Names of flowers and how to make an acrobouquet. Catalog of garden flowers - names, photos and descriptions of garden flowers All types of flowers and their names
Info-lesson on the topic PARONYMS COLORED - FLOWERED - COLOR - COLOR
Info Lesson Plan:
1. Lexical meaning of paronyms colorful - colorful - colorful - colorful
2. Examples of phrases with a paronym colorful
3. Examples of sentences with a paronym colorful
4. Examples of phrases with a paronym flowery
5. Examples of sentences with a paronym flowery
6. Examples of phrases with a paronym color
7. Examples of sentences with a paronym color
8. Examples of phrases with a paronym color
9. Examples of sentences with a paronym color
1. LEXICAL MEANING OF PARONYMS COLOR - FLOWER - COLOR - COLOR
COLORED(colloquial). Covered with a particularly large number of flowers; with large flowers; with a pattern of bright colors.
FLOWERY. 1. Multicolored, colorful, motley.
2.Covered with flowers.
3. trans. Ornate, over-decorated.
COLOR. 1. Dyed, having any color or colors (except white and black).
2. About people: non-white.
COLOR. Pertaining to color, related to the perception of color.
2. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - COLORED
1) colorful meadow
2) colorful flower bed
3) a colorful plant
4) colorful scarf
5) colorful shawl
6) colorful half-shawl
7) colorful dress
8) colorful robe
9) colorful pattern
10) colorful fabric
11) colorful canvas
3. EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH A PARONYM - COLORED
1) Then for some reason she sat in colorful dressing gown, and the colonel said to her in a dry, irritated voice: "Yes, yes, I called!" (V. Ustinova. Wet snow)
2) More elegant than usual fluffed up in it [courtyard] colorful mallow. (L.M.Leonov. Capture of Velikoshumsk)
3) The black scarf gave a sad look, colorful a scarf or shawl made clothes elegant, festive.
4)colorful headscarves were worn both in cities and in villages. Young girls and respectable mothers of the family flaunted in them.
5) People said that in shady corner one of the Samarkand bazaars, smelling of cinnamon and pilaf, not so long ago you could meet an ancient old man in a snow-white turban and fine dressing gown, belted colorful handkerchief.
6)Then from thin colorful fabrics fold a scarf diagonally, which is thrown over the braid and tied in a knot under the doll's chin.
7) Bright scarves colorful patterns delight everyone.
8) We draw pictures, we sew colorful dresses, decorate ourselves with colored necklaces, guided by fashion trends or our feelings.
9) On this day, meat broth was cooked for lunch. Lina poured it from the pan into colorful tureen. (A. Lindgren. Adventures of Emil from Lönneberg)
10) And nature is again extremely simple,
That is dressed in colorful dresses (R. Rozhdestvensky)
11) I'm standing at a half-station
AT colorful half-shawl,
And the trains are passing by.
And the rails, as usual,
Converging on the horizon
Where are you, my spring years.
Where are you, my spring years. (From the song "I'm standing at the half-station". Lyrics by M. Ancharov. Composer I. Kataev)
12) It smells like kneading and smoke in the hut,
Spring is brewing outside.
And the old lady colorful the dress
I lit a candle at the icon. (Yu.Drunina. Zinka)
13) The walls in the room are pasted over colorful wallpaper.
14) The table is set colorful tablecloth.
15) Matryoshka depicted a peasant girl in an embroidered shirt, sundress and apron, in colorful scarf, with a black rooster, a sickle and bread in his hands.
16) Then the groom gave the bride his gifts: both the fabric on the dress and the beautiful scarf colorful, and a mirror.
17) Sergei Yesenin did not live well, but when the first four collections of his poems came out, the poet received so much money that he even cried and immediately went shopping for the inhabitants of his village. In one shop he bought 35 yokes and 70 buckets, in another - a lot colorful chintz and men's jackets, although he had no idea how many men and women there were now in his native village. They also bought kerosene lamps and kerosene.
18) I lived in the world for half a century and, as they say, I saw a lot of miracles - both my own and overseas, but no, there is nothing to compare Russian festivities on horseback about Shrovetide.
Everything was transformed like in a fairy tale. The men and boys were transformed - arched like hell on light painted sleds with iron undercuts - horses were transformed. Oh, gulyushki, oh, dear ones! Don't let up! Rejoice your brave heart. Fan the blizzard-fire on the whole street!
And the horses puffed up. Rainbows danced in the winter air colorful, patterned arcs, the July heat was carried from polished copper harnesses, and bells, bells - the delight of the Russian soul ... (F.A. Abramov. What horses cry about)
19) And they also tie an elegant scarf, skirt colorful and colorful ribbons. Under the birch tree they join hands so as not to quarrel.
20) Some ancient peoples had a terrible custom: in order to propitiate their gods, they sacrificed people to them. There was such a custom among our ancestors - the ancient Slavs. For a long time they sacrificed women to the Great Mother of Nature. But one day it occurred to someone to offer the gods a doll instead of a living woman. They took a birch log, dressed in colorful scarf, sundress. Why not a girl with a white face! So the doll saved the man.
21) Kut, kutok is a corner. The place between the stove and the wall with a window is called "baby kut". It is often separated from the rest of the hut colorful a curtain or a wooden painted fence, sometimes they fence off with a cupboard. Women run the house here: they cook, spin, sew. Here, on a hook in the ceiling, hangs a cradle for the smallest in the family. Opposite is the master's kut, the place where the head of the family works. What was lacking in the household was that the owner could do everything.
22) Uncle ran up, put two on the table colorful teapot, one on top of the other, a cup and a plate with gingerbread and bagels.
23) Light, colorful summer skirts are worn with sports T-shirts and jackets.
24) In the 70s, Spanish costumes were reflected in long colorful skirts.
25) Special stones: very beautiful, transparent, colorful, bright. Nobody painted them. They are naturally like this: they shimmer, sparkle, glow in different colors.
26) Textile companies offer a huge selection of fabrics, including colorful Ivanovo chintz.
4. EXAMPLE OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - FLOWER
1) flowery rainbow
2) flowery dawn
3) flowery foliage
4) flowery autumn
5) flowery carpet
6) flowery mother-of-pearl
7) flowery shell
8) flowery moth
9)flowery surface
10) flowery syllable
11) flowery phrase
12) flowery speech
13) flowery expression
5. EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH A PARONYM - FLOWER
1) stood flowery gold autumn. (V.Ya. Shishkov. Gloomy river.)
2) He hurriedly put the cigarette in the ashtray and, bending over, took out of the back pocket of his trousers a slippery, small, flowery browning. (I.A. Bunin. Steamboat "Saratov")
3) Written sack - painted, flowery, an embroidered bag used in the old days to store or carry something.
4) The spinning wheels were decorated flowery painting or small carved pattern, and sometimes carving and painting at the same time.
5) Pine forests and oak forests make a measured noise, elegant birch groves caress the eye, river valleys and hills beckon, flowery glades and meadows.
6) Good in autumn flowery forest, I don’t want to leave it for a long time, to say goodbye to the golden autumn days. (I.S. Sokolov-Mikitov)
7) And where a small grain fell, a hitherto unseen plant turned green, and spread it throughout the country flowery fragrant buckwheat, about which even now, when it is sown, they sing an old song:
Krupenichka, red girl.
You are our feeder, joy-heart.
Blossom, fade, rejuvenate,
Wise, curly curl,
Be everything kind people to please! (N.D. Teleshov. The Tale of Krupenichka)
8) Minarets are decorated with patterned belts brickwork or stone carvings, openwork lattices and balconies, ornaments and inscriptions. The minaret ends with a dome or tent.
Everything is in a simple form, but the surface is completely covered with a complex ornament. Leaves, flowers, rhombuses, stars, inscriptions. These patterns are intertwined. It's hard to take your eyes off them. The walls are lined - tiles- ceramic tiles covered with mosaics. All this is like flowery carpet, covers the buildings, making you forget about the massiveness of the structures. The heaviness of the walls, which is not felt behind the lining, azure patterned tiles.
9) This is the center of the Asian continent, the cradle of ancient peoples and states. These are mountains and cedars, snowfields and glaciers, coniferous forests and high flowery herbs.
10) Alien to restless passion disease,
Knowing one quiet joy -
It's like I'm walking flowery meadow,
But neither the flowers nor the grass are already rumpled. (A. Zhemchuzhnikov)
11) But the youngest daughter in flowery in a brocade dress, in an elegant shower warmer, it is written in joyful colors. She is golden-haired.
12) While working on his works, A.N. Ostrovsky realized that the whole power of comedy is in the language. Characters should speak naturally. And at the same time, their speech is old Moscow, flowery- should leave a joyful feeling of art.
13) Speaker Robinson rose and said flowery speech, thanking the warrior on behalf of the colony for outstanding service. (N.Yakovlev. Washington)
Compare: colorful silk - silk with a pattern of large (or many) flowers; flowery silk - multi-colored silk.
6. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - COLOR
1) colored stained glass
2) colored linoleum
3)color flashlight
4) color engraving
5)color photography
6)color picture
7)color TV
8) color film
9) color transparencies
10) colored pencils
11) color cover
12) colored tablecloth
13) non-ferrous metallurgy
14) non-ferrous metals
15) colored pearls
16) colored sand
17) colored foil
18) colored paper
19) colored background
20) color tape
21) color cardboard
22) color printer
23) embroidery with colored art stitch
24) color world of childhood
7. EXAMPLES OF OFFERS WITH A PARONYM - COLOR
1) Once I took some jars from Sasha color ink that stood on his father's desk, and decided to write a letter. (A.I. Pristavkin. The first flowers)
2) The boss silently walked around the barracks, put out the light, sometimes kicked someone off the bed with a kick colored"worker - Malay or Negro - and fumbled under the mat: he was looking for vodka. (K.G. Paustovsky. Australian from Pilevo station)
3) At that time, there were intense disputes among scientists who studied the origin of human tribes. Some argued that all human tribes, all peoples came from a single root, from a single trunk, that the different level of culture of peoples does not depend on innate properties, but on the historical path they have traveled; others taught that peoples originated from different, alien roots and, therefore, are unequal: whites were allegedly destined by nature to dominate, “ colored"- for submission. (According to L.K. Chukovskaya. At all latitudes)
4) When he took a taxi to Tsvetnoy boulevard and from here went on foot in the direction of Petrovka, it was a weekday hour before noon with a chaotic and senseless crowd on the streets. (Yu.V. Bondarev. Game)
5) By production colored metals Russia ranks second in the world after the United States.
6) By volume and variety of solid waste and air emissions colored metallurgy is superior to ferrous.
7) Are gaining more and more value colored and rare metals.
8) Children make out color paper toys.
9) Today we will make an application from color paper.
10) Manufacturing decorative paintings from color crumbs are a lot of fun.
11) For each basin of the planet is characteristic color a pearl of its own hue.
12) Children play with sand with pleasure, create beautiful paintings from colored sand.
13)Using colored small ice floes can be laid out patterns in the snow, geometric figures, labyrinths and colored tracks.
14) The child learns to draw colored pencils.
15)colored Pencils are great drawing material.
Technics colored pencils differs little from working with graphite pencils.
16) Architects claim that colored glass is well suited to modern buildings, full of light and air.
17) At color cabbage, for example, inflorescences are eaten, which served as an excuse for the British to put together a playful saying: “The best of flowers are cabbage flowers!”
18) Heads color cabbages are very rich in vitamins, potassium, proteins.
19)colored windows were the decoration of medieval cathedrals in the cities of Western Europe.
20) Light passing through colored glass creates a special decorative effect, such a color palette that the interior is filled with fabulousness and mystery.
21) In the Scandinavian countries, embroidery was used color wool and gold embroidery.
8. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - COLOR
1)color painting
2) color painting
3)color option
4)color shades
5) colors
6) color scheme
7)color matching
8) color dissonance
9) color contrasts
10)color features
11)color combinations
12)color effect
13)color spots
14) color impression
15) color sensations
16) color blindness
17) color perception
18)color design
19) color standard
9. EXAMPLES OF OFFERS WITH A PARONYM - COLOR
1) A person is constantly affected color the environment that surrounds us.
2) Choice color gamma plays a big role in shaping the image.
3) From the mixing of the three primary colors, everything is born color wealth of the world.
4) This exercise is aimed at developing color observation.
5)Color circle - a system of colors in which color the variety is ordered on the basis of an objective regularity.
6) I. Newton first introduced color chart called color Newton's circle.
7) The method of separating color into its constituent components is called color model.
8) To what color Does the group include dew drops?
9)Color the appearance of the surrounding world requires special attention.
10)Color room design can influence emotional condition person.
11) Each person, perceiving color and passing it through his attitude, refers to color gamma differently.
12)color the gamut of paintings by one artist differs from color scales of another.
13) What are color sensations perceived by our eye?
14)What are your color preferences?
15) What is the role color dramaturgy of the cycle in the poetic world of A.A. Blok?
Sources used
1.S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. M. "Russian language" 1990
2.E.D. Golovina. Distinguish words: Difficult cases of modern Russian word usage. Express Directory. - Kirov: Kirov Regional Printing House. 1997.
3. Yu.A. Belchikov, M.S. Panyusheva. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. Moscow: AST Publishing House LLC; LLC Astrel Publishing House, 2004.
5. K.S. Gorbachevich. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005.
For the first time, unusual and flowering plants began to be grown in pots or greenhouses in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Today, indoor flowers, a catalog with photos and names of which in paper form can fit in several cabinets, are a passion for millions of people around the world.
Photos and names of decorative indoor plants
Ornamental plants are valued for flowers of various shapes and colors, unusual foliage, a variety of forms, including erect, creeping and ampelous, herbaceous and tree-like. Indoor flowers can be of local origin and come from the most remote corners of the world. Such plants differ not only in appearance, but also in habits, require different conditions of maintenance and care.
Someone is passionate about succulents, someone is more interested in watching the growth of epiphytes. Although it is almost impossible to get acquainted with all types of home flowers, their photos and names, a short catalog will be a great help when choosing a “green pet” to your liking.
Abutilon
An evergreen shrub that easily tolerates crown formation, blooming from late spring to mid-autumn. Numerous varieties and hybrids indoor flower prefer partial shade, responsive to care, giving their owner a lot of white, yellow, pink, raspberry "bells" with a diameter of up to 10-12 cm.
To restore strength, the plant needs a cool wintering at 12-15 degrees.
Aglaonema
The photo and name of this home flower in a pot became famous thanks to the famous film "Leon". Today, the herbaceous perennial is popular for its variegated, leathery broad-lanceolate foliage and unpretentiousness when kept indoors. 
In leaf color different types and varieties there are not only green, white and silver tones, but also bright pink and purple colors.
Maidenhair
Among house plants, ferns are not uncommon. Herbaceous evergreen cultures attract attention with carved fronds and hardiness. One of the most popular ferns is the maidenhair, whose young fronds are gracefully folded and have a pinkish cream color. In the house, the flower needs partial shade and cool maintenance in winter.
Azalea
These houseplants with flowers of white, pink, purple color do not obey all flower growers. But when creating right conditions and constant attention, medium-sized shrubs, related, delight with generous flowering and long life at home.
Alocasia
Among the many types of indoor flowers, there are many cultures belonging to the Aroid family. Natives of the tropics of the Southern Hemisphere invariably amaze with the splendor of greenery and a variety of forms.
When meeting a photo of decorative home flowers with the name "alokaziya" it is easy to notice how these plants differ in appearance. And this is not surprising, because several dozen representatives of the genus, for example, odorous, copper-red, are unpretentious decorative leafy crops valued by amateur flower growers.
Aloe
Unlike alocasia, which loves moisture, all species are succulents that can survive drought due to the water accumulated in succulent leaves. Aloe vera or agave is often grown as home flowers. A plant up to one and a half meters high is decorated with long leaves up to 30 cm long, seated along the edges with thorns.
The value of the plant is in its non-capricious disposition and healing juice, which has a softening, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effect.
Anthurium
- Another representative of the vast Aroid family, which has become a popular indoor flower. The characteristic features of the plant are an underground stem, pointed-heart-shaped dense leaves, held on high erect petioles, and cob inflorescences, decorated with bright bedspreads up to 15 centimeters long. The modified leaf is painted in bright white-pink, scarlet, greenish-purple tones.
Asparagus
Akin to the culinary delicacy of asparagus, as a houseplant, it is distinguished by its unpretentious disposition, active growth and long pot life. Several types of this culture, thanks to needle-like foliage, an ampelous or bush-like form, have long earned the respect and love of flower growers. decorative effect plants are complemented by a rare but memorable flowering. Collected in a brush, white flowers are small, but fragrant. After they wither, red rounded berries are formed.
Aspidistra
Originally from Southeast Asia, it is a decorative deciduous plant, the main attraction of which is large broad-lanceolate leaves up to 80 cm long. In the catalogs, among the photos of indoor flowers with the name "aspidistra" you can find specimens with variegated leaves, decorated with white or yellowish stripes . The flowers of this species are inconspicuous and even invisible. Corollas of reddish-brown or purple color appear near the ground.
Balsam
Home flowers in pots, in the photo, are popularly called "Vanka Wet" or "touchy". , settled down on the windowsills of our grandmothers, loves moisture, light and warmth. Extremely unpretentious plant due to the presence of a mass of varieties, it is ready to please the grower with the flowering of simple and double flowers of the most different shades.
Begonia
Begonia - rare plant, which has decorative leaves and flowers. There are more than 1000 cultivated varietal and hybrid forms in the world, actively used for landscaping in the house and outside. Home flowers can differ in the way they reproduce, be bushy or ampelous, bloom seasonally or constantly.
Connoisseurs of decorative leafy crops highly appreciate the bright, unlike anything green of these unpretentious, fast-growing flowers.
Geranium room (pelargonium)
Unpretentious, abundant and long-blooming pelargonium is an ideal indoor flower for beginners. The plant easily adapts to life in an apartment, lends itself to shaping, if necessary, resumes and reproduces vegetatively without problems. A sea of varieties of various shapes and colors will help create a unique atmosphere in the house and decorate the interior.
Hibiscus
Perennial, related to garden mallows and, in Russian conditions, has taken root as a houseplant. A large flowering crop is grown as a shrub or stem tree. At proper care and sufficiency of nutrition, it is distinguished by enviable longevity, grows to a height of 2–2.5 meters and regularly pleases with the appearance of spectacular red, pink, coral flowers.
Hippeastrum
The bulbous perennial is popular for its simple care and incredibly vibrant blooms. It is accompanied by the appearance of powerful, up to 70 cm tall, peduncles with several simple or double flowers. The color of the corollas depends on the variety and can be variegated, white, pink, scarlet or deep purple. The leaves form a fluffy basal rosette, have a smooth surface and a pointed linear shape. In autumn, this type of indoor flowers begins a dormant period, lasting several months and requiring dry, cool storage of the bulbs.
Gloxinia
Velvety large bells and the same exquisite "soft" oval leaves - character traits domestic gloxinia flower. A tuberous plant with a winter dormant period for flowering requires a long daylight hours, nutrient soil and a wide pot.
Over one rosette of leaves, several dozen spectacular flowers can simultaneously show off in all shades from white to deep purple.
Guzmania
Guzmania draws on itself thanks to the bright foliage, bordering a not so noticeable and lush inflorescence. Flowering, which begins after 3 years of planting and lasts up to 3 months, means the near death of the mother plant, which should be replaced by basal daughter rosettes.
dieffenbachia
Deciduous ornamental plant large leaves of different colors is relatively unpretentious, stands out for its high growth rate and numerous natural and varietal forms. As in nature, at home, the flower with the name shown in the photo in a pot should receive enough moisture, heat, nutrition and a lot of bright but diffused light.
Dracaena
Accustomed in nature to truly "Spartan" conditions, the dracaena is not capricious in an apartment. Several varieties are grown as house flowers, eventually forming a "tree" with a bare trunk and a cap of stiff green or variegated foliage at the top.
Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas - tuberous plant from the Aroid family is often found in the collections of flower growers who are passionate about evergreen decorative deciduous crops. An unpretentious indoor flower with a height of 50 to 150 cm forms several powerful dense stems covered with glossy oval-pointed leaves. Mature plants with proper care form milky-white inflorescences-cobs.
Kalanchoe
Encyclopedias and catalogs of indoor and plant names often contain references to. Moreover, plants with this name are often included in the list of ornamental and medicinal crops. We are talking about different related species, interesting and wonderful in their own way.
Common features of all varieties - unpretentiousness, rapid growth, easy reproduction by all available vegetative methods and responsiveness to care.
Decorative varieties amaze with the splendor of flowering, and the viviparous form of Kalanchoe will help to cope with skin and colds.
Clivia
Clivia is an evergreen rhizomatous plant with a powerful basal rosette of long leathery leaves. During flowering, the plant produces a powerful peduncle with bright orange-yellow corollas gathered at the top into an umbrella. At home, flowers last more than 3 weeks.
arrowroot
Maranta is a low, often creeping or ampelous perennial with decorative foliage, on one leaf plate combining shades of light and dark green, purple and pink, white and brownish tones.
Euphorbia Mil
Euphorbia Mil in Russia is better known as the "crown of thorns". This unpretentious plant in nature reaches a height of 2 meters. In a pot, a succulent with a stiff stem covered with long thorns and a bunch of leaves at the top is much smaller. The unusual appearance of the plant is completed by small inflorescences, bordered by bright bracts, in scarlet, pink, yellow and white tones.
Sansevieria
Sansevieria or "mother-in-law's tongue" has been a regular on window sills for many years. An unfussy home flower, popular for its tough foliage, with a variegated pattern or a light border. 
- one of the most common indoor flowers, however, a cylindrical variety with pointed erect leaves of the original form is only gaining adherents.
fat girl
The decorative home flowers in the photo owe their name to fleshy, coin-like leaves. Fat woman or " Money Tree» excellent home plant, care for which even a beginner can do. In terms of endurance and easy reproduction, the flower can only be compared with Kalanchoe. Even a fallen leaf soon takes root and gives rise to a new plant.
Tradescantia
Tradescantia is an excellent ampelous flower for home cultivation. The plant is different rapid growth, high decorativeness, unpretentiousness and light agricultural technology. The presence of varieties with variegated foliage of different shades allows you to create with the help of one culture unique compositions. moisture-loving, lends itself to crown formation and takes root easily, in water or on the ground.
Phalaenopsis
Phalaenopsis or "butterfly-like" flower. This most popular orchid in nature is an epiphyte. At home, the flower is content with a special pot and substrate, unlike ordinary soil. Relatively easy care for phalaenopsis allows a novice orchid lover to master all the features of these ornamental plants.
Violet uzambarskaya (saintpaulia)
At first glance, the Uzambara violet captivates with the appearance of fleecy foliage collected in lush rosettes, over which simple, semi- or double flowers the most bizarre shapes and colors. Modern Saintpaulia varieties number in the thousands and represent giant and dwarf plants, plain and variegated flowers, green leaves and greens with white or pink edging.
ficus
A catalog of indoor flowers with photographs and names of various types and varieties of ficuses can be published as a separate book. Today, there are almost a thousand varieties of this plant, several dozen are grown in culture, having the shape of a bush, tree, ground cover and even ampel specimens. The most widely used and rubber.
Chlorophytum
- the leader among plants in terms of the ability to purify the air. But this is not the only reason for the popularity of indoor flower. A non-capricious and easily propagated herbaceous perennial in the house forms lush rosettes of pointed-lanceolate leaves of green or variegated color. A feature of the culture is the flowers and daughter rosettes of the plant formed on long hanging shoots.
Hoya
Among domestic lianas, hoya occupies one of the first places in terms of beauty and popularity. Evergreen perennial with long stems, covered with dense "waxy" leaves and umbrella inflorescences of fragrant star-shaped flowers, leaves no one indifferent. At the same time, ivy growing on a suitable surface does not need special care and is excellent for keeping at home.
Video: 70 indoor plants in my interior
One of the main elements of any garden are flowers. They make it beautiful, bright and memorable. Their variety is so great that sometimes it becomes very difficult to make a choice.
This page is about, as well as describing the period of planting and flowering of these plants. You can also see the catalog of indoor plants. And we'll start with how to use garden flower catalog to select the best specimens for your site.
Choosing from a catalog of garden flowers for your garden |
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Location- the main criterion that is responsible for the life and active development of plants. If you plant light-loving flowers in a darkened place, then for a long time they will not be able to please their owners with their beauty. This means that you need to know in advance the insolation in your own area and the attitude of your favorite plants to the light. Therefore, before picking plants, decide which area you want to plant with garden flowers. After such a selection, you can proceed to the next item. |
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Color Features. According to morphology, flowers are divided into annuals (marigolds, petunias) and perennials (hostas, daisies, lilies). The difference lies in the different periods of their life and development. The first type is cheaper, but it grows only one year, the next it is necessary to purchase plant material again. Using the catalog search form, you can sort flowers by life expectancy. perennial plants can be planted only once, and they will annually delight their owners. The second type is more expensive than the first. |
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Origin. It is better to plant local plants that are perfectly adapted to the existing conditions. Of course, no one canceled the experiments, you can try to grow exotics. |
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| plant size is very important. If a mixborder is arranged in the garden, then the largest and tallest plants should be planted at the very end, and small and profusely flowering plants should be planted at the beginning. In my The catalog of garden flowers contains photographs, thanks to which you can navigate by the size of the plant. On all packages with seeds, the dimensions of interest are usually indicated. If you buy seedlings, it is better to find out from reliable sources all the necessary data. |  |
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Color spectrum- the key to a beautiful and delightful garden. You can create certain style solutions, thanks to the combination of plants in colors. Beautiful are the contrasting flower beds, monochrome. The main thing is to choose the right varieties and types. The catalog below will help you search for garden flowers according to various criteria for the color of the inflorescence. |
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Garden - flowers catalog with photos and names
The decoration of any garden includes some bulbous plants that bloom in spring are crocuses, tulips, hyacinths, muscari and others. Bulbous summer-bloomers include lilies and irises. To make your flower garden bright and beautiful, you can plant violets, salvias, ageratums, marigolds, peonies, hostas, some varieties of ornamental onions, amaryllis, daffodils, petunias, and many other plants. Now try to choose garden flowers yourself - a catalog with photos and names will help you.
The search for extraterrestrial life is no longer the prerogative science fiction or UFO hunters. Perhaps modern technologies have not yet reached the required level, but with their help we are already able to detect the physical and chemical manifestations of the fundamental processes that underlie living things. Astronomers have discovered more than 200 planets orbiting stars outside the solar system. So far, we cannot give an unambiguous answer about the probability of the existence of life on them, but this is only a matter of time. In July 2007, astronomers analyzed the starlight that passed through the atmosphere of the exoplanet and confirmed the presence of water on it. Telescopes are being developed that will allow us to search for traces of life on planets like the Earth by their spectra.
Green men are already outdated. On planets around other stars, plants can be red, blue, or even black.
One of the important factors affecting the spectrum of light reflected by the planet may be the process of photosynthesis. But is it possible in other worlds? Quite! On Earth, photosynthesis is the basis for almost all living things. Despite the fact that some organisms have learned to live at elevated temperatures in the environment of methane and in oceanic hydrothermal vents, we owe the richness of ecosystems on the surface of our planet to sunlight.
On the one hand, in the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is produced, which, together with the ozone formed from it, can be found in the atmosphere of the planet. On the other hand, the color of the planet may indicate the presence of special pigments on its surface, such as chlorophyll. Almost a century ago, when astronomers noticed the seasonal darkening of the surface of Mars, they suspected the presence of plants on it. There have been attempts to detect signs of green plants in the spectrum of light reflected from the surface of the planet. But the doubtfulness of this approach was seen even by the writer Herbert Wells, who in his "War of the Worlds" remarked: "Obviously, the vegetable kingdom of Mars, in contrast to the terrestrial kingdom, where green prevails, has a blood-red color." We now know that there are no plants on Mars, and the appearance of darker areas on the surface is associated with dust storms. Wells himself was convinced that the color of Mars is not least determined by the plants covering its surface.
Even on Earth, photosynthetic organisms are not limited to in green: some plants have red leaves, and various algae and photosynthetic bacteria shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow. And purple bacteria, in addition to visible light, use the infrared radiation of the Sun. So what will prevail on other planets? And how can we see it? The answer depends on the mechanisms by which alien photosynthesis assimilates the light of its star, which differs in the nature of radiation from the Sun. In addition, a different composition of the atmosphere also affects the spectral composition of the radiation incident on the surface of the planet.
Growing light
To imagine what photosynthesis will be like on other worlds, you first need to understand how plants carry it out on Earth. The energy spectrum of sunlight has a peak in the blue-green region, which made scientists puzzle for a long time, why do plants not absorb the most available green light, but, on the contrary, reflect it? It turned out that the process of photosynthesis depends not so much on the total amount solar energy how much of the energy of the individual photons and the number of photons that make up the light.
Each blue photon carries more energy than a red one, but the Sun predominantly emits red ones. Plants use blue photons for their quality and red photons for their quantity. The wavelength of green light lies just between red and blue, but green photons are neither available nor energetic, so plants don't use them.
In the process of photosynthesis, it takes at least eight photons to fix one carbon atom (derived from carbon dioxide, CO 2) in a sugar molecule, and only one to split the hydrogen-oxygen bond in a water molecule (H 2 O). In this case, a free electron appears, which is necessary for a further reaction. In total, for the formation of one molecule of oxygen (O 2), four such bonds must be broken. The second reaction to form a sugar molecule requires at least four more photons. It should be noted that a photon must have a certain minimum energy in order to take part in photosynthesis.
The way plants absorb sunlight is truly one of the wonders of nature. Photosynthetic pigments do not occur as individual molecules. They form clusters consisting, as it were, of many antennas, each of which is tuned to receive photons of a certain wavelength. Chlorophyll primarily absorbs red and blue light, while carotenoid pigments, which give autumn foliage red and yellow perceive a different shade of blue. All the energy collected by these pigments is delivered to the chlorophyll molecule located in the reaction center, where the splitting of water occurs with the formation of oxygen.
A complex of molecules in a reaction center can only carry out chemical reactions if it receives red photons or an equivalent amount of energy in some other form. To use the blue photons, the "antenna" pigments turn them high energy to a lower one, just as a series of step-down transformers reduces 100,000 volts of a power line to 220 volts of a wall outlet. The process begins when a blue photon hits a pigment that absorbs blue light and transfers energy to one of the electrons in its molecule. When the electron returns to its original state, it emits this energy, but due to thermal and vibrational losses, less than it absorbed.
However, the pigment molecule gives up the received energy not in the form of a photon, but in the form of an electrical interaction with another pigment molecule, which is able to absorb energy more than low level. In turn, the second pigment releases even less energy, and this process continues until the energy of the original blue photon drops to the red level.
The reaction center, as the receiving end of the cascade, is adapted to absorb available photons with minimal energy. On the surface of our planet, red photons are the most numerous and at the same time have the lowest energy among the photons of the visible spectrum.
But for underwater photosynthesizers, red photons don't have to be the most numerous. The area of light used for photosynthesis changes with depth, since water, substances dissolved in it and those in upper layers organisms filter light. The result is a clear layering of living forms in accordance with their set of pigments. Organisms from deeper layers of water have pigments tuned to the light of those colors that were not absorbed by the layers above. For example, algae and cyanide have phycocyanin and phycoerythrin pigments that absorb green and yellow photons. Anoxygenic (i.e., non-oxygen-producing) bacteria have far-red and near-infrared (IR) light-absorbing bacteriochlorophyll, which alone can penetrate the murky water depths.
Organisms adapted to low light tend to grow more slowly because they have to work harder to absorb all the light available to them. On the surface of the planet, where light is abundant, it would be disadvantageous for plants to produce extra pigments, so they selectively use colors. The same evolutionary principles should work in other planetary systems.
Just as aquatic creatures have adapted to light filtered by water, land dwellers have adapted to light filtered by atmospheric gases. In the upper part of the earth's atmosphere, the most numerous photons are yellow, with a wavelength of 560–590 nm. The number of photons gradually decreases in the direction of long waves and abruptly ends in the direction of short ones. As sunlight passes through the upper atmosphere, water vapor absorbs IR in several bands longer than 700 nm. Oxygen gives a narrow range of absorption lines near 687 and 761 nm. Everyone knows that ozone (O 3 ) in the stratosphere actively absorbs ultraviolet (UV), but it also absorbs a little in the visible region of the spectrum.
So, our atmosphere leaves windows through which radiation can reach the surface of the planet. The range of visible radiation is limited on the blue side by a sharp break solar spectrum in the shortwave region and UV absorption by ozone. The red border is defined by oxygen absorption lines. The photon peak is shifted from yellow to red (to about 685 nm) due to extensive absorption by ozone in the visible region.
Plants are adapted to this spectrum, which is mainly determined by oxygen. But we must remember that plants themselves supply oxygen to the atmosphere. When the first photosynthetic organisms appeared on Earth, there was little oxygen in the atmosphere, so plants had to use pigments other than chlorophyll. Only over time, as photosynthesis changed the composition of the atmosphere, did chlorophyll become the optimal pigment.
Many specialists are engaged in predicting the color of extraterrestrial plants - from plant physiologists to astronomers and biochemists.
Reliable fossil evidence for photosynthesis dates back to about 3.4 billion years, but even earlier fossils show signs of this process taking place. The first photosynthetic organisms must have been underwater, in part because water is a good solvent for biochemical reactions and also because it provides protection from solar UV radiation, which was important in the absence of an atmospheric ozone layer. Such organisms were underwater bacteria that absorbed infrared photons. Their chemical reactions included hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, iron, but not water; therefore, they did not give off oxygen. And only 2.7 billion years ago, cyanobacteria in the oceans began oxygenic photosynthesis with the release of oxygen. The amount of oxygen and the ozone layer gradually increased, allowing red and brown algae to rise to the surface. And when the water level in shallow waters was sufficient to protect against UV, green algae appeared. They were low in phycobiliproteins and were better adapted to the bright light near the surface of the water. 2 billion years after oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere, the descendants of green algae - plants - also appeared on land.
The plant world has undergone significant changes - a variety of forms has rapidly increased: from mosses and liverworts to vascular plants with high crowns that absorb more light and adapted to different climatic zones. conical crowns coniferous trees effectively absorb light at high latitudes, where the sun barely rises above the horizon. Shade-loving plants produce anthocyanin to protect them from bright light. Green chlorophyll is not only well adapted to modern composition atmosphere, but also helps to maintain it, keeping our planet green. It is possible that the next step in evolution will give an advantage to an organism that lives in the shade under the crowns of trees and uses phycobilins to absorb green and yellow light. But the inhabitants of the upper tier, apparently, will remain green.
Painting the world red
When looking for photosynthetic pigments on planets in other star systems, astronomers should remember that these objects are at different stages of evolution. For example, they may encounter a planet similar to Earth, say, 2 billion years ago. It must also be taken into account that alien photosynthetic organisms may have properties that are not characteristic of their earthly "relatives". For example, they are able to split water molecules using longer wavelength photons.
On Earth, the longest-wavelength organism is the purple anoxygenic bacterium, which uses infrared radiation with a wavelength of about 1015 nm. Record holders among oxygenic organisms are marine cyanobacteria, which absorb at 720 nm. There is no upper limit on the wavelength, which would be determined by the laws of physics. It's just that the photosynthetic system has to use more long-wavelength photons compared to short-wavelength ones.
The limiting factor is not the variety of pigments, but the spectrum of light reaching the surface of the planet, which in turn depends on the type of star. Astronomers classify stars based on their color, temperature, size, and age. Not all stars exist long enough for life to arise and develop on their neighboring planets. The long-lived stars are (in order of decreasing temperature) spectral classes F, G, K, and M. The Sun belongs to class G. F stars are larger and brighter than the Sun, they burn with brighter blue light and burn out in about 2 billion years. Class K and M stars are smaller in diameter, dimmer, redder, and long-lived.
Around each star there is a so-called "life zone" - a range of orbits, being on which, the planets have the temperature necessary for existence. liquid water. In the solar system, such a zone is a ring bounded by the orbits of Mars and the Earth. For hot F stars, the life zone is farther from the star, while for cooler K and M stars it is closer. Planets located in the zone of life of F-, G- and K-stars receive about the same amount of visible light as the Earth receives from the Sun. It is likely that they could have developed life based on the same oxygenic photosynthesis as on Earth, although the color of the pigments can be shifted within the visible range.
Plants on planets near dim stars are forced to absorb the entire spectrum of visible and infrared light, so they may appear black to us.
M-type stars, so-called red dwarfs, are of particular interest to scientists because they are the most common type of star in our galaxy. They emit noticeably less visible light than the Sun: the intensity peak in their spectrum falls on the near infrared. John Raven ( John Raven), a biologist at the University of Dundee in Scotland, and Ray Wolstencroft ( Ray Wolstencroft), an astronomer at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, suggested that oxygenic photosynthesis is theoretically possible using near-IR photons. In this case, organisms will have to use three or even four IR photons to break apart a water molecule, while terrestrial plants use only two photons, which can be likened to rocket stages that impart energy to an electron to carry out a chemical reaction.
Young M stars show powerful UV flares, the destructive effect of which can only be avoided underwater. But the water column also absorbs other parts of the spectrum, so organisms at depth will be sorely lacking in light. If so, then photosynthesis on these planets may not develop. As the M-star ages, the amount of emitted ultraviolet decreases, in the later stages of evolution it becomes less than our Sun emits. During this period, there is no need for a protective ozone layer, and life on the surface of planets can thrive even if it does not produce oxygen.
Thus, astronomers should consider four possible scenarios depending on the type and age of the star.
Anaerobic ocean life. A star in a planetary system is young, of any type. Organisms may not produce oxygen. The atmosphere may be composed of other gases such as methane.
Aerobic ocean life. The star is no longer young, of any type. Enough time has passed since the onset of oxygenic photosynthesis for the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Aerobic land life. Star mature, any type. The land is covered with plants. Life on Earth is just at this stage.
Anaerobic land life. A dim M star with weak UV radiation. Plants cover the land, but may not produce oxygen.
Naturally, the manifestations of photosynthetic organisms in each of these cases will be different. The experience of shooting our planet from satellites suggests that it is impossible to notice life in the depths of the ocean with a telescope: the first two scenarios do not promise us color signs of life. The only chance to find it is to search atmospheric gases organic origin. Therefore, researchers using color methods to search for alien life will have to focus on the study of land plants with oxygenic photosynthesis on planets near F-, G- and K-stars, or on the planets of M-stars, but with any type of photosynthesis.
Black is the new green
Regardless of the characteristics of the planet, photosynthetic pigments must meet the same requirements as on Earth: to absorb photons with the shortest wavelength (high energy), with the longest wavelength (used by the reaction center), or the most accessible. To understand how the type of star determines the color of plants, it was necessary to combine the efforts of researchers from different specialties.
Martin Cohen ( Martin Cohen), an astronomer at the University of California at Berkeley, has collected data on an F star (Boötes sigma), a K star (epsilon Eridani), an actively flaring M star (AD Leo), and a hypothetical quiet M star with a temperature of 3100°K. Astronomer Antigone Segura ( Antigona Segura) from the National Autonomous University of Mexico City has performed computer simulations of the behavior of Earth-like planets in the life zone around these stars. Using the models of Alexander Pavlov of the University of Arizona and James Casting ( James Casting) from the University of Pennsylvania, Segura studied the interaction of stellar radiation with the likely components of planetary atmospheres (believing that volcanoes emit the same gases on them as on Earth), trying to figure out chemical composition atmospheres both devoid of oxygen and with its content close to that of the earth.
Using Segura's results, University College London physicist Giovanna Tinetti ( Giovanna Tinetti) calculated the absorption of radiation in planetary atmospheres using the David Crisp model ( David Crisp) from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena (California), used to evaluate the illumination of the solar panels of the rovers. Interpreting these calculations required the combined efforts of five specialists: microbiologist Janet Seifert ( Janet Siefert) from Rice University, biochemists Robert Blankenship ( Robert Blankenship) from Washington University in St. Louis and Govinji ( Govindjee) from the University of Illinois at Urbana and Champaign, planetary scientist Victoria Meadows ( Victoria Meadows) from Washington State University and me, a biometeorologist at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
We came to the conclusion that near F-type stars, blue rays with a peak at 451 nm predominantly reach the surface of planets. Around K stars, the peak is at 667 nm, which is in the red region of the spectrum, which is similar to the situation on Earth. Wherein important role ozone plays, making F-star light bluer and K-star light redder than it actually is. It turns out that the radiation suitable for photosynthesis in this case lies in the visible region of the spectrum, as on Earth.
Thus, plants on planets near F- and K-stars can have almost the same color as terrestrial ones. But in F stars, the flow of energy-rich blue photons is too intense, so plants must at least partially reflect them, using shielding pigments like anthocyanin, which will give the plants a bluish color. However, they can only use blue photons for photosynthesis. In this case, all light in the range from green to red should be reflected. This will result in a characteristic blue break in the reflected light spectrum, which is easy to see with a telescope.
The wide temperature range of class M stars suggests the variety of colors of their planets. Revolving around a quiet M-star, the planet receives half as much energy as the Earth from the Sun. And although this is, in principle, enough for life - this is 60 times more than what shade-loving plants on Earth require - most of the photons coming from these stars belong to the near-IR region of the spectrum. But evolution should contribute to the emergence of a variety of pigments that can perceive the entire spectrum of visible and infrared light. Plants that absorb almost all radiation can even look black.
small purple dot
The history of life on Earth shows that early marine photosynthetic organisms on planets near F, G, and K stars could have lived in a primordial anoxic atmosphere and developed an oxygenic photosynthesis system that would later lead to land plants. With class M stars, the situation is more complicated. The results of our calculations indicate that the optimal place for photosynthesizers is 9 m under water: a layer of this depth blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation, but transmits enough visible light. Of course, we will not notice these organisms in our telescopes, but they could become the basis of land life. In principle, plant life on planets near M-stars, using various pigments, can be almost as diverse as on Earth.
But will future space telescopes be able to see traces of life on these planets? The answer depends on what the ratio is water surface and sushi on the planet. In first-generation telescopes, the planets will look like dots, oh detailed study their surface is out of the question. All that scientists will get is the total spectrum of reflected light. Based on his calculations, Tinetti states that in order to identify plants from this spectrum, at least 20% of the planet's surface must be land covered with plants and not obscured by clouds. On the other hand, the larger the area of the seas, the more oxygen is released into the atmosphere by marine photosynthesizers. Therefore, the brighter pigment bioindicators are expressed, the more difficult it is to notice oxygen bioindicators, and vice versa. Astronomers will be able to detect either one or the other, but not both.
near the surfaceAtmospheric gases absorb the light of the star, shifting the maximum color in it and creating absorption bands - areas of reduced intensity. These bands are well known for the Earth (the case of a class G star)
Under the water
| Star type: G The graphs show the spectrum of sunlight on Earth Life time: 10 billion years Earth orbit: 1 astronomical unit |
Star type: F Weight*: 1.4 Luminosity*: 3.6 Life time: 3 billion years Model planet orbit: 1.69 astronomical units |
