DIY chemical heat sources. Is a chemical heating pad dangerous and how to make it yourself. The use of a heating pad in cosmetic procedures

With the onset of autumn and winter, colds come to Japan. And although snow is rare in Tokyo, the temperature stays around ten degrees Celsius, and even lower at night. However, the houses do not central heating, the walls are thin, and the glazing of the windows is single-layer. All these factors lead to the fact that it becomes somewhat problematic to live in such houses in winter, and it is generally impossible to live comfortably. Wondering why they sell heated toilet seats in Japan? That's it! And if earlier the Japanese heated the dwelling with a hearth with live fire, now in ordinary apartments this is impossible and inconvenient. In Russia, the issue of heating is solved simply - batteries, but in Japan for the most part there are no batteries, but there are many other ways to bring comfort to a winter existence.

Consider the following sources of heat in enclosed spaces.

1. Gas heaters.
2. Oil heaters.
3. Kerosene heaters.
4. Electric heaters.
5. Halogen heaters.
6. Electric carpets.
7. Conditioners.
8. Ionizers-dryers.
9. Sleeping bag.
10. Girl in bed.
11. Ofuro and water heater.
12. Chemical heaters.

Each method has its pros and cons. In general, there are two main ways active heating, namely the heating of the surrounding air and the direct transfer of heat to objects. The latter type includes halogen heaters, and the first one includes all the rest. In Japan, the power and model of the heater is selected based on the area of the room in the tatami and the tasks that it must perform. For example, whether it is necessary to heat the whole room or only some part of it. Almost all heating equipment is equipped with temperature indicators and automatic on-off timers, and more expensive models can work in support mode certain temperature or turn on at certain specified hours.

Gas heaters.
Gas heaters work on the principle of combustion natural gas, which is fed into them through a hose from the home gas network. Gas price in Tokyo is about 117 yen per cubic meter and gas is very popular in Japan, water is heated in showers and in the kitchen by gas water heaters, food is cooked on gas.

Gas inlets are built into the walls of the rooms, a hose is connected to them, and the other end is connected to a gas heater. Such a heater will allow you to heat large areas, the power of conventional models reaches 4 kilowatts at prices of about 18 yen per hour of operation per kilowatt of power output. Of the minuses, the inability to freely transfer the heater around the apartment. In addition, in Russia such a heater is useless due to the lack of appropriate gas inlets. Furthermore, gas heater during operation, it consumes oxygen, reducing its amount in a heated room, and we will return to this moment a little lower.

Oil heaters.
Oil heaters are also widely known in Russia, and work on the principle of electric heating of oil inside the tank.

They consume only electricity, warm up very slowly, but at the same time they have the most large area heating elements, that is, the maximum heat transfer per unit of power. They are silent, do not burn oxygen during operation, and are one of the most effective ways heating the home, but also consume a lot of electricity. In addition, they are not at all exotic, such as the following type.

Kerosene heaters.
Kerosene heaters create heat by burning kerosene supplied from special built-in tanks. Kerosene is poured into them manually. Kerosene itself can be bought at gas stations, or in supermarkets, and in winter a tank goes through the streets and you can buy it there.

it liquid fuel costs about two times cheaper than electricity, and its consumption is highly dependent on the mode of operation and the model of the heater. There are those who consume 16 yen per hour, giving 900 watts, and there are those who give 2300 watts for 18 yen. Five liters of fuel is enough for approximately 70 hours of operation. Of the advantages, I note the high mobility of such a heater. No hoses or wires required, you can put it anywhere comfortable spot. Some models also have the capabilities of a stove - they can, for example, boil tea or heat food. You can take a kerosene stove to Russia and smoke the air there. Of the minuses - when starting and stopping (or the possible old age of the device), the smell of kerosene is felt, the need to pour kerosene into tanks (and smell its smell), and also have a supply of it. It is not electricity, which is always there. But the main disadvantage is the significant burning of oxygen, which, in a poorly ventilated room, can lead to headaches in the morning and general weakness. The Japanese themselves, heated by kerosene, regularly ventilate the room. By the way, there are models with air suction from the outside, but this requires special installation and chiselling of the wall.

Electric heaters.
Electric heaters of the classical type work on the principle of heating high-resistance elements from the current passing through them, followed by transferring heat from them to air. They may have a metal reflector, and some models are equipped with an accelerating fan warm air around the room.

However, the models sold in Japan are oriented only to the local 100-110 volt voltage. Electricity prices are 22 yen per kilowatt, from which you can calculate the financial cost of heating. It is believed that one kilowatt of power is sufficient to warm up one workplace, i.e. in eight hours you will "run" eight kilowatts or 176 yen. Multiplying by 30 days, we get 5280 yen per month.

Halogen heaters.
Halogen heaters are a variant of electric heaters, but heat is transferred to objects not by heating the air, but by infrared radiation directly to objects. Turning on such a heater, you will immediately feel heat, but only where its radiation hits.

They are light and silent, often able to automatically rotate on the rack within a certain angle, but still, what does not fall into it will remain cold. No, of course, the whole room will warm up over time, but it will take a long time to wait and it is somewhat more difficult to gather in a circle around such a heater than around a gas one. On the other hand, such a heater is silent and does not burn oxygen.

Electric carpets.
These products are powered by electricity, the fabrics are sewn inside heating elements. Such carpets have a different area, you can not only sit on them, but also put chairs, a table, and some models can even be washed.

However, it is believed that sleeping on a low-frequency source electromagnetic radiation not good for health, moreover, such rugs lead to a decrease in humidity in the apartment, which can also have a negative effect on the body. In particular, sleeping in a constantly rising air (warm air from the carpet will rise to the ceiling) can lead to flaky skin, and dehydration of the body additional stress on the kidneys. There are also electric blankets - thinner and lighter than electric carpets. Usually, they are used in combination with ordinary blankets. Kotatsu can also be attributed to this group - a table with a built-in stove and a "fringe" of a blanket around the perimeter.

Air conditioner.
AT winter time the air conditioner can heat the air, but you can not demand from it super-efficient work. Plain home model(not to be confused with large ones for institutions) heats the air by only a few degrees and the colder it is outside, the less efficient (after all, the air is taken from there). It consumes a lot of electricity and is noisy.

Dryer-ionizer.
This is a device for ionizing the air and reducing humidity in the room. Inside there is a water tank in which atmospheric moisture condenses. This is not a heating device, but raise the temperature in small room it can be a few degrees, while it will make a loud noise.

Sleeping bag.
Although it seems ridiculous, a good sleeping bag is great way keeping warm at night. Human body itself is a source of heat, you just need to save it. If tourists sleep in sleeping bags in winter, with significant negative temperatures, then use indoors is quite simple. All models of sleeping bags have two temperature characteristics - comfortable and extreme temperature, you need to choose according to your comfort.

It is also important that "heating" with a sleeping bag does not require additional costs for electricity or gas. Moreover, at night you can open windows and ventilate the room, which will have a positive effect on health. Of the minuses, the fact remains that it will take some psychological effort to get out of the bag on a cold morning, when water freezes in cups in the kitchen. In this case, it is recommended to immediately run to hot shower and then dress warmly. If someone is not satisfied with the usual type of sleeping bag, the industry offers unusual options, for example in the form of a bearskin. You will fall asleep in such a forest without a tent, and in the morning you will scare someone. Nice, right?

Girl in bed.
A logical continuation of the previous option, it is distinguished by higher heat transfer and additional psychological (and possibly physical) comfort, however, the option is difficult to "operate", "set up", and in general it is a rare success to find it. If we talk about students of language schools, then their residence is predominantly single-sex and it is important, in pursuit of warmth, not to slide into complete akhtung.

Ofuro and water heater.
Ofuro is deep bath With hot water, which is taken both for warming up and for relaxation. A shower cannot replace an ofuro.

Taking ofuro before going to bed, followed by diving into bed, will allow you to fall asleep quickly. Of the shortcomings - the cost of water and time. If you type in a two-liter bottle of water hot water(at least 75 degrees) and put it under the covers, then it will help keep warm until the morning.

Chemical heaters.
These are small plates applied to the body or clothing. After activation of such a plate, a chemical reaction occurs inside with the release of heat. Heat is released slowly and you can get burned without noticing.

Which method of heating to choose is up to you and depends on your lifestyle and finances. For those who spend most of their time away from home, it will be enough sleeping bag and ofuro. Homebodies, on the other hand, need a powerful source of heat, because sedentary work only enhances the feeling of cold.

Gerasimenko Elena

The work "Thermochemical reactions in the creation of a chemical heating pad" considers practical use theoretical material about chemical reactions.

The choice of the problem of interest is substantiated. The ability to create a "chemical heating pad" in everyday life from inexpensive improvised materials can be very useful in extreme environmental conditions.

Download:

Preview:

Municipal general education state-financed organization average
secondary school №19 MO Korenovskiy district

Scientific and practical conference of schoolchildren "Evrika"

"Thermochemical reactions in the creation
chemical heating pad "

Completed by a student of 11 A class MOBU secondary school No. 19MO Korenovskiy district

Gerasimenko Elena Mikhailovna Head teacher of chemistry Bobrovskaya L.F.

Korenovsk

year 2014

annotation

The work "Thermochemical reactions in the creation of a chemical heating pad" considers the practical application of theoretical material on chemical reactions.

Accessibility analyzed Supplies. The thermal effects of reactions are calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of substances.

In the work, the student conducted experiments using the new laboratory equipment Mishab, on the basis of which she calculated the ash effects of reactions and established the most effective reactions.

The result of the work was formulated recipes and recommendations for the creation of "chemical heating pads" in an understandable and accessible form.

The work has practical application and deserves attention.

Introduction.

In the cold season, people whose activities are related to the implementation of certain
tasks on the street, there is always a desire to warm up. But it's not always there
terms. The problem can be solved by using heating pads.

In my work, I decided to investigate the problem of creating a chemical heating pad. The heating pad can be reusable. For reusable "warmers" crystalline salts are best suited, which can be stored supercooled for a long time. On sale there are similar heating pads filled with sodium acetate crystal hydrate SNZS0 (Za-ZN20. This salt melts in its own water of crystallization at 58 ° C. Salt placed in plastic bag, melted in boiling water and then the melt can be cooled to room temperature and below without crystallization (supercooling). Then it is enough to crush the bag - and crystallization begins with the release of heat. This process can be repeated many times."

I was more interested in the possibility of creating a real chemical heater, which works due to the exothermic reactions taking place in it. Such heating pads are disposable, it is convenient, because after use it can be thrown away or disposed of.

I managed to find several recipes for such heating pads. The goal of my work was to choose the most convenient, reliable, affordable, cheap and effective prescription, testing and testing it in practice.

. .) ^ > * 1 3

In the course of my work, I studied the theory of thermochemical reactions, calculated the thermal effect of the selected reactions, and conducted experiments with the selection of different recipes.

Study plan

In the study of chemistry, we get acquainted with thermochemical reactions, which proceed with the absorption or release of heat. The energy stored in substances in the form of chemical bonds is released when new substances are formed. AT chemical production"This energy is used to heat reagents or to produce vapors, to heat water.

Thermal effects of chemical reactions are necessary for many technical calculations.

The effect of some exothermic reactions can be used to create a personalized portable heater.

The aim of the work was to investigate some chemical reactions to create a thermochemical heating pad. For this, some experiments were carried out using the most available reagents.

I want to investigate the problem of using the energy of chemical reactions in miniature individual heating systems "heaters". For this it is necessary:

Study the issue and establish whether there are such heating pads;
Choose the most suitable reactions for creating chemical heating pads;
Choose the most efficient reactions in terms of calorific value in the course of a chemical comparative experiment;
Choose the most comfortable shape for filling and application.

thermochemical reactions.

Thermochemistry -- a section of chemical thermodynamics, whose task is to determine and study the thermal effects of reactions, as well as to establish their relationship with various physicochemical parameters. Another of the problems of thermochemistry is the measurement of the heat capacities of substances and the determination of their heats of phase transitions.

Thermochemical equations

Thermochemical reaction equations are equations in which near the symbols chemical compounds the states of aggregation of these compounds or crystallographic modification are indicated, and the numerical values of thermal effects are indicated on the right side of the equation.

The most important quantity in thermochemistry is the standard heat of formation (standard enthalpy of formation). Standard heat (enthalpy) of formation complex substance called the thermal effect (change in standard enthalpy) of the reaction of formation of one mole of this substance from simple substances in standard condition. The standard enthalpy of formation of simple substances in this case is taken equal to zero.

In thermochemical equations, it is necessary to indicate the aggregate states of substances using letter indices, and write down the heat effect of the reaction (NR) separately, separated by commas. For example, the thermochemical equation

4Sh 3 (g) + 30 2 (g) -+ 2H 2 (g) + 6H 2 0 (g), DN = -1531 kJ

shows that this chemical reaction is accompanied by the release of 1531 kJ of heat, at a pressure of 101 kPa, and refers to the number of moles of each of the substances that corresponds to the stoichiometric coefficient in the reaction equation.

In thermochemistry, equations are also used in which the thermal effect is attributed to one mole of the formed substance, using fractional coefficients if necessary.

Hess' law

Thermochemical calculations are based on Hess's law: Thermal effect (DN) chemical reaction(at constant P and T) depends on the nature and physical state of the initial substances and products of the reaction and does not depend on the way it proceeds.

Consequences from the law of Hess:

The thermal effects of the direct and reverse reactions are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
The thermal effect of a chemical reaction (DN) is equal to the difference between the sum of the enthalpies of formation of the reaction products and the sum of the enthalpies of formation of the initial substances, taken taking into account the coefficients in the reaction equation (that is, multiplied by them)."

Hess' law can be written as the following mathematical expression:

∆ N in \u003d ∑ (∆ N 0 reaction products) - ∑(∆ Н 0 reagents )

Using data on standard enthalpies, I will calculate the thermal effect of reactions for chemical heaters.

Recipes for chemical heating pads.

compound : One of the simplest chemical heating pads contains calcium oxide CaO ( quicklime), which reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide:

CaO + H 2 0 \u003d Ca (OH) 2.

The reaction is accompanied by heat release. The temperature of the heating pad can reach 70-80°C.

compound : In a chemical heating pad of another type, the interaction of metals (in the form of chips) and salts is used. A completely dry mixture of iron (Re) shavings with copper salts (for example, CuCl 2 ) can be stored for quite a long time, and when water is added, the temperature immediately rises to almost 100 ° C due to the reaction:

F e + CuC1 2 = F eC1 2 + C.

At the same time, a heating pad in which copper chloride CuCl 2 turns into ferric chloride F eC1 2 , retains heat for about ten hours.

compound : Equipment: aluminum wire, copper sulfate, table salt, sawdust, water.

2A1 + ZSi S 0 4 - A1 2 (S 0 4 ) 3 + ZSi.

Sodium chloride is added to intensify the process, chloride ions accelerate and facilitate the reaction with aluminum. Against the background of this reaction, there is probably also a reaction of aluminum with water, such as

2А1 + 4Н 2 0 => 2А10(0Н) + ЗН 2 .

compound : For the manufacture of a chemical heating pad, it is better to use copper chloride powder and aluminum filings. Mix 5-6 g of copper chloride with the same amount of aluminum filings by weight and add 5-6 tablespoons of well-dried sawdust. Pour the resulting mixture into a plastic bag. The heating pad begins to act when 30-40 ml of water is poured into the bag. Copper chloride, dissolving in water, reacts with aluminum:

3CiC12+2A1=2A1C13+3Ci.

The reaction is accompanied by the release of heat. The sawdust acts as a "thinner" to keep the reaction from going too fast.

compound : a mixture of potassium permanganate and iron powder in a steel cylinder. Invented by the Japanese during World War II. Weighed about two hundred grams. It was worth adding a little water, and this mixture began to warm up. The heating pad worked up to 20-30 hours, and it outdoor temperature did not exceed sixty degrees, that is, it could not burn the skin. One such heating pad was enough to warm an adult.
compound : A flat polypropylene bag that oxidizes iron dust with air oxygen to form rust and generate heat. The composition of the mixture also includes water, salt (works as a catalyst), Activated carbon(evenly distributes heat), vermiculite (serves as a heat accumulator) and cellulose (filler). The heating pad is disposable, starts working after opening the sealed package (to provide oxygen access) and is able to provide heat for several hours.
compound : You can still add oxalic acid or citric acid(crystal hydrates), which increases the heat output. Such heaters allow you to get a temperature of 100 to 300 ° C. To start them, a small amount of water is introduced into the reaction mixture of calcium oxide and oxalic acid crystalline hydrate; in the process of reaction with calcium oxide, the water released during neutralization will react.

. - « ■ (IV / 1 V *

CaO + H20 \u003d Ca (OH) 2 + 10.6 kcal

Ca (OH) 2 + H2C204 * 2H20 \u003d CaC204 + 4H20 + 31 kcal

compound: A MORE EFFICIENT composition of chemical heaters is a mixture of iron filings, potassium permanganate, coal and sand. Coal and sand serve as reaction retarders. Heat is released as a result of adding water to said mixture.

The resulting reaction when water is added to the mixture will be:

4Ee + 2H20 + 302 = 2(Ee203"H20) + 390.4 kcal

Such a mixture, placed in the body, allows you to maintain a temperature of 100 ° C for 10-12 hours. An individual heating pad of this type is a rubberized bag filled with the specified composition with a neck for pouring water.

compound: And the best disposable heating pad (precisely a chemical heating pad, because reusable has nothing to do with chemistry) is a mixture of iron and copper filings with salt. Filled with water and starts to heat up.

Substance and state	DN 298 kJ/mol	Substance and state	DN° 2 98 kJ/mol
Ca09(cr)	635,1	А12(50)3(cr)	3441,8
H 2 0 (w)	285,83	А1С13(cr)	704,2
Ca (OH) 2 (cr)	985,1	(Ee203*H20)
CUS(cr)	205,85	Si504*5N 2 0(cr)	2279,4
PeC1 2 (cr)	341,7	Su$04(cr)	770,9

CaO + H 2 0 \u003d Ca (OH) 2

DN ° 298 \u003d DN ° 2 98 (Ca (OH) 2) - (DN 0 2 98 (CaO) + DN 0 2 9 8 (H 2 O)) = -985.1 - (-635.1-285.83) = -64.17 kJ / mol

Her + CuC1 2 = GeC1 2 + Cu

DN ° 298 \u003d DN 0 2 98 (ReС1 2) - DN ° 29 8 (СuС1 2 ) \u003d -341.7 + 205.85 \u003d 135.85 kJ / mol2A1 + 3Cu804 = A12(80)3 + 3Cu

DN ° 298 = DN 0 298 (A12 (8O) 3) - DN ° 298 (Cu804)*3= -3441.8 -(3*(- 770.9))=-1129.12A1 + 4H20 => 2AYU(OH) + ZN2 DN ° 298 = DN ° 2 98 (A10 (0H)) * 2 - DN ° 298 (N20) * 4 =

3CiC12+2A1=2A1C13+3Ci.

DN° 298 = DN° 298 (А1С13)*2 - DN°298(СuС1 2 )*3-585,2 *2 - (-205,85 *3) = - 552,45

4. Experiment.

For determination of practical outputheat of different reactions, I will conduct an experiment. AT

under the same conditions I observe heatcreative ability of mixtures and cooling time.

Composition of the mixture	Temperature change
	initial	through	through	through	through	through	through

		minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes
CaO + H 2 0	“20th		"20 e	“20th	“20th	“20th	20°
Re + CuC1 2	20th	55°		100°	“68 e	37° ■	25°
A1(pore) + CuC1 2	20°	100°	95°	“95 e	oo
A1(pr)+Si804+NaS1	20°	“30th”	35°	"32 e	28°	^22°	20°

Conclusion, the highest heat output is observed when aluminum interacts with

copper chloride. Based on this mixture, the heating pad will work most efficiently, but you need to choose the proportions of the reagents

5.0 definition thermal effect reactions In 50 g of water added 5 grams of CuC l 2 *2 H 0 and some aluminum powder. By

change in water temperature e la thermal effect of the reaction.

b. Chemical heating pad recipe

To create chemical Greeks, you need to prepare a mixture.

For 1 tablespoon blue vitriol take 1 tablespoon of salt and add 1 teaspoon of aluminum powder. The temperature of the heating pad will rise to 100° and

gradually decrease.

Conclusion.

Thanks to the experiments, it was concluded that the most optimal for creating a thermochemical heating pad is the reaction of displacement of the metal from the salt by a stronger metal.

The main task practical work was to create a portable heater from available reagents, which will be used in the cold season and serve as a heating pad in field conditions.

To create a heating pad, some reactions were carried out:

.Interaction of copper chloride (||) with aluminum

A mixture of copper chloride, coal and sawdust is prepared. Sprinkled with aluminum powder. Added water. The instrument was used to measure Maximum temperature heating (100®s) and time for lowering the temperature to 22®s (approximately 1.5 -2 hours)

.Interaction of copper chloride (||) with iron

I prepared a mixture of copper chloride (dry), coal and sawdust. Sprinkled with iron powder. Added water. Using the device, I found out that substances interact poorly. The temperature rose from 25°C to 35°C, and lasted no more than 40 minutes.

lime slaking

Calcium oxide was taken for the reaction. Added water. The reaction did not occur (most likely due to long-term storage, calcium oxide is converted to calcium carbonate).

Based on the experiments, it was concluded that to create a heating pad, the most optimal reaction is the displacement of metal salts by a more active metal.

It turned out from experience that many exothermic reactions occur aggressively, with rapid gas evolution, with a small thermal effect and are not suitable for creating a thermochemical heating pad.

Bibliography:

FindPatent.RU2012-2013

Salt heating pad- This is an indispensable thing for a wide range of applications. It is heated by the sodium acetate contained in the heating pad, which releases heat during the crystallization process. It is used during illness, when you need to warm up the chest, sinuses or ears. Salt heating pads are safe to give to children. The PVC sheath is hygienic and harmless, and it is impossible to snack on it. The internal content, sodium acetate, is a safe solution used in medicine.

The principle of operation of a self-heating salt heater

Salt reusable heating pad is a hermetically sealed polyethylene container with saline inside. Usually it is sodium acetate, which begins to crystallize when you press the button or after bending the activator stick inside the heating pad. The wand or button becomes the center of crystallization, and liquid solution begins to gradually harden, because the equilibrium of the salt solution is shifted.

During the transition from a liquid to a solid state, a catalytic process occurs, accompanied by the release of heat. Soon the sodium acetate completely crystallizes, the heating pad should be crushed by hand, and it will take any shape. The heating pad heats up to a maximum of + 54C, so it is impossible to burn yourself with it. Heat is retained for 40 minutes to 4 hours. It depends on the heater model.

The salt heater is designed for reusable. After use, bring its contents back to liquid state. To do this, the heating pad is wrapped in a piece of cloth (towel) and dipped in a saucepan of boiling water for 5-15 minutes. The crystals gradually dissolve until they become liquid. After that, the heating pad can be used again. One heating pad is designed for 50 cycles of operation. Service life up to 3 years.

Can a saline heating pad be used as a cooling compress
With bruises, insect bites, headaches, a salt heating pad can be used as a cooling compress, because it is 3 times better than ice keeps cold. To do this, you need to put the non-activated heating pad in the refrigerator for half an hour. In no case do not touch the activator mechanism! Also, do not place a salt heating pad in freezer otherwise the salt solution will begin to self-crystallize. After 30-40 minutes, remove the heating pad from their refrigerator. She is ready for use.

When Should You Use a Salt Heater?

In the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections, with heating of the sinuses, with bronchitis.
Apply to the ear of a child with otitis media, without fear of burns or overheating.
With colic and bloating in a baby.
During sinusitis.
Put on the chest with mastitis.
Warming up the back with sciatica or arthritis.
Warming up muscles in athletes before competitions.
To warm the limbs with frostbite.
With cervical osteochondrosis or neuralgia.
With insomnia or vegetovascular dystonia.
You can put the baby in the stroller while walking.
For knee pain.
On a camping trip or fishing, when you need to warm up.

Do not heat up the heating pad microwave oven, and also when you put the heating pad in boiling water, be sure to wrap it with a cloth so that the polyethylene sheath does not get damaged on the walls of the hot pan.
If the crystallized heating pad does not fit completely into the pan, do not attempt to bend it. Boil one side first, then flip the heating pad over. After softening, it will completely fit in the pan.
Do not touch the heating pad with piercing objects. If it leaks, throw it away.
If the heating pad was placed in the freezer and self-crystallized, first heat it to room temperature, and only then boil it.
A salt heating pad may accidentally self-crystallize when struck or dropped.
Infants or toddlers with skin diseases put a heated heating pad wrapped in a layer of cloth.
If the heating pad has the shape of an insole, then it has a medicinal purpose and is not intended for walking.

When not to use salt water heater

Despite the wonderful consumer properties, the heating pad has some contraindications:

Do not use a salt heating pad during critical days and other types of bleeding.
You can not use it in gynecological diseases (uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometrial polyps).
Do not use heating inflammatory processes(cystitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis).
Do not apply a heating pad to areas of damaged or inflamed skin, as well as infectious diseases skin.

Overview of self-heating reusable salt heaters

Salt heating pad Delta-Therm. It is designed for children and has the shape of a bear cub. It is a hypoallergenic PVF film and sodium acetate inside. Salt crystals heat up in seconds, the heating pad does not harden. Does not cause skin irritation. Can be applied to baby's tummy or ear.

Salt heating pad "ENT" Lintub. It has the shape of a human lung. Can be used by a child. Well warms the sinuses of the nose of an adult. It has a comfortable anatomical shape.

Salt reusable self-heating heating pad "Belka and K" in the form of a Christmas tree. It can be used both for heating (sinusitis, sciatica, otitis), and for cooling tissues (bruises, migraines, bites). Sodium acetate begins to crystallize after pressing the activator membrane. Heats up to +54C. An indispensable thing in hiking trips.

Salt heating pad Orlett. Keeps warm up to 4 hours, cold - up to 2 hours. Has the shape of a mattress. Can be used to treat back pain.

Salt heater-collar "Novomed". It has an anatomical shape, convenient in the treatment of cervical osteochondrosis. The heat is enough for exactly one session - 45 minutes. In a heating pad, you can move around and do everyday things.

Video: reviews and tests of salt heaters

Chemistry often works wonders. This time we present to your attention another homemade product, based on the chemistry and properties of certain substances. We are talking about the manufacture of a chemical heating pad, which in its properties is in no way inferior to the classical one.

You can watch the process of making a chemical heating pad by watching the author's video

What do we need:
- copper sulfate;
- a spoon;
- food foil;
- kitchen salt;
- plastic bottle;
- wooden barbecue skewer;
- glue gun.

At the beginning of the video, the author uses vitriol crushed in a coffee grinder. According to him, he does this solely for demonstration, since vitriol crystals crack when heated. As for the properties of this substance, one important property is the transformation of vitriol into a gray powder when heated. Also, when heated, vitriol completely loses water.

It should be added to the resulting powder of water as it begins to heat up. Heating in this case accelerates the onset of the reaction. This property of vitriol is used by the author to obtain a chemical heating pad. Let's get started.

Take a piece of food foil. The author uses a piece 28 cm wide and 20 cm long.

Fold the foil in half.

After that, wrap it in foil in a tube.

We take a wooden skewer and glue it into the bottle cap with a glue gun.

Now we mix the main components of the burner, that is, salt and gray vitriol powder. The ratio of salt and vitriol is 1:2.

Pour salt and vitriol into a bottle.

We add water.

We close the bottle cap, after which we observe that the mixture is quickly heated to room temperature due to the dissolution of anhydrous copper sulphate.

We put a foil tube on a skewer to evenly heat the liquid in a plastic bottle.

In the process of a chemical reaction, hydrogen and heat will be released, which will accelerate it. At the same time, it is necessary to constantly bleed hydrogen and control the pressure in the bottle by slightly opening and closing the cap, as well as periodically shaking it.

Some time later aluminium foil will begin to dissolve, and copper will be released from the solution.

The end of the reaction can be recognized by the end of gas evolution for a minute.

The author's test showed that in this way the water is heated up to 50 degrees Celsius. Again, according to the author, you can boil water, but a plastic bottle will not withstand this. This can be done in a glass cup. Such a heating pad can be used to warm stiff fingers on a fishing trip or at home. Army flameless food heaters work on this principle.

Categories

Popular