Handbook for slingers on the safe performance of work with lifting mechanisms - file n1.doc
n1.doc
Benefit
For slingers
for safe production
work with lifting machines
| 1. | Introduction | |
| Qualification characteristic | ||
| 2. | Basic information about cranes | |
| 2.1. | Scope of Device Rules and safe operation cranes | |
| 2.2. | Classification of cranes | |
| 2.3. | Cranes Indexing | |
| 2.4. | Main parameters of cranes | |
| 2.5. | | |
| 3. | Load-handling bodies, load-handling devices and containers | |
| 3.1 | Ropes | |
| 3.2 | Methods for fastening the ends of steel ropes. | |
| 3.3. | General information about load handling equipment | |
| 3.4. | Safety requirements | |
| 3.5. | Exploitation | |
| 3.6. | Inspection and rejection of fixtures and containers | |
| 4. | Organization of work on the safe operation of cranes | |
| 5. | Carrying out work with cranes | |
| 5.1. | Classification of cargo and methods of slinging cargo | |
| 5.2. | Loading and unloading and warehousing of goods | |
| 5.3. | Requirements for the places of production of works by cranes | |
| 5.4. | Construction and installation works | |
| 5.5. | Basic information about projects for the production of works by cranes and technological maps | |
| 6. | Safety | |
| 6.1. | Occupational safety in the production of works | |
Section 1. Introduction.
Qualification characteristic
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
ON LABOR SAFETY FOR SLINGERS
TI R M-007-2000
APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Labor and social development Russian Federation
1. GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1.1. This Instruction is intended for slingers of all types of cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons, controlled from the floor, which are not subject to registration with the Gosgortekhnadzor, and when working with forklifts.
1.2. Fulfillment of requirements of this Instruction is necessary condition the safety of slingers.
1.3. Slingers are appointed workers at least 18 years of age who have passed a preliminary medical checkup trained according to a special program, certified by the qualification commission and received an appropriate certificate for the right to perform work.
1.4. In the event that the duties of a slinger are assigned to workers of other professions, they must undergo a medical examination and be preliminarily trained and certified in the manner prescribed by clause 1.3 of this Instruction.
1.5. A certified slinger is issued a certificate signed by the chairman of the qualification commission. The slinger must have this certificate with him and present it at the request of the persons responsible for supervision and for the safe performance of work on the movement of goods by cranes, as well as at the request of the crane operator.
1.6. The admission to work of certified slingers who have certificates is issued by order of the enterprise.
1.7. In accordance with the requirements of the current "#M12291 1200006349 Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes#S", re-testing the knowledge of slingers should be carried out by a qualified commission of the enterprise:
periodically - at least once every 12 months;
upon transfer of said persons from one enterprise to another;
during a break in work in the specialty for more than 6 months;
at the request of an engineering and technical worker for the supervision of hoisting machines or inspectors of Gosgortekhnadzor.
The results of testing the knowledge of the slinger are drawn up in a protocol, the number of which is affixed to the certificate and confirmed by the seal of the enterprise.
1.8. The number of slingers serving one crane should be determined by the administration of the enterprise. When two or more slingers work, one of them is appointed senior.
1.9. In the process of work, the slinger may be exposed to the following hazardous and production factors:
moving machines and mechanisms;
transported and stored goods;
increased dust content in the air working area;
increased or low temperature air of the working area;
cutting and piercing objects (protruding nails, pieces of metal tape or wire, etc.).
1.10. Slingers (depending on working conditions) must be provided with overalls, safety shoes and means personal protection:
cotton overalls,
combined gloves,
protective helmet.
When employed in hot work areas additionally:
leather boots with metal toe.
For outdoor work in winter additionally:
jacket with insulating lining;
trousers with insulating lining;
felt boots.
1.11. Slingers serving cranes and having attestation certificates must:
know the established procedure for exchanging signals with the crane operator;
know safe ways slinging or cargo hooks;
be able to determine the suitability for work of ropes, a hook, load-handling devices and containers;
know the rules for the safe movement of goods by cranes;
know how to get rid of electric current persons under stress and how to provide them with first aid;
have an idea about the structure of the serviced crane and know its load capacity;
be able to select the slings necessary for work (according to the carrying capacity, the number of branches, the length and angle of inclination of the sling branches to the vertical) and other lifting devices, depending on the mass and nature of the cargo being transported;
be able to make the correct strapping and have the skills to properly hang the containers on the hook;
know the norms for filling containers;
know the order of warehousing of goods;
know the order safe work cranes near power lines.
1.12. When performing loading and unloading operations, the slinger must strictly adhere to the accepted technology for processing cargo. It is not allowed to use methods that accelerate the execution of technological operations, leading to a violation of safety requirements.
1.13. If any questions arise in the course of work related to its safe performance, the slinger should immediately contact the person responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes.
1.14. In case of violation of the Instruction by other workers, the slinger must warn the worker or inform the person responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes.
1.15. Before using the sling device, the slinger must make sure that it is in good condition. It is forbidden to use defective pulling devices.
1.16. In the places of production of loading and unloading operations, there must be schemes for the correct strapping and slinging of standard loads that do not have special devices (loops, trunnions, frames). In the absence of these schemes, the slinger is obliged to demand that they be available from the employee responsible for the safe performance of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
1.17. Lifting devices (slings, traverses, chains, pincers, etc.) received by the enterprise from repair can be used by slingers only after a preliminary inspection. It is forbidden to use lifting devices that have not passed the test.
1.18. During operation, removable load-handling devices and containers must be subject to periodic inspection at the established time, but not less often than:
traverses - every 6 months;
slings and containers - every 10 days;
pincers and other captures - in 1 month.
The results of inspection and testing of removable load-handling devices and containers should be recorded in the register and inspection of them.
1.19. The slinger must report to the person responsible for the safe performance of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
1.20. During work, slingers must be attentive, not be distracted by extraneous matters and not distract other persons.
1.21. Slingers must work in tight-fitting overalls and gloves. Shoes must not have slippery soles and must comply with the requirements of the system of labor safety standards.
1.22. In the event of an accident, the slinger must immediately apply for medical care and report the incident to the person responsible for the safe performance of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
1.23. Slingers are prohibited from involving consignees and other unauthorized persons in slinging cargo.
1.24. If the load-handling devices (ropes, slings) have surface wear of wires or broken strands, the slinger must warn the person responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes, or the person responsible for maintaining hoisting machines in good condition, crane operator and obtain permission to use this gripper or to reject it.
1.25. It is forbidden to splice pull ropes and connect broken chains with bolts.
1.26. The slinger must know the location of the switch that supplies voltage to the main trolley wires or the flexible cable of the electric crane, and, if necessary, be able to disconnect the crane from the network.
2. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE WORKING START
2.1. Before starting work, the slinger must:
arrange work clothes;
fasten or tie the cuffs of the sleeves;
fill the clothes so that there are no hanging ends;
put on a tight-fitting headdress and tuck your hair under it;
receive instructions on the rules, procedure, place and dimensions of warehousing;
to accept the load-handling devices, making sure that they are in good condition, that they have stamps or tags indicating the number, test date and load capacity;
check the serviceability of the container and the presence of an inscription on it about its purpose, numbers, own weight and the maximum weight of the cargo for the transportation of which it is intended;
make an external inspection of the ropes, slings, traverses and make sure they are in good condition;
select lifting devices that correspond to their weight and the nature of the load being lifted (packed-piece, large-sized, agricultural machinery, etc.). The carrying capacity of the sling must correspond to the force from the weight of the load being lifted, the number of branches and their angle of inclination; the angle between the branches of the sling should not exceed 90 °;
check the illumination of the working platform in the area of the crane. In case of insufficient lighting, inform the employee responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes.
2.2. The slinger must check the places and dimensions of cargo storage, access roads, fences, the presence of passages between the crane and protruding parts of ground structures, cargo stacks, etc. According to the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes" of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, the horizontal distance between the protruding parts of the crane and stacks of goods or buildings located at a height of 2 m from the level of the working platform must be at least 700 mm, and at a height of more than 2 m - not less than 400 mm. Vertical distances from the console to platforms where people can be located must be at least 2 m.
2.3. If it is necessary to use ladders, stands for work, before starting work, you should make sure that they are in good condition.
2.4. The slinger must make sure at what distance from the crane operating area are power lines. It is forbidden to carry out loading and unloading operations near power lines (closer than 30 m from the outermost wire) without the written permission of the chief engineer of the enterprise (work permit) and without the presence of an employee responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods by cranes.
3. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING WORK
3.1. The slinger should start work only after receiving instructions from the employee responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes.
3.2. The slinger must remember what he is carrying full responsibility for accidents or damage resulting from giving the wrong signal to the driver or incorrect slinging of the transported goods.
3.3. When tying and hitching loads, the slinger must be guided by the following instructions:
strapping or hooking of cargoes should be carried out in accordance with cargo slinging schemes;
slinging of rarely moved loads, for which the schemes for their slinging have not been developed, should be carried out under the guidance of an employee responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes;
as slings can be used: wire, ropes, chains and other devices;
check the weight of the cargo intended to be moved by crane according to the list of cargo or according to the marking on the cargo;
if the slinger is not able to determine the mass of the load, then he must find it out from the employee responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods with cranes;
when tying the load, apply ropes and chains to the main array without corners, twists and loops; special linings should be placed under the ribs of the goods to protect the slings from damage;
the load should be tied in such a way that during its movement the possibility of the load or part of it falling out is excluded and the stable position of the load is ensured during movement. For this, slinging of long loads must be carried out in at least two places;
slinging of reinforced concrete and concrete products, as well as other goods with loops, trunnions, to be carried out for all loops, trunnions provided for lifting in the appropriate position;
when hanging a load on two-horned hooks, apply pull ropes and chains so that the load is distributed evenly on both hook horns;
Strengthen the ends of the multi-branch sling not used to hook the load so that when moving the load with a crane, the possibility of touching these ends with objects encountered on the way is excluded;
when lifting a load with two cranes, tying and hanging it must be carried out under the direct supervision of an employee responsible for the safe production of moving goods by cranes;
make sure that the load intended for lifting is not strengthened, pinched, littered or frozen to the ground;
filling the container in such a way that the possibility of the cargo falling out of the container is excluded; for this, it should be filled no higher than established norm;
make sure that before lifting the load, the crane ropes are in vertical position.
3.4. When tying and hitching the load, the slinger is prohibited from:
to make a hitch of reinforced concrete and concrete products for damaged loops;
put your hands under the load when tying it;
drive the pin (hook) of the sling into the mounting loops reinforced concrete products;
adjust the branches of the slings on weight with hammer blows, crowbars or other objects;
use for hooking and tying oversized cargo leaning ladders, in such cases, leaning platforms should be used;
carry out slinging of cargo covered with earth, frozen to the ground, laid down by cargoes, filled with concrete, etc.;
to carry out the hooking of cargo in a container filled above the established norm.
3.5. Before each operation of lifting, moving and lowering the load, the slinger must give the appropriate signal to the crane operator, and when servicing one crane by several slingers, the signal must be given by the oldest of them.
3.6. Before giving a signal to lift the load, the slinger must make sure:
in the absence of people in the zone of production of loading and unloading operations;
in the reliability of securing the load during lifting and the absence of obstacles for which the load can catch;
in the absence of foreign objects (tools) on the cargo;
in full uncoupling of cargo from Vehicle.
3.7. When lifting and moving cargo, the slinger must:
first give a signal to lift the load, the mass of which is close to the maximum load capacity of the crane, to a height of 200-300 mm, in order to make sure that the slinging is correct, the tension of the lines is uniform, the crane brakes are working properly, and then give a signal to lift the load;
when moving the load horizontally, make sure that the load is raised to a height above the obstacles encountered on the way by at least 0.5 m;
when moving the load with a crane, make sure that it is not located above people and its protruding parts do not come closer to the crane structural elements closer than 1 m; if the load, when moving, goes out of sight of the slinger, then the position relative to the elements of the crane must be monitored by the crane operator;
make sure that the lifting of the load when removing it from the anchor bolts is carried out at the lowest speed, without distortions, jamming and horizontal movement until it is completely removed from the bolts;
make sure that the lifting of small, piece, as well as bulk cargo is carried out in a special inventory container tested for strength;
make sure that when lifting the load, the oblique position of the cargo rope is excluded;
during the lifting and moving of long or bulky loads, to prevent them from swinging, use braces from a hemp rope with a diameter of at least 25 mm or a thin steel cable;
when lifting cargo in the form of packages, use devices that prevent the loss of individual elements from the package;
carry out loading and unloading operations at night only with good lighting;
if necessary, during the work of carrying a flexible cable that feeds a self-propelled crane, warn the crane operator not to turn the crane at this time;
immediately give a signal to the crane operator to stop lifting (moving) the load in case of noticed malfunctions of the crane or runway and report the malfunction to the crane operator;
immediately give a signal to the crane operator to stop lifting and moving the load by the crane if unauthorized persons appear in the crane operation area;
lifting machines and equipment assembled carry out only if the slinging has been done for all places or devices intended for slinging, painted with a paint of a different color from the general one and marked with a slinging symbol;
when loading agricultural machines, tractors and large units that do not have designated places for slinging onto vehicles or unloading them on open areas, first give a signal to lift the load to a small height in order to correctly determine the choice of places for attaching slings and the location of the center of gravity, and then give signal about loading (unloading) to storage places.
3.8. When lowering the load, the slinger must:
inspect the place where the load is to be laid and make sure that it is impossible for the load to fall, overturn or slip;
pre-lay strong pads at the unloading site so that pull ropes or chains can be easily and without damage removed from under the load;
stowage of cargo should be carried out evenly, without violating the dimensions established for warehousing cargo, an exception can be made when loading timber, when slings should not have fasteners that prevent pulling out the slings;
stowage of cargo in a vehicle, wagons, platforms, etc., as well as its removal, without disturbing the balance of these vehicles;
remove the slings from the load or hook after the load is securely installed or stowed in place;
after unhooking the load, hang the slings to the crane hook and give a signal to pull the slings to safe height.
3.9. When lifting, moving and lowering the load, slingers are prohibited from:
move cargo by drag;
to release with a crane the removable load-handling devices (slings, traverses, etc.) pinched by the load;
lift a load that is incorrectly tied, in an unstable position;
lift and move the load with a crane if there is a danger of hurting people in the crane operation area;
pull (pull) the load during its lifting, moving and releasing with an oblique direction of the cargo ropes;
lift incorrectly slinged cargo or with unreliable load-handling devices;
to be on the load during its lifting or moving, and also to allow the lifting or moving of the load, if there are strangers;
to be under the lifted load;
load and unload cargo in vehicles, while the driver or other employees are in the cab;
put the load on electrical cables, pipelines, temporary ceilings, scaffolding not intended for stowage of cargo;
lift the load in case of insufficient illumination of the site, heavy fog, snowfall;
balancing the balance of the load by its own weight.
4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EMERGENCIES
4.1. In the event of an accident, the victim or an eyewitness who was at the same time must immediately notify the foreman or head of the site, who must organize the provision of first aid to the victim and send him to a medical institution.
5. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AFTER WORK IS COMPLETED
5.1. At the end of the work, the slinger must hand over the shift and transfer all load-handling devices to the shifter.
5.2. The slinger must familiarize the shifter with the conditions under which the work was performed, report on all malfunctions during work that may cause injury.
5.3. The slinger must notify the employee responsible for the safe performance of work on the movement of goods by cranes of all noticed malfunctions of the crane runway, fences, lighting, lifting devices, pull ropes, etc.
The text of the document is verified by:
normative production edition
Standard instructions for labor protection
during loading and unloading
works and placement of goods.
TI R M-001-2000-TI R M-016-2000:
Collection standard instructions
/ Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. -
M.: Publishing house of NTs ENAS, 2004
Section 2. Basic information about cranes
2.1. Scope of Device Rules
and safe operation of cranes
These Rules apply to:
a) cranes of all types, including overhead stacker cranes with machine drive *;
b) cargo electric trolleys moving on elevated rail tracks together with control cabin *;
c) excavator cranes designed to work only with a hook suspended on a rope or an electromagnet *;
d) electric hoists *;
e) crane hoists;
f) lifting bodies (hooks, grabs, lifting electromagnets, tongs, etc.);
g) lifting devices (slings, grabs, traverses, etc.);
h) containers, with the exception of special containers used in metallurgical production (ladles, molds, molds, etc.), as well as in sea and river ports, the requirements for which are established by industry rules or norms. (Rules 1.3).
a) lifting machines installed in mines, on sea and river vessels and other floating structures, which are subject to special rules;
b) excavators designed to work with earth-moving equipment or a grab;
c) load-lifting cranes-manipulators and pipe-laying cranes, which are subject to the relevant rules of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia;
d) cranes designed to work only with attachments (vibratory pile drivers, sheet pile pullers, cradles, drilling equipment, etc.);
e) lifting machines special purpose(for example, floor, loading and landing machines, electric and forklift trucks, track and bridge laying machines, etc.);
f) mounting chain hoists and structures to which they are suspended (masts, chevres, beams, etc.);
g) cranes with manual drive;
h) hand hoists. (Rules 1.4).
2.2. Classification of cranes
| Classification of cranes by design |
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| 1.1. Overhead crane: | 1.2. Cable Type Crane: | 1.3. Boom type crane: |
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| - bridge overhead crane | - cable crane | - gantry crane |
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| - suspension bridge crane | - bridge cable crane | - semi-portal crane |
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| - overhead stacker crane | - boom crane |
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| - gantry crane | - tower crane |
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| - semi-gantry crane | - railway crane |
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| - mast crane |
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| - mast cable-stayed |
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| - mast stiff-legged |
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| - console crane |
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| - mooring crane-loader |
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| - console on a column |
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| - wall |
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| - bicycle |
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| Classification of cranes by type of lifting body |
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| 1.4. Hook crane | 1.9. Loading crane | 1.14. Crane for stripping ingots (stripper) |
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| 1.5. Clamshell crane | 1.10. Pin faucet | 1.15. Well crane |
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| 1.6. Crane magnetic | 1.11. Foundry crane | 1.16. Crane with traverse |
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| 1.7. Muldomagnetic crane | 1.12. Landing crane | ||
| 1.8. Grab crane | 1.13. Forging crane | ||
| Classification of cranes by installation method |
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| 1.17. Stationary crane | 1.19. Adjustable crane | 1.21. mobile crane |
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| 1.18. Self-elevating crane | 1.20. Radial crane | - trailer crane |
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| Classification of cranes by type of undercarriage |
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| 1.22. crawler crane | 1.23. Wheeled crane: |
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| Automobile, on a special chassis, pneumatic wheel, short base, rail, roller |
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| Classification of cranes by type of drive |
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| 1.25. Crane electric | 1.26. Mechanical crane | 1.27. Crane hydraulic |
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| Classification of cranes according to the degree of rotation |
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| 1.28. Slewing crane | 1.29. Fixed crane |
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| - part-turn crane | |||
| - full swing crane | |||
KB - . OO
KB - tower crane
The 1st digit indicates the number of the size group according to the load moment:
1 - up to 25 tm; 5 - up to 250 tm; 9 - more than 1000 tm.
2 - up to 60 tm; 6 - up to 400 tm;
3 - up to 100 tm; 7 - up to 630 tm;
4 - up to 160 tm; 8 – up to 1000 tm;
The next two digits from 01 to 69 are assigned to cranes with a slewing tower, from 71 to 99 - to cranes with a fixed tower.
After the dot, the execution number is indicated, which differs from the base model. For basic models, the execution number "0" is not written.
Next - the designation of the next modernization (change in design without changing the main parameters) A, B, C, then the climatic version (HL - for cold, T - tropical and TV - tropical humid climate; for a temperate climate, the letter is not put).
2.3.2. jib cranes
KS - - OO
KS - jib crane
| 1st digit | 2nd digit | 3rd digit |
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| Dimensional group according to load capacity | Type of undercarriage | Execution of boom equipment |
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| 1 | 4 t | 1 | Tracked | 6 - flexible suspension |
| 2 | 6.3 t | 2 | Tracked | 7 - rigid suspension |
| 3 | 10 t | 3 | Pneumatic | |
| 4 | 16 t | 4 | special chassis | |
| 5 | 25 t | 5 | Automotive | |
| 6 | 40 t | 6 | Tractor | |
| 7 | 63 t | 7 | Trailed and semi-trailed | |
| 8 | 100 t | 8 | short base | |
| 9 | Over 100 tons | 9 | ||
2.4. Basic parameters of cranes.
1. Removable lifting devicemsg - device weighing msg, connecting the load to the crane. Removable load handling device is easily removed from the lifting device and disconnected from the load.
2. Payload useful mP - weight load mP lifted by a crane and suspended by means of removable load-handling devices or directly to fixed load-handling devices.
3. Net lifting capacitytn- weight load tn, lifted by a crane and suspended by means of non-removable load-handling devices. Weight tn mP and removable lifting devices m sg : t n = t P + m sg
4. MIDI load capacityt m- weight load tm, lifted by a crane and suspended from the lower end of the lifting means. Weight tm is the sum of the values of the mass of the load corresponding to the payload mP, removable lifting devices msg and non-removable lifting devices tng:
t m = t P + m sg + t ng
5. Gross capacityt b - weight load tb suspended directly from a crane, from a trolley or from a boom head. Weight tb is the sum of the values of the mass of the load corresponding to the payload mP, removable and non-removable lifting devices msg and tng and lifting device tps:
t b = t P + m sg + t ng + t ps
6.Load moment: M =Q* L- product of load capacities Q and the corresponding departure L.
7
. Tipping load moment:MA =Q*
L- Product of load capacities Q and the corresponding departure from the tipping edge BUT.
8. DepartureL
– Horizontal distance from the axis of rotation of the turntable to the vertical axis of the lifting device when the crane is installed on a horizontal platform.
8.1. Departure design– Reach defined without hook load.
8.2. Departure working– Reach defined with hook load.
9. Reach from tipping edge– Horizontal distance from the tipping edge to the vertical axis of the lifting device when the crane is installed on a horizontal platform.
9.1. Departure design from the edge of capsizing- Reach from the tipping edge, determined without load on the hook.
9.2. Departure working from the edge of capsizing- Reach from the tipping edge, defined with a load on the hook.
10. Lift height H- vertical distance from the crane parking level to the load gripping body located in top position.
12. Lowering depthh- vertical distance from the level of the crane parking to the lifting body, which is in the lower working position.
13. Lift range.
14. Speeds of working movements.
15. Structural mass.
16. total weight.
– The value of the largest vertical load transmitted by one running wheel to the crane runway or to the axle.18. Rear clearance– The largest radius of the turning part of the crane from the side opposite to the boom.
19. Track– for boom-type cranes – the horizontal distance between the axes of the rails or wheels of the crane undercarriage. For cargo trolleys - the distance between the axes of the rails for moving the trolley.
20. Base- The distance between the axes of the supports (trolleys) of the crane, measured along the path.
21. Outrigger base– Distance between the vertical axes of the outriggers, measured along the track.
22. Distance between outriggers- Distance between the vertical axes of the outriggers, measured across the track.
23. Reference contour– A contour formed by horizontal projections of straight lines connecting the vertical axes of the crane support elements (wheels or outriggers).
24. Path slope– The slope on which the crane is allowed to operate.
25. Approximation dimension- The space determined by the safety conditions during the operation of the crane near structures, from which only the load-handling body can go when performing work operations.
26. Crane stability- the ability of the crane to resist overturning moments.
27. cargo stability- the ability of the crane to counteract the overturning moments created by the mass of the load, inertia forces, the wind load of the operating state and other factors.
28. Own stability- the ability of the crane to resist overturning moments when the crane is in working (including unloaded) and non-working states.
2.5. Instruments and safety devices
Design classification
Safety device - technical device electronic type installed on a crane and designed to turn off mechanisms in emergency situations or their warnings.
Security Device- a technical device of a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or other (non-electronic) type, installed on a crane and designed to turn off mechanisms in emergency situations or to warn the crane operator (driver) about an emergency.
Classification by purpose
limiter- a device that automatically disconnects and / or switches to a reduced speed the mechanism drive in emergency situations.
limiter labor movement- a limiter that causes a stop and / or restriction of the working movements of the crane.
Crane operation parameter recorder- a device that records the parameters of the crane.
Pointer- a device that informs the crane operator (driver) and maintenance personnel about the operating conditions of the crane.
Safety device - mechanical device to protect the crane in emergency situations.
Buffer- shock absorber.
Capture anti-theft- a device for keeping the crane from moving along the crane (rail) track in a non-operating state under the influence of wind.
| № | Instruments and safety devices | Overhead cranes | Tower cranes | Jib cranes |
| 1. | load limiter. | ± | + | + |
| 2. | Crane operation parameter recorder. | | + | + |
| 3. | coordinate protection. | | + | + |
| 4. | Sound signal | + | + | + |
| 5. | Limiters of working movements: The mechanism for lifting the GZO in its extreme upper and lower positions; Departure change mechanism limiter; Crane travel mechanism limiter; The limiter of the mechanism of movement of the cargo cart; and should also be set if necessary to limit the movement of any mechanism: turn; Extensions of telescopic boom sections; Cabin lift. | stack | ||
| 6. | skew limiter. | QC, MP | - | - |
| 7. | Phase failure relay. | + | + | + |
| 8. | Blocking the hatch, doors. | + | + | - |
| 9. | Load indicator. | | + | + |
| 10. | Crane tilt indicator (inclinometer, signaling device) | |||
| 11. | Anemometer | QC>16 m | H>15 m | |
| 12. | Anti-theft devices. | QC | + | |
| 13. | buffer devices. | + | + | |
| 14. | Support details. | + | + | - |
| 15. | Stops. | - | + | + |
| 16. | Brand key. | + | | |
| 17. | Limiters of working movements for automatic shutdown of mechanisms at a safe distance from the crane to the wires of power lines. | | | + |
To help engineering and technical
workers involved in labor protection
Release 1
Safety of work and labor protection of slingers
for training and certification
COMPILER - V. I. Pushin
The book is based on exam tickets for certification of slingers, agreed with the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia. The necessary information is given about the duties of slingers, methods of slinging and warehousing of goods, designs of load-handling devices and containers. The book is intended for training slingers, and can also be used by engineering and technical workers when conducting briefings and annual checks, knowledge of slingers on safe methods work. The book contains 88 illustrations, 11 tables and 7 appendices.
INTRODUCTION
Degree of mechanization of the main production processes , enterprises is increasing from year to year. Most of the workers use various mechanisms, power tools or are in their coverage area. High level The intensification of labor in the second half of the 20th century caused a significant increase in injuries, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO), every three minutes as a result of accidents in the world 250 million people are injured, and every second 9 workers are injured. The unsatisfactory state of affairs in the field of ensuring production safety and proper working conditions negatively affects the overall life expectancy of people and mortality rates in the Russian Federation. At present, the proportion of people of working age in the total number of deaths has reached 30%, while in the late 80s and early 90s it ranged from 20 to 26%. According to some experts, the level of injuries in our country, given the current labor productivity and the state of the economy, should be 12-15 times lower, but it exceeds those in Europe and the United States. Studies show that 60-80% of accidents occur due to the fault of the victims themselves, who for one reason or another did not comply with the requirements of safety regulations. Psychologists see three main factors contributing to human injury:
- With the development of technology, the dangers grow faster than the opposition of man. Unfortunately, sometimes a lot of human blood is shed until a way of safety is found. The cost of error has increased. Modern man you have to pay dearly for your mistakes. In recent years, the severity of injuries has been increasing all over the world, although, in general, injury rates in developed countries have stabilized due to measures taken in the field of creating safer equipment and strict labor protection legislation. Man adapts to danger. In our time, technology has become so much a part of everyday life and the labor process itself that a person sometimes forgets that it is also a source of high danger. A person gets used to breaking safety rules.
ORGANIZATION OF TECHNICAL SUPERVISION
- appoint an engineering and technical worker to supervise the safe operation of hoisting machines, removable load-handling devices, and containers, an engineering and technical worker responsible for maintaining hoisting machines in good condition, and a person responsible for the safe operation of cranes; create a repair service, establish a procedure for maintenance and repair, training and testing the knowledge of personnel servicing hoisting machines, and provide them necessary instructions and rules.
- conduct an examination of hoisting machines and mechanisms (registered and not registered with the Gosgortekhnadzor bodies); comply with the schedules of periodic inspections and repairs; control the availability of production instructions and their implementation by service personnel.
- maintain in good condition hoisting machines, removable load-handling devices, containers and crane tracks; provide timely maintenance and repairs by trained and certified personnel.
CRANES
GENERAL INFORMATION
Types of cranes in various industries our farm found the use of cranes various types: bridge, gantry, tower, automobile, caterpillar, pneumatic, railway, tractor, portal, etc., Overhead and gantry cranes according to their design features, they are divided into gantry cranes, general purpose (with a hook suspension), special purpose (forestry, container and others, with special load gripping bodies, stacker cranes (bridge and rack), bridge workers and special purpose (magnetic, clamshell, etc.), metallurgical. Tower cranes have found wide application in construction. Tower cranes come with slewing and non-slewing towers. Equipped with alarms and safety devices. Given the dimensions of the crane, slingers need to have a radio communication with the crane operator. Jib mobile cranes - the main means of mechanization during loading and unloading, construction and installation and repair work. Types of lifting capacity determined by the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes In accordance with international standards, the Rules indicate the following types of lifting capacity: useful, net, midi, gross. The payload capacity corresponds to the mass of the lifted payload, the net load capacity -
mass of load directly attached to the hook (including the mass of removable load-handling devices), midi load capacity - mass of load attached to the ropes (including mass and hook suspension) gross load capacity - mass of load attached to the boom or cargo trolley blocks (with taking into account the mass of cargo poly-spast ropes). In our country, load capacity is understood as net load capacity, i.e. the mass of a load suspended from a crane hook. Foreign-made cranes may have a lifting capacity different kind. The type of load capacity is indicated in the crane passport. Hooks used on cranes On cranes, one-horned and two-horned hooks are used, which are made by forging or stamping. Plate hooks are also used, made from separate plates connected with rivets. Hooks must be equipped with a safety lock to prevent spontaneous disengagement of a removable load gripping device (Fig. 1). Hooks of cranes transporting molten metal and liquid slag may not have safety locks. Purpose of outriggers Remote (additional) supports are supplied with boom self-propelled and railway cranes. Their use increases the stability of cranes by increasing the support contour; which allows you to lift heavier loads. Outriggers unload bridges and pneumatic wheels of the crane when working with loads. Mobile cranes have outriggers of various designs: folding, retractable or swivel. The extension of the supports is carried out manually or using a drive (hydraulic, mechanical, etc.) Anti-theft devices Cranes moving on rail tracks in the open air must be provided with anti-theft devices. Anti-theft devices with a machine drive in case of damage to the drive must be equipped with devices for bringing them into action manually. Devicesand safety devices Depending on the type of crane (bridge, tower, etc.) and the type of drive (electric, mechanical, hydraulic), lifting machines are equipped with various instruments and devices to ensure its safe operation. It is forbidden to use safety devices and devices as working bodies. At the construction of a nine-story house, work was carried out using a tower crane KB-405-2A. In violation of the project for the production of works (PPR), containers with glass began to be moved through the building to store them on the other side. The danger zone was not fenced off and marked with safety signs. The supply of the container to the place of storage was carried out when moving the crane along crane tracks with simultaneous lifting of the hook. The crane operator hoped that the limit switch of the hook suspension lift limiter would work, and did not turn off the lifting mechanism at the maximum height. The limit switch did not work, and the hook suspension deformed the head of the crane boom. At the same time, two slings holding the container fell out of the mouth of the hook. On the hook of the crane, one of the side covers of the container remained hanging, in an unstable position. Despite the foreman's warning, the head of the section and the foreman entered the danger zone. At that moment, the lid of the container fell off and fatally injured both engineering and technical workers. In preparation for the installation operation of the turbo generator rotor, it was necessary to raise the hook of the auxiliary 20-ton lift to the upper position. The crane operator turned on the lift controller and, hoping that the hook suspension would be stopped by the limiter, lifting in the highest position, in violation of production instructions did not turn on the mechanism. Due to the installation limit switch with a deviation from the PPR and careless fastening of the limiter rope to the limit switch lever, the auxiliary lift height limiter did not work and the suspension, having reached the stop, collapsed. The fallen parts seriously injured two fitters who were below. Classification of brakes used onliftingmachines According to the design of the brakes on hoisting machines, they are divided into tape, shoe, disc and cone brakes. For band brakes braking is carried out by friction flexible steel tape on the surface of the brake pulley. Electromagnets or hydraulic pushers are used as a drive. shoe brakes consist of two pads attached to the brake levers * which, under the action of a locking device (compressed spring; load mass), are tightly superimposed on the surface of the brake pulley. in disc brakes braking is carried out by pressing the disks rotating together with the shaft of the mechanism against the fixed disks. Cone brakes according to the principle of braking, they are similar to disk ones. Luffing crane lifting capacity and its load characteristics The lifting capacity of luffing cranes (boom and tower cranes) is determined by the load characteristic, which is given in the crane passport. Figure 2 shows the load characteristics of the KS-35715 truck crane, which make it possible to determine the lifting capacity of the crane depending on the reach, the longer the reach, the lower the load capacity. Notes. 1. With an increase in the length of the boom over 8 m, the maximum lifting capacity of the crane is reduced from 15 to 12 tons or less, depending on the length of the boom, which is controlled by the load limiter.
2. When the crane is operating with the jib attached to the base of the boom in the transport position, the lifting capacity of the crane is reduced by 0.2 tons, which is controlled by the load limiter.
3. The mass of the hook suspension (main - 0.2 t, auxiliary - 0.05 t) is included in the mass of the lifted load.
Figure 3 shows the altitude characteristics of the KS-35715 truck crane, which make it possible to determine allowable height lifting cargo depending on the departure. Slingers must know the load and height characteristics of the lifting machines they serve. The floor beam weighing 12.1 m and 18 m long was moved from one span of the workshop to another. The work was carried out using a DEK-251 crawler crane. 
At
lifting the load to a height of 8.5 m and a reach of 6.7 m, the lifting capacity of the crane was 10.5 tons. During lifting, the load limiter did not work, as it was set to a position that did not correspond to the mode of work performed. Permissible wind speed during crane operation The permissible wind speed for each crane is indicated in its passport. For an automobile crane KS-35715 not equipped with an anemometer, the permissible wind speed for the working state is 14 m/s, for the non-working state of the crane, with a boom length of not more than 9 m - 40 m/s. Crane logbook keeping The logbook of the crane operator must record the results of inspection and testing of crane equipment before starting work. The log is maintained regardless of the number of shifts and type of crane. The journal records the persons responsible for the safe production of work by cranes. It should be regularly reviewed by an engineering and technical worker responsible for maintaining lifting machines in good condition. Static and dynamic testing of hoisting machines Periodic technical examination of working hoisting machines is carried out:
- partial - at least once every 12 months. full - at least once every 3 years, except for rarely used, which are examined at least once every 5 years.