Decorative grapes. community of little green men

Ornamental grapes are woody deciduous vines. Although there are evergreen vines and creeping shrubs. Often these are real centenarians, because the life of some species reaches several centuries.

Life period ornamental grapes consists of two stages: the growing season and the dormant period. The duration of each stage depends primarily on climatic features and growing conditions of grapes. During the dormant period, which occurs in winter, the leaves of the plant fall off, and all processes slow down. However, in April, the grapes come to their senses - the stage of vegetative development begins. We breed several varieties, such as, for example, Amur and Lisiy.

Fox grapes.

Powerful tree liana with ovate leaves 10-12 cm long, serrated edge. Inflorescence - panicle. The fruit is a black berry with a blue bloom. It blooms in May-June, and the berries ripen in late September-October. Propagated by seeds (stratified), green cuttings and layering.

Cuttings are harvested in autumn or spring. Autumn cuttings are recommended to be stored in the sand in a dark, cool room. In April, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse or in open ground. Later rooted cuttings are planted on permanent place preferably in autumn.

When propagated by layering, the vine is placed in a groove and covered with loose earth with a layer 3-8 cm thick. At the same time, the top of the vine is left on the surface. The first shoots and roots will appear after 10-15 days. In autumn, the layers are separated from the mother plant.

The soil should be moist, loose, sandy or loamy, rich organic fertilizers, the plant loves a large number of stones. Does not tolerate soils containing a large amount of lime, as excess lime causes chlorosis disease. Responds well to abundant watering.

The plant is frost-resistant, withstands frosts down to - 18 °. However, in the phase of bud break, even small frosts are detrimental.

Amur grape.

Tree-like vine up to 20 m. Has big number antennae of a red-greenish hue, with which it clings to the supports. The shape and size of the leaves varies greatly depending on the variety. The color of the leaves changes from greenish-pink in spring to purple in autumn. Fragrant white-green flowers. The fruit is a berry of dark blue, almost black color with a bluish bloom.

Most varieties are not resistant to fungal diseases and pests. The main pests of ornamental grapes: phylloxera, leafworm, grape mealybug, grape moth, spider mite, Khrushchev, grape bevelers. Main diseases: powdery mildew and downy mildew, bacterial cancer, anthracnose.

Family: grape (Vitaceae).

Motherland

Various types of grapes come from Western Asia, the Mediterranean, Western Europe and North America.

The form: woody vine.

Description

Grapes - the name of a genus of perennial woody, reaching 20 meters in height. Clings to a support with the help of antennae. The leaves are rounded, up to 20 cm in diameter, three-, five- or seven-lobed. The flowers of the grapes are small, inconspicuous, fragrant, collected in an inflorescence-brush. The grape fruit is a berry of green, dark purple, almost black or color pink, sweet or sweet and sour taste. The leaves of the vine turn a beautiful red in autumn. As a rule, grapes - a liana is very thermophilic, therefore, cultivated grapes in Russia, as a rule, are grown only in southern regions. However, there are types of grapes suitable for growing in Central Russia.

(V. amurensis) is a fast growing dioecious deciduous liana. The leaves are large, dark green. The flowers are small, yellow, fragrant. The berries are rather small (up to 1 cm in diameter), with a dense black shell, sour or sweet and sour. If planting only female plants, the berries will be even smaller, but they will all be pitted. Amur grapes are very winter-hardy. In nature, it is common in Russian Far East. Able to withstand temperatures down to minus 40 degrees. It is possible to grow this northern grapes in Central Russia and even colder regions.

(V. labrusca) - fast growing unpretentious appearance grapes. The foliage is dense, beautiful, the trunk is tall, powerful. Berries up to 2 cm in diameter, may be black, brownish or yellow-green. Winter hardiness down to minus 20 degrees. It can be grown in the southern regions of Russia.

forest grapes (V. silvestris) - shade-tolerant deciduous liana. Vine of grapes up to 20 meters long. Grapes are black, spherical. Drought-frost and disease-resistant, but not very decorative in Central Russia.

(V. vulpina) - shade-tolerant vine with a powerful trunk. The leaves are relatively small (up to 15 cm), entire or three-lobed. The berries are spherical, black, up to 1 cm in diameter. Frost resistance down to minus 28 degrees.

Common grape , or cultivated grapes (V. vinifera) - photophilous liana, has many cultural forms and varieties. The leaves are petiolate, alternate, entire, three- or five-lobed. Berries can be green, pink, red, black, depending on the shape and variety. Does not differ in frost resistance. Can be used for landscaping in the southern regions of Russia.

rocky grapes (V. rupestris) is the only type of grape that has the shape of a neat shrub up to 1.5 m high. There are practically no tendrils in rock grapes. The leaves are rounded, wide, serrated along the edge, less often with three barely outlined lobes. Berries are black or purple up to 1 cm in diameter. Rock grapes are a dioecious plant.

Growing conditions

Grapes - a plant is very demanding on the conditions of illumination and soil fertility. Most species are photophilous. Soils need rich, saturated nutrients.

Application

In ornamental gardening, grapes are used for. Very decorative and entwined with grapes. It should be remembered that the trellis for grapes in the country should be strong enough, since the woody trunk, growing, becomes very powerful and heavy. Wild grapes in the garden it is good for decorating outbuildings, for creating shady ones. Clusters of grapes are very decorative against a background of bright green foliage.

Rocky grapes are used in group and single landings on, as well as in combination with others. It contrasts well with the breeds.

In addition, of course, the berries of many types of grapes are very tasty. They are used in fresh, for the production of juices, jams, confectionery, vinegar and, of course, wine from grapes. vine leaves in national cuisines also used in cooking (for example, for cooking dolma).

Known and medicinal properties grapes.

Care

Cultivation of grapes requires careful observance of agricultural technology. At the beginning of summer, grapes should be fertilized with organic and mineral fertilizers. Watering the grapes is carried out once a month during the season, watered abundantly. Preferably soil in trunk circles immediately after planting grape seedlings, periodic loosening. grapes are carried out in spring and as they grow to form grapes.

The most crucial moment is the wintering of grapes. Vines of grapes for the winter are removed from the support and covered. It is possible to cover the grapes for the winter with a film, peat or spruce branches.

Uncovered cultivation of grapes in Russia is possible only in Dagestan and in the south Krasnodar Territory. Already the Stavropol and Rostov regions are considered zones of extreme viticulture, that is, in these regions it is especially necessary meticulous care for grapes, in addition, grapes require good shelter in winter.

Vitis, Grape. Climbing creepers with simple, deeply palmately lobed leaves. The flowers are bisexual, or dioecious (then the plants are dioecious), small, fragrant, collected in racemose inflorescences. The fruit is a juicy berry in a complex raceme.

Types and varieties of grapes

The genus includes about 70 species, distributed mostly in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, 3 of them grow wild in Russia.

In culture, several species are grown and cultivated wine grapes.

Amur grape (Vitis amurensis)

Homeland - the forests of Primorye, China and Korea.

Liana up to 5-10 m long (in nature up to 20-25 m). The bark is dark brown, exfoliating in longitudinal strips. Young shoots are green or reddish. The leaves are rounded, up to 20-30 cm in diameter, 3-5-lobed, wrinkled, dark green, in autumn - red, purple-carmine, brownish-chestnut. Blooms from 3 years in July. Fruits in September. The berries are black with a bluish bloom, up to 1.2 cm in diameter, edible (from sour to sweet in taste). Used as rootstock for cultivars.

Widely used for vertical gardening in culture. Introduced into the culture of Petersburg botanical garden in mid-nineteenth century.

USDA zone 3. The most winter-hardy of all species.

Coignet grapes, or Japanese grapes (Vitis coignetiae)

Powerful liana, originally from South Sakhalin and Japan. Blooms in June. Berries are juicy, tart, edible.

Forest grape (Vitis sylvestris)

Liana, in the absence of support, takes the form of a creeping shrub. The berries are black (sometimes white), small, edible, but sour. Used for hybridization with cultivars.

Fox grapes (Vitis vulpine)

North American liana up to 5 m long (in nature up to 20 m). The flowers are small, very fragrant, collected in paniculate inflorescences up to 15-20 cm long. Young leaves may be damaged by late spring frosts.

Coastal grapes, or fragrant grapes, riverside grapes (Vitis riparia)

North American look. Used in breeding when breeding rootstocks for varieties in the conditions of the southern regions

Deciduous liana. It is hooked to the support with the help of antennae. The leaves are bright green, broadly ovate, mostly 3-lobed, shiny. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, but fragrant, collected in racemose inflorescences. Blooms in June-July. The berries are small purple-black with a thick bluish coating up to 0.8 cm in diameter. Ripen in September. Not edible - with a bland taste.

Coastal grapes, spring

Labruska grape (Vitis labruska)

Species native to North America. A liana climbing high on a support, capable of forming dense thickets. Blooms in July. Fruits with sweetish pulp, ripen in September. They are eaten both fresh and dried, wines, jams, syrups are prepared.

Winter hardiness is high.

Currently, more than 10,000 varieties are known, and thanks to the work of breeders, grapes can be grown in middle lane Russia in the open ground without the use of film shelters.

Cultivated grapes, or wine grapes, vine (Vitis vinifera)

A large liana of hybrid origin (unknown in the wild, presumably, now extinct forms were the ancestors). Widely distributed in culture, currently the number of varieties has reached several thousand. AT southern regions reaches a length of 30 m. The leaves are rounded, up to 20 cm in diameter, with lobes. The flowers are small, yellowish-green, collected in panicles. The fruits vary in shape, size and palatability. Needs annual short pruning, without which it runs wild.

USDA zone 5-6. It is winter-hardy at annual shelter.

Varieties of cultivated grapes with increased winter hardiness: ‘ Kodryanka’, ‘Muromets’, ‘Agat Donskoy' other. interesting winter-hardy variety ‘Brant', it has a very beautiful autumn color - red and purple leaves with green and yellow veins.

Fruit grapes, age 15 years, winter-hardy without shelter

Popular wine grape varieties:

"Vavilovskiy"- a vigorous vine, high-yielding with an average ripening period. Frost resistance is low, grown only in the southern regions;

"Korinka Russian"- vigorous liana early term maturation. The cluster is small, the berries are quite small. Frost resistance is high;

"Beauty of the North (Olga)"- vigorous, high yielding variety, very early maturity. Frost resistance is quite high;

"Astronaut"- the variety is similar to the "Beauty of the North" variety;

"Muromets"- a vigorous variety of early ripening, high-yielding;

"Tambov white"- a high-yielding variety, frost resistance is high.

Varieties with black fruits require more heat than varieties with light fruits.

Grapes in culture are grown and formed in the form of a bush various shapes. Bush parts grape plant have their own names.

bush head- a thickening in the lower part of the plant, resulting from pruning, from which perennial branches diverge - bush sleeves. On the sleeves are ramifications ending horns- shortened biennial stems. fruit shoots- annual shoots located on the horns (fruiting is observed only on annual growths). If the fruit shoot is cut short - by 1-3 buds - you get a knot used to restore the elements of the bush. More long pruning- for 5 or more eyes - allows you to form a fruit shoot, the main element of the fruit part of a grape bush.

All fruit varieties in the middle lane they shelter for the winter, decorative types and varieties for the winter are not removed from the supports and do not cover. The opening of the bushes in spring begins after the soil thaws in mid-late April.

Grape care

Grapes are a light and heat-loving crop, prone to damage by autumn and spring frosts. Better landing in spring timeline. Planting of grapes is carried out with south side buildings. Soils are preferred medium loamy breathable. ground water should be located closer than 1.5 m from the soil surface. When growing creepers, it is necessary to foresee the installation of supports (individually for each bush) or trellises (for several plants).

From June to August, creepers actively grow, they are tied to supports and formed. Lateral branches are cut into 2-3 buds, strong whips by 1/3 of the length. Regularly feed with organic and mineral fertilizers.

grape propagation

Varietal plants are propagated by winter cuttings and layering, species are also propagated by seeds.

Cultural grapes (lat. Vitis vinifera) - a species of perennial shrub vines from the genus Grapes of the Grape family. Widespread in culture since ancient times and has great amount cultural varieties. The origin of this species is not exactly known. Liana up to 20 m, with 3-5-lobed, heart-shaped...

- a powerful liana, quickly growing up to 8 m in length, also comes from the Far Eastern taiga.
It is believed that Amur grapes are edible. But this, of course, is not the case. Its harvest is very sparse clusters of blue, rarely hanging small berries, with a huge stone inside, very sour, about which they say "pluck out your eye." Therefore, for edible purposes, such grapes should not be planted. Although at one time Michurin worked a lot on it and even created several cultivars more or less suitable for consumption, such as Baitur, Russian Concorde, Northern Black, Northern Blue. But it is almost impossible to eat them fresh. Can make wine Bad quality or liqueur, or fruit drink, while ruining a lot of sugar.
But decorative qualities Amur grapes are beyond praise. Exclusively beautiful plant, with very large (25-30 cm in diameter) unusual wrinkled 3-5-lobed leaves. Due to irregularities leaf blade light is reflected from it in different ways, and therefore each leaf seems to be painted in various shades of green. In late summer, the leaves become extraordinarily colorful as they turn carmine red, crimson, brown, golden, orange, purplish purple tones, and among them sparse brushes of dark-colored berries hang down. You just can't take your eyes off it, it's so beautiful. This vine is frost-resistant, but since it continues to grow all summer, in winter, young shoots that have not had time to ripen freeze slightly. This has little effect on its decorative effect due to the fact that it has a high shoot-forming ability and in the spring quickly begins to grow with young shoots, which, with strong spring frosts they can freeze too. But then the next ones will grow. The worst thing that can happen is the freezing of flower buds, but you plant it not for the sake of the berries, but for the sake of its colorful leaves, and therefore this loss is not so significant. Amur grapes quickly wrap around gazebos, verandas, balconies, open terraces, braiding everything that it can cling to with its antennae. At favorable conditions, especially in partial shade, its annual growth reaches 2 m. An exceptionally elegant and fast growing liana. After autumn frosts in November it will fade away. You will remove it from the support and simply lay it on the ground. Or cut shorter, peeling off all the remnants from the support and throwing them over the left part. If the vine is old enough, then it can not be removed from the supports, all frozen and shrunken parts will have to be cut out in March, since the vine cannot be cut after the start of sap flow (in April) until the end of the growing season (in November).
Like all creepers, Amur grapes need slightly acidic soil with great content leaf humus and regular watering in summer. Do not remove fallen leaves from under it.
It reproduces well by root offspring, cuttings and layering, as well as by sowing freshly harvested seeds. If you buy seeds in a store, then keep in mind that they should first be stimulated in a pink solution of potassium permanganate, and even better - in a solution of Energen or Epina-Extra. Suitable and "Zircon" or "Novosil". And then stratify the seeds in wet sand in the refrigerator for at least 2 months. In the spring, you can sow them directly into the open ground in school.

Japanese grape (Kuanye)

Grapes Coignet, or Japanese
Prefers full sun or semi-shade in well-drained neutral to alkaline soil. Relatively hardy, hibernates on supports. Most decorative in autumn. Height up to 15 m, width up to 5 m. Vigorous woody deciduous liana. Spectacular heart-shaped leaves, reaching 30 cm in length, literally blaze in autumn. blue-black small berries this grape is inedible. Grow it near sheltered, sunny brick walls.