Installation of a panel house - alternate installation of elements. Basic installation schemes for large-panel buildings. Installing exterior wall panels. Installation of interior walls. Installation of frame-panel buildings

Frameless construction contains a smaller number of mounting elements, which ensures the rapid pace of construction of buildings. Therefore, this design scheme has become widespread.

With a large-panel frameless system, building structures are divided into wall panels, floor panels and partitions. The dimensions of the panels are assigned “per room”, i.e., to the planning cell, determined by the height of the floor, the pitch of the transverse partitions and the span of the floors.

The main leading process in the construction of large-panel frameless houses is the installation of panels. Its peculiarity is that after the installation of each wall panel, it has to be immediately aligned and fixed both in plan and in height. In this regard, the assembly is carried out by sequentially attaching panels to each other, the first of them being fixed with an inventory brace, and the rest are fastened with adjacent steel plates welded into the panel during manufacture. After installing and fixing the four panels that make up the walls of the room, they are laid and fastened to the walls with a floor slab that forms the ceiling. On fig. 122 shows a structural diagram of a frameless large-panel building.

Rice. 122. Scheme of a frameless large-panel building

For precise installation in the design position of the load-bearing panels of walls and partitions, vertical reinforcing bars-clamps are embedded in the floor slabs, which are placed symmetrically on both sides of the wire stretched along the axis. The distance between the clamps is assumed to be approximately 3 mm greater than the thickness of the panel mounted on this axis.

The technology of mounting walls from large panels depends on the method of making horizontal seams. In practice, two methods are used.

In the first method, the panel is laid on the prepared mortar layer. If deviations from the design position occurred during installation, then the panel is lifted, the bottom edge is cleaned from the solution, and the solution is added to the lowered place that caused the tilt. This method is used when installing low panels; it requires a great skill of concrete fitters.

The essence of the second method is as follows. Along the entire length of the installation site, the level of the base is checked with a level and the thickness of the seams on individual parts of the wall is specified. Then spread a layer of mortar with a thickness of 3 mm more than the accepted thickness of the seam, which is not brought to the outer side of the wall by 30 mm. In the mortar from the front side at a distance of 50-60 mm from the edge of the wall, two wooden linings (checkers) are laid with dimensions in terms of 40x40 mm, with a thickness equal to the thickness of the horizontal seam.

The rod clamp for installing wall panels is shown in fig. 123.

Rice. 123. Rod clamp for installing wall panels

Rice. 124. Placement of checkers and wedges for installation and alignment of panels:
1 - wedges; 2 - checkers

When the panel is installed, without unhooking the slings from the crane hook, wedges are slowly pulled out from under it, as a result of which it gradually assumes a vertical position. If necessary, the panel is somewhat moved or rotated.

Wall panels are installed on a mortar layer with an average joint thickness of 12 mm; the thickness of individual joints should be no more than 20 and no less than 10 mm. Vertical joints are carefully filled with mortar on the same shift when the panels are mounted.

Alignment of panels of external walls is carried out, as a rule, along the internal plane of the wall. The verticality of the position is checked with a plumb line (Fig. 125).

Rice. 125. Plumb line:
but - general form; b- scheme of application; 1 - bracket; 2 - emphasis with a nail for
cord; 3 - cord; 4 - emphasis with a scale; 5 - plumb

A plumb line consists of a wooden ruler, in the upper part of which a bracket is attached at a right angle, and two stop bars of the same length. A scale is applied to the lower bar, and a cord with a plumb line is attached to the upper bar. When checking the plumb line is applied to the side plane of the panel. The position of the cord with a plumb line determines the deviation of the wall from the vertical on the scale.

The installation of large-panel frameless buildings of the above-ground part is carried out according to the technological maps drawn up in advance. The most appropriate would be such a scheme, according to which installers can effectively use the same type of slings, temporary fasteners, control tools, etc.

During installation, various kinds of sealants are often used, which can be found on the website https://e-centre.com.ua/shop/germetiki/kley-germetik-na-osnove-ms-polymer/. The use of such materials allows high-quality sealing of various seams.

Installation of the above-ground part is usually started from one of the corners of the outer walls of the end section, after which the beacon panels of the outer walls are installed at a distance that ensures measurement control. This distance determines the size of the first grip.

Beacon panels can serve as elements of staircases, which are then completely mounted, after which the wall from the corner to the beacon panel is closed.

Then the panels of the opposite outer wall are installed, also between the corner and the beacon panel, which is opposite staircase.

The accuracy of laying out building axes with a frameless construction method is relatively low, since deviations from the design dimensions during installation can be evenly distributed to the ends and to the middle of the building.

The sequence of building installation depends on many factors: structural features of the building; the sequence of installation of elements recommended technological map; the presence of struts, clamps, mounting equipment.

1 . Mounting diagram large-panel buildings from the on-site warehouse (Fig. 4.11). The elements are delivered in advance and placed as a set on the floor in the area of ​​the assembly crane. The assembly is carried out according to the principle of the formation of closed cells. First create a corner cell or first mount the elements of the staircase. End beacon panels are mounted, then adjoining panels of walls and partitions are installed to form closed cells, inside which interior partitions are mounted and floor slabs are immediately laid. With this method of installation, a minimum number of devices for temporary fastening of elements is required.

2. Installation scheme with beacon panels. This is a traditional method of mounting various types of residential and public buildings. Installation begins with lighthouse panels taken as support. Then they continue it according to the principle of closed rectangles, sequentially mount panels of external, internal transverse and longitudinal walls, landings and marches within the grip. Lastly, partition panels, floor panels and balcony slabs are installed.

3. Scheme of installation of large-panel buildings with Vehicle. The work is carried out according to the hourly schedule of installation, linked to the schedule for the delivery of prefabricated elements. In the assembly area, only a small stock of small-circulation items is created. Increases the utilization of installation equipment and speeds up work by eliminating pre-unloading and warehousing. In the process of installation, to ensure spatial rigidity, closed cells are formed from the same type of vertical prefabricated elements - end panels, external panels, internal longitudinal walls, transverse load-bearing walls or walls of stairwells.

4 . Scheme of installation of large-panel buildings by house-building factories. The method is based on the repetition of the same assembly operations, since prefabricated elements of the same name are sequentially exposed. As a result, labor productivity rises sharply. If during one shift only elements of the same name are exhibited at the facility, then the acquisition at the factory of a batch of elements sent to the construction site is simplified. Rigid cells are not created in this case, which increases the need for devices for temporary fixing of elements.

5 . The scheme with transverse load-bearing walls requires that these walls be initially installed with careful alignment and control of the alignment of the panels. Then the installation is carried out traditionally - the outer panels farthest from the crane, the inner panels and the panels closest to the crane.

Installing exterior wall panels. Under each panel, 2 stamps of wooden planks are placed. They are laid at a distance of 15 ... 20 cm from the side faces closer to the outer plane of the building wall. Thanks to these grades, the accuracy of the installation of panels in height and the support of the panel on them at the time of lowering it onto a fresh mortar, laid under the entire supporting plane, is ensured.

1 - panel; 2- level of the mounting horizon; 3 - solution; 4 - marks; 5-mastic seal; 6 - sealant; 7 - liner-insulation; 8 - floor panel

On the upper face of the underlying panels of the outer walls on thin layer mastic "izol" or similar to it, a porous gernite cord is laid for several elements at once. Immediately before installing the panel, the surface of the cord is covered with a layer of mastic, a plastic solution is applied with a layer 3 ... 5 mm above the level of the marks. Subsequently, a layer of sealant-paste will be applied from the hanging cradles on the outside of all joints, to protect which from external atmospheric influences after it dries, a protective layer will be made. The outer panels are installed according to the risk that fixes the position of the vertical seam, the outer edge of the panel - along the cut line of the wall and along the line defining the inner plane of the wall. Having installed the panel in place, with the slings stretched, they correct its position with mounting crowbars.

After aligning the panel, it is unfastened with two struts, the panel is brought to a vertical position using turnbuckles (Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3). Next, the loops of the slings are released, the horizontal seam of the panel is compacted and leveled.

Fig.4.2. Scheme of temporary fastening of the outer wall panel

1 - technological hole; 2 - brace for mounting panels of external walls

When installing the panel on a mortar bed, it is necessary to provide some initial inclination of it inward by laying marks closer to the outer edge of the wall.

Installation of interior walls. Similar to the outer panels, 2 gasket marks are placed under each inner panel. Next, lay the solution in a uniform layer. If there are no mounting loops in the panels of internal walls and partitions, then inventory loops are used. With the slings stretched, the bottom of the panel is installed, controlling its design position according to the risks of geodetic breakdown using a template. Check the correct installation of the base of the panel, correct deviations with a crowbar. Next, establish an assembly connection

Fig.4.4. Scheme of temporary fastening of the inner wall panel

1 - outer wall panel; 2 - mounting connection; 3 - panel of the inner wall; 4 - mounting support

With the slings loosened, they begin to align the verticality of the panel, a slight deviation is corrected with a coupler of the mounting connection. After panel alignment

Similarly, the installation of panels of internal walls is carried out using two mounting ties (Fig. 4.7)

Fig.4.7. Scheme of fastening the panel of the inner wall using two mounting braces

1 - fixed panel of the inner wall; 2 - inventory loop; 3 - mounting connection; 4 - mounted panel of the inner wall

To ensure accuracy and speed up the installation of internal panels, catchers are used, which are pre-welded to embedded parts or embedded in floor panels. For internal partition walls, another method of temporary fastening is applicable. The connection of the outer wall panel and the partition panel is carried out by a mounting connection having a hook for fixing the outer panel to the loop and a clamp put on the partition. The free end of the partition is fixed with a portable mounting triangular support.

5. Installation of buildings from three-dimensional elements. Volumetric element - a ready-made building block with completed finishing or fully prepared for finishing with engineering equipment installed in it. Volumetric elements can be divided into several groups: 1) block rooms; 2) block sections; block apartments; 3) three-dimensional elements (sanitary cabins, elevator shafts). Volumetric elements, according to the specifics of assembly at the factory of blocks into a single structure, are divided into: “glass” with an attached ceiling panel; “overturned glass” with an attached floor panel; “lying glass” with attached outer wall panel. Volumetric blocks in the factory can be brought to delivery readiness. Transportation of blocks is carried out on special vehicles equipped with devices for damping vibration loads and preventing cracks in the block structure. Technology of mounting elements. The zero cycle of the building is performed by traditional methods. Particular attention is paid to the geodetic control of work, the obligatory observance of horizontal and vertical tolerances and the accuracy of the dimensions of the structure in plan. The sequence of installation of a building from three-dimensional elements is determined by the design of the blocks, the methods of their joining, and the installation mechanisms used. Volumetric elements are mounted using gantry, tower or crawler jib cranes. Buildings with an increased number of storeys (up to 12 floors) and a broken configuration require the use of jib, tower-jib and tower cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 100 tons. first of all, then you can install the remaining blocks in one and the other row so as not to interfere with the connection of the communications of the blocks.

General rules for organizing installation: the building is divided into sections only if it is very long - 10 ... 12 sections; the accuracy of the installation of blocks on the first floor is carried out using a theodolite, and on subsequent floors they are installed on the underlying ones with alignment only vertically; the first to mount the blocks, the most remote from the driver's cab; if in the constructive solution of the floor there are flat additional elements, at first only all volumetric ones are mounted; sealing joints should not interfere with the installation. Mounting mounting axles are fixed with risks applied with oil paint on volumetric blocks at the factory using a template. The initial work on the new mounting horizon is the leveling of the supporting platforms, marking the axial and mounting marks that determine the position of the three-dimensional elements in the plan. Risks must be taken out to the ceiling of each floor.

Lifting blocks from trailers is carried out in two steps: first, the block is lifted and taken aside from the loading platform of the trailer, its position in space, the reliability of the slinging are checked, and only then it is delivered to the installation site. To keep from swinging when lifting and installing the block, braces are used. The preparation of the block installation site depends on the way the blocks are supported and the design of the horizontal joints between them. Along the perimeter of the blocks, packs of plates made of mineral wool or other insulating materials wrapped in synthetic film are placed. Adjacent mounting elements are interconnected by welding embedded parts in the corners of the blocks. The overall rigidity of the building is achieved due to the rigidity of the blocks themselves and their welding together.

6. Installation of buildings erected by lifting ceilings. Installation of buildings erected by the method of raising floors. The set of lifting equipment includes hoists with a lifting capacity from 10 to 350 tons, combined into a synchronously operating system. The number of lifts depends on the space-planning decision of the building and the mass of the lifted structure. The optimal number of lifts in the set is 24...36 pcs. If much more lifts are required, the building is divided into grips, on which their own lifts and control panels are installed, the lifting of structures on these grips is carried out independently and in turn. Lifts are hydraulic, electro-hydraulic and electromechanical. There are two types of lifts used. Lifts of the first type are installed and fixed on the heads of the columns. Lifts of the second type are installed in the girth of the columns,

The floor slabs are lifted after the columns of the first tier are installed, the stiffening core is partially or partially concreted. full height, completion of concreting a package of floor slabs, installation and debugging of a jacking system (Fig. 14.2). The stability of the building frame must be ensured at all stages of work, which determines the lifting scheme and after
the sequence of work. The rods from the installed lifts are brought under the coating slab, hooked, ensure the synchronism of lifting the entire slab, raise it to an intermediate level (at least 40 cm), which allows you to tear the slab from the general package and inspect it. Next, the slab is raised above the upper row of holes in the columns (usually this is the level of the 2nd ... 3rd floors) FOR temporary support of the coating slab, all spring latches are allowed to work. The plate is lowered onto these latches, the lifting rods are also lowered, and the next one is hooked. The package of plates is lifted to an intermediate position and also lowered onto spring latches. Then the columns of the second tier are mounted and the rise of the plates is continued with periodic build-up of the columns. When the floor slabs of the lower floors reach the design marks, they are rigidly connected to the columns and the stiffening core. To lift the floor slabs to the design position, special mounting columns are used, which are then dismantled

Technology of work when lifting floors. At ground level (or on the ceiling above the basement), floor slabs of all floors and roofs are made in the form of a package one after the other. Then the finished roof slab with the already completed roof is lifted and fixed in the upper part of the first tier of columns. The installation of the top floor is carried out on the floor slab, which is on the ground, and then the fully assembled floor is raised under the fixed roof slab. In the same sequence, the installation and lifting of the following floors is carried out. The process of lifting finished floors and sequential installation of structures from top to bottom is repeated until the entire building is assembled.

7. Construction of high-rise buildings. Installation of buildings with a frame of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. Applied mounting mechanisms. General provisions. High-rise buildings (> 17 floors) are erected using the extension method using attached, mobile and self-elevating tower cranes. The structural basis of high-rise buildings is a steel, reinforced concrete or combined frame with a spatial stiffening core or flat diaphragms - connections. In some buildings, installation is first performed
stiffness core (lift shaft) to the design from the mark, and then - the construction of the remaining structural elements. Interfloor ceilings are usually arranged from large-panel elements, sometimes in a prefabricated monolithic version. Applicable mounting mechanisms . Ground mobile cranes can mount buildings up to 70 m high, attached cranes allow to mount buildings up to 150 m high, for self-elevating cranes the height of the building is practically unlimited. Self-elevating tower cranes are designed in a universal design and move along the height inside one of the cells of the building frame. The crane moves along the height with the help of a special holder - a spatial structure that covers the crane tower. The design of the tower joints allows the cage to slide along it - move up and down. The following types of cranes can be used for the installation of steel frame structures of multi-storey buildings:

ground - tower, caterpillar.

self-elevating towers, installed inside the contour of the building and based on mounted structures.

stationary attachment cranes installed on the ground, outside the contour of the building, and growing as the crane is assembled

Combined mobile cranes used up to elevations 50...55

The construction of the building is carried out according to a one- or two-grip system. The grip is usually a temperature block. Each area is divided into 2 sections. On the 1st - installation, then on the 2nd - final welding of joints and their sealing, filling of seams. erection high-rise building subdivided into the following stages: erection of the underground part of the building; concreting of the stiffening core; installation of prefabricated structures or erection of a monolithic frame;

The use of roof cranes for the installation of wall panels and other fencing elements has become widespread.

8. Construction of high-rise buildings. Installation of buildings with a frame of monolithic reinforced concrete structures. The construction of the building is carried out according to a one- or two-grip system. The grip is usually a temperature block. Each area is divided into 2 sections. On the 1st - installation, then on the 2nd - final welding of joints and their sealing, filling of seams. The work is organized in a vertical flow with floor-by-floor installation or in successive tiers immediately to the height of the tier. Tier - 2 ... 4 floors and depends on the design features of the building and the accepted height of the columns. Depending on the constructive solution, the following types of buildings are most common: with a prefabricated frame and self-supporting walls. The frame of such buildings in the transverse direction is made up of rigid frames. In the longitudinal direction, the columns are connected by a hard disk-floor, which transfers horizontal forces to the walls; with a prefabricated frame and hinged panels. The main elements of the frame are columns with joints through 2 floors, crossbars, floor slabs and wall panels. Installation of frame structures includes installation of structures in the design position, their alignment, welding of butt joints, anti-corrosion protection, sealing of joints and seams. These processes are usually carried out in two adjacent streams: - install the frame elements, carry out welding and anti-corrosion protection of structures; - carry out the monolithic assembly joints, nodes, fill the seams of the floor slabs and concret the monolithic sections of the frame. Installation of the building frame structures begins with the installation of columns

9. Construction of high-rise buildings. Installation of buildings with steel and mixed frames. The height of the frame can reach 200 m or more, and the total weight can reach tens of thousands of tons. The steel frame of a high-rise building consists of columns and crossbars connected in two directions by rigid welded joints into frame systems that perceive vertical and horizontal (wind) loads. The columns are made welded using, if possible, standard rolled profiles. The most common sections are I-beam, square and cross. The ends of the columns are usually milled. To ensure durability and fire resistance, the steel frame is reinforced and concreted, which, taking into account the inclusion of concrete in compression, generally leads to a decrease in metal consumption. Interfloor ceilings of the frame can be assembled: from the main and secondary beams. In the load-bearing frames of a number of buildings, a closed shaft is provided for the entire height; this shaft perceives all horizontal loads on the building and provides it overall sustainability. Such a shaft is called a stiffness shaft, or stiffness core. With a separate method, first a steel frame is mounted to the full height, then general construction work begins. The advantage of such a solution is that with a wider front, a large number of cranes, it is possible to carry out installation work simultaneously on several grips, then also throughout the building and general construction work. At comprehensive method of erecting a building, they simultaneously perform installation, construction, special and finishing work. Thus, work on the construction of the building is carried out simultaneously on 8 ... 10 floors. In a prefabricated-monolithic design solution, monolithic and prefabricated processes are combined in one cycle, the sequence of their implementation is determined design features building.

10. Installation of one-story industrial buildings with a metal frame. Conveyor assembly and large-block installation of coating structures for industrial buildings. One-story industrial buildings light type have limited geometric parameters (span and height), they often lack overhead cranes. All structural elements of light buildings have a mass that does not exceed 8 tons. Depending on the area of ​​​​the building, its design solution and the volume of structures associated with it, element-by-element or block installation of coatings, with assembly of blocks on racks, stands and on conveyor lines. Element-by-element installation is performed by self-propelled cranes with a lifting capacity of 10 ... 20 tons. Enlarged assembly of structures is carried out in a warehouse. For block installation, assembly cranes with a lifting capacity of 40 ... 50 tons are used. Enlarged assembly of coating blocks is carried out on special stands (in the working area of ​​​​the assembly crane, in the mounted or adjacent span of the building) with a mobile jib crane of lesser carrying capacity. Installation of medium-sized buildings. Such buildings include rolling mills, billet warehouses, etc. There are two methods for the production of construction and installation works - open And closed.At open method, first perform all the work of the zero cycle. Only after these works are completed, the installation of the building frame begins.

At closed In this method, the frame of the building is first erected, starting with earthworks, monolithic and prefabricated foundations for the frame are installed, all above-ground structures of the building are installed, including the roofing and roofing. Only after that it becomes possible to tear off the foundation pits and concrete the foundations for the technological equipment. Installation of buildings of heavy type. Such buildings include workshops of heavy engineering plants. Heavy-duty buildings have complex design solutions, mounting elements of large mass (over 100 tons). Installation of such buildings with large volumes

Conveyor assembly: The essence of the method is that on a separate site located in the immediate vicinity of the object under construction, equipped with special devices and lifting mechanisms, a rigid spatial block of a certain size is created by the method of step-by-step assembly of metal structure elements. The block enlargement process is divided into a number of stages with the execution of a certain part of the assembly work at each of them. Aggregate rail tracks, carts, devices for assembling and moving blocks are called conveyor.

Conveyor assembly features include: creation of a conveyor assembly zone; crane tracks and trolleys; scaffolding and other equipment for ease of assembly; storage area parallel to the conveyor; the use of special equipment for transporting blocks along the conveyor; breakdown of the complex of works for the manufacture of each block into separate cycles.

11. Ways of installation of high-rise engineering structures. For the construction of masts and towers, steel is usually used, reinforced concrete is used less often (mainly for TV towers). In practice, towers of mixed construction are often mounted - the lower part is made of reinforced concrete, the upper part is made of steel. Masts are more economical than towers in terms of metal consumption and cost. Tower installation. Towers are different from buildings and structures of the usual type: a) great height structures, b) low weight technological equipment, c) the secondary importance of the dead weight of structures and process equipment. When erecting towers, the following methods are most common: 1) building; 2) installation by rotation; 3) growing the structure. Installation of towers by extension. The method has a predominant distribution, it is mainly used for mounting towers up to 100 m high. The essence of the method is tiered installation from the lower marks to the upper ones using various mounting mechanisms.

Rotation of towers around the hinge. The installation of high-rise structures by the rotation method was the result of the desire to perform the bulk of the installation work at low elevations and in safe environment. The method is most often used for towers with a height of 40 ... 80 m. Assembly is carried out on the ground in a horizontal position using a truck crane. Belt lower tier towers are fixed in hinges, which are installed on the foundations of this tower.

Installation of towers by growing. Mounting by the growing method consists in the fact that at low elevations of an already partially erected tower, the installation of the upper tiers begins, which are cyclically pushed up and, as they move out from below, the structures of the lower tiers are grown. With the growing method, the tower is divided into two blocks: lower and upper.

Installation of radio masts. Installation of radio masts is carried out in three main ways: 1) building up using jack-up cranes and helicopters; 2) by turning around the hinge; 3) by growing.
Installation of masts by extension. Installation of lattice masts by extension is carried out section by section using self-elevating full-turn cranes moving along one of the sides of the mast

Installation of masts by turning and growing. The masts pre-assembled on the ground are lifted to the design position in several ways, depending on the type of lifting equipment and the forces that arise during the installation process.

Lifting by turning around the hinge is carried out most often with the use of traction pulleys and a falling arrow or chevre.

12. Installation of steel tanks and gas holders by assembly methods from enlarged sections. Assembly and welding of spherical tanks at the installation site is carried out by two methods, depending on the state of supply of petals, the number of tanks to be assembled and the availability of mounting equipment. According to the first method, the petals are assembled into blocks on an oscillating stand with automatic welding of meridional seams. Hemispheres or enlarged blocks are assembled on a beam stand. Then the hemispheres or blocks are lifted and set in the design position. The mounting seams of the body are welded by hand, which reduces the effectiveness of the method. According to the second method, all seams are welded by automatic welding under a layer of flux. On a special assembly stand, hemispheres or enlarged blocks of petals are assembled. The assembly is carried out with the help of clamping devices and only the welding seam is performed manually. The hemispheres are installed on a special rotator (manipulator), where the meridional and annular seams of the spherical tank are automatically welded.

13. Installation of steel tanks by the method of rolling. Modern plants produce rolled tank structures made of steel up to 18 mm thick (including high-strength grade 16G2AF) with a roll length of 18 m and a weight of up to 100 tons (there are developments for the use of rolls weighing up to 125 tons). The essence of the rolling method lies in the fact that the walls of the bottom of the tanks, the central parts of the floating roofs and pontoons are almost completely manufactured in the factory in the form of panels 12-18 m wide. The panels are assembled and welded on special two-tier magnetic mechanized stands using high-performance welding machines. Cloths with a width equal to the height of the tank, after welding and checking the joints, are wound on a lattice metal bobbin with a diameter. As a reel, a shaft ladder, the central rack of the tank or a special frame are usually used. For tanks of large diameters, the wall panel is supplied in six rolls or more. The bottom of the tank is assembled from 2-4 parts, which are wound into one or more rolls. When the bottom is supplied in one roll, the middle and then the outer elements are wound first.

Works on the construction of the tank are carried out in the following sequence: installation and marking of the bottom, lifting the wall rolls to a vertical position, installing the central mounting rack, deploying the wall rolls, installing support rings and ring platforms, installing cover panels, welding and quality control of welds, testing and delivery of the reservoir.

14. Construction of round and rectangular monolithic reinforced concrete tanks. Reinforced concrete tanks are most widely used in plumbing construction. The shapes and designs of reinforced concrete tanks are very diverse. Reservoirs are widespread cylindrical shape with domed ceilings for relatively small tanks (up to 600 m 3). A tank of this type is buried in the ground to about half the height of the cylindrical part with backfilling in order to thermally insulate the upper part and cover it with earth about 1 m thick. The bottom of the tank has a slight slope towards the pit. The main disadvantage of conventional reinforced concrete is that, having sufficient strength, it does not provide the required tightness of the tanks. The presence of reinforcement does not allow the formation of significant cracks in concrete, but cannot prevent the formation of hairline cracks, leading to leakage. The prestressing of concrete creates compressive forces in it, which ensures the tightness of the tanks under any operational loads on the structures. Prestressed concrete is also used in the construction of rectangular tanks in plan. In the construction of tanks, precast concrete is increasingly being used. As finished parts, columns, beams, slabs, as well as panels of various designs that make up the walls of the tanks are used.

15. Construction of round and rectangular precast concrete tanks. Reinforced concrete reservoir with a capacity of 30 thousand m 3, having a diameter of 66, a height of 10 m, is of a semi-buried type, followed by soil embankment. The tank is made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements: cup-type foundations, under the racks - columns with a step of 6 m along radii of 3, 9, 15, 21, 21 and 33 m, from ring beams along the columns and floor slabs, wall panels. The bottom is monolithic in terms of concrete preparation and sand cushion. Installation of structures is carried out by crawler crane SKG-40.

Columns, beams, roof slabs along radii of 3, 9, 15, 21 and 27 m are mounted from parking lots in the central part of the bottom. Structures along a radius of 33 m and wall panels are mounted when the crane moves from the outside of the tank.

Mounted columns are fastened with braces on clamps, which are attached to the mounting loops of foundations and portable reinforced concrete blocks weighing 4-5 tons. Slabs and beams are installed using portable scaffolds and ladders. Wall panels are temporarily fixed flexible connections and struts - struts. Wall panels are fastened to each other by welding of reinforcement outlets, after which the vertical joints are concreted. After the installation of all prefabricated elements and the sealing of the joints, the annular reinforcement is wound onto the walls. Before filling with soil, the tanks are subjected to hydraulic and preliminary technological tests. Hydraulic tests are carried out to test the tank for strength and water tightness. Monolithic joints are made with concrete on tension cement (NC). Installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of the tank is carried out by three assemblers in one shift.

16. Installation of buildings with coatings in the form of reinforced concrete cylindrical shells. Long cylindrical shells are assembled from plates 3x12 m in size, produced in two types - middle and end, and side elements. The panels have a thickness of 40 mm and a rib along the contour. The installation of the shell begins with the installation of side elements on the columns, which are welded to the columns. Before installing the plates on the side elements (with a span of 24 m), they are supported in quarters on temporary supports with jacks. Installation of panels starts from the end panel. In this case, the tightening of the end plate is welded to the head of the column, and the plate is welded to the onboard element. Then four ordinary plates are installed and welded, and then an end plate with a puff. Installation is carried out by a crawler crane with a lifting capacity of 10 tons at the required reach.

17. Installation of buildings with coatings in the form of shells of double curvature. Shells of double curvature are used both for overlapping single-span and multi-span buildings. Such shells consist of contour arches-diaphragms with a prestressed lower chord and a shell. In prefabricated-monolithic shells, the shell forms a polyhedron, recruited from flat slabs of rhombic and triangular shape. The installation of prefabricated monolithic shells with shells made of flat slabs requires the use of scaffolds or conductors. Installation is carried out in the following order. The contour arches are installed on the columns with a crawler crane and fixed. To install shell plates, tower cranes with a lifting capacity of 5 tons or crawler cranes with tower-boom equipment are used. Expose the scaffold or the conductor. Every corner installed plate must be supported on a scaffold or conductor. The corners of the shell are filled with triangular plates, reinforcement is laid in the seams, which is stretched after welding of the outlets, and they are monolithic.

The installation of the shell begins with the installation of contour trusses-diaphragms and their fastening to the columns. Farms are temporarily unfastened. The assembly of the shell begins with the installation of additional plates adjacent to the contour truss. Then, by a traverse for four points, block-coverings are lifted alternately and installed on the contour arches. The end blocks have reinforcement protrusions for welding to the upper chord of the contour truss. After the shell is aligned, field welding of the reinforcement protrusions, the seams are embedded and the concrete reaches 70% of the design strength, the shell is rotated, for which the tension of the screw ties of the temporary puffs of the blocks is gradually released from the middle to the edges and remove the puffs (Fig. 10.4).

18. Installation of buildings with coatings in the form of wavy arches. The most interesting building in our country, covered with a prefabricated shell of double positive curvature, is the Druzhba universal sports hall (Fig. 10.6) at the stadium. IN AND. Lenin in Moscow. The roof of the hall is a combination of a central spherical biconvex shell and 28 supporting folded shells resting on a common foundation slab. The roof structure has three tiers of support rings: the level of fracture of folded shells) - in the form of a steel puff, the lower one - in the form of monolithic buttresses and a foundation slab. The upper and middle support rings are delineated along complex spatial curves. The installation of the gym floor was carried out using specially designed and manufactured temporary scaffolds. Simultaneously with the installation of the scaffold frame, an enlarged assembly of the central shell covering slabs was carried out, consisting of 108 prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs 2.4 wide and up to 7.2 m long; they were enlarged into blocks 0.5 x 2.4 x 21.5 m, three slabs in each. The mass of one block reached 21 tons. The enlargement of the plates was carried out on two metal stands, which ensured the design curvature of the assembled block and the accuracy of its geometric dimensions (Fig. 10.8, a). To ensure the stability of each enlarged block of plates of the central shell when it was installed in the design position on the stands blocks

19. Installation of buildings with cable-stayed roofs. Shells of double negative curvature. Such shells made of rectangular slabs with their support on contour trusses and ridge elements are mounted by traditional methods, like planar structures. Hanging shells of double negative curvature are used to cover buildings with large spans. An interesting example such a building is the covered market in the Baumansky district of Moscow. The main elements of the coating are: a reinforced concrete outer ring, guys, an inner metal ring and prefabricated expanded clay concrete slabs (Fig. 10.9). The branches of the columns converge at the lower support

The invention relates to the construction of mainly two-three-storey buildings with prefabricated elements. The essence of the method lies in the fact that vertical building elements, for example, panels or panel blocks, are installed vertically on a verified base base, forming a structural cell, temporarily fixing and mounting ceilings and filling elements sequentially from the bottom up to the entire height of the mounted structural cell, and the temporary the fastening is made non-rigid, and a vertical element is installed as the second building element, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjoining it. Alignment and final tightening and fixing of connections is carried out after installation of all building elements. In this case, tightening begins with attracting all building elements to the ceilings, using them as templates or mandrels for precise assembly of the building. 1 z.p. f-ly, 6 ill.

The proposal relates to the construction of predominantly two to three storey buildings with prefabricated elements.

There is a known method of mounting low-rise buildings, according to which, on a verified base base equipped with fixing parts, vertical building elements (walls) equipped with mating fixing parts are first installed sequentially, they are aligned and fixed, and then an overlap is installed on top of them. The known method does not provide high labor productivity during the installation of even two-story buildings, since the installation and alignment of building elements are carried out sequentially for each floor on the basis of the floor of the previous floor.

There is a known method of mounting low-rise buildings, according to which a frame of a building with long columns, adjusted and fixed along the base base and along the top, is assembled, intermediate floors are installed, and then ready-made residential cells are inserted into the building through free openings between the columns. The disadvantages of the method are the increased complexity of installation, since it is necessary to first mount the frame, and then also the cells, and the increased material consumption of the structure, since the bearing capacity of the walls of residential cells is not used.

There is a known method of mounting frame-panel buildings, according to which, first, long columns are installed on a prepared base, connected after alignment by horizontal parallel ties, partially protruding into the building, then, using parts of the ties protruding into the building, floor panels are pushed into the building along them, after which through openings between the columns in the building are embedded ready-made residential cells. The disadvantage of this method is the increased complexity due to the need for careful alignment of each of the columns before fixing, and increased material consumption, since this method does not use the bearing capacity of the walls of residential cells.

The closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved result is the installation method of frame-panel multi-storey buildings, in which multi-storey vertical building elements are installed, their bottom is aligned and fixed on the foundation, their top is fixed and these elements are connected by mounting connections located from the outside with the formation structural cell, and an opening is left on one of its lateral sides, and mounting connections are located on the outside of the structural cell to be mounted, they are aligned and temporarily fixed, then the ceilings and filling elements are mounted sequentially from bottom to top to the entire height of the structural cell to be mounted through its side opening. The disadvantage of the known method is that when using it, a lot of time and effort is spent on the alignment of multi-storey vertical building elements. In addition, the use of the known method requires the use of complex inventory mounting ties that are released only after the completion of the entire installation, which also complicates the installation process, requires the presence of a crane on the site until the installation is completed and increases the cost of construction.

The purpose of this proposal is to speed up and reduce the cost of the process of assembling buildings through the use of a sequence of actions that allows us to abandon the use of complex mounting connections and reduce the number of operations to align the mounted elements.

This is achieved by the fact that in the known method of mounting panel buildings, including the alignment and fixation of all elements and consisting in the fact that the vertical building elements are installed vertically on a verified base base, with the formation of a structural cell. leaving an opening on one of the sides of the cell, temporarily fix and mount the ceilings and the filling elements sequentially from the bottom up to the entire height of the structural cell being mounted through its side opening, the temporary fastening is made non-rigid, after the ceilings are installed and the structural cell is filled, a closing vertical one is installed in place of the opening a building element and a roof, and as the second vertical building element in order of installation, an element is used, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjacent to it.

In addition, vertical building elements are installed on the base base with the formation of several structural cells.

In addition, the floors are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the vertical building elements.

In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections is performed after the installation of all building elements.

In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is carried out from the bottom up, starting with the attraction of the vertical building elements to the ceilings.

In addition, alignment, tightening and fixing the connections of vertical building elements to floors are performed as the next floor is installed.

In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of vertical building elements to the ceilings is performed after the installation of all ceilings.

The technical result from the application of the proposed method with the whole set of features is to reduce the time and labor required for the installation of the building, as well as to reduce the time of using a crane and to significantly reduce the need for inventory temporary installation connections.

The technical result of making the temporary fastening of the mounted elements non-rigid is to reduce the time spent on installing and aligning these elements and to simplify the assembly process due to the presence of free gaps in the elements connections. The technical result from the fact that as the second in order of installation of a vertical building element an element is used, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjacent to it, is that after the installation of this second element, temporary inventory fixing assembly connections are released, which protect the first vertical element from overturning, and further installation is carried out without their use.

The technical result from the installation of vertical building elements with the formation of several structural cells is to expand the front of work simultaneously performed at the installation site, which reduces the installation time and the use of a crane.

The technical result from the fact that the ceilings are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the vertical building elements is to reduce the installation time.

The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections is performed after the installation of all building elements is to reduce the time and labor costs for installation, alignment and fitting of the elements to each other.

The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of all connections begins with the attraction of vertical building elements to the floors, is to reduce the time and labor costs for alignment of the structure due to the fact that the floors are used as a mandrel for assembly.

The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections of vertical building elements with floors is performed as the installation of the next floor is filled, consists in reducing the installation time.

The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is performed after the installation of all floors, is to reduce the cost of construction through the use of elements with reduced manufacturing accuracy.

The essence of the method is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first vertical building element installed on the base base.

Figure 2 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first and second vertical building elements installed on the base base.

Figure 3 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first, second and third vertical building elements installed on the base base.

Figure 4 shows in three projections a building under construction with the top fixed by the installation of a structural element of the roof, which serves as an example of a ridge beam.

Figure 5 shows in three projections a building under construction with nested in the resulting structural cell floors of the first floor.

Figure 6 shows in three projections a building under construction with installed ceilings and vertical building elements closing the cells.

The proposed method is carried out as follows.

First, the base base 1 of the building (figure 1) is made and verified, equipped with elements 2 for precise positioning of vertical building elements and preventing their displacement in the horizontal plane after installation. Then the first vertical building element 3 is installed on the base 1, for example, as shown in the drawings, a three-story wall panel. The bottom of element 3 is positioned and fixed from horizontal movement by elements 2, which can be used, for example, threaded studs protruding above the surface of the base. To prevent the fall of the installed element 3, it is fixed with temporary inventory mounting connections 4. The fixation is not rigid, with the possibility of a slight deviation of the position of the element 3 from the design position. Sufficient for ease of installation and not loading connections 4 is such a deviation in which the projection of the center of gravity of element 3 on the base base 1 remains within the base of element 3. A larger deviation is also acceptable, since element 3 will still be kept from falling by mounting connections 4.

Next (figure 2) is installed second, adjacent to the first, vertical building element 5, the plane of which is located at an angle, in figure 2 straight, to the plane of the element 3. The bottom of the element is positioned and fixed on the base base 1. The elements are loosely fastened together , after which mounting connections 4 can be removed, since elements 3 and 5 support each other. In figure 2, as an example, the element 5 is an internal partition.

Further (figure 3) similarly installed and fastened with the base 1 and with the second element 5, the third vertical building element 6. power elements. In the example in figure 4, this is done by installing roof elements such as a ridge beam 7 and battens 8.

After the installation of the building elements 3. 5 and 6, two structural cells are formed, into which, for example, along the provided guide grooves or guide bars, the first floors 9 and 10 are pushed through a free opening (figure 5), and then successively, from the bottom up, the floors the second floor 11 and the floor of the third floor 12 and 13. Due to the fact that the fixation of the installed elements is not rigid, there are free gaps between the elements of the building and the ceilings slide in unhindered and no adjustment work is required in this operation. The size of the gaps left between the elements of the building is determined depending on its design in a reasonable way. So, for the examples shown in Fig.1-6, the allowable total gaps should not exceed half the width of the guide for overlapping in order to prevent them from falling out.

Figures 1-6 show, as an example, a variant of the execution of building elements, which provides for the installation of ceilings by pushing them along guides arranged in the walls. There are other ways of mounting floors, but the one described seems to be the most rational.

After the installation of floors and, if necessary, other elements of building filling, the closing elements are installed and loosely fixed. vertical elements 14 and 15 (Fig. 6), finally closing the structural cells. Then all connections of the building are verified and rigidly fixed. The process of rigid fixation begins with the tightening of the joints of the floors with vertical building elements. At the same time, at first the building elements 3, 5, 6, 14 and 15 are attracted to the first floors from below 9 and 10, then to the floors of the second floor 11 (one of them is not shown in the figure) and, finally, to the floors of the third floor 12 and 13 Due to the fact that all structural elements of the building are not rigidly fixed, they have the opportunity to take the design position when tightened to the floor slabs. In this case, the floor slabs serve as templates or mandrels for the precise assembly of the building. After that, all other connections of the building are rigidly fixed and the assembly process ends.

In Fig.1-6, as an example, the process of assembling a low-rise building from load-bearing wall panels is presented. Other options for the construction of the building are also possible, for example, when a rigid frame is first assembled, for example, from metal frames, and to it, after installation and tightening of all connections, hinged or nested wall fencing panels are attached. At the same time, dimensional accuracy is ensured during the assembly of the frame, and the panels are hung on an already verified frame. Since the implementation of the method requires that the installed vertical building elements be at least two-dimensional (panels, slabs, frames), but not one-dimensional (pillars, racks), the term “panel buildings” is used in the name of the method, meaning that the word “panel” implies a flat, that is, two-dimensional element.

Depending on the accuracy of manufacturing the building elements, two more methods of fixing the mounted elements are possible. If the elements supplied to the construction site are accurate enough, which is easy to ensure when they are manufactured in workshop conditions, then to speed up the installation, alignment, tightening and fixing of vertical building elements to the floors can be carried out immediately, as soon as the next floor is installed, even before the installation of roof elements. The installation process takes minimal time. If the accuracy of building elements is lower, then in order to avoid distortions, it is more expedient to pull the connections of vertical building elements simultaneously to the ceilings of all structural cells. In this case, the process must be accompanied by simultaneous alignment of the position of all elements.

In addition, the proposed method of fixing building elements makes it possible to confine ourselves to the precise manufacture of only floors that serve as templates for assembly, while other building elements can be made with much less accuracy.

The proposed method of installation significantly reduces the time spent on the installation of low-rise buildings. In essence, it turns the construction process into an assembly process and, while increasing labor productivity, at the same time reduces the requirements for personnel qualification. The method was practically tested in the Moscow region by OOO Stroytekhnologii-3000. Labor costs for the installation of the building decreased by 2-2.5 times, and the cost of crane time by 12 times. During the installation of 10 buildings at once, only one set of two inventory installation ties was used.

Sources of information

1. W. Greenhalgh. Instant Direct Construction Device. US patent No. 3527008, class. 52-749, publ. 09/08/70.

2. E.L.V. Smeeth. Prefabricated buildings and their assembly. US patent No. 3474580, class. E 04 B 1/00 ​​(52-127), publ. 10/28/69.

3.D.W. toan. Vertical modular construction having insertable units. US patent No. 3721056, class. E 04 B 1/00 ​​(52-236.6), publ. 03/20/73.

4. V.E. Sno. Method of installation of a frame-panel building. A.s. USSR No. 655792, class. E 04 B 1/35, publ. 04/05/79.

Claim

1. A method of mounting panel buildings, including alignment and fixation of all elements and consisting in the fact that vertical building elements are installed vertically on a verified base base to form a structural cell, leaving an opening on one of the sides of the cell, temporarily fixing and mounting ceilings and filling elements sequentially from bottom to top to the entire height of the mounted structural cell through its side opening, characterized in that the temporary fastening is not rigid, the vertical building elements are equipped with guide elements made in the form of grooves or rails, the ceilings are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the building elements, and alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is performed after the installation of all building elements.

2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the vertical building elements are installed on the base base with the formation of several structural cells.

QB4A Registration of a license agreement for the use of an invention

Licensor(s): Grekov Alexander Vladimirovich

Type of license*: NILE

Licensee(s): Limited Liability Company "Set Technologies"

Treaty No. RD0027879 registered 18.10.2007

Notice posted: 27.11.2007 BI: 33/2007

* IL - exclusive license NIL - non-exclusive license

Installation of large-panel frameless residential buildings lies in sequential assembly closed cells adjacent to each other, formed by panels of external and internal walls. Installation begins with the creation of a stable and rigid spatial support section. Usually such a section is a staircase, the elements of which are mounted first. Following the installation of the staircase panels, the panels of the external and internal walls are mounted, adjoining the supporting section and forming a completely closed cell. The mounted section (grip) is aligned, and then the panels or floor slabs are laid and the joints are welded along the embedded parts.

Prior to the installation of the above-ground part of the building, a breakdown of the longitudinal and transverse axes is carried out. For this, control axial benchmarks are used, installed along the main centering axes of the building, with their removal outside the building under construction at a distance from the outer wall not less than the height of the building.

On the erected basement of the building (and subsequently on the ceiling of the mounted floors or on the top of the installed panels), the axes are applied with oil paint in the form of a thin line.

The transfer of the axes of the building to the overlying floors is carried out with a theodolite with its installation exactly above the axial benchmark.

The sequence of installation of a large-panel house can be as follows: breakdown of the axes of the floor to be installed; installation of catchers by welding to the embedded parts of the panels of rods from scraps of reinforcing steel with a diameter of 10–14 mm and a length of 100 mm; solution supply; installation of beacons under the panel to obtain a subsequent mounting horizon; leveling the solution at the installation site of the panel; installation in place, alignment and temporary fixing of the wall panel; tack installed panel electric welding on embedded parts; final alignment of the wall panels installed on the grip, along the center axes of the building and their welding along the embedded parts; installation of interior partitions and installation of toilet cubicles with their temporary or permanent fastening; laying floor panels, their alignment and welding to wall panels by embedded parts; filling joints with mortar; checking the vertical marks of wall panels and floor panels.

Determination in kind of design marks of wall panels (marks of the mounting horizon) for each floor is carried out using a level from high-altitude unchanging benchmarks.

The top marks of each installed wall panel are determined at two points, the position of which corresponds to the approximate location of the beacons.

It is recommended to organize installation work using a two-grip system, based on the conditions that on one grip the panels are installed with their alignment and fastening, and on the second - welding, filling vertical and horizontal joints between the panels, preparing for the installation of the following elements and others work.

In practice, the following installation methods are used.

Installation in separate sections. After the installation of the staircase is completed, the outer wall panels are installed from the staircase to the first transverse wall panel. After welding it with the outer wall panel, the installation of the inner longitudinal

load-bearing wall with a direction towards the staircase; in parallel, internal self-sustaining partitions and sanitary cabins are mounted room by room.

Installation of elements by room. After the installation of the staircase, an adjacent one to the staircase is installed. outer panel, then they mount the inner (located against the outer) load-bearing panel of the longitudinal wall and self-supporting internal partitions. Each mounted cell is covered and welded. This mounting method is safer.

Installation of building elements with transverse load-bearing panels also start from the staircase and lead from the staircase in blocks consisting of transverse load-bearing panels, external walls and ceilings. The installation sequence is as follows: load-bearing panels are installed, then curtain panels of external walls, after that - sanitary and ventilation blocks and partitions, and last - floor panels. With this installation method, each cell has sufficient spatial stability.

Pervouralsky method of installation of residential buildings with transverse load-bearing wall panels(proposed by engineer Ya. S. Deutsch). The main mounting devices are: a metal conductor - a tour, tubular swivel connections and fork clamps. The center axes of all walls are taken out onto the finished foundation (once), then only one central transverse axis is taken out to each floor. Fork clamps are fixed along the axes of the transverse walls, and subsequently on each of the lower panels (Fig. 83) to ensure accurate installation of the bottom of the panels. Then, two tours are installed near the central transverse axis, which are the base, from which the installation of transverse wall panels is carried out in both directions.

The size of the tour (Fig. 84) in the longitudinal direction is equal to the pitch of the structural grid, in the transverse direction - slightly less than half the width of the building. Each round is driven by its folding legs into the clamps and is brought to a horizontal position by four jacks, in which its folding stops, located at the top, accurately fix the design position of the adjoining panels of the transverse walls. After that, the folding legs are removed inside the tour and panels are installed on the transverse axes adjacent to the tour, the bottom of which is inserted into the fork clamps, and the top is fixed to the folding stops with the help of clamping screws. The remaining panels are also installed with the lower part in the clamps, and with the upper part they are attached to the previously installed panel with rotary swivel joints. Swivel links are put on the panel before it is installed (Fig. 85).

On fig. 86 shows the installation of panels of transverse load-bearing walls throughout the floor with their temporary fastening with tubular ties.

To simplify installation and reduce metal consumption, instead of two rounds with a total weight of 3.7 tons, the first panels can be fixed on the central transverse axis with tubular struts or lightweight conductors. These panels will be the base from which it is possible to install the remaining panels of the transverse walls on both sides.

After the installation of the panels of all the transverse walls of the floor, the panels of the external walls are installed, aligned and temporarily fixed with clamps, which are on hinged connections, to the tubular connections of the transverse walls. Then the partitions along the entire floor and sanitary cabins are installed and temporarily fixed with clamps on hinged connections. After that, the middle row of floor slabs is laid along the fork clamps and electric welding is carried out along the embedded parts. Then the hinge connections are removed and the remaining floor slabs are mounted, and the tours are transferred to a temporary parking lot.

Rice. 83. Cross fork latch: a - latch; b - the position of the latch during the installation of load-bearing transverse panels and floor slabs.

After the completion of the assembly of the floor, one central transverse axis is taken out to the mounted ceiling and all the operations for the installation of the next floor are repeated in the above sequence.

Welding work is carried out in a separate stream, regardless of the installation of prefabricated elements.

Rice. 84. Conductor scheme - tours.

The duration of individual operations in time is as follows, installation and alignment tours - 30-45 minutes: installation of the transverse wall panel 6-15 minutes (panels do not require alignment); installation, alignment and clamping of the outer wall panel 4–7 minutes.

Mounting with the help of rigid hinged devices and fork clamps ensures forced accuracy of panel installation within ±3 mm. With this method, an average of 50 panels can be installed per shift with one tower crane.

For strict compliance with the design floor height and uniform load transfer, the ends of the floor slabs are calibrated for a length of 100–150 mm with a panel thickness of the bearing transverse wall of 140 mm. Calibration consists in the fact that after the end of molding on a vibrating table, even before removing the onboard equipment and extracting the punches, the ends of the plate are processed with a rail according to a given thickness.

The metal consumption for a set of inventory devices for one four-section five-story house is 7.2 tons. Of these, for two rounds - 3.7 tons. The weight of one pair of articulated links per step of transverse walls (6 m) is 150–200 kg.

Installation of large-panel houses with an incomplete frame is carried out for each typical floor in four stages:

Rice. 85: a) Installation of the first panel: 1 - tour; 2 - fork cross lock; 3 - panel; 4 - rotary stop; 5 - clamping stop; 6 - basic alignment jack; 7 - stopper for fixing hinge connections.

b) A panel of a transverse load-bearing wall, equipped with hinged connections during lifting, 1 - a standing panel, 2 - pipes of connections. 3 ties hinges; 4 - stops, 5 - clamps for fastening the outer panels, in the tow bar clamps for fastening the outer panels; 7 - cross fork clamp; 8 - swivel lock partitions; 9 - tower crane hook; 10 - slings.

installation of columns, wall panels of staircases, flights of stairs with landings, smoke ventilation units and sanitary cabins,

installation of exterior wall panels; installation internal partitions; installation of floor panels.

When installing external wall panels, end panels are first installed, then they are welded to the floor slabs of the underlying floor.

The installation of frame-panel houses is characterized by the sequential installation of completed sections of the building, consisting of four or

Fig. 86 Installation of panels of transverse load-bearing walls using tour. cross fork clamps and rigid tubular ties (the figure shows the installation and temporary fastening of all load-bearing panels of transverse walls).

six columns, crossbars and floor slabs. The columns are installed using a group conductor. They can have a height of two floors. Wall panels are mounted after the final fixing of the frame of a certain section of the building.

Installation sequence (in the scope of work from one position of the conductor): installation of the conductor's trolley, installation of four frame columns two floors high; laying the crossbars of the lower floor, alignment of the columns in the direction of the span and fixing in the design position by electric welding, alignment of the columns in the longitudinal direction using a theodolite and fixing by electric welding; welding of the lower position at the corners of the columns of the first chord and welding with keyed seams at the joints of the columns; laying the floor slabs of the first floor, welding the floor slabs of the first floor to each other along the embedded parts and filling the joints with mortar; installation of crossbars of the second floor; control check of the frame elements of a rigid cell and determination of deviations; welding of the lower position at the corners of the columns of the second belt: installation of temporary longitudinal stiffeners at the level of the second floor in the extreme end spans and spans bordering the stairwells; moving conductors to a new position; installation of temporary diagonal stiffeners in the ground floor; welding of all structural units, freed from the conductor of the mounting cell; laying and welding of embedded parts with filling of seams with a solution of floor slabs of the upper floor; installation of exterior wall panels.

Rice. 87. Scheme of installation of a large-panel partition under the run:

a - the bottom of the panel is set to the design position; b - the panel is placed under the run; c - temporary fasteners are installed; d - permanent fasteners are installed; 1 - run; 2 - temporary fastening; 3 - permanent fastening; 4 - lining.

Installation of ventilation and sanitary units on each floor, as well as partition panels, is carried out before laying floor slabs. The removal of stiffeners is carried out before the installation of the outer wall panels or during the installation process.

The construction of the next tiers with the repetition of the above operations begins after the installation of the previous one is completed. tiers, including outer walls.

The installation of interior partitions is carried out before laying the floor slabs of the floor to be installed. Fastening of partitions is done temporary or permanent. Temporary fastening can be carried out by struts having tension ties, or by other means. The scheme of installation of large-panel partitions under the girders is shown in fig. 87.

For fastening partition panels to load-bearing and enclosing structures, various ways(ruffs, steel plates, T-pins, needles, etc.). The most rational should be considered mechanical way fastenings using a steel square, nailed (shooting) with dowels using the SMP-1 construction and installation gun (Fig. 88). The steel square is aimed at the enclosing structures. When fired, the axis of the gun is set perpendicular to the base into which the dowel is driven.

Rice. 88 Permanent fastening of panel partitions with squares and dowels, nailed with an SMP-1 gun:

Cartridges for the pistol are produced in two types: C and G. Cartridges of group B are produced in eight numbers 17.5 mm long with a charge weighing from 0.3 to 0.7 g; cartridges of group G with a length of 24 mm have four numbers with a charge weighing from 0.8 to 1.1 g. Dowels with a diameter of 5.5 mm and a length of 80 mm are used to attach the square to walls made of bricks, cinder blocks and expanded clay concrete. When zeroing squares to concrete structures with a strength of more than 300 kg / cm2, an interchangeable elongated pistol barrel and group G cartridges are used.

I - dowel; 2 - square; 3 - partition.

The above method of fastening partitions reduces labor costs by 2–3 times compared to other methods and, in some cases, makes it possible to abandon temporary fastening.

→ Building quality control

Installation of large-panel buildings

Installation of the above-ground part of the building can be started only after the completion of the zero cycle works. Before mounting prefabricated structures, it is necessary to determine the mounting horizon of the first floor, the highest point of which should not exceed the design one by more than 10 mm. Along the mounting horizon, beacons are installed on cement mortar. Lighthouses are made of wood hard rock in the form of bars 50X180 mm with a thickness of 10-15 mm and installed on the solution in two pieces under each mounted panel at a distance of 20-30 cm from the ends of the panel.
Rice. Fig. 1. Scheme of horizontal joint of outer wall panels: 1 - beacons; 2 - solution; 3 - poroizol. The installation of building wall panels in single-row cutting must be carried out by combining the edges of the element or the risks on it with the risks taken out from the center axes. When erecting the outer walls of the underground part of the building, the alignment of wall panels (blocks) in the transverse direction should be carried out below the ground level along the inner plane of the wall, and above - along the outer plane. Alignment of mounting horizons and verticality of mounted structures should be carried out geodesically on each floor. To exclude deviations from the design dimensions of the joined elements, it is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the breakdown of the axes of the longitudinal and transverse walls. The main axes of the building can be placed on the mounting horizon (floor) using a theodolite, an optical plummet or a laser using the vertical design method. Line technical personnel are obliged to follow the sequence of installation of structures developed in the project for the production of works. Installation of blocks with smoke and ventilation ducts must be carried out according to the technology adopted by the project. To protect the channels from the ingress of solution and debris, templates are applied to the upper end plane of the underlying ventilation panel or block to protect the openings of the channels from clogging. After laying and leveling the solution, the templates are removed. After installing the overlying block or panel, the solution squeezed out into the channel should be removed before it sets. To ensure the spatial rigidity of the building, the installation of the structures of the overlying floor should be started only after the concrete at the joints of the underlying structures reaches a strength of at least 30-35 kg/cm2. The strength of concrete at the joints is checked on control samples, kept in the same conditions as the concrete laid at the joints of the panels. Installation of the structures of each overlying floor of a multi-storey building must be carried out after the complete final fixing of all structures of the underlying floor. Rigidity and stability of large-panel buildings are also determined by the reliability of panel interface structures. Sealing of joints should be carried out carefully and ensure the strength, crack resistance and tightness provided for by the project. Joint work must be carried out by specially trained workers. Welding of joints of reinforcement and embedded parts of panels must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, technical specifications for welding work of operational and technological maps and recorded in the welding log. For welding, electrodes of the brands indicated in the project and confirmed by passports should be used. Joint welding must be systematically controlled; It is not allowed to carry out welding work at an air temperature below -20 °C. Electric welders who have not passed the established tests and do not have diplomas are not allowed to weld "works. The engineering and technical personnel who control the quality of welding must also have a certificate of completion of the relevant electric welding courses. Welds must meet the following requirements in appearance: - have smooth fine-flake surface without sagging and breaks with a smooth transition to the base metal; - the weld metal must be dense along the entire length of the seam and without cracks; it is forbidden to use chasing to correct the seams; - not have unwelded craters; - each welding unit must stand the mark of a welder After welding, all seams are cleaned, and welded joints are carefully coated with an anti-corrosion compound specified in the project. It is recommended to protect all steel embedded parts and welded joints with anti-corrosion compounds immediately after cleaning them from rust and slag formations with special compounds. After applying one of the above compositions, the joints are concreted with a cement-sand mortar M100 with a standard cone immersed by 60-80 mm. The surfaces of the joints facing the room are concreted flush with the surface of the walls of the room. Before connecting the main structural elements by welding or bolting using mounting plates coated with zinc to prevent corrosion, it is necessary to carefully check the received batch of mounting plates by external inspection. If external damage to the galvanized surface of the plate is detected, it should be rejected. The smallest thickness of the zinc coating on plates, connecting and embedded parts, on bolts and connections of nodes is assumed to be 200 microns (0.2 mm). To determine the thickness of galvanizing, a portable device ITP-1 and a portable device developed on the basis of an electronic potentiometer of the EPP-09M1 type are used. Before installation of wall panels it is necessary to fulfill the following requirements: - thoroughly clean the joined surfaces from dirt, dust and moisten with water; -- elements for better adhesion to mortar (concrete) must have a rough surface, and the surface of the Special groove must be smooth; -- to create a mortar bed from the supporting planes of the panels, it is necessary to remove irregularities, cut off the mounting loops flush with the plane of the crest of the wall panels (it is forbidden to bend the mounting loops). The panel must be installed immediately after spreading and leveling the mortar until it loses its plasticity. Structures displaced from the mortar bed during the period of mortar hardening should be lifted and, after cleaning the supporting surfaces from the old mortar, re-installed on a fresh mortar. The verticality of the installed panel with an accuracy of ±1 mm can be checked within 2-3 times with a pendulum plumb of the Chernyshev system or a photoelectric rail, which automatically indicates the verticality of the panel installation by light signaling. Checking the verticality with plumb bob does not provide the required accuracy. Rice. Fig. 2. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations during the installation of walls from large panels: 1 - deviation of the planes of the panels from the vertical in the upper section; 2 - deviation of horizontal seams iia thickness; 3 - deviation of the marks of the upper supporting surfaces of the Foundation; 4 - offset of the axes of the panels in the lower section relative to the fold-out axes; 5 - the total deviation of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the panels within one floor. The site is considered to be the part of the building between the axes of the outer panels and between two adjacent rows of inner panels. Suspension downpipes and sanitary pipelines to the floor panels is not allowed. After installation and alignment, the elements must be finally fixed by welding, and the joints should be monolithic. Works on sealing joints and sealing seams should be carried out by specially trained workers who have the appropriate certificates. Rice. Fig. 3. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations when installing partitions on the entire wall: 1 - fixing panels to the walls on each floor in two places; 2 - deviation of the vertical to the entire height of the room; 3 - deviation from the vertical by 1 m in height. Rice. 4. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations during the installation of ceilings: 1 - deviation in the dimensions of the support of floor panels on the walls; 2 - offset of the axes relative to the center axes; 3 - the difference in the marks of the lower surface of two adjacent floor panels; 4 - deviation from the horizontal when laying. These works must be constantly monitored by the production personnel and technical supervision of the customer. Horizontal and vertical joints between panels, non-reinforced joints between floor and roof panels are sealed with mortar grade 100. Expanded clay (GOST 9759-71), thermosite, agloporite are used as fillers for structural lightweight concrete; for heavy concrete - gravel and crushed stone of any rocks with a maximum grain size of 15 mm. Quartz sand (GOST 8736-67) is used as a fine aggregate for mortars and concretes. Water for mixing mixtures must meet the requirements of GOST 2874-73 and not contain impurities that adversely affect the setting of concretes and mortars. Concrete mix at compaction by vibration in summer conditions should have a draft of a standard cone of 40-60 mm, in winter - 20-30 mm; the mortar mixture in summer conditions should have a standard cone immersion depth of 80-100 mm, in winter - 40-60 mm. In order to increase plasticity in summer conditions, as well as to give it hydrophobic properties, it is recommended to introduce an additive of soap naphtha in the amount of 300 g per 1 m of solution into the composition of solutions. For jointing external joints, cement-lime mortar grade 50 is used with a standard cone immersion depth of 20-40 mm. Laying mortar mixture must be produced no later than one hour, and concrete mix - 30 minutes from the moment of preparation. Seal joints with mortar or concrete, the setting of which has already begun, is not allowed. For high-quality monolithic joints, it is necessary to observe the following technological sequence: - wetting the joined surfaces with water; - caulk of seams on both sides; - sealing joints to a height of up to 2 m with vibration compaction; installation of the reinforcing cage and concreting of the remaining part of the joint up to the mark of the top of the panel. Sealing of seams is carried out in layers of 40-50 cm with compaction with rammers. Reinforced horizontal joints are concreted simultaneously with the filling of the vertical joint. The non-reinforced part of the joint between the crest of the outer wall panel and the floor panel is also filled with concrete. The performance of work on sealing joints is recorded in the log of concreting joints. The filling of vertical joints between the inner ribs of the wall panels must be done before laying the floor panels. The vertical joints between the outer wall panels and the horizontal reinforced joints in the joints should be filled after the installation on the gripper of the section is completed with dense concrete grade 100. To prevent concrete from leaking out of the gaps of the vertical joints, the gaps are caulked from the inside, and from the facade they are sealed with a wooden inventory rail. Breaks in the concreting of the vertical joint and the adjacent reinforced joint are not allowed. After embedding, it is necessary to seal the external seams with mastics, pastes (according to the project) and embroider the seams with cement mortar. In accordance with the republican building codes (RSN 298-78) of the Gosstroy of the Ukrainian SSR, the joints of large-panel buildings should be sealed with thiokol vulcanizing mastics U-ZOM, KB-0.5, AM-0.5, TB-0.5 or butyl rubber vulcanizing mastics in combination with elastic pads, primers and adhesives. To increase the adhesion of thiokol sealants to concrete and other building materials, priming compounds and adhesives should be used: 78BTsS, K-50, PED-B, SN-57, etc. into the working position with adhesive mastics KN-2, KN-3, BK-1, BKP, isol, etc. When performing work on sealing joints, it is necessary to establish control over compliance with the necessary technological sequence for the implementation of these works and the basic requirements for gaskets, priming compounds and adhesives listed in RSN-298-78. Sealing of joints is subject to delivery to the technical supervision of the customer as a hidden work. Acceptance of sealing work is carried out in the process of performing work (intermediate acceptance) and after its completion. Intermediate acceptance with the preparation of acts is subject to: preparation of surfaces for priming, quality of the concrete surface with a primer, anti-adhesive layer (substrates), laid vulcanized sealant, embedding or painting the vulcanized sealant. The organization of control and assessment of the quality of joint sealing should be carried out, guided by Specifications for monitoring and assessing the quality of butt joints of large-panel residential buildings (RSN 192-68). After completion of all work on sealing and monolithic joints within each section on the floor, it is necessary to check for air permeability at least three vertical joints. At the final acceptance, the following must be presented: - acts of intermediate acceptance of the work performed; -- logs of the results of laboratory testing of materials; - work logs; -- executive drawings of joint sealing. The acceptance of the finished sealing is formalized by an act, which is also a warranty passport. Work on sealing horizontal and vertical joints of panels must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the project and the Specifications approved by the State Construction Committee of the USSR MRTU 7-16-66. The input quality control of the joint device should ensure the use of only those materials and structures that fully comply with the standards for their manufacture and design. Operational quality control of the device of butt mates provides for a systematic check: - compliance of the geometric dimensions of the butt mates with working drawings; -- presence of an anticorrosive covering of all steel embedded details of joints; -- quality of welds and their preparation for anti-corrosion coating; -- anti-corrosion coating qualities for final protection steel connections after their welding; -- performance quality of loop conjugations; - state of the joint strip and preparation of the contact surface for - laying concrete mix and sealants; thermal insulation of joints; -- monolithic joints (filling with concrete mix); joint sealing; Operational control should ensure that all construction and installation works are carried out in full compliance with the project and the requirements of regulatory documents. A subsequent operation should not be started if defects were made during the execution of the previous one. Operational control according to operational control schemes is carried out by engineering and technical workers (work foremen and foremen) with the involvement of geodetic services and construction laboratories. Operational control is preceded by self-control performed by teams, units and individual workers. Hidden works are accepted as they are performed by representatives of the technical supervision of the customer (developer) with the involvement, if necessary, representatives of design organizations. Installation of structures and sealing of joints with concrete or mortar is allowed at an outside air temperature of at least -20 °C. At an outside temperature of -5 ° C, monolithic joints; and seams can be carried out on a heated mortar of grade 100 without additives, which reduces the setting and hardening temperature of the mortar. With more low temperatures use additives of potash or sodium nitrate; only potash is used for concrete. The consumption of additives is determined by the laboratory. For sealing joints, use as chemical additives chloride salts is prohibited. Instead of frost-resistant additives, it is allowed to use concreting of joints with electrical heating (heat treatment). When performing work in winter, it is necessary to ensure that the surfaces to be joined are thoroughly cleaned of ice, frozen dirt, etc., and vertical joints are protected from rain or snow. Sealing joints with mortar and concrete should be carried out immediately after installing the panel in the design position and fixing it. Otherwise, re-icing of the cleaned surfaces may occur. To control the quality of concrete at the joints, compressive strength tests are carried out on control samples made from the same concrete and stored under similar conditions. Control over the temperature of concrete at joints in winter conditions is carried out according to the readings of technical thermometers lowered into wells to a depth of at least 100 mm in places with the most unfavorable temperature regime. According to the measurements, a graph of temperature changes in concrete is built over time, according to which its strength is determined. The current quality control of the heating of concrete at the joints is carried out by an on-duty laboratory assistant or a specially trained worker in the presence of an electrician on duty, who is obliged to monitor the on and off of the current, changes in the voltage in the network and troubleshooting. Temperature measurements are made in the first 3 hours of heating every hour, and then at least three times per shift with keeping the thermometer in the well for at least 3 minutes. The results are recorded in the temperature sheet for heating concrete at the joints, the form of which is given below. The results of checking the installation of reinforcing cages, the dimensions of the joints and the concreting of the joints must be recorded in the journal of hidden works. The acceptance of works on monolithic joints and seams is carried out by the technical supervision of the customer in the presence of the foreman and the chief engineer of the construction department or site. After a thorough check of the quality of the work performed, passports for the materials used and magazines for hidden work draw up acts of floor-by-floor acceptance of the building. Before installing large-panel partitions, it is necessary to break down and mark their axes. The technical personnel of the construction site and the technical supervision of the customer are obliged to check the presence of wooden antiseptic liners in the walls, the height of the mounted walls, the span between them and determine the dimensions of the pads for the partition panels, taking into account the height of the panels and protruding mounting loops. In the process of acceptance of work on the installation of structures of large-panel buildings, it is necessary to check the installation of structural elements and the density of their adjoining to the supporting surfaces and to each other, the quality of welding, sealing of joints and seams, the protection of all metal parts from corrosion AND "safety of elements and their finishes. To improve the quality of construction, the Gosstroy of the USSR approved on June 30, 1965 GOST 11309-65 * "Large-panel residential houses." When accepting construction and installation work in accordance with GOST, it is necessary to control the following requirements: - anti-corrosion protection of welded seams and steel embedded parts at manufacturing plants and in construction must be carried out in accordance with SNiP Sh-23-76; antifreeze additives, destroying zinc coatings of steel ties at the joints of external walls, is not allowed; -- Sealing materials that provide air tightness and moisture tightness at the joints between the panels must meet the relevant requirements. The adhesive strength of the mastic with concrete must be higher than the tensile strength of the mastic. All types of sealing materials must be protected from direct exposure to sunlight. Mastics applied in the form of films must have an elastic base in the joint gap. Panels coming from manufacturing plants must be accepted by the quality control department of the plant and have a strength of at least 100%. If, according to the terms of the project, during the construction of the house, the necessary strength of concrete products is ensured in a timely manner, it is allowed to supply panels and blocks and heavy concrete for walls, plinths and foundations with a strength of at least? 0% of the project, and for walls and plinths made of lightweight concrete- not less than 80%. When installing large-panel housing houses, it is necessary to control the fulfillment of the following requirements of GOST: - there must be limiters at the ends of the panels of the internal walls, ensuring a seam thickness of at least 10 mm in vertical joints; - in holes for passing pipes engineering communications provide tight sealing of interfaces with elastic materials. GOST provides for the following design tolerances: - the gaps between the mating panels in kind must comply with the requirements of the project, but be at least 10 mm, the gaps between the outer wall panels in places sealed with sealing materials must be no more than 20 mm; - the vertical axes of the panels of internal load-bearing walls, located one above the other, must match; - Misalignment of the axes of these panels is allowed no more than 10 mm. Rice. 5. Permissible deviations of panels from the vertical at the joint. Rice. 6. Permissible deviations in the depth of support of the floor panels on the walls. Rice. 7. Permissible deviations in the levels of the upper faces of the mating panels. Rice. 8. Permissible displacements of wall panels from the design position. Rice. 9. Permissible displacements of the front faces of adjacent panels for wall surfaces: a - external; b - internal. Rice. 10. Permissible deviations of the corners of the ceiling and walls of the room: a - the difference in the ceiling marks in the corners of the room; b - deviations of the upper corners from the vertical. According to the requirement of GOST, from each batch of 25-30 houses produced by a large-panel housing construction enterprise, one uninhabited or operated house, at the choice of the customer, must be subjected to a special check for compliance with the requirements of GOST 11309-65 * and SNiP. The tightness of all joints in the outer walls is checked by artificial blowing and sprinkling, the sound insulation of the premises is checked by sound-measuring equipment. In addition, it is necessary to check the compliance of structures with accepted tolerances. When erecting large-panel buildings in seismic regions, control should be established over the implementation in construction of all the requirements of projects, building codes and rules aimed at increasing the stability of buildings and structures when seismic loads are applied to them. The constructive solutions of such buildings should ensure the joint spatial work of all walls and ceilings. To do this, in the designs of large-panel buildings, it is necessary to connect wall panels and ceilings by arranging flared reinforced joints, embedded in concrete, enlarge the dimensions of wall panels and ceilings (to the size of “per room”), and ensure the same rigidity of walls that perceive seismic loads. The distances between the transverse walls should not exceed 6.5 m. When installing buildings, it is necessary to control the use in construction of wall panels reinforced with double reinforcement, which should be made in the form of spatial frames or welded reinforcing meshes. In the case of using three-layer panels, the thickness of the internal bearing concrete layer should be at least 8 cm. Concrete of internal and. external panels should be similar in deformability. Panels of prefabricated ceilings along the edges of embedding must have a keyed or corrugated surface. Panel lintels should be considered as elements that perceive shear and bending forces. The panels should be connected by welding the outlets of the working reinforcement or specially embedded anchor rods, followed by the application of a layer of anti-corrosion protection and the sealing of all joints with concrete. For high-rise buildings, foundations should be arranged in the form of cross bands or solid slabs. Layers of horizontal waterproofing at the level of the socles of buildings must be made of cement mortar. Partitions should be used in large-panel or frame structures, ensuring their connection with walls and columns, and with a length of more than 3 m - with ceilings. Balconies should be a cantilever element of floor slabs. In frame buildings and structures, a structure that perceives a horizontal load can be: a frame, a frame with filling, a frame with vertical ties or stiffening diaphragms. In the load-bearing elements of the reinforced concrete frame, reinforcement made of steels with higher plastic properties should be used. The nodes of reinforced concrete frames should be reinforced by installing reinforcing meshes or closed transverse reinforcement. Diaphragms and connections, perceiving horizontal loads, should be arranged for the entire height of buildings with their symmetrical arrangement. For enclosing wall structures of frame buildings, it is necessary to use light hinged panels. -- Prefabricated reinforced concrete elements large-panel residential buildings are large and heavy. Work with such elements must be carried out according to a previously developed method for the production of installation work. To reduce the time of work, all other works (construction, sanitary, electrical) must be performed simultaneously with the installation of the building. Since the safety regulations prohibit any other work on the area where the installation is taking place, it is recommended to divide the building in terms of two areas: installation and construction. The sequence and duration of work on these areas must be clearly linked to the hourly schedule. There are two ways to organize installation work for the construction of large-panel residential buildings: from an on-site warehouse and from vehicles. When organizing installation work from the on-site warehouse, the installation elements are brought in advance from the manufacturing plants and placed in the area of ​​​​the tower crane. The advantage of this method of organizing work is independence from possible accidents (irregular transport, delays in the manufacture of parts, etc.). However, working from an on-site warehouse increases the cost of construction and installation time. This way of doing work requires additional costs for organizing a warehouse, equipping it with devices for accommodating prefabricated elements, in addition, a special link of workers and a special crane must be allocated for unloading arriving elements, which is not fully used. If the unloading of prefabricated elements is carried out by a crane engaged in the installation, this leads to downtime for the installers. In order to avoid downtime and not to keep little-used mechanisms at the construction site, often one shift per day is allocated for all loading and unloading operations, but in this case, only two shifts per day can be carried out at the facility. Mounting from vehicles is "a more progressive way of organizing work. According to this method, the installation of prefabricated elements is carried out immediately after they are delivered to the construction site. Mounting elements directly from vehicles" are fed by a crane to the installation site. In this case, the list of items to be delivered and the vehicle traffic schedule must be fully linked to the installation schedule. When mounted from vehicles, there is no need for an on-site warehouse. Only small playgrounds for stacking small items. Delivery of prefabricated elements from manufacturing plants is carried out by panel carriers, flatbed vehicles, tractors with special trailers. Given the complexity of linking the work of manufacturers, transport workers and installers, it is recommended to perform installation from vehicles in the first place, when building several similar and closely located objects in line. The most perfect in this regard is the organization of installation work by house-building plants (DSK). House-building factories not only produce all prefabricated elements, but also build houses from them. All work on the construction of large-panel residential buildings, starting with the manufacture of prefabricated elements, is subject to a single hourly schedule. Installation of buildings by house-building factories is carried out in three shifts. Delivery of prefabricated elements is carried out in two shifts. This makes it possible to accumulate a stock of prefabricated elements necessary for the installation work in the third shift on trailers that remain on the construction site. Installation work on the construction of the above-ground part of a large-panel building is carried out floor by floor. Installation of each subsequent floor is allowed only after the final fixing of the structures of the underlying one with permanent design fasteners and when the concrete reaches the monolithic joints load-bearing structures not less than 70% of design strength. Installation of structural elements must be carried out in the sequence specified installation drawing and production schedule. Before installing the vertical elements of the floor panel, they must be leveled with a layer of mortar under the mark of the next - 5th floor (mounting horizon). Checking the mounting horizon is carried out floor by floor using a level. The correct installation of the vertical element can be controlled by a plumb-rail or theodolite. Until the end of the alignment, the vertical elements are temporarily fixed with the help of strut, spacer and angle clamps. Rice. 11. Alignment of the verticality of the wall panel with a plumb-rail After alignment, the panels are interconnected by welding embedded parts. The joints between the panels are closed in accordance with the requirements (of the project. When installing the elements of the staircase, special attention is paid to the position of the mounted landing relative to the underlying landing. Control over the relative position of the landings is carried out using a template. Of great importance is the observance of alignment when installing thin-walled load-bearing partitions in panel buildings . Installation of frameless buildings Installation of a floor of a residential building with longitudinal load-bearing walls usually start with the installation of two panels forming an angle between the end and farthest walls from the crane, and all elements are exposed along the outer wall farthest from the crane, then the installation of the interior wall panels adjacent to the previously mounted outer wall is carried out. After that, the installation of the end wall elements can be completed and the installation of the elements of the outer wall closest to the crane can be carried out. Upon completion of the installation of the external walls, the installation of the internal walls is completed, the elements of the staircase, sanitary cabins (if any), floor slabs, balcony slabs are mounted. An approximate sequence of installation of floor elements is shown in the diagram. Floor slabs are laid, starting from the corner of the house or from the staircase. When installing floor slabs, the direction of installation "on the crane" should be maintained. When installing large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing walls, the installation of elements is carried out in the following sequence: panels of transverse load-bearing walls, panels of longitudinal external walls, partitions and sanitary cabins, landings and marches, floor panels. The location of the base of the transverse bearing panel is determined by a fork clamp fixed to the underlying element, the top of the panel is temporarily fixed and brought into the design position by tubular ties with clamps. The described sequence of installation of elements of frameless large-panel buildings is not the only one. There are a number of options for installing prefabricated parts on this type of building. Installation of frame-panel buildings Frame-panel buildings, like buildings of other types, must be mounted in such a way that at all stages of installation, the rigidity of the assembled part of the building is ensured. The spatial rigidity and invariability of the frame during the installation process are ensured by the technological sequence of installation of the elements, i.e., before the temporary mounting fasteners are removed, all the main load-bearing elements - columns, crossbars, spacer plates, stiffness diaphragms - must be included in the work of the structures. The erection of the structures is carried out carefully. If the length of the columns corresponds to the height of the floor, then the tier is taken equal to the floor; if the columns are two-story, then the tier is taken in two floors. Prior to the installation of columns, group conductors are installed on the ceiling. The columns are fed in turn to the installation site and fixed in the conductor with two rows of clamps with adjusting screws. The third, lowest, row of collars is fixed to the head of the column of the underlying tier.
Rice. Fig. 12. The sequence of installation of floor elements on a large-panel house After the columns are installed, they are aligned, and they are centered with clamp screws fixed closer to the base, and the upper clamps are fixed after the column is brought to a vertical position. Currently, various designs of group conductors are widely used in the installation of frame buildings. The choice of the type of conductor depends on the location of the joints of the columns and the methods of fastening the columns in the junctions. The use of group conductors makes it possible to eliminate the preliminary breakdown of the position of the columns, reduces geodetic work to a minimum, allows you to install and fix crossbars and stiffening diaphragms without the use of scaffolds, and increases the accuracy and safety of installation work. After installing the columns in the cells of Fig. Fig. 13. The sequence of mounting elements of a frame-panel building when using group conductors. The invented engineer. J. Deutsch a special frame-hinged indicator (RSHI), which is a group mounting equipment. RSHI consists of a number of elements technologically connected into a single complex: indicator frames, scaffolds, plinth trusses, swivel cradles and clamps. A system of fixing devices is installed on the RSHI frame: clamps, stops, connecting calibration pipes, clamps. The frame is equipped with a working flooring with fences. The plinth truss is the supporting element of the indicator when it is installed on the foundations of the columns; it has swivel consoles and can be used as a shipping container when transporting RSHI. When working with RSHI, installers are on swivel cradles, which are hung on tubular racks. The working body, on which the accuracy of installation primarily depends, are the clamps. They are installed assembled on the brackets-beams of the indicator frame. The exact setting of the indicator is carried out with the help of a theodolite along two mutually perpendicular base axes, as well as by attaching connecting calibration tubes to previously verified RSHI. Installation of structures with the help of RSHI is carried out in the following order. Three assemblers receive the column given by the crane. One of them installs it on the head of the underlying column. The second installer, located on the upper platform of the RSHI, with the help of the third installer, located in the rotary cradle, guides the column into the collar zone and fixes it with a clamping device. The accuracy of the installation of the column is very high, as it depends only on the accuracy of the manufacture of the frame and clamps. The installation of the crossbars comes down to the fact that two installers, located on the rotary cradles, accept the structure, install it in the design position and fix it with an electric tack. The accuracy of the installation of crossbars is ensured by the accuracy of the installation of the column. If the height of the tier corresponds to two floors, then first a crossbar is installed above the first floor from the lower rotary cradles, and then above the second - from the upper rotary cradles. Rice. 14. Scheme of the frame-hinged indicator: 1 - swivel cradle of the installer; 2 - folding collar; 3 - hinged indicator frame; 4 - scaffold structures When mounting the spacer plates, two installers are on the indicator platform, and one is in the upper rotary cradle. After laying the spacer slabs, two installers go to them and install ordinary floor slabs. Plates during installation do not require adjustment, since the specified accuracy is ensured by the accuracy of the installation of columns and crossbars. The installation of external curtain walls is started after the final design fixing of the supporting structures on the grip. The installation of hinged wall panels differs significantly from the installation of other structures, since their presence or absence does not affect the strength of the building, therefore these works are carried out separately. The isolation of the process is also explained by the fact that curtain panels are often made from materials that can be easily damaged. As a rule, the same cranes are used for the installation of hinged panels as for the installation of other structures. However, this method has a significant drawback - the installation of hinged panels requires a lot of crane time, which leads to an increase in the cost of installation and increases the duration of work. At present, methods of mounting hinged panels with electric winches are being introduced into practice (construction of the Hydroproject building and the All-Union Television Center in Moscow), climbing along a monorail attached to columns (construction of the building of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), and the use of portable light cranes installed on the roof of the building. For temporary fastening of panels during installation, struts, corner stops, adjustable hangers, etc. are used. Scaffolds and equipment used to work outside the facade are divided into ground and suspended. Ground include various stationary and mobile scaffolding, articulated-lever and telescopic towers. It is advisable to use ground equipment up to a height of 12-15 m. In the construction of high-rise and high-rise buildings, suspended scaffolds - cradles with adjustable consoles, which can be installed not only on the roof of the building, but also on ceilings and in window openings, are most widely used, which gives the ability to combine the installation of load-bearing and enclosing structures as much as possible. The sequence of installation of hinged panels depends on the cutting of the wall, the types of joints and lifting equipment. Sealing joints in large-panel buildings Higher requirements for the quality of joints in residential buildings The process of joining panels consists of several operations:) welding of embedded parts and protecting them from corrosion, sealing the joint with mortar and concrete mixture, sealing the joints. As long-term practice has shown, the most effective method of sealing joints with mortar and concrete mixture is the mechanized supply of the mixture into the joint through a pipeline under pressure. For this purpose, mortar pumps, pneumatic blowers and a special installation for supplying the mixture in a jet of compressed air in suspension are used. This installation allows you to supply mixtures to any joint of a large-panel building and ensures high quality filling.
Rice. 15. Installation for monolithic joints: 1- frame; 2 - boxes for materials; 3 - control panel; 4 - mortar mixer; 5 - bunker; 6 - plant for transporting concrete compressed air; 7 - pipeline; 8 - nozzle; 9 - air hoses; 10 - compressor The tightness of vertical joints and horizontal seams of the outer panels is ensured by the design of the joint and seam (the presence of protrusions and drips, water-retaining ridges, etc.) and the use of sealing materials. In construction, poroizol strips and bundles are used as sealing materials, which are glued to concrete with isol mastic, hernitic gaskets and bundles, thiokol (U-ZOM, GS-1) and polyisobutylene (UM-40, UMS-50) mastics. Poroisol gaskets can be laid directly from the ceiling during installation. In some cases, the bundles are tightly rolled up from hinged cradles, self-propelled cantilever lifts or automobile Eyshki from the side of the facade after sealing the joints from the inside of the building. From the outside of the building, seams and joints are sealed with sealing mastics, which are injected into the seam with a layer of 15-25 mm with pneumatic syringes or gear pumps. Liners made of expanded polystyrene, fiberglass or mineral wool boards are used as a joint insulation. To protect against moisture, insulation packages are wrapped with synthetic film or glassine. Requirements for the quality of work during the installation of large-panel buildings The reliability of sealing the joints of external wall panels, the quality of sound insulation of the joints of internal structures depends on the accuracy of the pairing of elements of large-panel buildings. The reliability of the entire building ultimately depends on the accuracy of the pairing of elements. Therefore, when installing buildings from large panels, special attention should be paid to the accuracy of the installation of elements relative to the design axes and marks. Permissible deviations of the outer wall panels from the design position: displacement of the axes of the wall panels in the lower section 4 mm, deviation of the planes of the wall panels from the vertical in the upper section 5 mm, deviation of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the panels within the floor ± 10 mm, deviations in the thickness of horizontal joints ± 5 mm. Panels of external and internal walls must meet the requirements of the State Standard and Building Regulations. Deviations of the linear dimensions of the panels should not exceed: in thickness, height and position of embedded parts ± 5 mm, in length ± 8 mm. The deviation from the horizontal of the mounted landings should not exceed 5 mm, and the tread of the flight of stairs should not exceed 2 mm. Deviations from the design dimensions of slabs and floor panels should not exceed ±8 mm in length, ±5 mm in width, and ±4 mm in thickness. When laying panels or floor slabs, the difference in the marks of the lower surface of two adjacent floor elements should not be more than 4 mm.