form; b- a diagram of the possible positions of the boom of the concrete pump (numbers in meters indicate the delivery range); 1 - flexible sleeve; 2 - articulated boom; 3 - concrete pipeline; 4 - hydraulic cylinder; 5 - concrete pump; 6 - receiving hopper of the pump; 7- truck mixer
2. Prior to the operation of the truck-mounted concrete pump, the following work must be completed:
2.1. A parking lot for a concrete pump truck has been prepared.
2.2. The work area has been fenced off and warning notices have been installed.
2.3. A 10x10 m site has been prepared for a concrete pump truck (Fig. 19).
Fig.19. Concrete supply
2.4. Installed in accordance with GOST 23407-78 signal fence around the hazardous area of work.
2.5. A platform for washing the wheels of concrete mixers has been arranged.
2.6. A temporary water supply system was connected and a tank with a capacity of 0.6 m3 was prepared for the supply of flushing water (at the end of the concrete pipeline, prepare a container for collecting flushing water), electricity was supplied and lighting was provided for workplaces;
2.7. The necessary tools, machines and fixtures for concrete work have been prepared.
2.8. Safe working conditions for laying the concrete mixture were provided (scaffolding facilities were made, safe passages were provided, if necessary, a schedule for joint work on the construction site of several organizations was developed).
2.9. A reliable sound communication between the driver and workers has been established.
3. The supply of concrete mixture to the interfloor floor is carried out by the boom of the concrete pump (Fig. 20) with the help of concrete pipelines, which are connected to the boom of the concrete pump and installed on the supports. Concreting is carried out by the "pull-on" method with successive dismantling of the concrete conduit links.
Fig.20. Scheme of the organization of the workplace when concreting a monolithic slab
4. The truck-mounted concrete pump is allowed to work only after the installation of outriggers (Fig. 21).
Fig.21. Type of supports for concrete pipeline:
a - inventory telescopic rack; b - inventory trestles made of reinforcing steel
Pumping of concrete mix by a concrete pump without preliminary pumping by "starting" mix is forbidden.
5. Random and organizational breaks in the operation of the concrete pump (for example, relocation to another parking lot) should not exceed 15-20 minutes.
COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM
|
Profession name |
amount |
||
|
Concrete pump operator |
|||
|
Construction locksmith |
|||
|
concrete worker |
|||
|
concrete worker |
|||
|
concrete worker |
Note.
Preparation of the construction site for the installation of a concrete pump.
Two days before the deadline for the provision of a concrete pump, the construction organization is obliged to transfer the construction site under the act, fulfill the following requirements for its preparation.
1. Designate the work area by installing warning signs and inscriptions. Protect hazardous areas in accordance with GOST 23407-78.
2. Determine the scope of work that ensures uninterrupted laying of the concrete mix during two-shift operation of the concrete pump.
3. Prepare a planned site with prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs to accommodate a concrete pump, as well as plan a site with crushed stone for the bunker-loader, providing free access for dump trucks and a jib crane for installing the bunker-loader.
4. Ensure the grounding of the bunker-loader.
5. Lead and connect email. energy to the bunker-loader and provide electric lighting of the site in 25 lx in the area of concrete mix laying. Control over the condition of the power supply cable and grounding of the bunker during the period of work is carried out by the energy service of the SU.
6. Connect a temporary water supply or prepare a tank with a capacity of 1.5 m3 for a supply of flushing water (and ensure winter time hot water to the same extent).
Requirements for concrete mixtures.
1. Before pumping the concrete mixture, the inner surface of the concrete pipelines of the concrete pump must be "lubricated" with sand-cement mortar ("starting" mixture). The required volume of the "starting" mixture is 30-60 liters.
2. Concrete mixtures and materials for their preparation must meet the requirements of standards, SNiP and special requirements for concrete mixtures pumped through pipelines. The mobility of the concrete mix along the draft of the cone must be at least 8 cm. The size of the coarse fraction of the filling must be no more than 30 mm.
3. Into concrete mixes pumped into roast summer time, the introduction of additives - setting retarders is recommended.
4. In the concrete mixtures pumped in the winter, the introduction of plasticizers is mandatory.
5. Concrete mixtures unsuitable for pumping by a concrete pump are:
stratified during transportation;
Washed out by rain during transportation;
With unacceptable sizes of a large fraction;
With the absence of any component or with a disturbed ratio of components;
With a draft of the cone less than 8 cm;
Cooled to temperatures below +10 °C.
Operating conditions of concrete pumps.
1. Pumping of concrete mix by a concrete pump without preliminary pumping by "starting" mix is forbidden.
2. The maximum break time without pumping the concrete mixture should not exceed 15-20 minutes. The total waiting time with pumping the concrete mixture can be 2-2.5 hours, after which it is mandatory to clean and flush all parts of the concrete pump truck and the reloader hopper that come into contact with the concrete mixture.
3. The construction organization daily allocates one or two workers to help with the operation of the concrete pump. After the pumping of the concrete mixture is completed, the same workers clean and flush the bunker-loader and clean the site.
4. The temperature of the laid concrete mixture in winter should not be lower than +10 °С. It is forbidden to leave the concrete mixture in the concrete pipeline for more than 15 minutes in order to avoid its freezing.
use of truck-mounted concrete pumps in winter at air temperatures below -18 ° C without insulation of concrete pipelines, pre-heating of the concrete mixture; with heavy rain, eroding the concrete mixture;
in heavy fog that reduces visibility.
Organization of safe working conditions.
1. Perform all work in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-04-2002 "Safety in construction", SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction"; "Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes", "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" PPB 01-03.
2. When working together at the site of concrete pumps, jib and tower cranes, the following requirements must be observed:
install the truck-mounted concrete pump outside the hazardous areas of operation of the erection cranes;
the zones of action of the mounting cranes and the concrete pump truck should not intersect, and the distance between these zones should be at least 5 m plus the maximum dimensions of the load lifted by the mounting crane;
if it is necessary to work together with a truck-mounted concrete pump and erection cranes, work should be carried out under the direct supervision of a person responsible for the safe work of moving goods by cranes, appointed by order of the construction department.
3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF WORK PERFORMANCE
Quality control
The quality of concrete and reinforced concrete structures is determined both by the quality of the material elements used and by the thoroughness of compliance with the regulatory provisions of the technology at all stages of the complex process.
For this, control is necessary and it is carried out at the following stages: during the acceptance and storage of all raw materials (cement, sand, crushed stone, gravel, reinforcing steel, timber, etc.); in the manufacture and installation of reinforcing elements and structures; in the manufacture and installation of formwork elements;
when preparing the base and formwork for laying the concrete mix; in the preparation and transportation of concrete mix; when caring for concrete during its hardening.
All raw materials must meet the requirements of GOSTs. Indicators of material properties are determined in accordance with a unified methodology recommended for construction laboratories.
In the process of reinforcing structures, control is carried out upon acceptance of steel (presence of factory marks and tags, quality of reinforcing steel); during warehousing and transportation (correct warehousing by brands, grades, sizes, safety during transportation); in the manufacture of reinforcing elements and structures (correct shape and size, quality of welding, compliance with welding technology). After installation and connection of all reinforcing elements in the concreting block, a final check is made of the correctness of the dimensions and position of the reinforcement, taking into account the allowable deviations.
In the process of formwork, the correct installation of formwork, fasteners, as well as the density of joints in panels and mates, the relative position of formwork forms and reinforcement (to obtain a given thickness of the protective layer) are controlled. The correct position of the formwork in space is checked by binding to the center axes and leveling, and the dimensions are checked by ordinary measurements. Permissible deviations in the position and dimensions of the formwork are given in SNiP (part 3) and reference books.
Before laying the concrete mix, check the cleanliness working surface formwork and the quality of its lubrication.
At the stage of preparation of the concrete mixture, the accuracy of dosing of materials, the duration of mixing, the mobility and density of the mixture are checked. The mobility of the concrete mixture is evaluated at least twice per shift. The mobility should not deviate from the specified value by more than ±1 cm, and the density should not deviate by more than 3%.
When transporting the concrete mixture, make sure that it does not begin to set, does not break up into components, does not lose mobility due to loss of water, cement or setting.
At the place of laying, attention should be paid to the height of the mixture dropping, the duration of vibration and the uniformity of compaction, avoiding the separation of the mixture and the formation of shells, voids.
The process of vibrocompaction is controlled visually, according to the degree of sedimentation of the mixture, the cessation of the release of air bubbles from it and the appearance of cement laitance. In some cases, radioisotope densitometers are used, the principle of which is based on measuring the absorption of a concrete mixture - radiation. With the help of density meters determine the degree of compaction of the mixture in the process of vibrating.
When concreting large masses, the uniformity of concrete compaction is controlled using electrical resistance transducers (sensors) in the form of cylindrical probes located along the thickness of the layer being laid. The principle of operation of the sensors is based on the property of concrete with increasing density to reduce the resistance to the passage of current. They are placed in the zone of action of the vibrators. At the moment the concrete acquires a given density, the concrete operator receives a light or sound signal.
The final assessment of the quality of concrete can only be obtained on the basis of testing its compressive strength to destruction of cube samples made from concrete simultaneously with its laying and kept under the same conditions in which the concrete of concreted blocks hardens. For the compression test, samples are prepared in the form of cubes with an edge length of 160 mm. Other sizes of cubes are also allowed, but with the introduction of a correction for the result obtained when crushing samples on a press.
For each class of concrete, a series of three twin samples is made.
To obtain a more realistic picture of the strength characteristics of concrete, cores are drilled from the body of structures, which are then tested for strength.
Along with standard laboratory methods for assessing the strength of concrete in samples, indirect non-destructive methods for assessing strength directly in structures are used. Such methods, widely used in construction, are mechanical, based on the use of the relationship between the compressive strength of concrete and its surface hardness, and ultrasonic pulse, based on measuring the propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in concrete and the degree of their attenuation.
At mechanical method concrete strength control using Kashkarov's reference hammer . To determine the compressive strength of concrete, the Kashkarov hammer is placed on the concrete with a ball and a hammer is struck on the body of the reference hammer. In this case, the ball is pressed into the concrete with its lower part, and the reference steel rod with its upper part, leaving imprints on both the concrete and the rod. After measuring the diameters of these prints, their ratios are found and strength is determined using calibration curves. surface layers compressive concrete.
In the ultrasonic pulse method, special ultrasonic devices such as UP-4 or UKB-1 are used, with the help of which the speed of ultrasound transmission through the concrete of the structure is determined. According to the calibration curves of the speed of passage of ultrasound and the strength of concrete in compression, the strength of concrete in compression in the structure is determined. At certain conditions(constancy of technology, identity of starting materials, etc.) this method provides quite acceptable control accuracy.
AT winter conditions in addition to the general requirements outlined above, additional control is carried out.
In the process of preparing the concrete mix, the following is checked at least every 2 hours: the absence of ice, snow and frozen lumps in unheated aggregates fed into the concrete mixer when preparing a concrete mix with antifreeze additives; temperature of water and aggregates before loading into the concrete mixer; salt solution concentration; the temperature of the mixture at the outlet of the concrete mixer.
When transporting the concrete mix, once per shift, the implementation of measures for sheltering, insulating and heating the transport and receiving containers is checked.
During preliminary electrical heating of the mixture, the temperature of the mixture in each heated portion is controlled.
Before laying the concrete mixture, they check the absence of snow and ice on the surface of the base, abutting elements, reinforcement and formwork, monitor the compliance of the formwork thermal insulation with the requirements of the technological map, and if necessary, warming the abutting surfaces and the pound foundation, these works.
When laying the mixture, its temperature is controlled during unloading from vehicles and the temperature of the laid concrete mixture. Check the compliance of waterproofing and thermal insulation of unformed surfaces with the requirements of technological maps.
In the process of curing concrete, the temperature is measured at the following times: when using the "thermos" method, preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture, heating in greenhouses - every 2 hours on the first day, at least twice per shift in the next three days and once a day for the rest holding time; in the case of using concrete with antifreeze additives - three times a day until it acquires a given strength; during electrical heating of concrete during the period of temperature rise at a rate of up to 10 ° C / h - every 2 hours, in the future - at least twice per shift.
At the end of the curing of concrete and stripping of the structure, the air temperature is measured at least once per shift.
The temperature of concrete is measured by remote methods using temperature wells, resistance thermometers, or technical thermometers are used.
The temperature of the concrete is controlled in areas subject to the greatest cooling (in corners, protruding elements) or heating (at the electrodes, at contacts with thermosetting formwork at a depth of 5 cm, as well as in a number of massive concreting blocks). The measurement results are recorded in the temperature control sheet.
During electrical heating of concrete, at least twice a shift, the voltage and current strength on the downstream side of the supply transformer are monitored and the measured values are recorded in a special journal.
The strength of concrete is controlled in accordance with the requirements set forth above, and by testing an additional number of samples made at the place of laying the concrete mixture, in the following terms: when kept according to the "thermos" method and with preliminary electric heating of the concrete mixture - three samples after reducing the concrete temperature to calculated final, and for concrete with antifreeze additives - three samples after lowering the concrete temperature to the temperature for which the amount of additives is calculated; three samples after the concrete structures reached a positive temperature and after 28 days of keeping the samples in normal conditions; three samples before loading structures with standard load. Samples stored in frost are kept for 2–4 h for thawing at a temperature of 15–20 °C before testing.
With electric heating, heating in thermoactive formwork, infrared and induction heating of concrete, keeping sample cubes under conditions similar to heated structures is usually not feasible. In this case, the strength of concrete is controlled by ensuring that the actual temperature regime is in line with the specified one.
With all methods winter technology it is necessary to check the strength of the concrete in the structure by non-destructive methods or by testing drilled cores if the control samples cannot be maintained under the conditions of the structure curing.
For all operations to control the quality of the implementation of technological processes and the quality of materials, certificates of inspections (tests) are drawn up, which are presented to the commission that accepts the object. In the course of the work, they draw up acts of acceptance of the base, acceptance of the block before laying the concrete mixture and fill in the temperature control work logs in the prescribed form.
SCHEME OF OPERATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL
Composition of operations and controls
|
Controlled Operations |
The control (method, volume) |
Documentation |
||
|
Preparatory work |
Check: Availability of an act of examination of previously performed work; Cleaning the surface of the underlying layer from debris, dirt, snow and ice; The evenness of the surface of the underlying layer or the actual value of the specified slope; Making marks of a clean floor; Installation of lighthouse rails (distance between rails, reliability of fastening, mark of the top of the rails); Installation of plugs in the locations of openings, holes, anchors. |
Visual Measuring, at least 5 measurements per 50-70 sq. m surface Measuring Visual |
Certificate of inspection of hidden works, general work log |
|
|
Concrete laying |
Control: Compliance with the technology of laying the concrete mix, (the quality of smoothing the surface and the degree of concrete compaction); The thickness of the laid concrete; The quality of the sealing of working seams. |
Visual Measuring Visual |
General work log |
|
|
Acceptance of work performed |
Check: The actual value of the strength of concrete; Compliance with the specified dimensions of thicknesses, planes, marks and slopes; The appearance of the floor surface; Adhesion of the floor covering to the underlying layer. |
Measuring Visual Technical inspection |
acceptance of work performed |
|
|
Control and measuring tool: tape measure, building level, two-meter rail, level, metal ruler. |
||||
|
Operational control is carried out by: a foreman (foreman), a surveyor - in the process of performing work. Acceptance control is carried out by: employees of the quality service, foreman (foreman), representatives of the technical supervision of the customer. |
||||
Technical requirements for the installation of monolithic sections in floors
|
Permissible deviations: In the distance between: Separately installed workers rods 20 mm; Rows of mesh 10mm; From the design thickness of the protective layer of concrete with its thickness up to 15 mm and the linear dimensions of the cross-section of the structure: Up to 100 mm + 4 mm; From 101 mm to 200 mm + 5 mm; Local unevenness of the concrete surface when checking with a two-meter rail 5 mm. |
|
Technical requirements for the installation of monolithic coatings
|
Permissible deviations: the surface of the coating from the plane when checking with a control two-meter rail should not exceed for: asphalt concrete pavement 6 mm; Cement-concrete, cement-sand and other types of concrete coatings 4 mm; From the specified coating slope 0.2% of the corresponding room size, but not more than 50 mm; The thickness of the coating - no more than 10% of the design. The ledges between the coatings and floor edging elements are not more than 2 mm. |
|
The maximum size of crushed stone and gravel for concrete pavements should not exceed 15 mm and 0.6 of the pavement thickness (h).
Compressive strength of marble chips for coatings:
Mosaic not less than 600 MPa;
Polyvinyl acetate-cement concrete and latex-cement concrete, not less than 800 MPa.
When checking the adhesion of monolithic coatings to the underlying floor elements by tapping, there should be no change in the nature of the sound.
Not allowed:
Gaps and cracks between skirting boards and floor coverings or walls (partitions);
Potholes, cracks, waves on the surface of coatings;
Cutting monolithic coatings into separate cards, with the exception of multi-color coatings (with the installation of dividing veins).
4. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, RIGGING AND DEVICES
Table 4.1
|
Name |
Quantity, pcs. |
|
|
Device for moving flexible hose |
||
|
Surface vibrator PV-1, PV-2 |
||
|
Deep vibrator IV-66, IV-47A |
||
|
mortar shovel |
||
|
Inventory rail |
||
|
Protective glasses |
||
|
Spanners |
set |
|
|
Oil level gauge |
||
|
Betonovod (of links length 3 m) |
||
|
Supports for concrete pipeline |
||
|
Hose length 3-10 m |
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCRETE MIXER BASED ON KAMAZ-5510
|
The name of indicators |
Value |
|
|
Theoretical body volume |
||
|
Actual volume of concrete mix |
||
|
turning radius |
||
|
Duration of unloading + unloading |
8 + 10 = 18 min |
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTO CONCRETE PUMP BR-80-SVTT "STETTER" with a distribution boom 25 m
|
The name of indicators |
Value |
|
|
Theoretical performance |
up to 80 m/h |
|
|
pressure in concrete |
||
|
Loading Height |
||
|
Concrete pipeline diameter |
||
|
Maximum support force |
||
|
The concrete pipeline is heated up to t = 5 °С (heating duration is 2 hours at t = - 40 °С) |
||
|
Angle of rotation |
||
|
End hose |
3m diameter 125mm |
|
|
Hopper capacity |
||
|
Piston strokes per minute |
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTO CONCRETE PUMP VR-80- FIRM "STETTER" WITH A DISTRIBUTION BOOM OF 25 METERS
Fig.22. Technical characteristics of the concrete pump BR -80 - firm "Stetter" with a distribution boom of 25 meters
pressure in concrete up to 60 bar;
loading height 1400 m;
engine power 100 kW;
concrete pipeline diameter 125 mm;
maximum force on the support 13 t;
the concrete pipeline is heated up to +5 °С (heating duration is 2 hours at a temperature of -40 °С);
rotation angle 390°;
end distribution hose 3 m W 125 mm;
receiving hopper capacity 400 l;
piston strokes per minute 35.
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PUTZMEISTER COMPANY CONCRETE PUMP BRF - 1408 WITH A DISTRIBUTION BOOM 19/22
Fig.23. Technical characteristics of the concrete pump BRF - 1408- of the company "Putzmeister" with a distribution boom 19/22 meters
theoretical productivity up to 80 m3/hour;
pressure in concrete up to 90 bar;
range 24 m;
feed height 22 m;
shipping dimensions:
length 9100 mm
width 3600 mm;
maximum support force 9.4 t;
concrete pipeline diameter 100 mm or 125 mm;
engine power 75 kW.
1. It is strictly forbidden for persons who are not involved in the production of concrete pumping to be within the danger zone (maximum boom turning radius plus 5 m) and in the zone of 3 meters on both sides of the receiving hopper. There must be a free passage around the concrete pump with a width of at least 1 m.
2. The truck-mounted concrete pump is allowed to work only after the installation of outriggers. Pumping of concrete mix by a concrete pump without preliminary pumping by "starting" mix is forbidden.
3. During the operation of the concrete pump, it is PROHIBITED:
Use the boom of the concrete pump truck to lift and lower the load;
Movement of a concrete pump truck with a raised boom;
To maneuver the boom when people are in the danger zone or if there are obstacles in the direction of the boom;
The presence of the driver in the driver's cab and on the upper platforms of the concrete pump during the concrete supply;
Bend the hose when supplying the concrete mixture;
Work without outriggers (in case of their subsidence, lay additional wooden dies).
4. Overalls for machinists and workers of the complex of machines should fit the body tightly and not have loose ends. It is necessary to work in protective helmets and glasses.
5. At the construction site, a scheme of movement, parking and a scheme for turning concrete mixer trucks should be posted.
6. The maximum time for transporting ready mixes by truck mixers is 2 hours. In order to prevent separation and reduce the mobility of concrete mixtures, it is necessary to periodically turn on the mixer truck drum (10-12 rpm for 3 minutes).
7. The height of the free dropping of the concrete mixture should not exceed 1 m.
8. In case of malfunctions in the operation of the truck-mounted concrete pump that threaten safety, stop working. Perform technical maintenance only when the concrete pump is not running.
9. When manipulating the concrete pump boom, the concrete workers who accept the concrete mixture must go beyond the danger zone (at a distance of 5 m from the possible position of the boom). The return of the concrete workers to the workplace is allowed after the boom is in the working position (at the signal of the operator's driver).
10. Upon completion of the concreting of the structure, it is necessary to flush the concrete pump. Drainage of waste after washing is carried out through a sump into an existing sewerage system or into a drain tank.
11. Upon completion of the slab concreting, it is necessary to flush the concrete pump. Before washing or blowing out the concrete truck, unauthorized persons must be removed from the working area at a distance of at least 10 m.
Drainage of waste after washing is carried out through a sump into an existing sewerage system or into a drain tank.
12. When performing work, it is necessary to comply with the rules of SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction" and SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".
Instruction
on occupational health and safety for the concrete worker
I. General requirements
1. The concrete worker is obliged to work in the overalls issued to him, special footwear and keep them in good order. In addition, he must have the necessary safety devices for work and use them at all times.
2. Before starting work, workplaces and passages to them must be cleared of foreign objects, debris and dirt, and in winter - from snow and ice and sprinkled with sand.
3. Work in an area where there are no fences open wells, pits, hatches, openings in ceilings and openings in the feet, is prohibited. At night, except for the fence in dangerous places, lights must be displayed.
4. In case of insufficient illumination of the workplace, the worker is obliged to inform the foreman about this.
5. It is forbidden for a concrete worker to screw in and out electric lamps under voltage, and to transfer temporary electrical wiring. This work must be done by an electrician.
6. Be in the work area lifting mechanisms, and also it is forbidden to stand under the lifted load.
7. The concrete worker is not allowed to turn on and off mechanisms and signals to which he is not related.
8. Turning on machines, power tools and lighting lamps is possible only with the help of knife switch starters, etc. None of the workers is allowed to connect and disconnect live wires. If you need to extend the wires, you should call an electrician.
9. To avoid electric shock, do not touch poorly insulated electrical wires, unshielded parts of electrical devices, cables, tires, circuit breakers, lamp sockets, etc.
10. Before starting the equipment, check the reliability of the guards on all open rotating and moving parts of it.
11. If a malfunction of the mechanisms and tools with which the concrete worker works, as well as their fences, is detected, the work must be stopped and the foreman should be immediately informed about this.
12. Upon receipt of the tool, you must make sure that it is in good condition: a faulty tool must be handed over for repair.
13. When working with hand tools (scrapers, bush hammers, shovels, rammers), it is necessary to monitor the serviceability of the handles, the tightness of the nozzle on the tool, and also to ensure that the working surfaces of the tool are not knocked down, blunt, etc.
14. It is forbidden to work with a mechanized tool from ladders
15. An electrified tool, as well as the electrical wire supplying it, must have reliable insulation. Upon receipt of the power tool, it is necessary to check the condition of the wire insulation by external inspection. When working with the tool, make sure that the power cord is not damaged.
16. At the end of the work, the power tool must be disconnected from the mains and handed over to the storeroom.
17. When bringing aggregate materials and concrete mix, workers should be aware that the maximum allowable load:
for women 20 kg
for female teenagers 10 kg
for male teenagers 16 kg
Adolescents under 16 years of age are not allowed to carry weights.
18. When moving construction cargo in wheelbarrows, its weight should not exceed 160 kg.
19. In order to avoid colds, all open openings in the premises must be sealed with temporary shields.
20. In the cold season, you should use rooms specially designated for heating. Heating in boiler rooms, wells of heating mains, in bunkers, as well as on heaters is prohibited.
21. In the event of an accident that happened to a workmate, you should provide him with first aid, and also inform the foreman or foreman.
II. Transportation of concrete mix
22. When supplying the concrete mixture by a belt conveyor, its upper end should be located above the loading platform for a length of at least 0.5 m.
23. During the operation of the belt conveyor, it is necessary to monitor its stability, as well as good condition protective canopies enclosing the conveyor over the aisles and driveways.
24. When sliding the conveyor belt, it is not allowed to throw sand, clay, slag and other materials between the belt and the drum. To do this, stop the conveyor and call the locksmith on duty.
25. It is possible to clean the rollers and the conveyor belt from adhering concrete, as well as to stretch and strengthen the latter only when the electric motor is turned off. In this case, it is necessary to post a warning notice on the starter: "DO NOT SWITCH ON!", and remove the fuses. Only an electrician may remove fuses.
26. Passing through belt conveyors should be on special bridges with railings.
27. When lifting the concrete mixture with cranes, it is necessary to check the reliability of fastening the bucket or container to the crane hook, the serviceability of the container and the sector gate. The distance from the bottom of the tub or container at the time of unloading to the surface onto which unloading takes place should not be more than 1 m.
28. When delivering concrete in a dump truck, the following rules must be observed:
a) at the time of the approach of the dump truck, all workers must be on the side opposite to the one on which the movement takes place;
b) it is not allowed to approach the dump truck until it comes to a complete stop, stand at the stacker's bunker and be under the lifted load at the time of unloading the dump truck;
c) the raised body should be cleaned of adhering pieces of concrete with a shovel or a scraper with a long handle, it is impossible to hit the bottom of the body from below; cleaning workers must stand on the ground. Standing on the wheels and sides of the dump truck is prohibited;
d) it is impossible to pass on the carriageway of overpasses on which dump trucks move.
III. Concrete laying
29. Before starting the laying of the concrete mixture in the formwork, it is necessary to check:
a) fixing the formwork, supporting scaffolding and working decks;
b) fastening to supports hoppers, trays and trunks for lowering the concrete mixture into the structure, as well as the reliability of fastening individual links of metal trunks to each other;
c) the condition of the protective visors or flooring around the feed funnels.
30. Before placing the concrete mixture in the forms, the correctness and reliability of the mounting loops should be checked.
31. Concrete should be laid in structures located 1.5 m below the level of its supply, only along trays, link trunks and vibrating trunks.
32. When laying a concrete mix from unenclosed sites at a height of more than 3 m, as well as when concreting structures with a slope of more than 30 degrees. (cornices, lanterns, coverings) concrete workers and workers serving them must work using safety belts attached to reliable supports.
33. Concrete joints of prefabricated elements at a height of up to 5.5 m should be from ordinary scaffolding, and at a higher height - from special scaffolding
34. The issuance of the concrete mixture to one or another vibrating hoist should be carried out at the direction of the work foreman or foreman using a predetermined alarm
35. When supplying a concrete mixture through vibroshoes, it is necessary that:
a) the links of the vibrohobots were attached to the safety rope;
b) the vibrators were securely connected to the trunk;
c) winches and steel ropes for pulling the trunk were securely fastened;
d) the lower end of the trunk has been fixed, and the strength of the fastening should be systematically checked;
e) during the unloading of the concrete mixture, no one should be under the vibrating arm.
IV. Compaction of the concrete mixture with vibrators
36. Concrete workers working with vibrators are required to undergo a medical examination, which must be repeated every 6 months.
37. Women are not allowed to work with a manual vibrator.
38. Concrete workers working with an electrified tool must know the measures of protection against electric shock and be able to provide first aid to the victim.
39. Before starting work, it is necessary to carefully check the serviceability of the vibrator and make sure that:
a) the hose is well attached and if it is accidentally pulled, the ends of the winding will not break;
b) the supply cable has no breaks and bare spots;
c) the grounding contact is not damaged;
d) the switch is working properly;
e) the bolts ensuring the tightness of the casing are well tightened;
e) the connections of the parts of the vibrator are sufficiently tight and the motor winding is well protected from moisture;
g) the shock absorber on the vibrator handle is in good condition and adjusted so that the vibration amplitude of the handle does not exceed the standards for a hand tool.
40. Before starting work, the body of the electric vibrator must be grounded.
The general serviceability of the electric vibrator is checked by trial operation in a suspended state for 1 min, while the tip must not rest against a solid base.
41. To power the electric vibrators (from the switchboard), you should use four-wire hose wires or wires enclosed in rubber tube; the fourth core is necessary for grounding the vibrator housing operating at a voltage of 127 or 220 V.
42. You can turn on the electric vibrator only with the help of a knife switch protected by a casing or placed in a box. If the box is metal, it must be grounded.
43. Hose wires should be hung, not laid over concrete.
44. Do not drag the vibrator by the hose wire or cable when moving it.
45. In the event of a break in live wires, sparking of contacts and a malfunction of the electric vibrator, stop work and immediately inform the foreman or foreman about this.
46. Working with vibrators on ladders, as well as on unstable scaffolds, decking, formwork, etc. prohibited.
47. When working with electric vibrators, it is necessary to wear rubber dielectric gloves or boots
48. To prevent the vibrator from falling, attach it to the structure support with a steel rope.
49. It is forbidden to press the portable vibrator to the surface of the compacted concrete with your hands; it is only allowed to move the vibrator manually during operation with the help of flexible rods.
50. When working with a vibrator with a flexible shaft, it is necessary to ensure the straight direction of the shaft, in extreme cases, with small smooth bends. The formation of loops on the shaft is not allowed to avoid an accident.
51. When working for a long time, the vibrator must be turned off every half hour for five minutes to cool down.
52. When it rains, vibrators should be covered with a tarpaulin or kept indoors.
53. During breaks in work, as well as when concrete workers move from one place to another, vibrators must be turned off.
54. When watering concrete or formwork, a concrete worker working with a vibrator must not allow water to enter it.
55. During the operation of the vibration platform, careful supervision of the condition of the limit switches and the device for lifting the vibration shield must be ensured. Particular attention must be paid to reliable performance traverse lock in the upper position.
56. To reduce noise during the operation of the vibrating unit, it is necessary to fasten the molds to vibrating machines and systematically check the tightness of all fasteners
57. It is not allowed to descend into the pit of the vibratory platform during its operation.
58. It is prohibited to stand on the form or on the concrete mixture during its compaction, as well as on the vibrating platform, vibration inserts or on the frame of the molding machine during their operation.
59. At the end of the work, the vibrators and hose wires should be cleaned of concrete mixture and dirt, wiped dry and handed over to the pantry, and the wires should be folded into bays. The vibrator can be cleaned only after disconnecting it from the mains. Do not wash vibrators with water.
V. Production of concrete work in winter conditions
60. Before working with chemical concrete hardening accelerators, the concrete worker must undergo special instruction on the safe handling of chemicals, as well as a medical examination. It should be remembered that calcium chloride, used as an accelerator for the setting and hardening of concrete, is dangerous for the skin of the face and hands, and bleach and its aqueous solutions are strong oxidizing agents capable of releasing chlorine gas.
Persons under the age of 18 are not allowed to work on the preparation of chlorinated solutions.
61. Chlorinated water should be prepared in a separate room located at a distance of no closer than 500 m from residential buildings.
62. When working with calcium chloride or when using bleach and chlorinated mixtures, wear a respirator or gas mask and rubber gloves.
63. Calcium chloride can only be used as an accelerator in diluted form. When diluting a solution of calcium chloride, scoops with long handles should be used.
64. Workers, concreting structures subjected to electrical heating must undergo special instruction on safe ways work. Workers near heated areas should be warned of the danger of electric shock.
65. Heated areas of concrete should be fenced off, and well lit at night. Fences are installed at a distance of at least 3 m from the border of the area under current.
At the boundaries of the site, warning posters and inscriptions should be posted: "DANGER!", "CURRENT ON", as well as the rules for first aid in case of electric shock.
66. Work on electric heating of concrete should be carried out under the supervision of experienced electricians. The stay of people in the areas of electrical heating and the performance of any work is prohibited, with the exception of temperature measurement. Only qualified personnel may measure the temperature. Moreover, this must be done using protective equipment.
67. Electrical heating of reinforced concrete structures should be carried out at a voltage not exceeding 110 V.
68. In the area of electric heating work, there must be a signal light located in a conspicuous place and lighting up when the current is turned on in the area. From now on, only persons operating the unit may be on the work site.
69. Workers performing electrical heating are required to work in dielectric rubber shoes and the same gloves; The tool must have insulated handles.
70. Before concreting, make sure that the area to be heated is not energized.
71. When concreting in poorly lit areas, it is allowed to use portable lamps with a voltage of not more than 12 V.
72. Before unloading the concrete mixture, the concrete worker is obliged to make sure that the fittings and electrodes are correctly positioned. The distance between the electrodes and the reinforcement must be at least 5 cm. The concrete mixture must be unloaded very carefully, without moving the electrodes.
73. Watering concrete is allowed only after the stress is relieved in heated structures.
74. Before electric heating of concrete, for better contact with wires, the protruding ends of the electrodes must be cleaned of concrete mixture. At the end of the electrical heating, the ends of the electrodes protruding from the concrete must be cut off.
75. It is not allowed to work on the site where concrete is heated electrically. Work should be carried out with a special fitter's tool using dielectric gloves and galoshes. Tools must have insulated handles.
76. Concrete temperature should be measured in dielectric rubber galoshes and gloves. In this case, extreme caution must be exercised, not to come close to the structure, and also not to rely on it. Work should be carried out with one hand, if possible, holding the other behind the back or side.
77. In structures heated with thermal formwork, the outer surfaces of the formwork and sawdust moistened with water acquire increased electrical conductivity, therefore, during electrical heating, when the current is turned on, it is prohibited to touch the thermal formwork and sawdust.
78. Touching water pipes, faucets, columns and other open parts of water lines that are energized during electrical heating, as well as a stream of water flowing from them, is prohibited.
79. It is forbidden to check the presence of voltage on parts of the electrical installation by hand. For this purpose, current detectors or test lamps with lugs at the ends of the wires should be used.
80. Walking or transporting energized concrete in the electric heating zone is allowed only along specially arranged passages and scaffolds.
81. During electric heating of monolithic structures concreted in parts, non-concreted reinforcement associated with the heated area must be carefully grounded.
82. When working at height associated with the construction reinforced concrete pipes, elevators and similar structures, turning on the voltage for electric heating is allowed only after the removal of people from the heating zone.
83. The temperature of concrete in the heating zone should be measured using remote devices or with the power turned off.
84. It is prohibited to carry out any work inside closed reinforced concrete structures (pipelines, tunnels, etc.) under tension. These works can only be carried out after the power has been switched off.
VI. Safety measures when servicing vibrating platforms
85. Before starting the pa6ota for the manufacture of reinforced concrete products on vibration platforms, tables and other vibration installations, it is necessary to check:
a) serviceability of emergency switches and, first of all, switches that turn off vibration installations;
b) the operation of signaling devices;
c) the serviceability of blocking the hatch for entering (descent) into the trench (pit) of the vibration platform;
d) the presence of lubrication in the unbalance bearings, since in the absence of it, high-pitched noise occurs;
e) the strength of the attachment of de-balances to the vibrating platform, a good attachment of de-balances, in addition to the appearance of noise, can lead to its separation from the platform and failure of the entire vibrating machine, and under some circumstances to an accident;
f.) absence of people in the trench (pit) of the vibratory platform;
g) reliability of fixation of the vibro-loading shield in the upper position;
h) serviceability of the vibrator by its trial run idle for a short time.
86. To reduce the effect of noise on the body, use special silencers - antiphons-stubs that do not let in noise of high tones.
87. When starting work, you should wear special shoes with vibration-damping soles, if available at the enterprise.
88. If there are no mechanisms on the molding unit for automatic leveling of the concrete mixture, special scrapers or levelers with vibration-isolated handles should be used.
It is forbidden to use shovels and other tools with wooden or metal handles for leveling the mixture, since vibration will be transmitted along the handle.
89. When working on vibration equipment, prevent the presence of foreign objects on the vibration platform, vibration shield and form, which during operation can be additional sources of noise.
90. It is necessary to especially monitor the good condition of the form, fastening parts and individual elements on it.
Fastening wedges, axles, spindles and other fasteners using chains, as well as free tightening of molds, in which the washers are in an untightened state, are not allowed.
91. To eliminate the harmful effects of vibration on the body of workers, leveling the concrete mixture and finishing the upper surface of the product must be carried out only from special reinforced concrete passively vibration-insulated sites.
92. Flooring-platforms should not be connected to a working vibration platform, therefore, during operation, it is necessary to ensure that the concrete mixture does not fall into the gaps between them. If they are jammed by concrete, reinforcement or foreign objects it is necessary to clean these areas and constantly monitor cleanliness in the future.
93. When servicing the vibrating platform, in order to avoid shifting and rattling of the mold, it is necessary to firmly strengthen it with special clamps (locks) or with the help of magnetic plates.
95. It is allowed to distribute the concrete mixture manually according to the form only when the vibration platform is turned off with a tool with vibration-isolated handles.
96. It is necessary to ensure that the concrete mixture, as well as oversized aggregate, do not get into the vibration platform mechanism, which can lead to its failure or to jamming of the passively vibration-isolated platform.
97. When compacting a concrete mixture with a vibrating platform, it is not allowed to stand with one foot or even one foot on a vibrating form (platform).
It is forbidden to stay and perform any work on the damp concrete mass during the operation of the vibratory platform, as well as to correct (hold) the mounting loops, to sink the frames or the ends of the reinforcement into the mass of concrete, etc.
98. It is not allowed to increase the weight of the vibration-loading shield by installing an unsecured additional load on it, which can be an additional source of noise.
99. During the vibrocompaction of the concrete mixture, it is prohibited to stand on the vibration-loading shield.
100. It is only permitted to clean the vibration-loading shield or carry out repair work when the vibration is turned off.
101. When carrying out repair work in the pits of vibrating platforms, it is necessary to de-energize this equipment and post a poster "DO NOT SWITCH ON - PEOPLE WORK!" on the control panel.
102. All types of repair work performed with the equipment should be notified to the vibrating platform operator.
VII. Improving measures to prevent diseases of workers with vibration disease
103. Phenomena of vibration disease caused by exposure to general and local vibration in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products are reversible and treatable.
104. At the first signs of a vibration disease, workers should be transferred to another job not related to vibration (for a period of up to 2 months), and in case of pronounced forms of vibration disease, they should be sent to VTEK to establish a disability group and further employment outside of contact with vibration and noise.
105. Vibrodisease can be prevented in various ways:
a) strictly comply with the above requirements for the operation of vibration equipment;
b) arrange ten-minute breaks after each hour of work with a set of gymnastic exercises, which improves blood circulation and promotes rest for overworked groups of mice;
c) it is not allowed to be under the influence of vibration more than 50 percent. your working hours;
d) take ultraviolet irradiation or hydroprocedures (thermal baths, fan showers) at lunchtime and after work;
e) organize appropriate rest and nutrition (food should be rich in vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins).
The material was prepared by Demyanov A.A.
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)
PERFORMANCE OF WORKS ON THE DEVICE OF A MONOLITHIC OVERLAPPING BY A MECHANIZED METHOD
1 AREA OF USE
This technological map has been developed for the installation of a monolithic ceiling over a typical floor.
Monolithic ceilings 180 mm thick. The support of a continuous floor slab is planned to be carried out along the perimeter on load-bearing brick walls, and in the spans between the walls on monolithic reinforced concrete columns. At the level of the floor slab, together with the slab, concreting of monolithic beams and landings is provided.
The prefabricated ceiling made of BOD 8.66.15, BOD 8.66.12 and PBK 8.64.12 slabs is planned to be made in axes 3-11 of the building supported by longitudinal brick walls. The project provides for multiple sections between floor slabs with the installation of reinforcement cages and I-beams.
The height of a typical floor is 3.0 m.
The scope of work covered in the map includes:
A) When constructing monolithic beams and floor slabs
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src="> knitting and installation of reinforcement cages for floor beams;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src=">concreting of the floor slab structure;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src="> dismantling and moving to another formwork grip.
B) When installing prefabricated floor slabs
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src="> sealing joints between slabs;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src="> connecting floor slabs to each other and anchoring them to brick walls.
Vertical and horizontal movement of formwork elements, reinforcement, concrete mixture is provided for by a tower crane. To supply the concrete mixture to the structure of the floor slab, a concrete pump with a distribution boom 25 ... 30 m long can be used.
The technological map provides for the performance of work in one - two-shift mode.
When the conditions for the production of work specified in the technological map change, the technological map is linked at the stage of adjusting the project for the production of work, which is drawn up in the form of additional instructions approved by the chief engineer of the construction organization.
2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE
When conducting work on the installation of a prefabricated monolithic floor over a typical floor, be guided by the requirements of SNiP 3.01.01-85. Organization of construction production, SNiP 3.03.01-87. Bearing and enclosing structures, SNiP 12-03-2001. "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements", SNiP 12-04-2002. "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production".
Prior to the commencement of work on the installation of a floor over a typical floor (grip) of a building under construction, the following work must be performed:
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src=">laying the outer versts of the outer walls to a mark exceeding the mark of the top of the floor slab by at least two rows of masonry;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src="> scaffolding used for laying was removed;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src=">Sufficient amount of formwork elements were delivered and stored at the construction site in the area of the tower crane, fittings, prefabricated floor slabs;
https://pandia.ru/text/80/281/images/image001_190.gif" width="11" height="12 src=">prepared a site for concreting using bench technology balcony slabs PB2, PB4;
Installation work" href="/text/category/montazhnie_raboti/" rel="bookmark"> of installation work during the construction of a prefabricated monolithic floor of a typical floor is presented in the table.
Scope of the main work during the construction of a prefabricated monolithic floor of a typical floor
Table 1
Name of types of work and structural elements | unit of measurement | Scope of work | ||
Installation of formwork for prefabricated monolithic slabs | ||||
Knitting of reinforcement cages and meshes of beams and floor slabs | ||||
The technological map was developed for the device of a monolithic reinforced concrete floor on the profiled flooring of the superstructure of the educational building of the Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in Moscow.
The scope of work considered in the development of the technological map includes the following processes:
Erection and installation of main and secondary steel beams
Mounting fixed formwork(profiled flooring)
Reinforcement of the ceiling with reinforcement and welded mesh rolls
Floor concreting
Technology and organization of work
Prior to the commencement of reinforcement work, organizational and preparatory measures and the following work must be carried out:
the formwork works on the grip are completely completed and the decks and platforms are arranged;
the formwork was checked, the identified defects must be eliminated;
acts of acceptance of the installed formwork were drawn up;
reinforcing products in the amount of at least a two-shift stock were delivered and stored in the crane coverage area;
reinforcing products were corrected from possible damages, rust and dirt were cleaned, their marking was checked;
mechanisms, inventory, mounting devices and tools were prepared and tested;
workers and engineers are familiar with the technology and organization of work, trained in safe working methods
Reinforcing meshes and frames are prepared centrally and delivered to the facility as a set in the form of marking rolls and frames. Transportation of rolls and frames is carried out on the platform by any means of transport. When transporting reinforcing products, measures should be taken to protect them from corrosion, contamination and mechanical damage.
For this purpose, wooden linings should be used and the reinforcing cages should be rigidly fastened to vehicles using wire braces.
Reinforcing products with a length exceeding the length of the body by more than 1.5 m should be transported on vehicles with semi-trailers.
Installation of floor reinforcement is carried out in the following sequence:
installation of linings for the formation of a protective layer in the main and secondary beams;
slinging and supply of fittings to the installation site using the MKA-16 crane .;
installation of reinforcement according to the marks made in accordance with the project;
consolidation installed frames by welding them to the outlets of the rebar;
slinging and feeding the rolled mesh to the installation site using a crane;
rolling of a rolled reinforcing mesh along the formwork of the floor slab;
straightening and laying the lower grids in the design position;
raising the meshes and installing clamps to provide the necessary lower protective layer of concrete;
installation of supports for the upper grids;
laying of the upper reinforcing meshes.
Before installing steel beams, it is necessary to punch holes in brick walls 260x260 in size, where necessary for the installation of beams. After the workers have completed this work, the installation of steel beams takes place. First, the beams of the existing building (reconstructed) are installed, then the main beams of the superstructure and secondary beams are installed. After the installation of the beams, the installation and installation of fixed formwork (profiled flooring) takes place. The decks are connected to each other with bolts and rivets. After installation of the flooring and its installation in the design position, the reinforcement and reinforcing meshes are laid. Next, the concrete pump is pouring the structure with concrete.
1 Scope of the technological map.
1.1 Conditions for the production of works.
1.2 Nomenclature and methods of work.
2. Technology and organization of the construction process.
2.1 Technology for the production of work on the installation of floor slabs.
2.2 Selection of mounting cranes.
2.3 Organization of work.
3. Sheet for calculating the amount of work.
3.1 Calculation of labor costs and wages.
3.2 The need for material and technical resources.
3.3 Need for tools and equipment.
3.4 The need for machines, mechanisms.
3.5 The need for building materials (structures).
4. Quality control of work production.
5. Safety in the production of work.
6. List of references.
1 Scope of the technological map.
The technological map was developed for the installation of floor slabs of an agricultural building. The designed object has a rectangular configuration in plan with dimensions in the axes AD 18m, 1-26 112.5m. The height of the premises at the outer walls to the bottom of the protruding structures is 2.4 m. The building is designed with four spans, with a load-bearing frame made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. The step of the columns of the extreme and middle rows is 4.5 m. The longitudinal and end walls are made of two-layer wall panels made of lightweight concrete. Internal walls and partitions are brick. The roof is rolled on reinforced concrete slabs. The foundations for the columns are prefabricated reinforced concrete shoes, for the walls - reinforced concrete foundation beams. To protect against surface water, an asphalt pavement on a crushed stone base is arranged near the outer walls. Window and door slopes are plastered with cement - lime mortar and painted with lime paint. All wooden products are painted with oil paint for two times. Concrete ramps are installed in front of all entrances.
1.1 Conditions for the production of works.
The seismicity of the area is not higher than 6 points;
Territory without part-time mining
Estimated winter air temperature, C.
High-speed wind pressure - 27 kgf /;
Snow cover weight - 100kgf/;
The relief of the territory is calm, there are no ground waters.
Soils in the bases are non-rocky, non-sagging.
The territory is free from buildings, bushes and trees.
Level ground water is located at a mark of 4.5 m, which is located below the depth of the foundation.
Installation of structures is carried out in two shifts, in summer period. During the first shift, the installation of structures is carried out, during the second shift, delivery and storage to the installation sites.
1.2 Nomenclature and methods of work.
Installation of the structure of a one-story agricultural building is characterized by the following features:
The building has significant dimensions in plan, which exceed the range of the erection crane;
In order to reduce the total duration of construction, works on the installation of structures must be combined with general construction works and installation of process equipment.
The construction is organized by the in-line method.
Stream method retains the corresponding advantages of serial and parallel methods, avoids their disadvantages. The in-line method provides a systematic, rhythmic release of finished construction products based on the continuous and uniform work of labor teams, of an unchanged composition, equipped with a timely and complete supply of all necessary material and technical resources.
Installation of building structures and technological equipment is carried out by a combined method, divided into private flows:
Combined method in contrast to the combined one, it allows performing part of the installation of equipment separately from the installation of building structures in the constructed premises.
excavation
foundation arrangement;
installation of columns in the glasses of foundations;
installation of crane beams;
installation of floor slabs;
6- installation of roof trusses and coverings;
7- installation wall panels.
8- installation of door and window blocks.
9 - flooring
10- finishing works
11- special types of work
To link the flows among themselves, set the duration, the number of performers and their qualifications in accordance with the recommendations of the ENiR. Works of special cycles are plumbing, electrical, landscaping and equipment installation. For each thread, it is advisable to choose your mounting mechanism. To reduce the duration of construction, the installation of the building should be carried out from the end to the middle, from the middle to the end. The direction of movement of the crane occurs along the spans of the building - a longitudinal method of installation.
2. Technology and organization of the construction process.
For the construction period, organize open on-site warehouses located in the crane coverage area. When installing them, make slopes of 2-5 ° for surface water runoff. Warehouse areas and temporary roads should be compacted with a layer of crushed stone, the thickness of the coating is 100mm.
For the work of the brigade in the second shift, organize the lighting of workplaces using searchlights on masts and portable lamps.
Before construction begins:
Carry out the layout of the construction site, complete the fence, access roads, lay temporary communications;
Creation by the customer of the necessary reference geodetic network (red line, benchmarks, main axes of the building, reference building grid);
Arrangement of temporary structures;
The device of means of communication and signaling;
Providing the site with fire-fighting water supply;
Providing the site with electricity and water.
Prior to the start of earthworks within the construction site, a fertile soil layer of 150 mm should be removed and laid in piles up to 2 m high, for further use in landscaping.
Prior to the start of general construction work on the construction of the building, all building structures and materials necessary for the start of construction must be delivered to the construction site.
Transportation and storage.
1. Transportation and storage of plates - in accordance with GOST 13015.4 and this standard.
2. Boards should be transported and stored in stacks laid in a horizontal position.
On specialized vehicles, it is allowed to transport plates in an inclined or vertical position.
3. The height of the stack of plates should not exceed 2.5 m.
4. Liners for the bottom row of plates and gaskets between them in a stack should be located near the mounting loops.
2.1 Technology for the production of work on the installation of floor slabs.
Installation of floor structures is allowed only after concrete is set in glasses of foundations with columns with a strength of at least 70% of the design. For short construction periods, in order to accelerate the strength gain of concrete at the joints, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures", we apply the "hot molding" method at a concrete mixture temperature of + 70 ° C, concrete gains 70% strength after 24 hours .
Prior to the installation of floor structures, the following work must be performed:
The columns were mounted and their verticality and correct position in plan and in height were checked;
Produced complete backfilling sinuses of foundations;
In the building plan, the movement paths and working parking of the assembly crane are indicated;
Delivered to the installation area the necessary mounting fixtures, tools and inventory;
During the installation of floor slabs, the design gap between them and the platform for supporting the slabs are controlled; the end slabs of the span are mounted from the mounting scaffolds; the rest - from plates mounted earlier; each plate is welded with a design length seam at least in three corners.
Table 1. Specification of prefabricated elements
|
Element name |
Element mark |
The mass of this element, |
Required quantity |
||||
|
on the 1st floor |
for the whole building |
||||||
|
floor slabs |
PB 45-15-12.5 |
||||||
2.2 Selection of mounting cranes.
The choice of a crane is made according to technical parameters. The choice of a crane begins with the clarification of the mass of prefabricated elements, mounting equipment and lifting devices, the overall and design position of the structures in the structure.
Calculation of the required technical parameters of the crane.
Required cargocrane lifting capacity
Q To = Q E + Q GR \u003d 2.23 + 0.09 \u003d 2.32t.
where:Q E - weight of mounted elementmenta, t;
Q GR - mass of cargogripping device,
Required hook height:
Cruising Heightka:
H K = h 0 + h 3 + h EL + h ST \u003d 1.5 + 1 + 4.5 + 0.2 \u003d 7.2 m
whereh 0 - aboveinstallation horizon above the level of the parking lotat 1.5 m;
h W - headroom to ensure the safety of montazha 1m,
h EL - element thickness 0.2m;
h ST - sling height 4.5m.
Determine the optimal angle of inclination of the arrow to the horizon
- the length of the crane's cargo chain hoist;
the width of the prefabricated element;
S-distance from the edge of the elementup to the arrow axis S=1.5m
We calculate the length of the crane boom without a jib
Determine the length of the arrow without the jib
L C ===8.9m
- distance from the boom attachment axis to the crane parking level, m.
Determine hook reach
L K = L C cos + d\u003d 8.9 0.37 + 1.5 \u003d 4.7 m
where d is the distance from the axis of rotation of the crane to the axis of attachment of the boom (1.5 m).
Table 2 Specifications of cranes
|
Faucet brand |
load capacity Q To , t |
boom reach max- min, m |
Hook lifting heightH To , m, at maximum load capacity |
Working hours cranes per year T YEAR , h |
Inventory estimated cost С I. R. , t. rub. |
Machine-shift cost With MACHINE-CHANGER. , rub. |
|
KS -2561 E |
3,3…11,2 |
|||||
|
MKG-6.3 |
3,2…16 |
AutomotiveKS -2561 E
Pneumatic wheel KS -4362 BS
Tracked MKG 6.3
Comparison of erection cranes by economic parameters.
Efficiency according to technical parameters
where: - coefficient of use of the crane in terms of load capacity;
- the average weight of the element in the group of elements to be installed, t.;
- the maximum lifting capacity of the crane, t.
Characteristics of the mounted element
The volume of one element is 1.35 m 3
Weight of one element 2.23t
Quantity for the whole building 300pcs
The volume of elements for the entire building is 405 m 3
Weight of elements for the whole building 669t
Comparison of erection cranes by economic parameters,by command
the rank of specific reduced costs per 1 ton of assembled structural
tions. For each of the cranes determine
With pond. =C with +E n · TO ud, where
With with – installation cost of 1 ton of structures, rub/t;
E n =0,15 – normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments;
To oud - specific capital investments, rub/t.
Determine the cost of installation of 1 ton of structure:
1.08 and 1.5– overhead coefficients, respectively, for the operation of machines and the wages of assemblers;
With machine see – the cost of a machine-shift for a given flow, rub;
- average wage workers per shift, rub;
P n.cm. - normative estimated operational performance of the crane during the installation of structures, t/cm;
With P – costs for preparatory work(WITH P =0);
P is the total mass of elements in the flow, i.e.
P machine see – the number of machine shifts for the installation of structures.
Determine the specific capital investment
With i.r. - inventory and estimated cost of the crane, rub;
t cm – number of crane operating hours per shift, hour;
T year – standard number of crane operating hours per year.
AutomotiveKS -2561 E
RUB/t
= rub
Tracked MKG 6.3
rub/t
Acceptautomotivecrane KS -2561 E,as the installation cost is lower.
2.3. Organization of work production.
Floor slabs are laid after installation and permanent fixing of all wall elements on the grip and loading onto the floor to be mounted necessary details and structures for outfitting works. To the place of laying the panels are served in a horizontal position (Fig. 1.1). If floor panels are brought to the construction site in a vertical or inclined position, then to transfer them to horizontal position load-handling devices with an automatic tilter or stationary frame tilters are used.
Fig.1.1. Roof panel slinging:
1 - universal traverse; 2 - pull branch with leveling rope; 3 - inventory loops-captures; 4 - the loop; 5 - rocker-capture
At the place where the floor slab is laid, the supporting surface of walls and partitions is cleaned, the mortar is laid along the entire contour of the supporting surfaces and spread in an even layer. Being on the adjacent, previously laid panel, the installers receive the panel supplied by the crane, orienting it above the place of laying. The panel smoothly keeps within on a bed from a solution. With the slings stretched, the panel is straightened, the horizontalness of the surface and the position of the panel in height are checked with a level. To ensure the design size of the supporting area of the panels, it is recommended to bend the mounting loops of the outer and internal walls new panels. This will allow each floor panel along the entire contour to be laid on the design width of the support fig. (1.2)
Rice. 1.2. Organization of the installer's workplace during the installation of floor slabs.
Floor panels, which have cone-shaped technological holes on one side instead of lifting loops, are rafters for inventory gripping loops previously installed in these holes (Fig. 9.39). Inventory gripping loop is designed for temporary fixing of mounting fixtures in places where there are no lifting loops (on some interior wall panels and floor slabs). It is a clamp to which a special loop is welded. The inventory grip is installed on the panel using a clamping screw.
After the final alignment and if there are no deviations of the laid panel! carry out its dissection. Inventory gripping loops are removed from the cone-shaped holes after the hooks are unhooked.
Fig.1.3. Inventory loop-capture:
1 - loop; 2 - clamp; 3 - clamping screw
Calculation and acquisition of the composition of performers
To perform installation work and related construction processes, we accept a specialized team:
Installation of floor slabs according to ENiR 4-1-7: installers 4r-1, 3r-2, 2r-1,
machinist 6r-1.
Determining the duration of work
Assembly of the structure
Finally: a team of 4 people for the installation of foundation beams
Fig.2.1. Scheme of the organization of the workplace during the installation of the floor panel
MS- the workplace of the worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link,
M- the workplace of the worker performing the installation work,
1 - mortar shovel, 2 - hand tool box 3 - a box-container with a solution, 4 - mounted panel, 5 - four-branch sling, 6 - mounted panel.
Before the installation of floor slabs, crossbars must be installed and fixed in accordance with the project. The plate is slinged with a four-branch sling. Prior to that, it is cleaned from the influx of concrete, dirt, ice. The panel is laid on a mortar bed. When accepting and installing all panels, except for the first one, the installers are on the already laid panels. Installers install the first panel from a ladder table. To align the element horizontally, the level is applied to the surface of the element.
Preparing the slab for installation, the performer is a worker performing rigging work
1. A worker performing lifting work approaches the plate, checks the serviceability of the mounting loops, and the cleanliness of the surface.
2. If necessary, use a scarpel and a hammer to clean the element from concrete sagging, and with a metal brush - from dirt and ice.
3. Gives a signal to the crane operator to apply the sling.
4. Alternately hooks the hooks of the sling onto the mounting loops and gives the crane operator a command to pull the branches of the sling.
5. Checks the reliability of the hold, moves to a safe place and instructs the crane operator to raise the panel to a height of 200 ... 300 mm.
6. Approaches the slab, checks the reliability of the slinging and gives the command to move the structure to the installation area.
Preparation of the installation site of the plate (Fig. 2.2), performers - a worker performing installation work, a senior in the link and a worker performing installation work
Fig.2.2. Preparation of the plate installation site
1 - mortar bed, 2 - trowel, 3 - a worker performing installation work, a senior in the link, 4 - mounted panel, 5 - bolt.
1. The worker performing the installation work cleans the place where the slab is laid from the influx of concrete and ice with a scarpel and a hammer, and from dirt with a metal brush.
2. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link, picks up the mortar from the container box with a shovel and lays it on the shelves of the crossbar, and then with a trowel 2 spreads evenly 1 .
Laying and alignment of the panel (Fig. 2.3, 2.4), performers: a worker performing installation work (senior in the link) and a worker performing installation work.
Fig.2.3. Preparation of the panel installation site
1 - mortar bed, 2 - installed panel, 3 - mounting panel, 4 - assembly worker 5 - sling, 6 - a worker performing installation work, a senior in the link.
1. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link, signals the crane driver about the possibility of feeding the panel.
2. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link and the worker performing the installation work, being on the previously laid panel, receive the submitted panel 3 at a height of 200 ... 300 mm from the ceiling and orient to the installation site.
3. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link instructs the crane operator to smoothly lower the panel
4. The installation worker, the foreman and the installation worker hold the panel while lowering.
5. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link, checks with a level the correct laying of the panel in height, eliminating, together with the worker performing the installation work, the observed deviations by changing the thickness of the mortar bed.
6. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link checks the correct installation of the panel 2 in terms of and, if necessary, together with the worker performing the installation work, assembly crowbars 3 shift it (Fig. 2.4)
Fig.2.4. Panel Alignment
1 - crossbar, 2 - mounting panel, 3 - assembly scrap, 4 - four-branch sling, 5 - worker performing installation work, senior in the link, 6 - assembly worker, 7 - mounted panels.
7. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link, will give the crane operator a signal to loosen the branches of the sling 4.
8. The worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link and the worker performing the installation work remove the hooks of the sling from the mounting loops of the panel, and then, when at the command of the worker performing the installation work, the senior in the link begins to lift the slings, holds them.
Installation of the first floor slab is carried out in the following technological sequence:
1. Install mounting towers.
2. Mark and Prepare installation location plates.
3. Indicate to the crane operator the location of the slab and move to a safe distance.
4. Give a signal to lower the slab over the installation site, turning it around and holding it from swinging with hooks.
5. Climb the tower, guide the element to the installation site and give a signal to lower it.
6. Check the position of the support platform and untie it.
7. Move to a safe distance and signal the crane operator to raise the sling.
Fig.2.5. Installation of the first plate
Installation of subsequent floor slabs (covering) in the span.
Fig.2.6. Installation of subsequent plates
1. Fasten the carabiner of the safety belt to the mounting loop of the previously mounted element and prepare the installation site for the plate.
2. Indicate the installation site to the crane operator, move to a safe distance and give a signal to lower the slab over the installation site.
3. Guide the plate to the installation site and give a signal to lower it.
4. Check the position of the slab, the platform for its support, and untie the slab.
5. Move to a safe distance and give a command to the crane operator to raise the sling.
Mounting fixtures.
In order to reduce the changeover time fixtures needed, use one mounting device to work with two or more building structures. This will reduce the labor intensity of the installation process and increase labor productivity. A four-branch rope sling with a uniform load on four branches is adopted.
Figure 7 Four-branch lanyard
Technical characteristics of the mounting device: four-branch sling PI Promstalkonstruktsiya 21059M-28, load capacity 3 t, weight 0.09 t, estimated height 4.2 m
Specially trained qualified slingers are allowed to perform operations on slinging loads in the process of work with hoisting machines.
Before giving a signal to lift a load, the slinger must:
– check if there are any loose parts and tools on the load; before lifting, so that they do not contain earth, ice or objects that may fall out when lifting;
– make sure that during lifting the load cannot catch on anything;
– make sure that there are no people near the load, between the load being lifted and the walls.
– before lifting the load with a crane, the slinger must check that there are no people near the crane, on its turntable and in the boom and load lowering area, and then leave the danger zone.
When lifting and moving the load, the slinger must:
Give a signal to lift the load to a height of 200-300 mm, then check the correctness of the slinging, the uniformity of the tension of the slings, the stability of the crane, and then give a signal to lift the load to the required height; if necessary, reslinging, the load must be lowered;
When removing the load from the foundation bolts, make sure that the lifting is carried out with minimum speed, without distortions, jamming, ensuring horizontal movement of the load until it is completely removed from the bolts;
Before lifting the load, make sure that the reach set by the crane operator corresponds to the weight of the load being lifted;
Before horizontal movement of the load or lifting devices, make sure that they are raised to a height of at least 500 mm above the objects encountered on the way;
Accompany when moving the load and make sure that it does not move over people and cannot catch on anything. If it is not possible to accompany the load, then a crane operator, a second slinger or a signalman must follow its movement.
During slinging work, irreversible deformations of the rupture of the edges (branches) of a four-branch sling are possible.
Figure 9 Strand wire extrusion, rope twisting,
rope breaking, rope crushing,
local increase in the diameter of the rope, bending of the rope.
When lifting and moving loads, it is prohibited:
Be under the lifted load or allow people to be under it (the slinger may be near the load during its lifting or lowering, if the load is raised to a height of no more than 1000 mm from the level of the platform on which it is located);
Release the slings clamped by the load with the help of a lifting machine.
Figure 10 Transportation of goods
with loose laying on loop slings
3. Sheet for calculating the amount of work.
When mounting structures, the method of "mounting from wheels" was used. The work is carried out by a specialized team consisting of installers, a crane operator in one-shift work.
ENiR 4-1-7 provides for the following scope of work:
1. Preparation of a pastel from a solution.
2. Lifting and laying slabs.
3. Alignment and correction of the position of the plates.
4. Fastening the plates with anchors to each other.
Table 3. Sheet of calculation of the volume of work.
|
Name of works |
Scope of work |
||||
|
Quantity |
|||||
|
Installation of floor slabs up to 10 |
|||||
|
Electric welding of embedded parts of floor slabs with crossbars with a thickness of welded steel up to 4 mm and a seam length per slab of 0.8 mm. L=(300+8 0.8)/10 |
10 joints |
||||
|
10 joints |
|||||
|
Filling floor slab joints manually with concrete mix or mortar (8.7 300/100) |
|||||
Table 3.1 Calculation of labor costs.
|
Name |
Rationale |
Scope of work |
Norm of time per unit of measure. |
labor costs |
Unit prices |
||||||||||||||||
|
Slab laying Floors up to 10 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Electric welding of joints with a thickness of welded steel up to 4 mm and a seam length of 0.3 m per element |
E22-1-1, item 1.2c |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Manual anti-corrosion coating of welded joints, welded joint area up to |
10 joints |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Manual grouting of floor slabs |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Total: Installation of floor slabs with electric welding of joints and manual filling of seams between the slabs |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Note: - the calculation was made without adjustment for local coefficients in 1984 prices.
3.2 Need for material and technical resources
Table 3.3 Need for tools, inventory
|
Name |
brand, |
Unit |
||||||
|
Sling four-branch |
PI Promstalkonstruktsiya 21059M-28 |
|||||||
|
Assembly crowbar |
||||||||
|
Boaster |
||||||||
|
mortar shovel |
||||||||
|
Edged boards 4-6m long, 75-100mm wide, 32-40mm thick. IV grade |
||||||||
|
Construction level |
||||||||
|
Solution container box |
||||||||
|
Hand tool box |
||||||||
|
Steel brush |
||||||||
Table 3.4 Need for machines and mechanisms
Table 3.5 Need for building materials
4 Operational quality control of work, control method.
In accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" permissible deviations:
1. The difference in the marks of the front surfaces of two adjacent floor slabs in the seam with a length of slabs over 4 m to 8 m 10mm;
2. Offset in terms of panels relative to their design position on the supporting surfaces 13mm
Duration of operations:
1. Preparing the panel for installation - 2 min.
2. Preparation of mortar bed - 4 min.
3. Slinging and feeding the panel to the place of laying - 2 min.
4. Laying the panel -3 min.
5. Panel alignment - 3 min.
6. Panel bridging - 0.5 min.
In the course of installation work, constant production quality control of installation work is carried out: incoming, operational and acceptance control of finished structures. During input control establish the completeness and quality of prefabricated elements, the availability of passports and certificates for metal, the correctness of loading and unloading operations and the storage of elements. When implementing operational control compliance with the project and regulatory requirements for the installation technology, the implementation of the project for the production of works, the quality of the joints, especially in winter, are checked.
When carrying out operational control of the production of installation work, it is necessary to pay attention to compliance with labor protection requirements. In particular, strictly ensure that the installers are given protective helmets and safety belts, fastened with a carabiner to the safety rope or mounting loops, so that the workers are not on the structures during their lifting, and also that the lifted elements do not remain in weight, and the structures are unstrapped only after they are securely fastened.
During the intermediate delivery of hidden work, acts are drawn up by representatives of the general contracting, installation organizations and the customer. Acceptance control of assembled structures is carried out after the completion of all work on the arrangement of joints on the structure or part of it and the design strength of the joints with concrete. Before delivery, a geodetic check of the mounted structures is carried out, the results of which are drawn up as an executive installation scheme.
During the acceptance of installation work, the following are submitted: working drawings of the assembled structures indicating all agreed changes to the project, passports for prefabricated structures; certificates for metal and welding electrodes; magazines of assembly, welding works, anticorrosive protection of welded joints and sealing of joints; certificates of examination of hidden works; an inventory of diplomas of welders indicating the numbers of their personal brands; documentation of laboratory analyzes and tests during welding and embedding of joints.
5 Work safety
Safety instructions have been developed for installation work in accordance with the instructions in section No. 8 Installation work of SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.
Safety precautions carry out a plan of technical and organizational measures, the implementation of which is aimed at ensuring safe working conditions, primarily by preventing and eliminating the causes of accidents.
On the site where installation work is being carried out, other work and the presence of unauthorized persons are not allowed.
Slinging methods for structural elements and equipment should ensure their supply to the installation site in a position close to the design one.
It is forbidden to lift prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that do not have mounting loops or marks that ensure their correct slinging and installation.
Cleaning of the structural elements to be installed from dirt and ice should be carried out before they are lifted.
Elements of mounted structures or equipment during movement must be kept from swinging and rotating by flexible braces.
It is not allowed for people to stay on structural elements and equipment during their lifting or moving.
During breaks in work, it is not allowed to leave the raised elements of structures and equipment on weight.
The elements of structures or equipment installed in the design position must be fixed in such a way as to ensure their stability and geometric invariability. Unslinging of structural elements and equipment installed in the design position should be carried out after their permanent or temporary reliable fastening. It is not allowed to move the installed elements of structures or equipment after they have been lashed.
It is not allowed to carry out installation work at a height in open places with a wind speed of 15 m/s or more in case of sleet, thunderstorm or fog, which excludes visibility within the front of work.
It is not allowed to find people under the mounted elements of structures and equipment until they are installed in the design position and secured.
Before performing installation work, it is necessary to establish the procedure for the exchange of conditional signals between the person in charge of the installation and the driver (minder). All signals are given only by one person (the foreman of the assembly team, the team leader, the rigger-slinger), except for the "Stop" signal, which can be given by any employee who has noticed a clear danger.
The installation of the structures of each subsequent section of the building should be carried out only after the reliable fastening of all elements of the previous section according to the project.
When moving structures or equipment, the distance between them and the protruding parts of the mounted equipment or other structures must be at least 1 m horizontally and 0.5 m vertically.
The angles of deviation from the vertical of the cargo ropes and chain hoists of hoisting equipment during installation should not exceed the value specified in the passport, approved project or technical specifications for this hoisting equipment.
Installation of structures near electrical wires (within a distance equal to the largest length of the element to be mounted) must be carried out with the voltage removed. If it is impossible to relieve stress, work should be carried out according to the tolerance approved in the prescribed manner.
6. Literature
1 Khamzin S. K., Karasev A. K. Construction technology. Course and diploma design. Proc. allowance for construction. specialist. Universities. - M .: Higher. school -1989.- 216 p.: ill.
2 Sokolov Gennady Kkonstantinovich / Technology and organization of construction: Textbook for environments. Prof. education. 3rd ed.
3 Technology of construction production: Textbook for universities / S.S. Ataev, N.N. Danilov, B.V. Prykin and others - M .: Stroyizdat, 1984. - 559 p., ill.
4 SNiP 12-03-2001 Occupational safety in construction Part 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
5 SNiP 12-04-2002 Occupational safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production
6 Series 1.015.1-1.95 Reinforced concrete foundation beams for external and internal walls of buildings of industrial and agricultural enterprises.
Issue 3 Prefabricated beams. Working drawings
7 ENiR Collection E4 Installation of prefabricated and installation of monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Issue 1. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1987. - 70 p.
8 SNiP 3.03.01-87 Bearing and enclosing structures.
9 SNiP 3.01.01-85* Organization of construction production
10 SNiP 3.02.01-87. Earthworks, foundations and foundations. - M: 1989.
11 RD 10-107-96 Standard instructions for slingers on safe production works.
Table 3.2 Calculation of labor costs and wages.
|
Name of works |
Scope of work |
The composition of the link according to ENiR |
Norm of time per unit. rev. |
||||||||||||||||
|
4-1-6 B r3 r1 |
Installation of foundation beams weighing up to 1.5t |
Installer 5p-1 Installer 4p-1 Installer 3r-2 Installer 2r-1 Machinist 6r-1 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Total: installation of foundation beams* |
|||||||||||||||||||
Note: *- the calculation was made without adjustment for local coefficients in 1984 prices.
PM1 - the coefficient when working with truck cranes is 1.1.
Table 5.3 Regulations for operational quality control
|
Type of control (stage) |
Operating |
Acceptance |
|||||||||||||
|
Controlled Operations |
Availability and completeness of design as-built documentation for geodetic support of the planned and high-altitude position of supporting surfaces |
The presence of markings that determine the design position of the crossbars on the supports |
Compliance of the parameters and quality of the crossbars with the requirements of GOST |
Availability of markings |
Availability and completeness of project documentation |
Compliance of deviations from the alignment of landmarks in the lower section of the installed crossbars with the installation guidelines to the requirements of SNiP |
Compliance of deviations from symmetry with the requirements of SNiP |
Compliance of the quality of connections in the junction nodes and the quality of the monolithic joints with the requirements of SNiP and the project |
Conformity of the class of concrete and the brand of mortar for monolithic joints to the requirements of the project |
Conformity limit deviations mounted crossbars to the requirements of SNiP |
Compliance of the connections made in the junction nodes and their termination with the requirements of the project |
Availability of executive geodetic survey, survey. Fixing the results of geodetic work in the journal |
|||
|
control |
Solid |
||||||||||||||
|
control |
Registration |
Instrumental |
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