Scheme of the blacksmith's workplace at the enterprise. Repair and mechanical workshops. The most necessary tools

Organization and economic evaluation of the rationalization of the blacksmith's workplace hand forged in the central repair shop maintenance and repair of tractors, cars and agricultural machinery and equipment of an agricultural enterprise.

Course work

Option number 10

Work done by a student

Supervisor:

Date of submission of work: ____________

Grade:____________

Introduction………………………………………………………… …...3

Main part:

1. The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise and its organization…………………………………………………… ...5

3. Certification of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise. Attestation card…………………………………………………… 13

INTRODUCTION

The most important link in the system of organizing labor and production at a technical service enterprise is workplace. It combines in the primary production system all the main elements of any labor process: labor power, the object of labor and the means of labor.

At each workplace, labor activity human, produced necessary work and services. Therefore, the proper organization and maintenance of the workplace is one of the most important organizational and economic tasks at all technical service enterprises, which provide for the activation of the main reserve for intensifying production and improving the quality of maintenance and repair of machines - the human factor.

The main goals of organizing and rationalizing jobs are to increase production efficiency and improve the quality of work and services, rational use major production assets and labor resources at technical service enterprises due to:

 Accelerating the growth of labor productivity by bringing jobs in line with the requirements of scientific and technological progress and the scientific organization of labor;

 Reducing the use of manual and heavy physical labor, increasing the content and attractiveness of labor;

 Improving the use of fixed assets by eliminating redundant and inefficient jobs, ensuring a balance between jobs and employees, increasing the shift ratio;

 Improving working conditions and safety at every workplace, improving the culture of production.

To achieve the goals set, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

 To identify reserves for increasing labor productivity and increasing return on assets at each workplace;

 Identify jobs that do not meet the requirements of scientific and technological progress and scientific organization of labor, develop specific measures for their rationalization and technical re-equipment;

 Determine the most effective directions of capital investments for the rationalization and technical re-equipment of workplaces

 Develop measures to improve working conditions at each workplace.

The effectiveness of the implementation of measures will be expressed in increasing labor productivity, reducing labor intensity and the cost of work and services, improving conditions for each workplace.

1. The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of agricultural enterprises.

The labor process, in whatever form it is expressed, is always a set of certain actions of the employee in the workplace. And this means that the level of labor productivity directly and directly depends on the organization of jobs.

The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise is an organized part of the space in which the performer and necessary funds production, intended for the performance of technological operations.

A hand forged blacksmith performs the following work:

 Manual forging, bending, straightening and welding of complex parts according to drawings and samples with fine finish surfaces.

 Bending, straightening and flanging of large products from sheet metal over 12 mm thick.

The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM is serviced by the repairman himself, the blacksmith is responsible for servicing the tools (sharpening, adjusting, cleaning), the replacement and repair of equipment, tooling and tools is carried out in a preventive manner by the equipment maintenance foreman.

The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith has its own equipment.

Equipping the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith is a system for completing the workplace with the main and auxiliary technological equipment, technological and organizational equipment in the amount necessary and sufficient for the effective and high-quality performance of the established production task by the repairman (Fig. 1).

Organizational equipment is a means of necessary organizational equipment that ensures the continuity, efficiency, quality and comfort of labor operations performed at the workplace (workbenches, racks, bedside tables, carts).

Technological equipment - means of the necessary technological equipment at the workplace, with the help of which the efficient and high-quality performance of technological operations is ensured.

I will present the list and characteristics of equipment, tooling, tools and instruments necessary for the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in Table No. 1 and Figure No. 1. The layout and equipment of the workplace of a repairman is shown in Figure No. 2.

Table 1.

The list and characteristics of equipment, tooling, tools and devices necessary for the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise

Rice. 1. Workplace equipment

Area - 50 m2

Equipment and equipment:

1 - blacksmith's forge

2 - one-horned anvil

3 - mechanical hacksaw

4 - pneumatic hammer

5 - chamber electric furnace

6 - vice

7 - bath for quenching in water

8 - locksmith workbench for one workplace

9 - rack for parts

10 - tool cabinet

11 - bath for hardening in oil

12 - container for scrapping parts

Tool kit

Documentation: - Fire safety equipment

Job description of a hand-forged blacksmith

First aid technique

Rice. 2. Scheme of planning and equipping the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of agricultural enterprises

2. Organization of maintenance of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise.

Maintenance of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith is a system of regulated provision of the workplace with objects of labor, tools, electricity, steam and other types of industrial and industrial services in the amount necessary and sufficient to maintain continuity and a given intensity of the labor process (Fig. 3).

The service function is a type of activity of a certain professionally qualified group of auxiliary workers, separated by technological or functional homogeneity of work.

The form of service is a set of specific features of the service system, due to the structural and organizational features of the enterprise.

At this enterprise, the form of servicing the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith is chosen as a preventive one, which provides for the performance of work (inspections, adjustments, adjustments, replacement of individual parts of equipment) within a predetermined period.

Rice. 3. Organizational structure workplace maintenance

3. Certification of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of agricultural enterprises. Certification card.

The object of accounting is the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith. All workplaces of all categories of employees are subject to accounting: permanent and temporary, active and unused, provided and unprovided with labor as of the date of the accounting, as well as reserve and training places.

The number of jobs is determined as follows:

1. Direct account by the number of machines, stands, mechanisms, devices, sets of technological and organizational equipment (when servicing each unit of the account by one employee)

2. According to the established service areas.

3. By work positions

4. In certain types of production, the number of jobs is determined on the basis of standard labor intensity by type of work and services, production areas or completed work.

5. Separate places for certain categories of workers and employees that cannot be determined by one of the above methods are taken into account according to the standards for the number, service standards based on the amount of work and labor productivity.

Certification of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith is a set of measures for a comprehensive assessment of each workplace for its compliance with the advanced scientific, technical and organizational level of maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment, which ensures an increase in labor productivity, high quality work, maintaining the health and performance of performers.

The scheme of work on certification and rationalization of workplaces at the enterprise is shown in Figure 4.

The results of the certification of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith and proposals for their rationalization are reflected in the certification card (table No. 2).

During certification, the workplace is assessed comprehensively on three levels (factors):

 Technical (CT);

 Organizational (Co);

 Working conditions and safety measures (Ku).

Rice. 4. Scheme of work on certification of the workplace of a mechanic-repairman of a car maintenance point.

Table 2.

Workplace attestation card.

Workplace: hand forged blacksmith

Enterprise: central repair shop of an agricultural enterprise

Short description

In this work, the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in a centralized repair shop for the maintenance and repair of tractors, cars and agricultural machinery and equipment and its organization will be investigated and rationalized. In the course of the work, a description of the workplace will be given, with a plan for its organization, the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith will be attested, a certification map will be drawn up, shortcomings in the organization of the workplace will be identified, rationalization proposals will be made to improve the workplace and increase labor efficiency, and it will also be calculated economic effect from the introduction of rationalization proposals.

The content of the work

Main part:
1. The workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise and its organization……………………………………………………...5
2. Organization of maintenance of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise …………………………………..11
3. Certification of the workplace of a hand-forged blacksmith in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise. Attestation card………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Proposals for the rationalization of a hand-forged blacksmith worker in the CRM of an agricultural enterprise …………………………………..17
18
Conclusions and suggestions………………………………………………23
List of used literature……………………………..24

To care for the forge, you will need a coal shovel, a poker, a pike or a crowbar for punching baked coal, a whisk for cleaning from fine coal and slag dust, a sprinkler for wetting coal when sintering a dome (cap) over the hearth, tongs for coal.

It should be noted that all the tools necessary for forging should be located on a special table in the immediate vicinity of the blacksmith's workplace. Table height 600-800 mm.

In addition to the main and auxiliary tool, the forge always has a box for dry sand, a rack for storing tools, containers for water, a box for coal, racks for storing tools and metal, a workbench for metalworking, etc.

A forge for one is shown in the figure, a. A horn with a fan is set up against the wall opposite the entrance. At a distance of 1.5-2 m from the forge, an anvil is installed, which should be positioned so that its horn is to the left of the blacksmith when he stands with his back to the forge. Enough space is provided around the anvil free space for hammer work. Near the anvil there is a tank with water for cooling the blacksmith's tools and hardening products. The blacksmith's tool is placed on a metal table with two shelves. Top shelf designed for frequently used tools (hammers, chisels, pliers, etc.), the lower one is for less frequently used tools. For the convenience of work, the blacksmith puts the tool on the table so that its handles protrude beyond the edge of the table.

Forge

a - forge for one anvil (1 - fan; 2 - forge; 3 - tool table; 4 - water tank; 5 - anvil; 6 - tool cabinet; 7 - grindstone; 8 - workbench; 9 - blacksmith vice; 10 - box for coal)

b - forge for two anvils (1 - anvil; 2 - table for tools; 3-4 - work tables; 5 - cabinet; 6 - barrel of water; 7 - forge; 8 - hangers for ticks; 9 - grindstone; 10 - pneumatic hammer; 11-hand scissors; 12 - right stove; 13 - chair vise; 14 - rack for blanks)

Spare and rarely used tools are stored in a cabinet. A box for storing coal is installed in the corner near the hearth. They are placed near the wall, on which they produce,. Next set locksmith workbench. AT convenient location store dry sand for backfilling wet places on the floor of the site and rag ends for cleaning tools and other purposes.

The location of the main and auxiliary equipment, as well as tools in a larger forge, is shown in figure b. A horn for two fires is provided at the far wall. To place ticks on the forge, there are hangers - steel brackets welded to the table. To the left and to the right of the forge, tanks with water with a capacity of 30-40 liters each are placed. At a distance of 1.5-2 m from the forge, two anvils are arranged, and between them there are tables on which the blacksmith's tool is placed. The distance between the anvils is at least 2.6-3 m. The emery sharpener is placed against the wall at a sufficiently large distance from the anvil. Modern blacksmith shops are usually equipped with a small pneumatic hammer with a mass of falling parts of 50, 75 or 100 kg.

Forging stations are often equipped with mobile hand scissors for cutting sheet metal, a regular cast-iron (see) plate measuring 1500X1000 mm, a chair vice, and in some cases also a bench workbench, desktop drilling machine, an assembly table, a rack for blanks, and sometimes a mechanical hacksaw for cutting off dimensional blanks from rolled products. An exhaust hood is installed above the hearth to remove smoke and gases. The organization of such forges requires a rather long time and large funds, but such forging sites can be organized simply in the open air or under a small shed.

The skill of a blacksmith of free forging is largely determined by how his workplace is organized, that is, how the equipment is arranged, where the tool, fixtures, blanks, forgings, waste are placed. To achieve high labor productivity, it is important that the distances between the equipment are as short as possible, but at the same time, that all conditions are created for the freedom and safety of movements of all members of the team during forging. There should be nothing superfluous in the workplace that interferes with work.
The blacksmith foreman is the owner of the workplace: he has the right to arrange necessary equipment the way he works best. Of course, it is far from always possible to rearrange the main equipment (hammers, furnaces, presses), and the blacksmith has to adapt, arranging the necessary auxiliary equipment- racks, tools, containers, etc. In small and medium-sized forges, the restructuring of the workplace can be carried out by changing the arrangement of furnaces, which, when overhaul completely disassembled and replaced.
The organization of the workplace when working on a hammer and a press is different and each has its own characteristics.
Let's first look at the most rational ways placement of equipment at workplaces during hammer forging. If the hammer is serviced by a cantilever crane and there is one furnace, then two layout options are possible. In the first of them, the furnace is located in front with the hammer in one line (Fig. 149, a), in the second, at an angle of 90 ° (Fig. 149, b). When arranged in one line, workers working on the hammer are not exposed to heat from the furnace, with the same occupied area, free passage along the line of equipment is maintained, which is especially important in mass production. The crane transferring the blanks from the furnace to the hammer rotates on a semicircle (180° angle). This somewhat lengthens the transmission time, which, of course, is undesirable.

When the furnace is located at an angle to the hammer front, the path made by the crane is shorter (a quarter of a circle), but in this case the team works under the continuous influence of heat radiated through the furnace window, which sharply worsens working conditions and reduces labor productivity. Therefore, if possible, the first method should be preferred, especially if a monorail can be used instead of a jib crane.
Heavy forging hammers are usually served by two furnaces. Possible ways The equipment arrangements in this case are shown in Fig. 150 a and b. If the service is performed by console- slewing cranes, then, taking into account the above considerations, the first method is the best. In the presence of an additional manipulator, such an arrangement can significantly increase labor productivity with a uniform load of all members of the forging team.
In FIG. 151 shows a diagram of the organization of the workplace in the brigade of the Ural blacksmith G. Kovalenko. The work is done with a single swivel crane. The tool, which has to be resorted to relatively rarely, is located in the distance, in a cabinet, the running tool is on the table. The stumps resulting from the forging process are stacked in a box located behind the hammer. Billets and forgings are stacked behind the passage at some distance, but in the area of ​​​​the rotary crane.

A slightly different layout of the workplace at the Leningrad blacksmith A. Khorkov (Fig. 152). The three-ton hammer is served here by two rotary cranes 3. Near the frame 9 of the hammer, at the level of the lower striker 7, a metal welded table 8 is installed, which facilitates work when tilting the workpiece and reduces the auxiliary time required for this. In addition, heavy fixtures and dies in this case are not removed from the striker, but are shifted onto the table, which also greatly facilitates and shortens the work. The control of rotary cranes is displayed on a separate console (5, 4), standing in front of the hammer at some distance. Fan 6, a place for tools, fixtures, waste, etc. (10, 11, 12) are located near the hammer between the rotary cranes.

The supply of blanks to the heating furnace (1, 2) and the shipment of forgings is carried out by the auxiliary team of the shop. This relieves the main forging team to a greater extent and improves forging productivity.
Another Leningrad blacksmith, S. Pechenko, working on a 0.75-ton hammer, on which mainly small forgings are made, organized his workplace, as shown in Fig. 153. To heat the blanks, there are two furnaces (1, 2) operating on coal fuel. The hammer (4, 9) and furnaces are connected by a monorail. The 3 swivel jib crane allows better use of the oven. Two branches of narrow-gauge track 5 with a turntable are used to supply fuel and workpieces to the furnaces. Tools, fixtures, fan, etc. (6, 7, 8) are located between the ovens.

When working on hydraulic press the layout of the workplace depends on the nature of production and on the type of handling equipment serving the press. Previously, the presses were serviced only by overhead cranes with tilters. Loading and unloading blanks from the furnaces, transferring them to the press, holding them on the weight and all the movements necessary for forging are carried out in this case with the help of a crane and auxiliary devices, and the furnaces must have a retractable hearth. Currently, manipulators are becoming more widespread, providing greater maneuverability, and hence higher labor productivity than cranes. However, when forging very large forgings, overhead cranes with tilters retained their importance.
A typical layout of the workplace when working on a forging press serviced by overhead cranes is shown in Fig. 154. One of the smaller cranes is mainly used for loading and unloading blanks from furnaces and for delivering them to the press. The second available tilter is used for manipulation during forging.

In the presence of a manipulator, depending on its design, several layout options are possible. If the manipulator rail type, then all the equipment can be placed in one line (Fig. 155, a). All movements and movements of the workpiece, including loading and issuing it from the furnace, are performed by the manipulator. If the design of the manipulator provides for the rotation of the trolley, then the press can be located not in a line, but as shown in Fig. 155, b and c. However, this does not provide any special advantages.
The trackless type manipulator gives more freedom in the layout of the equipment, as it has great maneuverability and can go to any place. Such a manipulator provides high-performance operation of the press. If necessary, he can step aside, freeing up the workplace. If, in addition to the manipulator, there is also an overhead crane or a caricature machine that is used to load and unload blanks (or ingots) from furnaces, then the manipulator is busy servicing only the press, and this further increases productivity. Possible variant layout in this case is shown in Fig. 156.

In the manufacture of small and medium-sized forgings, when rolled metal is used as a workpiece, even in conditions of small-scale and single-piece production, it is advisable to organize work so that the workpieces are cut in the blank department, if any. In this department, it is more profitable to cut rolled products into blanks using special equipment than using hammers and presses in the forging process. In addition, the procurement department supplies blanks to workplaces, prepares the tools necessary for forging and supplies them to workplaces. This unloads the forging team and improves productivity during forging.

Organization of the workplace forge.

Proper organization of the workplace is the basis of productive and safe work blacksmiths. The most important condition rational organization workplace is correct location equipment: it must be installed so that the distance between machines, ovens, etc. was as minimal as possible, but at the same time sufficient for free and safe service. The workplace should contain only what is necessary for work; it must be well lit, have reliable ventilation, a suffocating installation, and be kept clean and tidy. Working tools and accessories are stored on racks (serviceable separately from faulty ones).

Means of mechanization of heavy and labor intensive processes facilitating working conditions and increasing its productivity. Forging shops, if necessary, should be provided with powerful overhead cranes with two hooks (for the main and auxiliary lifts), cantilever cranes, tilters, forging manipulators, etc. The workplace must meet the requirements of labor safety - they install exhaust hoods, dangerous places fence.

Before starting work, the foreman must accept the workplace clean and in perfect order from the shift, check the condition of the equipment and tools and, in case of a malfunction, immediately inform the foreman about this. As a rule, those working in the previous shift are required to bring blanks to the workplace and load them into the furnace in such a way that by the start of work new shift they were heated to forging temperature. The blacksmith should not leave the workshop without waiting for the shift and without transferring the workplace to him.

Safety.

Workers must know well and strictly comply with the requirements that ensure labor safety. When forging it is necessary:

· Hold the tongs to one side, and clamp the workpiece tightly, for which you should put a safety ring on the tongs (without a ring, only small workpieces can be forged on low-power hammers);

· During the blow of the hammer on the workpiece suspended on the tilter, timely etch (weaken) the chain so that the blow is not transmitted to it;

· All work with a raised hammer woman should be performed only with tongs; do not put your hands in working space hammer without fixing the woman on the stand;

The foreman to give the command to the driver clearly, briefly, in a loud voice;

· The first blow is easy to apply (this is especially true for cases of forging with the use of a backing tool);

· Make sure that the strikers are dry;

Forging only metal heated to forging temperature (it is forbidden to forge "dark" metal that has cooled below 700 0 С);

· When chopping, set the ax strictly vertically; make the last blows on the ax as easy as possible;

· During the cutting, stand away from the end of the cut off workpiece, chop only with a serviceable ax, do not use wedge-shaped overlays;

· Take special care when using backing dies, monitor the centering of the die halves, install the dies strictly under the hammer head.

Conclusion

In the proposed electronic version of the course of lectures "Forging on hammers and presses", free forging operations are considered, for the implementation of which, mainly, a universal working blacksmith tool is used: strikers, axes, stitching, mandrels, etc., and only in some cases when performing upsetting operations , broaching and bending, indicates the application special tool: bottoms, backs, crimps, etc.

However, lately all more forgings are made by forging with the use of special backing dies, which increase the accuracy of forgings, provide less metal consumption, less laboriousness in the manufacture of forgings and greater labor productivity. It is capacious and very interesting material, which is a kind of transitional stage between free forging and forging. Studying it requires a lot of time and in this course of lectures this material is not considered. Those wishing to study this material can recommend literary sources:.

On the forging of low-ductility and non-ferrous metals, which are also not considered in this lecture notes, the following literature can be recommended:.

Organization of the workplace in the mini-forge.

Blacksmith's workplace

The first is safety in the workplace. Neglect of safety requirements threatens with serious consequences for all employees of the mini-forge. The location of all instruments and materials of the forging and fitting room should be thought out taking into account maximum comfort in the work and safety of artisans. The optimally calculated arrangement of equipment in the mini-forge will allow its owner to breathe clean air, preserve health, relieve injuries and protect against various troubles. For these purposes, appropriate ventilation is arranged above the blacksmith's forge, and the mini-forge itself and the workbench must be equipped with sufficient electrical and natural light. should only be done outdoors.

It is better to have a blacksmith workshop separately from other buildings (see also the corresponding articles in the section). Moreover, the mini-forge should be better located under a canopy or in a ventilated building built from asbestos cement and metal structures, i.e. refractory or non-flammable building materials. A stationary mini-forge should also be sheathed with asbestos-cement slabs, the height of the ceilings of the forge room should be 2.5 meters or more.

Equipment of an individual forge

Small portable bugle

Tools and fixtures mini-forge -

• mini blacksmith's forge with an extract,
• water tank,
• iron fuel box,
• bending plate,
• molding plate and nail plate on a metal angle frame,
• correct,

You will also need a locksmith's workbench, metal shelving for blacksmith tools (stationary and portable), an electric sharpener with a set abrasive stones, blacksmith and locksmith vise, electric drill with a set drilling tools, locksmith tools, measuring tools.

Blacksmith mini-forge must be installed in such a way that it can be accessed from three sides. The horn is used to heat the workpiece. Blacksmith mini-forge can be portable or stationary, closed or open type and various designs(see also related articles in the section).

Consider such furnace designs that are most optimally suited for the conditions of a mini-forge. Horn portable type very handy in the workshop due to its small size, it can be moved around the room and beyond, simple production makes it common for blacksmithing. For the manufacture of forged products small size with the help of a tool such as a mini blacksmith hammer, such a portable forge fits perfectly. But a portable type forge is not suitable for working with large castings. Therefore, the workshop needs and stationary professional bugle

To work on art forged products most suitable open bugle Structurally, it is uncomplicated and products of any size are heated up with such a mountain. - firewood and coal. Charcoal This is the highest quality fuel for blacksmithing. But such fuel is scarce and expensive, and it is required in considerable quantities, therefore enriched coke is most often used for the hearth.