Mullein plant: medicinal properties of different species. medicinal plants

Verbascum densiflorum (Verbascum thapsiforme)
Taxon: family Norichnikovye ( Scrophulariaceae).
Other names: densely flowered mullein, scepter-shaped mullein, royal candle, royal scepter, bear ear, divina, curiosity
English: Wool mullein

Botanical description

Mullein is tall, like most plants of the genus Verbascum, is a herbaceous biennial plant, in the first year of vegetation forms a rosette shoot from oblong-elliptical leaves. In the second year of life, an elongated generative shoot develops from its apical bud, densely covered with leaves, which become sessile at the top of the stem, with an ovoid plate, oblong elliptical, partly pointed. The upper leaves are somewhat smaller. The whole plant is densely covered with soft gray or yellow felt pubescence. Flowers are bisexual, irregular, yellow on pedicels, collected 2-5 (7) in a bunch. They are collected in a dense spike-shaped inflorescence or spike-shaped brush. The perianth is double, five-membered, the sepals are lanceolate, the corolla is wheel-like outside covered with stellate hairs and has a diameter of 35-55 mm. The stamen apparatus is formed by five stamens, which differ in structure. The two anterior stamens are not pubescent, the three posterior stamens have kidney-shaped anthers, the filaments of which are densely pubescent with white glandular hairs. The ovary is upper pubescent, the style thickens and ends with a spatulate-shaped pistil stigma. The fruit is an elliptical capsule.
Mullein flowers during the summer from June to July. Fruits in autumn, in September-October.

Spreading

Mullein tall, like most species of this genus, has a Eurasian distribution area. The northern border of the European range of the high mullein runs along southern regions Scandinavian and Baltic countries and the northern regions of Belarus, stretching into the Voronezh and Kursk regions of Russia. The southern border of the mullein range runs along the northern coast of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, reaching North Caucasus.
Mullein tall loves sandy, gravel, rocky soils. It grows mainly in forest clearings, glades. The plant is also found in weedy meadows, ruins, in landfills, near housing. Under natural conditions, the tall mullein is predominantly not dominant in plant groups, however, in places with disturbed vegetation cover (embankments, quarries, ravines), it can form separate sections clean thickets. Such areas are mostly small, but the plants that germinate on them develop well.

Collection and preparation medicinal raw materials

With therapeutic purpose, as the main raw material, use mullein flowers - Vlos Verbasci, or perianth Corolla Verbasci. Mullein flowers - Corolla Verbasci is an official raw material in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Poland. In addition to high mullein, flowers from other types of mullein are also used in medicine, in particular mullein officinalis Verbascum phlomoides, common mullein - Verbascum thapsus L. and mullein is beautiful - Verbascum speciosum Schrad. All of the above species of mullein are common in Ukraine, the southwestern regions of Russia and in Central Asia. Raw materials from the above types are official in Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and some other countries Central Asia.
Corollas of flowers with stamens are harvested in July-August, when the main part of the inflorescence blooms. Each mullein flower blooms for only one day, the flower blooms in the morning, and fades or crumbles in the evening. Bloomed flowers are harvested in the morning, when the dew dries. The collected flowers are quickly dried in attics with good ventilation, laying out thin layer on paper, mixed daily and shifted with clean, dry paper. You can dry mullein flowers in drying ovens at a temperature of 40-50 ° C, spreading them in a thin layer on a sieve, on cloth or paper. Drying is completed when the whisks become brittle and are ground into powder.
Collected in wet weather or at dusk, the flowers quickly turn brown and lose their presentation and medicinal properties.

Chemical composition and biologically active substances

Different types of plants of the genus Verbascum contain a wide range of biologically active substances, such as iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, steroid and triterpene saponins and other compounds. Of these groups, iridoids are of the greatest interest to scientists, primarily as an important chemotaxonomic factor in plants of the genus Mullein. Iridoids such as aukubin, catalpol, harpagid, and their derivatives are often found in plants of this genus.
Currently, more than 22 plant species of the genus Verbascum up to 30 iridoid glycosides have been identified belonging to the subgroups aucubins, catalpol and harpagid.
Qualitative reactions and chromatographic methods for the analysis of fractions from a hydroalcoholic extract of high mullein - Verbascum thapsus L., it was found that the predominant groups of biologically active substances in this raw material, in addition to iridoids, are polysaccharides, phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids), tannins.
It should be noted that mullein flowers are a source of mucous polysaccharides, the quantitative content of which reaches up to 3%.
Up to 11 fatty acids have been identified in the fatty oils of mullein seeds. Among the fatty acids, the dominant ones are such unsaturated acids as linoleic and linolenic. The total content of unsaturated fatty acids is in the range of 88-90% of the total amount of fatty acids.

Pharmacological properties

In the pharmacological aspect, mullein flowers have, first of all, anti-inflammatory, enveloping, expectorant and softening effects.
Polish scientists in experiments on mice found that 10% decoctions from the inflorescences of a curiosity have a calming and mild hypnotic effect, and in their effect they were not inferior to a similar decoction made from such well-known raw materials as lemon balm leaves, hop seedlings, valerian rhizomes, in connection with than recommend using mullein flowers as a source for obtaining ( Kudrzycka-Bielosсabska et al, 1965).
Alcoholic extracts of Verbascum phlomoides and Verbascum formanekii in the experiment briefly reduced blood pressure by 20%. Ethanol extracts of Verbascum longifolium and Verbascum anisophyllum have a 20-30% increase in blood flow. At the same time, a pronounced myotropic vasodilating effect was established in the extract of Verbascum anisophyllum ( Ninova P., Krushkov I. et al., 1981).
A 1% solution of an alcoholic extract of mullein has antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. However, with an increase in the concentration of bacteria, the antimicrobial effect of this extract decreased. It has been established that the alcohol extract of mullein at a concentration of 1:100 inhibits the growth of Staph. aureus 209 and B. coli. ( Kh. M. Nasyrov et al.)

An aqueous extract in the experiment showed antiviral activity against the virus (Sladowska et al, 1987). Behind last years It was found that a decoction of mullein flowers has an antiviral effect against influenza strains of influenza A and B.

Toxicology, side effect and contraindications for use

It has been established that some species of mullein predetermine the intoxicating effect on fish (ichthyotoxicity), including species such as medicinal mullein, black mullein, common mullein and mealy mullein.
The toxicological properties of mullein products in warm-blooded animals have not been studied, but it is worth noting that mullein can cause poisoning in animals, since livestock do not graze on mullein.

The use of mullein in clinical settings

In clinical settings, mullein preparations have been little studied. Polish clinicians recommend taking a 10% decoction of mullein flowers with honey before bedtime as a sedative to reduce the excitability of the cerebral cortex ( Kudrzycka-Bieloscabska et al, 1967).
Mullein is also used in homeopathy. Verbascum was introduced into homeopathy by Hahnemann in 1821, and he placed the results of clinical trials of this account in Volume VI of Pure Pharmacology. At present, Verbascum is used in homeopathy for such clinical symptoms, for neuralgic pains in the form of outbreaks in the cheekbones, for numbness of the big toes, neuralgic pains in the left tibial joint, shooting and pain in the ears, muscle cramps, severe coryza, deep, rough cough and whooping cough, bedwetting and frequent urination (Vavilova M., 1994).
Mullein flowers are also widely used in veterinary medicine. So, an infusion of flowers in Bulgarian veterinary medicine is prescribed for bronchial catarrh, for gastrointestinal diseases of a large cattle, horses, dogs, cats and poultry ( Gakhniyan G., Asenov I., 1988).

Biologically active additives

Doppelhertz melissa(Dopelhertz, Germany). Tablets containing mullein flowers. It has mucolytic, analgesic and expectorant effects.

History of application in medicine, application in traditional medicine

Mullein has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. It was used by Hippocrates. Medieval Arab thinker Abu Ali Ibn Sina recommended using Dzungarian mullein for treatment various diseases. In particular, a decoction of the flowers of Avicenna was recommended for the treatment of tumors, and a decoction of the aerial part (grass) - for muscle ruptures, for the treatment of chronic coughs, for inflammation of the eyes and to alleviate toothache. Medicinal dressings made from powdered mullein flowers and mixed with honey, Avicenna recommended applying for the treatment of skin wounds and ulcers. The Polish medieval herbalist Martina Sennik (XVI century) pointed out that vodka infused with flowers of curiosity can protect against spells and. Herbalist Martina Sennik recommended using a decoction of the roots for diarrhea, as well as rinsing the mouth with toothache. Powder from the dried roots was taken for worms, and fresh juice from the plant was recommended to be rubbed into the skin to eliminate warts.
Another Polish herbalist, published in 1611 by the doctor of medicine and botanist Simon Sirensky or Sireniusha (1541-1611), indicates that powdered roots, boiled in water or infused with vodka, help with diarrhea, and also have the ability to expel worms. Root powder helps with toothache. In addition, for pain in the teeth and gums, the indicated herbalist recommends keeping fresh mullein roots heated to a warm state in the oral cavity. Polish medieval herbalists recommended freshly squeezed juice from the mullein stem to treat bronchitis and inflammation of the respiratory tract. Juice was also recommended to lubricate warts. Freshly prepared decoction of mullein flowers and leaves was recommended to instill and wash the eyes with conjunctivitis.

In addition to high mullein, other species of this genus were also used in folk medicine in certain regions of Russia. In particular, mullein bear's ear - Verbascum thapsus L.- in folk medicine Russian Siberia known as . Decoction of leaves and roots this plant used for chronic cystitis, as well as for suffocation, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, catarrh of the stomach and intestines, diseases of the liver and spleen, with rheumatism, headache and other diseases. Mullein is part of mixtures used for baths in rickets and scrofula. Compresses are made from a decoction of leaves in milk to treat abscesses, ulcers, purulent wounds, hemorrhoids and lichen. Dried herb powder is sprinkled on cracks in the skin and soles of the feet, as well as wounds that do not heal for a long time.

B. M. Zuzuk, R. V. Kutsik, Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University
M. R. Gritsina, Y. M. Berko, Lviv State Veterinary Academy

According to the materials of the magazine "Provisor" issue No. 6-7 for 2008

Photos and illustrations

Mullein is a stately plant from the Norichnikov family. Its homeland is the Mediterranean, the USA and East Asia. The plant is also known by its Latin name- Verbaskum, but in our country it is not used so often. Attracts mullein abundant flowering. The tops of its stems are completely hidden under bright, fragrant flowers. Not a single passer-by can pass by without admiring the yellow, pink or snow-white inflorescences. Bright flowers attract birds and beneficial insects, so the garden will be filled with chirping and buzzing from early morning. In care, the mullein is completely unpretentious, and its beautiful flowers are not only pleasing to the eye, but also help to improve health.

Botanical description

The mullein is biennial or perennial plant, although annuals are also found in nature. It has a strong taproot rhizome and an upright, almost unbranched stem 0.5-3 m high. At the base there is a rather dense basal leaf rosette. The lower leaves have petioles half the length of the leaf plate. Above the stem is sessile foliage. It is attached oppositely or in a spiral. Leaflets have a whole leaf plate oval or heart-shaped. Their entire surface, as well as shoots and flowers, is densely covered with felt pile. Shoots and foliage are painted in dark green or gray-green color.

From the second year of life, a long stem develops above the leaf rosette, which is crowned with an inflorescence. A flowering ear consists of several tiers of buds. At the bottom are bunches of 4-7 corollas, and at the top - a bunch of 1-4 smaller flowers. The diameter of the corolla is about 2 cm. It consists of yellow drooping petals and has a tubular or funnel shape. Under the fluffy, wide open petals are hidden 5 stamens, different in size and shape. Flowering continues throughout the summer.

After pollination, a small oblong seed box ripens. She is also densely pubescent. Inside are small oblong seeds. Their rough surface is colored yellow-brown.

Mullein species

The genus of mullein is very diverse, with more than 250 plant species recorded. Only a few are found on the territory of Russia. They are adapted to climatic conditions and also have excellent medicinal properties.

Mullein scepter-shaped (dense-flowered). A plant 20-120 cm high has a thick, straight stem, which is densely covered with foliage. The lower oval leaves reach 10-40 cm in length, and the size of the upper ones is only 4-10 cm. The long spike-shaped inflorescence is dotted with bunches yellow flowers. For the similarity of the inflorescence with the golden royal scepter, the variety got its name. The diameter of each corolla is 3.5-5 cm. Fresh flowers have a thin pleasant aroma, and dried ones have a richer honey smell.

Common mullein (bear's ear). All parts of the plant are densely pubescent with a long silvery pile. Dark green foliage is located almost along the entire length of the shoot and only the very top is crowned with a short spike-shaped inflorescence. The lower petiolate leaves are 15-30 cm long. Their size gradually decreases upwards. Because of the gradually shrinking leaves, the plant resembles a cone from a distance. The inflorescence consists of many small flowers up to 2 cm in diameter.

The plant is 50-120 cm high and has upright stems. Large foliage is located only at the lower third of the shoot. The lower petiolate leaves are ovate or heart-shaped. They are 20 cm long. The long inflorescence is covered with bunches of small yellow flowers. At the base of the petals there are brown spots, and the columns of stamens are decorated with purple villi.

Stems 0.5-1.5 m high densely covered with foliage. In the upper part there is a long inflorescence, which sometimes branches into several shoots. All parts of the plant are covered with thick felt pile. Oval leaves with a blunt edge are 15-25 cm long. Flowers with soft, long petals are collected in groups along the entire length of the inflorescence. Their diameter is 3.5-5.5 cm. Anthers are painted red.

This decorative variety was obtained by interbreeding. Its advantage is large flowers of the most diverse colors. The height of the shoots depends on the variety and can be less than 50 cm or almost 1.8 m. Popular varieties:

• Mont Blanc - tall plant with large snow-white flowers;
• Herri Helen - the inflorescence consists of large (up to 10 cm in diameter) bright pink flowers;
• Jackie - a dwarf variety up to 45 cm high is covered with smoky pink flowers;
• Pink Domino - orange stains are visible on large crimson flowers.

Reproduction methods

Mullein can be propagated by sowing seeds or rooting cuttings. Seeds remain viable for a long time and are resistant to frost, so they can be sown immediately in open ground. The plant also often self-seeds. Due to the tap root, which goes deep into the soil, it is not worth transplanting the mullein. Therefore, crops for seedlings are impractical. In open ground, seeds are sown immediately in a permanent place. They do this in mid-May or later, when the average daily temperature is set at + 13 ... + 18 ° C. Shoots appear in 1-2 weeks. In the first month, seedlings grow very slowly. Later, they develop quite quickly and do not require much care. Flowering is expected in the second year of life. It should be remembered that the mullein is easily pollinated, so the seedlings can be very different from the mother plants.

Cuttings help to preserve varietal characteristics. Cuttings should be cut after the end of the flowering period (August-September), then the likelihood of successful rooting will be much greater. The main plant with basal processes is dug up and freed from the ground. The root is cut into several parts with buds or small shoots. The length of each rhizome should be at least 5-7 cm. Delenki are laid horizontally in prepared holes. First, they are covered with a layer of sand 5 mm thick, and on top - with earth to a height of 15-20 mm. A distance of 40 cm must be observed between seedlings.

Care rules

The mullein is an unpretentious and easy plant. Even a beginner can handle it. For normal development, the plant needs an open sunny place. Slight shading is allowed, but with a significant drawback sunlight the plant will thrive.

The soil for planting should be loose and light. AT clay soil a sufficient amount of sand, gravel and peat should be added. It is better if the land has moderate fertility. Then the mullein can grow on it for several years. But on nutrient soils it develops worse and often dies at the end of the season.

Mullein needs watering only in dry weather. A small amount of water is enough. The soil should dry well between irrigations. For a root that goes deep enough into the ground, it will not be problematic to feed on groundwater. But frequent and prolonged stagnation of moisture in the soil will certainly lead to rotting of the roots and death of the plant.

Feeding mullein is extremely rare. One fertilizer with a mineral complex is enough during the flowering period. If the soils are fertile, then they do without top dressing at all.
In order for the mullein to live longer than two years, it is recommended to cut the inflorescence before the seeds ripen. hybrid varieties after pruning, they are able to bloom again in the same year.

Use in the garden

Tall plants with such large and beautiful flowers will not go unnoticed in the garden. Especially when it comes to ornamental varieties with different colors of petals. Throughout the summer, the mullein will attract insects and birds. It begins to bloom when the primroses have already withered, and later perennials have not yet formed buds. Thus, the mullein fills a pause in flowering. It is important to choose the right neighbors so that the flower garden looks harmonious. They can be orchid, catnip, salvia, anafalis, sage.

Thickets of mullein are also used as a backdrop in the background of the flower beds. It can be planted in small groups in the middle of the lawn, in rockeries or along paths.

The medicinal properties of the plant

Many varieties of mullein are used in folk medicine. Its flowers, roots and shoots are rich in tannins, vitamins, mucus, essential oils, flavonoids. Oils, alcoholic tinctures and decoctions various parts plants are used as an anti-inflammatory, expectorant, hemostatic and antimicrobial agent.

Decoctions of flowers are used to thin thick sputum in the bronchi and lungs. Fresh juice is rubbed into warts to get rid of them. Compresses and decoction-based masks help fight acne. Alcohol and water tinctures are taken for cystitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, colds, rheumatism. Mullein is widely used for hemorrhoids, lichen, tuberculosis, as well as diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. To prevent infection from getting into wounds, burned tissues or cracks in the feet, they are sprinkled with dry mullein powder.

Harvesting of medicinal raw materials is carried out during the flowering period. It is important to remember that each flower lives only one day and fades in the evening. The collection of whole corollas is carried out in the morning. They are dried under a canopy or in drying ovens at temperatures up to 50°C. Completely dry raw materials are stored in cloth or paper bags for two years.

There are no contraindications for mullein, but it should be taken with caution by people prone to allergies. All drugs must be carefully filtered through several layers of tissue. Not even a large number of villi causes severe irritation of the stomach and mucous membranes.

The large spectrum of action of the wild-growing herb mullein allows it to be used to treat various diseases:

• of cardio-vascular system;
• respiratory organs;
• skin diseases;
• with toothache and stomatitis;
• for the treatment of bone pathologies - arthritis, gout, sprains.

There are about 260 types of this herb, but only some of them are used in medicine:

• wild plant - common mullein or scepter-shaped, or densely flowered;
• purple mullein;
• medicinal mullein;
• black mullein.

Another scientific name for the herb is verbascum. The people call the plant bear's ear.

What does it look like

Mullein grass looks different depending on the species. Height from 30 cm to 1.5 m in height. Common is the presence of a long peduncle strewn with yellow, white, purple small flowers. At the base - wide large leaves assembled in a socket. Seeds brown, are in a box.

Medicinal properties

The mullein plant has a large amount useful substances composed of:

1. Mucous substances useful for the stomach and respiratory organs.
2. Iridoids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
3. Tannins - help with intestinal disorders, destroy pathogenic microbes.
4. Gum - helps to reduce appetite and lowers blood cholesterol levels.
5. Polyunsaturated fatty acid that affect the condition of the heart and blood vessels.
6. Carotene - when ingested, turns into vitamin A - a powerful antioxidant.
7. Lots of micronutrients.
8. Saponins, which affect the state of the genitourinary system, are able to restore sexual function.

This is not the whole list of useful substances found in the plant. In addition to the beneficial properties of mullein, it has contraindications. The herb should not be taken while pregnant or breastfeeding. It is also necessary to observe a strict dosage when using infusions and decoctions - some substances are toxic and can cause allergies or poisoning.

Video: A little about the plant

Mullein scepter (common)

Occurs on sandy soils, near roads, in meadows. In herbal medicine, flowers are most often used, leaves are less often used. The root of the plant is harvested when there are problems with the genitourinary system - urolithiasis, cystitis.

Collecting an ordinary mullein is not an easy task, because the flower lives only one day and it is necessary to remove it while it blooms. The weather is chosen sunny, so that there is no dew. You only need to pick the flower itself, the cup is not needed.

Next, the flowers are scattered in an even layer in a dry, ventilated area without access sun rays. You can use a low temperature oven - up to 40 degrees. Store dried flowers in a sealed container to preserve essential oils. The shelf life of such raw materials is up to 2 years.

Mullein is especially useful for diseases of the respiratory system:

• asthma;
• bronchitis;
• inflammation of the lungs;
• angina;
• diseases of the vocal cords.

Even such a formidable disease as pulmonary tuberculosis can be treated with a decoction of leaves and shoots of grass.

Traditional medicine recipes based on mullein

In folk medicine, dry matter is used - mullein leaves, roots, seeds, flowers. On the basis of raw materials, infusions on alcohol, decoctions, oil are prepared.

For inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, the following recipe is used: Pour 1 teaspoon of herb with a glass of boiling water and leave for 30 minutes. Accept 1 tablespoon 3 times a day. At skin diseases you can wipe the affected areas with this decoction.

Do not exceed the indicated dosages when taken orally to avoid poisoning

For diseases of the joints - rheumatism, arthritis - warming rubbing with alcohol infusion of mullein is recommended: mix grass and alcohol in the ratio 1:10(1 part grass, 10 parts vodka or alcohol). Insist 3 - 4 days. Rubbing sore spots and wrapping with a warm cloth, can be based on dog hair. Relieves pain and swelling.

To prepare oil from mullein flowers, you need 3 tablespoons of dry mixture pour 100 ml olive oil . The mixture is infused 1 month in the sun, shake occasionally. Then store in the refrigerator. Helps with burns, ear infections, boils, skin problems.

Recipe for hemorrhoids

Due to its hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties, the herb is used to treat hemorrhoids. There are two ways:

• ingestion of a decoction of mullein with honey and a diet to loosen the stool;
• baths from a decoction for local action.

For oral administration 1 spoon is poured into a glass of boiling water, honey is added to taste. Accept 3 times a day before meals. A more concentrated decoction is being prepared for baths - 2 tablespoons of herbs per cup of boiling water, Further dilute with water 1:10, pour into a basin and sit for 20 minutes. After the bath, lubricate the affected area with oil or ointment.

Ointment: take homemade butter and crushed mullein seeds in proportion 1:2, mix, and you can enjoy.

Treatment of diseases of the liver and gallbladder

• lamblia;
• amoeba;
• coli;
• staphylococcus.

When losing weight, you can use mullein, as it reduces appetite and cleanses the body in a natural way.

Carefully! The first days after the start of cleaning, headaches, nausea, and fever may be observed. This is an absolutely normal process, but it is worth increasing the amount of water (namely water, not tea or compote) to help the kidneys remove toxic substances from the body. Pain medications can be taken to relieve pain. Symptoms disappear in 3-4 days. At this time, you should continue to take the decoction.

Treatment of the genitourinary system

Mullein is tall, it is also ordinary, it is successfully used in the presence of stones in the kidneys and bladder. It will not overpower and remove large stones, but it is possible to stop the further growth of calculi, as well as relieve pain and inflammation.

To prepare a decoction, you need take a spoonful of herbs and boil for 2 - 3 minutes, leave for 30 minutes and drink 1 spoon 3 times a day .

The medicine works well with medicines so both methods can be used in parallel.

After surgical operations decoction helps with rehabilitation, preventing infection from developing. Prevents suppuration of seams - both external and internal.

Mullein for nervous diseases

Serious diseases such as epilepsy often cannot be completely cured, as there are many causes, including congenital pathologies. But it is possible to smooth out the manifestations of the disease by taking mullein tincture. In this case, the plant has a calming effect.

Leg cramps can be eliminated with the help of ointment and alcohol tincture. It is important to keep the muscles warm and avoid hypothermia.

Caring for a mullein at their summer cottage

Planting and caring for a mullein on your own plot is possible, since it is not picky about watering, it tolerates frosts well. The only condition is a sunny place. decorative properties plants allow them to decorate flower beds, at the same time use them for treatment. It is more convenient to collect at home, and you can control the growth of grass without extra hassle, carrying out weeding and timely collection of seeds.

For planting mullein in open ground it is necessary to collect the seeds of the plant in the places of its growth and sow at home. Wild mullein usually adapts very well to home conditions. To be sure, you can pour sand into the soil so that the conditions do not differ much from natural ones.

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Common mullein - (Verbascum thapsus L.) or mullein scepter(V. thapsiforme Schr.), bear's ear - biennial herbaceous plant from the norichnikov family - Scrophu1ariaceae. It has a well developed erect, simple or few-branched stem from 30 to 150 cm in height. Basal leaves petiolate, oblong-elliptic, slightly crenate: upper leaves on short petioles or sessile, oblong-ovate, pointed. Inflorescence in the form of a dense, narrow, spike-shaped panicle. The flowers are small, white, with five petals, five stamens and a lower two-celled ovary.