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How is the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy

The direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy can be carried out using phenomena in the contact of two metals or semiconductors, where external forces act, which cause the diffusion of charged particles.

The value of the contact potential difference depends not only on the properties of the contacting materials, but also on the contact temperature, since the energy of free electrons and their concentration are related to temperature.

Considering a closed chain of two different metals(Fig. 1a), one can make sure that at the same temperature of contacts 1 and 2 electricity in the circuit will not work, since the contact potential differences determined by the formula

U k \u003d (A 1 - A 2) : e 0

in both contacts are the same, but directed in opposite directions along the chain:

U k 1 - U k 2 \u003d (A 1 - A 2) + (A 2 - A 1) : e 0 \u003d 0

If one of the contacts, for example 1, is heated (t 1 > t 2), then the equilibrium will be disturbed - an additional potential jump will appear in contact 1 associated with heating. In this case U k1 > U K2 . A thermoelectromotive force (thermo-emf) is formed in the circuit, the absolute value of which is proportional to the temperature difference of the contacts:

E t = U Kl - U K2 = E 0 (t 1 - t 2) ,

where E 0 is a value that depends on the properties of the metals that form the contact.

Picture 1 . a) a closed circuit of two different metals, b) a circuit with a thermometer. d.s.

Thus, thermo-e. d.s. occurs in a chain consisting of different metals, at different temperatures of the junctions.

Thermo-e. d.s. in the circuit under consideration is maintained due to the heating of junction 1, i.e. when constant expense thermal energy. In turn, thermo-e. d.s. causes an electric current.

However, the concentration of free electrons in metals is high and changes very little during the transition from one metal to another. In this regard, the contact potential difference turns out to be insignificant and depends little on temperature. For this reason, metal thermoelements have very low e. d.s. (in the junction of platinum and iron - 1.9 mV at a temperature difference of hot and cold junctions of 100 ° C), and their efficiency does not exceed 0.5%. Such thermoelements are used to measure temperatures (thermocouples).

To do this, a thermo-e meter is included in the thermocouple circuit. d.s. - millivoltmeter (Fig. 1, 6). The thermocouple in this case is the source electrical energy, a measuring device- receiver.

In addition to contact 1 of the base metals of the thermocouple, their contacts with the connecting wires are formed between themselves (Fig. 1 - 2, 3). These contacts also have contact potential differences, but they do not change the thermo-e. d.s., if their temperature is maintained the same.

In the presence of an arbitrary number of contacts of different metals, the sum of contact potential differences in a closed circuit remains zero if all contacts are at the same temperature. This can be verified by making an equation similar to the one above. Regardless of the number of contacts, thermo-e. d.s. proportional to the temperature difference between the hotter contact and all other contacts at the same temperature.

Figure 2. n,p- semiconductors.

Unlike metals, in semiconductors, as the temperature increases, the concentrations of free electrons and holes greatly increase. This property of semiconductors makes it possible to obtain higher thermo-e. d.s. (up to 1 mV per 1 ° C temperature difference) and efficiency of thermoelements up to 7%.

A semiconductor thermoelement consists of two semiconductors ( P and R in fig. 2). One of them has electronic and the other hole electrical conductivity. When semiconductors are heated at the junction with a metal plate, the concentration of free charge carriers greatly increases. Therefore, in semiconductors, their diffusion occurs from the hot end to the cold one. In a semiconductor with electronic electrical conductivity, electrons move to the cold end, as a result of which this end is negatively charged. In another semiconductor, holes move to the cold end, forming a positive charge. The resulting potential difference counteracts diffusion, and at a certain value of it, an equilibrium is established between the forces of the electric field and external forces, under the influence of which the process of diffusion of charge carriers takes place. This potential difference is thermo-e. d.s. semiconductor thermocouple.

If a conductive element, for example, a resistor, is connected to the cold ends of semiconductors, then a closed circuit is formed and an electric current flows in it.

Known ways direct conversion thermal energy into electricity

are divided into three types:

magnetohydrodynamic,

thermoelectric,

Thermionic.

MHD method and MHD generator. Magnetohydrodynamic method of direct conversion

conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy is the most developed for obtaining

large quantities electricity and underlies the MHD generator, experienced and experimental

industrial samples of which were created in the Soviet Union.

The essence of the MHD method is as follows.

As a result of burning fossil fuels, for example, natural gas, are formed

combustion products. Their temperature must be at least 2500 °C. At this temperature

the gas becomes electrically conductive, goes into the plasma state. It means that

it is ionized. Plasma at such a relatively low temperature (low temperature

rature plasma) is ionized only partially. It consists not only of ionization products

tions - electrically charged free electrons and positively charged ions,

but also from intact molecules that have not yet undergone ionization. In order to

low-temperature plasma of combustion products had sufficient electrical conductivity at

temperature of about 2500 ° C, an additive is added to it - a highly ionizing substance

(sodium, potassium or cesium). Its vapors ionize at a lower temperature.

The operation of the MHD generator is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic inductance.

tion: in a conductor moving in a magnetic field, induced EMF. In the MHD generator

the role of a moving conductor is performed by a moving stream of low-temperature plasma,

i.e., a flow of ionized conductive gas. On fig. 2.12 shows the fundamental

MHD generator circuit: between poles permanent magnet located expanding

channel, on the opposite walls of which electrodes are placed, closed on the outer

chain. Plasma with a small addition of an easily ionizable substance at a temperature

pe about 2700-2500 °C enters the channel of the MHD generator and, due to a decrease in its thermal

energy accelerates there to a speed close to sonic and even higher (up to 2000 m/s or more). Flowing through the channel, the electrically conductive plasma crosses the lines of force specially

generated magnetic field with high induction. If the direction of movement

flow perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, and the electrical conductivity of the plasma

we, the flow velocity and the magnetic field induction are large enough, then in the direction

perpendicular to the flow and magnetic field lines, from one wall

channel to another, an EMF and an electric current flowing through the plasma will arise. The interaction of this electric current with the magnetic flux creates a force that slows down the movement of the plasma through the channel. Thus, the kinetic energy of the plasma flow is converted into electrical energy. At the outlet, the plasma temperature is approximately 300°C. AT

The MHD generator carries out the following chain of energy transformations:

thermal kinetic energy electric

Electric current is a directed movement of electrical particles. When moving particles collide with ions or molecules, the kinetic energy of moving particles is partially transferred to ions or molecules, as a result of which the conductor is heated. Thus, electrical energy

is converted into heat, which is spent on heating the wire and dissipated into the environment.

The rate of conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy is determined by the power:

R =UI

or considering that U= Ir, we get:

P=UI=I 2 r.

Electrical energy converted into heat

W = Pt = Prt.

Q=I 2 rt.

The resulting expression, which determines the relationship between the amount of heat released, current strength, resistance and time, was found experimentally in 1844 by the Russian academician E. X. Lenz and at the same time by the English scientist Joule. It is now known as the Joule-Lenz law: the amount of heat generated by the current in the conductor is proportional to the square of the current strength, the resistance of the conductor and the time of passage of the current a.

The conversion of electrical energy into heat is useful application in a variety of heating and lighting fixtures and devices.

In other devices and devices, the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy is an unproductive expenditure of energy (losses) that reduces their efficiency. In addition, heat, causing these devices to heat up,

limits their load, and when overloaded, the temperature increase can lead to damage to the insulation or to a reduction in the life of the installation.

Example1 -7. Determine the amount of heat released in the heating device during 15 min, if the resistance of the device is 22 om, and the mains voltage is 110 in.

Current strength

I= U: r= 110: 22 = 5a

The amount of heat released in the device,

Q= I 2 rt = 5 2 22 15 60 = 49 500 j.

Article on the topic of Conversion of electrical energy into heat

Chapter 14 Thermal energy converters

We talked about the "ocean of energy" that surrounds us. This ocean of energy is the ether, whose polarization phenomenon we know as electric field. We perceive vortex phenomena in the ether as magnetic fields. We showed in the previous chapter methods of using electrical and magnetic phenomena to create energy sources.

In Nature there are beautiful examples of similarity, for example, the orbits of planets and the orbits of electrons. Of course, everything is much more complicated, but to understand the essence of things, you need to find the small in the big, and see the inverse correspondences. Ether phenomena, including longitudinal waves in the ethereal medium, are easily analyzed by the method of similarity with processes in the air. Such methods of obtaining energy as the use of thermal motions of air molecules make it possible to understand the methods of using the thermal energy of the ether, since the temperature of the ether sets the temperature of the air. Let's consider the topic in more detail.

The thermal energy of air is one of the variants of dissipated (low-potential) heat of the environment. In addition to air, this type of energy is contained in water, as well as in the earth (geothermal sources). The transformation of this type of energy into useful work is most adequately perceived when discussing various designs energy sources that do not require fuel, since we understand the primary source. There are both mechanical and electronic devices that can work offline by converting the heat of the environment. Previously, this opportunity theorists denied, requiring the presence of two sources of temperature to commit useful work. We are also considering such traditional methods. These are conventional heat pumps. In addition, we will show several ways of directly extracting thermal energy from the medium, namely, the use and transformation of the kinetic energy of the movement of air molecules. Various methods, both mechanical and modern technologies using electromagnetic phenomena and special materials.

P.K. Oshchepkov, A.F. Okhatrin, E.G. Oparin and other researchers. Pavel Kondratievich Oshchepkov is known as the founder of Russian radar. In 1967, Oshchepkov created the Public Institute for the Problem of Energy Inversion, in Moscow, under the Committee for rational use material resources.

Oshchepkov wrote: “Perhaps the most daring dream of mankind is to master the processes of the natural cycle of energy in nature. Energy is also indestructible, as well as uncreatable, therefore it is quite natural that the processes of energy dissipation and the processes of its concentration exist in unity. There are people who claim that this idea is contrary to the law of thermodynamics. This is not true. The second law of thermodynamics, which has justified itself in thousands and thousands of cases, showing the way in solving many scientific and technical problems, is certainly the correct law for any closed system. It is simply pointless to challenge its validity for these systems. But in the real world there are no absolutely closed systems. The world is infinite in time and space, and the interaction between material substances occurs according to more complex laws than the second law of thermodynamics. The science of the future is destined to discover these laws. The use of the process of natural energy cycle in nature for the benefit of mankind does not pose a threat of overheating of the Earth's surface, since it cannot change heat balance our planet. It is also free from radioactive danger, from pollution of the atmosphere by combustion products. It carries with it an incomparable abundance of energy, which is the main basis life... The need to solve the problem of using the processes of natural circulation of energy in nature is the imperative of our time.”

Oshchepkov introduced the term "kessor", denoting a concentrator of environmental energy. In the literature on this topic, there is a combination of "C-cassor", denoting a capacitor (capacitive) converter of the thermal energy of the environment into electricity.

The tasks set by Oshchepkov go beyond the scope of conventional heat pumps. “The energy of the future, in my opinion, is electronic energy. It must solve the most important task - not just to take heat from the surrounding space, but to convert it into electricity. In this I see the greatest scientific and technical problem of our time. Scientific and engineering thought are looking for ways to solve it.” Employees of the Oshchepkov Institute created a theory and performed calculations for the design of electronic installations for generating electric current as a result of the conversion of environmental energy. Several experimental electronic installations have been created and are operating, converting the energy of the environment directly into electric current. In specially designed circuits of resistors and specially processed semiconductor diodes (they created a "rough palliative" of the potential barrier), it was possible to create a device in which a voltage of more than ten volts is generated.

Oshchepkov wrote: “On the altar of the costly economy, ministries and departments long years brought and continue to bring irreplaceable natural wealth - coal, oil, gas. Not only are their reserves depleted before our eyes, they are also excellent valuable raw materials for chemical industry. They are burned in the furnaces of power plants, polluting the atmosphere, which can eventually cause a catastrophic "greenhouse effect", which, from the point of view of danger to humanity, scientists put on a par with a thermonuclear catastrophe. There is another paradox traditional technology in the energy sector, huge energy is first produced in one place, and then it is often transported over expensive and not always reliable power lines thousands of kilometers to the consumer. If this is an apartment, then ... to the light bulb. Isn't it too complicated and wasteful? Everything can be organized differently, easier, cheaper, more reliable, more efficient. Let powerful power systems provide electricity to large factories and industries. The mass consumer, especially in countryside The north of Russia and Siberia can be equipped with mini-installations that convert the energy of the environment into electricity with a capacity of one or two kilowatts. This is enough to provide one apartment with energy for lighting, heating and other needs. The size of one such installation is no more than table lamp. If humanity wants to live in harmony with the environment, it must do everything to learn how to get energy without disturbing the ecological balance in nature.” These words of Professor Oshchepkov are still relevant today, in 2012.

In the journal Tekhnika Molodezhi, No. 11, 1983, a classification of the main methods for inverting the thermal energy of a medium was considered. We will take it as a basis, but supplement it with new methods.

Photoinversion. The properties of some substances (phosphors) are known to re-emit the light incident on them, but with a different, increased wavelength (the so-called "Stokes luminescence"). Later, cases were discovered of a decrease in the wavelength of re-emitted light, that is, an increase in the energy of quanta (this is the so-called "anti-Stokes luminescence"). An increase in the energy of quanta occurs here due to the transformation of the own thermal energy of the phosphor into the energy of luminescent radiation. Due to the selection of thermal energy, the phosphor is cooled, and the decrease in its temperature is compensated by the influx of heat from the environment. Consequently, the energy increase in luminescent radiation occurs, ultimately, by concentrating the thermal energy of the environment, and this increase can be very significant. Theoretically, it can reach 160%, that is, the phosphor can give out energy 60% more than it receives in the form of radiation. Currently, intensive work is underway to practical application this effect (cooling of objects, luminescent masers, luminescent photomultiplication, etc.).

chemical inversion. Energetically open catalytic systems have the ability to accumulate energy and exist in a non-equilibrium thermodynamic state. This process is possible due to the combination of an exothermic reaction occurring on the catalyst with an endothermic reaction (cooling) of the catalyst. These reactions, capable of self-sustaining (and self-healing), realized on the absorption of dissipated heat of the medium, open up prospects for the creation of new technological processes.

There are galvanic cells operating on endothermic reactions. The energy for these reactions is taken from crystal lattice construction, due to which the body of the element is cooled (covered with frost) and the thermal energy of the environment continuously flows (concentrates) to it. Therefore, the electrical energy in such chemical source energy is partly due to the absorption of environmental energy.

Mechanoinversion. Exist various ways using the kinetic energy of air molecules. These devices can be passive or active, i.e. inkjet and streaming technologies.

Gravity version. Since the gravitational field makes the medium inhomogeneous, this must introduce "distortions" into the thermodynamic process of the alignment of states, characterized by the entropy increase index.

This circumstance was noted by Maxwell and Tsiolkovsky, who expressed the idea that a vertical temperature gradient should arise in the atmosphere under the influence of a gravitational field. Tsiolkovsky predicted that this gradient should depend on the molecular composition of the gas.

The modern theory of such energy generators was developed in detail by Professor VF Yakovlev, who calculated the dependence of the temperature gradient on the molecular composition of the gas. On the basis of this effect, he, together with E. G. Oparin, proposed the idea of ​​a fundamentally new energy generator, consisting of two pipes filled with different gases. rice. 205.

Rice. 205. Gravitational inversion of thermal energy in the Yakovlev-Oparin scheme

It is obvious from the diagram that the temperature of the gases in the two tubes, in the upper part, will differ significantly from each other, and this can be used to generate energy, for example, using thermoelements.

Thermal inversion. Consider a piston engine operating on injection into a chamber with a non-combustible cylinder liquefied gas(nitrogen, helium). The pressure of the resulting gas will move the piston, while the cylinder will be cooled, as the gas expands, and the flow of thermal energy from the environment rushes to it. The work of such an engine, in total, will consist not only of the work of expanding gases, but also there will be some increase due to the use of the thermal energy of the environment.

Electrical inversion. In this field of research, P.K. Oshchepkov's great hopes were associated with semiconductor heat-to-electricity converters. There are other methods as well. Nikolai Emelyanovich Zaev patented a method for concentrating the energy of the environment by using the properties of a nonlinear capacitor and a nonlinear ferromagnet. We will look at them in more detail later.

Let's show some technologies and ideas on this topic. Important invention in the field of mechanical inversion of thermal energy, made by the author from St. Petersburg, Mikhail Porfiryevich Beshok ( [email protected]). His article "Energy of Air" was published in the journal "New Energy" No. 1, 2003. In December 2010 we talked on the phone and he agreed to openly present his idea to the readers of this book. The essence of his invention is as follows: a relief with dimensions of the order of 1-10 lengths of the free path of an air molecule is created on the surface of the plate (these are the dimensions of the order of the elements of modern microcircuits, about 500-50 nanometers). The other side of the plate has a flat surface, fig. 206. I quote Mikhail Porfiryevich:

Rice. 206. Air Pressure Gradient Creation Method

“As is known from the molecular kinetic theory of gases, air molecules randomly (regardless of the air flow speed) move at a speed of 500 meters per second, with normal conditions atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Weight of one cubic meter air is more than 1 kg. It is easy to calculate what is contained in the atmosphere great amount energy, it could be directed “to work in a turbine”, but the movement of air molecules is chaotic, and it is generally accepted that energy in such an environment can only be absorbed and dissipated, and this process is allegedly irreversible. Indeed, in the usual measures of space and time, the molecules move completely randomly, their number is huge, and the process, accompanied by an increase in entropy, is most likely in this case. Meanwhile, the movement of the molecule in the "free path" section, in the time interval between collisions appears as orderly, linear, and predictable. The average distance traveled by a molecule during this time is tens of nanometers.”

Note that appearing in last years nanotechnologies make it possible to design the required elements of an energy converter having a microrelief, using, for example, nanotubes. The microrelief of the order of 100 nm is a simple technical task and for the chip manufacturer.

Further, Mikhail Porfiryevich considers two cases, the first: a plate, both sides of which are absolutely flat surfaces and have areas S1 and S2 (Fig. 206, top left). In this case, forces acting on both sides of the plate are normally directed to the plate and numerically equal to the total impulses. These impulses are transmitted to each side by the colliding air molecules. Since the total impulses are proportional to the areas of the sides, and they are equal, then the forces are equal. In this situation, there is no difference in pressure forces on the plate from two sides.

Another option: suppose that one side of the plate is covered with some kind of relief, for example, it is made in relief, fig. 206, below. At sufficiently small dimensions of the surface relief, when the distance d is less than the mean free path of the molecule, a factor appears that violates the balance of forces established above. Normal Atmosphere pressure equals about 1 kg per 1 square centimeter, and a pressure difference of one percent is already quite significant. Preliminary, very approximate calculations show that the pressure difference can be tens of percent, that is, a force of 100-400 grams per 1 square centimeter. By placing such plates on the rotor, we can obtain a constant rotation of the rotor of the electric generator under load.

I should note that in my understanding, the essence of this concept is not to create different area S1 and S2. The topic relates to the design of such a surface nanorelief, which will allow creating different environmental pressures on a material plate, one side of which has a microrelief. This result can be achieved different ways. For example, if the chaotic motion of the molecules of the environment, due to the nanorelief, becomes ordered, then the relative velocity of the molecules of the medium and the plate changes, on the side where the microrelief is made. In this case, the lifting force is provided, but unlike the well-known Zhukovsky-Chaplygin effect, the force acts on a motionless "nanofoil" located in a motionless medium, the molecules of which are moving.

So, the problem is solved either by partial selection of the kinetic energy of the particles of the environment, or by partial ordering of their chaotic thermal motion. When the medium is cooled, the effect of the appearance of fog, condensation of atmospheric water vapor is possible. In this regard, there is an interesting semantic analogy: we say “soaring”, “soaring in height” about something flying in the air in one place. Perhaps this ancient word reflects the meaning of technologies we have forgotten.

Partial energy extraction from particles should be accompanied by heating of nanoelements, for example, nanohairs will be heated due to their deformations. Ordering, that is, laminarization, we have already considered in the chapter on the molecular engine. This method can be divided into two methods: creation of a preferential particle motion vector along the plate surface or perpendicular to the plate due to the relief. Accordingly, the pressure of the medium on the plate from the side of the relief either decreases or increases.

The proposed material is called CAM - power active material, or SANM - power active nanomaterial, since its functions are to create an active force acting on the plate due to different environmental pressure on different sides plates. The force is called "active" because it does not require reactive mass ejection. We solve the problem of creating driving force opposite method. In jet propulsion, the working mass receives an impulse, and is thrown away from the propulsor, giving it the corresponding impulse. In an active mover, the opposite is true: the mover receives an impulse equal to the momentum taken from the molecules of the environment. The law of conservation of momentum, in the interaction of the mover and the working mass, of course, is strictly observed. At the same time, the environment cools down.

The “nanowing” effect creates not only an active force, but also corresponding changes in environment in particular, its cooling. This is due to the fact that the generated plate macromomentum must be equivalent to the loss of the micromomentum value of the particles of the medium. In this regard, CAM - technology opens up qualitatively new prospects in autonomous energy. The use of nanotubes for the development of this concept seems to be the most promising, although other methods for obtaining a microrelief, including bionanotechnologies, can find practical application.

This project is at the stage of formation of a new company, investors and specialists in the field of nanotechnology are invited. Please contact the author of the book.

In the work of Mikhail Porfiryevich, there is important note on the need for elastic collision with the plate surface. This is a prerequisite for the transfer of momentum. When considering its design, I proposed a similar version, but simpler, without microrelief. The proposed method is shown in fig. 207. A plate, one side of which is made of a material that has elastic properties when interacting with air molecules, and the other side of the plate is covered with a material that absorbs the impact momentum of air molecules, deforms, and partially converts the momentum into thermal energy. Due to the difference in the modulus of the total momentum on the left and right, the plate will receive an impulse of the driving force towards its inelastic surface. In this design, the inelastic surface of the plate will always be warmer than the elastic surface. Heat must be removed to external environment, with a large capacity of the structure.

Rice. 207. Method for creating an air pressure gradient

Mechanical drives designed according to this technology can be used not only in the energy sector to create torque, but also in transport, to create lifting and driving forces of any size, without fuel consumption.

Calculation of the force, with 10% asymmetry of atmospheric pressure on the power active material (CAM) from different sides, gives a force value of about 1 ton per 1 square meter.

A package of such 100 plates, each 5 mm thick, with a gap of 5 mm, will take up a volume of one cubic meter, and will be able to lift 100 tons into the air.

In this regard, we can recall Maxwell's ideas about the possibility of creating a mechanism that divides gas molecules into slow "cold" and fast "hot". Such a mechanism is a special relief that makes it possible to obtain a temperature gradient at no cost.

Note that this principle was shown by me, including experimentally, at the conference "New Ideas in Natural Science", 1996, St. Petersburg, report "The Concept of Gravity", and later, in 1998, at the conference "Space, Time and gravity”, Peterhof, University, Collection of Reports, part 1, 1999. In an abbreviated form, an article on this topic was published in the American magazine ELECTRIC SPACECRAFT, No. 27, 1997.

The simplest experiment in favor of the proposed concept has been known since 1935, and was first described in Popular Science, No. 126, 1935, the explanation of which was made in my report in 1996. On fig. 208 shows the results of the interaction of two weights that "scatter" from the central point, theoretically, having the same momentum.

Rice. 208. Experiment to demonstrate asymmetric interaction

In my experiment, in the initial position, the spring is compressed and the weights are held together by a thread. After the thread is destroyed (burned out), they move in different directions, with approximately the same momentum. Features of the interaction of the weights with the support are that on the right, in Fig. 208, the weight interacts elastically, and on the left, rigidly, with deformation. Thus, on the right side are created Better conditions to transfer the impulse of the weight to the support than in the left side of the device, where the energy of the impulse is partially converted into heat. As a result of a non-zero total impulse, the entire device is shifted towards elastic interaction. The experiment is easily repeatable, with the same result. It is better to spend it on a floating platform, or a polished table.

Let me remind you that the importance of elastic interaction to ensure the transfer of the momentum of the working fluid to the rotor housing, we have already noted repeatedly, including when considering the diagram in Fig. 2. In more detail, the SAM technology is considered in my book "New Space Technologies" 2012. It gives calculations for the design of air transport with a carrying capacity of 1 million tons, moreover, which does not require fuel.

We digress to the consideration of this experiment in order to better understand the operating conditions of the device proposed earlier and shown in Fig. 207. The commercialization of this invention is reduced to the search optimal materials elastic and inelastic coating of plates. This is not so simple, given the mass and kinetic energy of the air molecule, that is, the magnitude of the momentum. However, the undoubted advantage of this method is its low cost and wide application, including for aerospace transport. Details can be discussed when reviewing the technical project on this topic, with my participation in the role of developer. License offered.

One of the methods of mechanical conversion of the thermal energy of the medium was proposed by B.M. Kondrashov ( [email protected]), in the article "Jet energy technologies", the journal "New Energy". The author writes about "parallel connection" additional masses air to a stationary jet stream of a gas turbine engine, which occurs without additional fuel energy costs due to the "unbalanced force of external pressure on the inlet bell (intake) of the ejector". These developments refer to technologies for "managed use of atmospheric energy to do work," as the authors of this invention write.

Engagement Methods atmospheric air are known: pulsations of the active jet create a periodic rarefaction of the medium (low pressure) at the inlet pipe of the ejector nozzle. This area also includes the discovery of O.I. Kudrin: "The phenomenon of an abnormally high increase in thrust in a gas ejection process with a pulsating active jet." In his article, Kondrashov writes: “Thus, due to the energy of the atmosphere, converted in the process of successive addition of previous periods, an air heat pump is driven, during which conditions are created for the conversion, in the following periods, of the low-potential energy of the external gas mass located in equilibrium state, into kinetic energy available for use, high-potential heat and "cold" design temperature.

In this method, the exhaust gas mass is cold and does not contain combustion products. Energy sources are the low-potential heat of atmospheric air and gravity, which creates static atmospheric pressure (as in a natural stochastic process). The conditions for converting the energy of the atmosphere are created during the expansion compressed air compressed due to part of the power received in previous periods. Therefore, devices that implement this method using open thermodynamic cycles are called "atmospheric fuelless jet engines". The works of B.M. Kondrashov can be studied in detail according to his patents, No. 2188960 RU F 02 C 3/32, 5/12 "Method of energy conversion in a jet installation (options), a jet-adaptive engine and a gas generator", and an international patent application PCT/RU2002/000338 F 2 C 3/32 "Method of energy conversion in jet engines" PCT WO2004/008180A1.

The theoretical foundations of these processes are also developed by the authors of works on the "laminarization" of turbulent flows of air, gases and other media. In other words, the kinetic energy of the medium in a turbulent flow cannot be fully used by us until we ensure at least partial alignment of the motion vectors of the flow particles, that is, “flow laminarization”.