Sequential assembly of the exterior panels of the house. Installation of reinforced concrete structures. Organization of installation work

1

Rice. 6.1. Structural schemes of large-panel buildings: A - with longitudinal bearing walls;B - with transverse load-bearing walls.1 - load-bearing walls, PP - floor panels.

A large-panel building is a spatial system, the rigidity and stability of which is ensured by the mutual arrangement of transverse, longitudinal walls and floor disks, combined into a single spatial scheme by monolithic joints.

The most widespread are large-panel residential buildings, interlocked from standard block sections: ordinary, end, corner, rotary, as well as in their various combinations. The combination of block sections determines the configuration of large-panel buildings in terms of plan and height.

Recently, layout space-planning elements (KOPE) have been developed, which are carriers of the main functional and compositional qualities of the house. Each residential section consists of a KOPE: a stair-elevator unit and residential space-planning elements, which may vary according to the set of apartments.

Large-panel buildings are built up to 25 floors high. The width of traditional block sections is 12...14m, KOPE - up to 22m, and large-panel infrastructure buildings up to 50m. This dictates the need for careful selection of the characteristics of erection cranes and their placement in sections and grips. The mass of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements does not exceed 8 tons.

6.2. General scheme for the construction of large-panel buildings.

Construction of large-panel buildings - mechanized process assembly from prefabricated elements. Apply lifting mechanisms, providing the process of installation of buildings of various heights and configurations in the plan. Mainly used rail jib cranes tower cranes design load capacity, boom reach and hook height. Depending on the design dimensions of the buildings, their configuration (number of sections and number of storeys), they are divided into stages of assembly sections and grips, serviced by one or more assembly cranes. This division contributes rational organization labor, using in-line methods of work production, two-, three- and multi-cycle technologies.

The rational arrangement of mounting cranes is important.

AB

AT

Plot №1Plot number 2

Plots No. 2 and 3

G

multi-section building

complex configuration

Fig.6.2

Schemes of breakdown of buildings into plots and grips

and arrangement of mounting cranes.

A, B - low-section buildings; C, D - multi-section buildings;

1…10 – numbers of grips (sections)

For each type of building, the optimal selection is carried outassembly cranes according to technical parameters and economic indicators.

The order of execution of technological processes can be represented in the form of a technological model for the construction of a CPD.

Figure 6.3.

Technological model for the construction of a large-panel house (KPD).

Technological processes

Sequence of execution of processes

1. Arrangement of bases and foundations. 2.Installation of external and internal panels. 3. The device of the roof, attic. 4. Sealing joints from the outside. 5. Installation of door blocks, installation of partitions. 6. Installation of metal structures (fences, stairs) 7. Caulking of seams (and other work on joints inside the building). 8. Sealing of dowels, technological holes and other concrete works. 9.Special works of the 1st stage. 10. Tiled work. 11. The device of floors. 12. Painting work. 13. Special work 2 stages. 14. Improvement.

(according to a separate models)

6.3. Construction technology of the underground part of the KPD.

General technological process the construction of the underground part consists of the following technological complexes:

- development of pits (trenches) and preparation of foundations;

- foundation arrangement;

- installation of prefabricated basement structures.

In large-panel buildings, depending on the loads transferred to the base, bearing capacity soil and hydrogeological conditions, the following types of foundations are used:

- belt, prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and blocks;

- pile, with a monolithic or precast-monolithic grillage;

- non-grilled pile foundations;

- slab, in the form of a continuous (monolithic or prefabricated) slab.

The most widely used design is strip foundations from precast concrete base plates and blocks, which can be stacked in the form of continuous or intermittent tapes. In addition to supporting elements, such foundations include foundation wall blocks.

The above-foundation part of large-panel buildings is assembled from basement panels of external and internal walls and floor panels.

Installation of base plates and foundation blocks of walls is carried out on grips. They are mounted in successive horizontal rows throughout the area. On the grip, installation begins with the laying of corner and lighthouse blocks located along the axes of the sections or at the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse axes of the walls of the building. Foundation slabs placed on level sand cushion not less than 50mm thick. The accuracy of mounting the remaining plates and blocks will depend on the correctness of their position relative to the alignment axes and marks, so they are carefully aligned. Intermediate plates and blocks are installed along a cord stretched between lighthouse blocks or plates. The gaps between the base plates are filled with concrete, sand or local soil. The direction of installation of plates and blocks is along the tape on the crane. For the device of communication inputs in the foundation walls, openings or holes are left between the blocks.

Mounted plates and blocks are stable elements and their temporary fastening is not required. However, to create spatial rigidity of the prefabricated foundation, wall blocks are laid not just in horizontal rows, but with dressing of vertical seams both along the wall being erected and at the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse walls. The binding size is at least 0.4 of the height of the wall foundation block. On the top of the base plates and between the rows of blocks, reinforced seams (30 ... 50 mm thick) or reinforced concrete belts(100…150mm).

Other types of foundations are made according to standard technologies.

6.4. Construction of the basement of buildings .

Prior to the installation of prefabricated structures of the underground part of the building, construction works on the installation of foundations and backfilling of the sinuses, planning the backfilling of soil with tamping under the floors of the technical underground and other work on the basement.

Before installation wall panels necessary:

- level the upper plane of the foundations and determine the mounting horizon;

- install mortar beacons under each wall panel;

- make instrumental geodetic breakdown of the axes of the underground walls, take out the risks and put them on the foundation elements for the orientation of the mounted panels.

The installation of the underground part of the building is carried out by rail-mounted cranes designed to perform "zero" cycle work, self-propelled jib cranes, tower cranes.

Installation of structures is carried out according to two technological schemes:

A) Installation with advanced installation of external wall panels. In this case, for temporary fastening and alignment of structures, inclined tie systems are used in the form of struts, clamps, corner clamps, etc. The method of installation by cells ensures the consistent erection of elements of the basement of buildings with the creation of geometrically unchanging stable systems. In this case, a free method of mounting elements is used. Technological sequence of mounting elements:

Installation of reinforced concrete wall blocks as anchors for

temporary fastening of panels of external and internal walls;

Installation of panels of the outer stand-alone half of the grip from the crane;

Installation of elements of the lift unit;

- installation of panels of internal transverse and longitudinal walls on the same half of the grip;

- installation of panels of external walls of the half of the grip closest to the crane;

- installation of panels of internal longitudinal and transverse walls on the same grip;

- installation of entrance elements;

- removal of mounting equipment, dismantling of anchor blocks;

- installation of floor panels.

B) Initial installation of internal walls. Installation is carried out by a limited-free method and involves the use of group mounting equipment in the form of horizontal bracing systems. Technological sequence of mounting elements:

- interior wall panels;

- exterior wall panels;

- elements of lift shafts;

- elements staircase;

- floor panels;

- input elements.

After the installation of the structures of the underground part of the building on the grip is completed, they begin to perform related work: sealing and monolithic vertical joints, cutting adjunctions between structural elements, device wall drainage and vertical waterproofing.

When applying both methods, one or two sections are taken as a grip. Work is carried out in two shifts by an integrated team of 12 ... 15 people. And consisting of two links of assemblers for 4 ... 5 people, links of welders (2 people), carpenters (2 people), concrete workers (4 ... 5 people). the links are conditional, since workers are required to know related specialties, which is necessary due to the frequent change in the nature of work or small volumes of work.

Part technological maps for installation work, it is necessary to include requirements for monitoring the position of the elements being mounted in plan and in height in accordance with the requirements of the standards (SNiP 3.01.03.-84 and SNiP 3.03.01.-87). Permissible deviations of the center axes and mounted structures have the following parameters:

- for two-section buildings, the deviations between the extreme centering axes along the length are +/- 6mm;

- for three-section respectively +/- 8mm;

- four-section +/- 10mm;

- deviations between the extreme centering axes along the width of the building +/- 3mm;

- offset of the axes of wall panels in the lower section relative to the center axes +/- 8mm;

- in the upper section of the vertical deviation +/-10mm;

- allowable reduction in the bearing area on the panel +/- 10mm.

At each stage of installation, an executive geodetic scheme is performed, which documents the position of the mounted elements relative to the staking axes. This makes it possible to take into account the accumulation of errors and to correct the position of the elements during the installation of subsequent elements.

Input quality control provides for checking the geometric dimensions and condition of prefabricated structures delivered to the facility. Deviations from the geometrical dimensions of the length, height and thickness of the panels by more than 5 mm are not allowed. for external and internal walls; chipped concrete corners and edges more than 5mm; the presence of cracks with a width of more than 0.2 mm; spalls over 60mm per meter of rib (with spall depth >6mm).

When performing work, pay special attention to welding work and anti-corrosion protection of metal fittings.

6.5. Technology for the construction of the above-ground part of large-panel houses.

The above-ground part of large-panel residential buildings is being built using two-cycle or three-cycle technologies. With two-cycle technology, all work is carried out with the maximum combination of processes: panel installation and internal general construction work (1 cycle) - finishing work (2 cycle). The three-cycle technology provides for the unification of construction processes with a smaller combination in terms of their execution time: 1 cycle - building installation; 2cycle - interior work; 3 cycle - finishing works.

Public buildings are erected according to three-cycle and multi-cycle technologies, for example, with the allocation to the 4th cycle of work on the installation of equipment and commissioning.

The main characteristic of the spatial parameters of the building installation process is the grip. One section is usually taken as a grip. Multi-section buildings can be divided into assembly sections. In accordance with the established experience in the construction of a building, up to 6 sections are one section, 8 sections are two sections, etc. at the same time, each installation site is an independent flow, characterized by its own parameters, commissioning deadlines, financing conditions, etc.

The installation process in time is characterized by the pace of installation of one floor of the section and is 0.75 ... 1.25 days. At the same time, the installation of reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, is carried out in three shifts. 4 assemblers and one electric welder work in each shift. The fourth link of installers (2 installers and 1 electric light) work only on the first shift and carry out the installation metal structures: (fences for stairs, balconies, stairs, roofs, etc.).

Simultaneously with the installation, work is carried out on the installation of vertical and horizontal joints between wall elements. Only when this condition is met, the front of work opens and the possibility of mounting the following elements is created: panels of internal walls - after sealing, air protection and insulation of joints between panels of external walls; installation of panels of the outer walls of the next floor - after fixing the vertical joints between all the structural elements of the underlying floor. The joints are carried out by units of insulators (2 people) and concrete workers (3 people), working in the first shift.

The installation of structures is carried out floor by floor by building up, observing the boundaries of the grips. During assembly, stability and spatial rigidity mounted elements is provided with their temporary fastening. On each grip, prefabricated elements are mounted according to the “on the crane” principle in the following technological sequence: volumetric elements (tubes of elevator shafts, sanitary cabins), panels of external walls, panels of internal walls, partitions and self-supporting elements (ventilation blocks and electric panels), stair platforms and marches, walls of loggias, floor panels, garbage chute elements.

The priority installation of the outer wall panels is due to the multi-layer construction of the joints. Their device is carried out by sequentially performing a number of processes (laying gernit, sticking waterproofing and air-protective tapes, installing water-breaking products, installing a heat-insulating layer). These works are carried out by a link of sealers (2 people) from inside the building.

A number of joint sealing processes are carried out outside the building. They can be carried out from hinged platforms installed on the ceiling of the floor being mounted or after the installation of the building is completed from hinged cradles.

The technological sequence for buildings with internal load-bearing walls may change depending on the installation method, structural and space-planning solutions.

Mounting accuracy

Ensuring the geometric accuracy of the installation of prefabricated elements is achieved by carrying out a complex of geodetic works:

- To install wall panels in the design position, installation and approximate risks are applied on each installation horizon. They are transmitted from the reference axes using a theodolite.

- For each wall panel, the mounting horizon is fixed by two beacons installed along the level.

- Installation of wall panels is carried out from indicative marks using a metal template.

- Verticality is controlled by a plumb-rail.

- The height setting accuracy is controlled by geometric leveling (from 4 corners).

The final fixing of structures is allowed only after the complete elimination of unacceptable deviations.

In parallel with the installation of the building, other construction processes are also carried out, which are necessary to prepare the scope of work in the production of finishing and special works. These include: device system natural ventilation, plastering surfaces of walls, ceilings and interfaces of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, installation of door blocks, installation of built-in wardrobes and mezzanines. These processes are carried out on grips that are free from installation, with a lag of 1 ... 2 floors and are completed by the time the roofing processes are completed.

6.6. Features of the implementation of special and finishing works

The technology for performing special work in large-panel and stone buildings is not fundamentally different. At the same time, fully prefabricated houses have design features:

- large-panel buildings are equipped with sanitary cabins that have full factory readiness, with the installation of sanitary communications and equipment, which reduces the amount of work;

- vertical low-voltage and low-current electrical wiring and distribution cabinets are located in special self-supporting electrical panels installed in the walls of inter-apartment corridors.

Electrical work is carried out using a combined technology with the installation of a building and is divided into two stages.

The first stage is associated with electrical installation work performed in the basement of the building, which consists in laying the wiring of group networks of apartments and stairwells. After the construction of five or six floors of the building, floor-by-floor distribution cabinets are installed and the mains supplying the group networks are installed. By the time the roofing installation is completed, the work of the first stage is completed.

The second stage of electrical work is carried out during the finishing of the premises and consists in the installation of installation products and fixtures, the adjustment of systems, the device low current networks(broadcasting, telephonization, elevator dispatching communication, intercoms, fire alarm).

During the execution of works of the second stage of electrical work, installation of smoke exhaust systems from floor-to-floor inter-apartment corridors is carried out.

Finishing of large-panel buildings is carried out upon completion of installation building structures and roofing devices. By this time, the necessary temperature and humidity conditions must be created, heat must be turned on (in winter time), there is a sufficient scope of work.

The technological process of finishing is divided into four or five technological cycles.

The first cycle is plastering work: cutting rustications, junctions of prefabricated elements, processing the surfaces of ceilings, walls, partitions, installing screeds under the floors.

The second cycle - wall cladding and tile work, wall decoration with sheet materials, installation of ceramic tile floors.

The third cycle is the first stage of painting works: preparation and painting of ceilings; wallpapering ceilings; preparation of the surface of the walls and the partition for the final painting.

The fourth cycle is linoleum flooring, parquet flooring.

Fifth cycle - final painting work; wall papering; final painting of walls, partitions and joinery; sharpening and polishing parquet floors and coating them with varnish.

Labor-intensive painting work is carried out in a mechanized way.

6.7. Construction of large-panel tower-type buildings.

Large-panel tower-type buildings are called single-section residential buildings with an increased number of storeys (9 ... 16 floors).

Buildings of this type are erected using two-cycle or three-cycle technologies. With a two-cycle technology, the work is combined as much as possible. There are three options for the functioning of the general technological process of erecting a building.

With the first optioninstallation of building structures is carried out in two shifts - in the second and third, and construction and special work to the first. This is due to the need to work on single gripper system, which excludes the simultaneous execution of other works with installation. A significant disadvantage is that the duration of the construction of the building increases due to the increase in the duration of the first cycle by one third.

According to the second optionhalf of the floors are assembled in three shifts (without construction and special works). Then the upper floors are assembled in two shifts, and construction and special work is carried out in the first shift. As a result, by the time the installation of the building is completed, most of the premises are being prepared for finishing.

Third optionprovides for the combination of installation work not only with construction and special processes, but also with finishing work. After preparing 4-5 lower floors for finishing, finishing processes begin to be carried out on the grips free from installation, which makes it possible to build single-section houses without increasing the construction period.

When using a three-cycle technology, work is carried out according to the scheme: installation - interior work - finishing work.

Main work cycles and geodetic support of installation

In the construction of large-panel buildings, technologies are used that relate to three cycles construction process:

Zero-cycle technologies, i.e. excavation of a foundation pit, trenches, installation of foundation blocks and basement walls, installation of floors above the basement, laying underground utilities with their insertion into the building;

Technologies for the construction of the above-ground part of the building - erection of walls and partitions, filling openings, installation of stairs, floor slabs, roof panels, roofing, wiring of internal sanitary and electrical communications, installation of elevator equipment, installation of joinery (windows and doors), plastering works , preparation under floors;

Finishing work technologies inside the building and on facades, including cladding and painting, flooring, built-in equipment, installation of sanitary, electrical fittings and devices connected to networks.

Geodetic installation support. Multi-storey large-panel buildings are characterized by increased requirements for the accuracy of the installation of structures. Failure to comply with the established tolerances and the accumulation of errors during installation make it difficult, and most importantly, can lead to a decrease in the bearing capacity and stability of individual elements and even the building as a whole.

The accuracy of the building installation can be ensured by a complex of geodetic marking works:

Fixing the axes on the building with the possibility of transferring them to the overlying floors, i.e. creating a center geodetic plan. To do this, before the construction of the above-ground part of the building begins, the axes are marked on the basement and ceiling above the basement;

Vertical transfer of the main axes to the ceiling of each floor, i.e. to a new mounting horizon. The number of main transferable axes depends on design features building.

For large-panel buildings, two transverse axes are transferred along the boundary of the grip and one extreme longitudinal axis farthest from the crane;

Breakdown of intermediate and auxiliary axes on the floor of each mounted floor. In this case, the reference points for transferring the axes to the floors are located not on the main axes of the building, but on parallel-shifted longitudinal and transverse lines (lines that determine the position of the internal planes of the outer walls), but along the axes of the internal load-bearing walls. When working, installers need not the main, but these auxiliary axes;

Marking the position of the installation risks required by the conditions of installation of the elements. On the floor of the mounted floor, using a measuring tape, mark the positions of all wall panels, both external and internal. The exact design position (position marking) of each element is determined by marks in three planes - using marks showing the position of each panel along the longitudinal axis of the outer walls, and transverse marks fixing the position of the panel relative to this axis;

Definition of the mounting horizon on the floor. It is determined on each floor using a level. In large-panel buildings, the surface of floor panels is leveled at the joints of the installation of panels of external and internal walls. For the mounting horizon take the mark of the highest point. The level of the mounting horizon is prepared by installing beacons;

Compilation of floor-by-floor executive survey. At each stage of installation work, a geodetic executive scheme is performed, which documents the position of the mounted structures relative to the staking axes. This makes it possible to take into account the accumulation of errors and to correct the position of structures during the installation of overlying floors.

Organization of installation work

For the optimal organization of installation work, the building is divided into sections, which in turn can be divided into installation sections. The basic principle of breakdown is that at least two working zones should be provided along the vertical of the building under construction: on one, the installation of structures is carried out, on the other, related processes. During high-speed construction in the second vertical zone, other post-installation general construction works can be performed on the underlying floors.
To speed up installation, a multi-section building is divided into grips and installation zones; several installation cranes can be involved in the work. Buildings with up to three sections are usually mounted with one crane. Buildings in two and three sections are most often divided in terms of two sections with alternating mounting. Single-section buildings-towers, which are one grip, are divided into two installation sites, the boundaries of the sites and, accordingly, the areas of operation of cranes are carefully controlled.
During construction high-rise building Passenger-and-freight lifts are used to lift and lower workers. They are usually installed after the installation of the 5th ... 6th floor is completed and are increased as the height of the building increases.
It is advisable to place the cranes on the side of the facade that does not have entrances to the building, so as not to impede the access of workers to it during its construction. Entrances to the communications building must be designed from the side of the entrances.
Installation work is carried out "on the crane", providing the driver best review work front. The use of a tower crane for the installation of the underground part of the building is recommended only when the foundations are deepened by no more than 2.5 m. Prefabricated structures for installation can be supplied directly from Vehicle or from an on-site warehouse.
Before starting the installation of the structures of the new floor, the floor surface is leveled and the exact breakdown of the installation sites of wall panels is carried out along the entire perimeter of the grip, and sometimes the building.
It is desirable to have a gap in time between the installation of adjacent outer panels and the inner wall panel adjacent to the joint, which allows sealing the joint of the outer panels with the waterproofing layer sticker and the installation of the insulation package in optimal conditions.

Building installation methods

The horizontal layered (floor) method is the most common, as it provides greater rigidity and stability of the frame at all stages of installation, as well as a more uniform settlement of the foundation. This method is used during the installation of precast concrete elements with sealing of joints after the installation of structures. At the same time, after the completion of the assembly of the floor (tier with two- or three-story cutting of columns), when the concrete at the joints of the structures gains 70% of the design strength, the installation of the next tier (floor) begins.

Vertical installation - provides for the construction of a building separate parts, usually 2..L of the step of the columns at once to the entire height of the building.

The advantage of the method is that it implies a much smaller size of the construction site, since it provides for the location of the erection crane and structural warehouses in the dimensions of the building under construction. Installation of a part of the building to the full height allows you to immediately complete the roof on this part and begin all post-installation and finishing work, which significantly reduces the time for erecting a building with finishing.

The columns of the first tier, usually the heaviest in the frame, are most often mounted in an independent flow. To speed up the production of work, reduce technological interruptions, glass-type foundations “with stumps” 1 m high, embedded in a glass at the factory, can be used.

The technological solution is considered optimal, in which one erection crane is used for the installation of structures of one or two temperature blocks.

To reduce the construction time and speed up the production of work, the building is divided into sections and work areas. The construction of the building is carried out according to a one- or two-grip system. The grips are usually limited to expansion joints, each grip is divided into two sections. If installation is carried out in the first section of the grip, then in the second section, at the same time, final welding of the joints and their sealing and filling of the seams are carried out on the previously mounted elements. The work is organized in a vertical flow with floor-by-floor installation or in successive tiers immediately to the height of the tier. The tier in height is usually 2..L of the floor and depends on the design features of the building and the accepted height of the columns. Sometimes continuous columns are used to a height of 6 floors at once, the height of the mounting tier in this case will also be 6 floors. One-story cutting is used extremely rarely, usually when using frame reinforced concrete elements in the frame.

Method features

The essence of the floor lifting method is to manufacture at ground level between the previously mounted reinforced concrete columns a package of floors of all floors and a coating, which are sequentially lifted along the columns and stiffness cores with the help of lifts and then fixed in the design position. The floor lifting method is different in that after the floor package is made, all or almost all structures of each floor are mounted on the ground and then the finished floor assembly is raised to the design mark. When erecting buildings by lifting floors, all work on the arrangement of floors is carried out at design elevations, and with the method of lifting floors - at ground level.

Slab lifting is suitable for buildings over 9 floors, floor lifting from 5 to 9 floors.

The main advantages of the method of lifting floors and ceilings:

It is possible to organize the construction of housing without the use of tower cranes;

Buildings can be erected in cramped;

It is possible to use a flexible floor plan;

Concreting of floor slabs is carried out at ground level, which allows for a high level of mechanization.

The specifics of the buildings under construction

The sequence of works of the initial period of the construction of the building:

1. The foundations for the stiffening core are made in the form of a solid monolithic slab, foundations for columns are columnar, glass type;

2. After the foundations, a core of stiffness is erected, immediately to the entire height of the building or ahead of the construction of the frame by several floors;

3. Mount the first tier of columns;

4. After installing the floor over the basement, it is leveled;

5. Satisfied concrete preparation or cement screed over the floor, covered with a separating layer to prevent adhesion of the plates to the base;

6. Consistently concrete the entire package of floor slabs. Concreting of the next one begins only after the concrete of the previous one has gained sufficient strength. The upper surface of each plate is leveled and covered with a separating layer;

7. After that, lifting equipment is installed on the columns, it is connected to the console and adjusted.

In the practice of erecting buildings by lifting ceilings and floors, there are two options for erecting the underground part of the building. At the first, the basement part is completely erected with a ceiling above it. All floors will be concreted from the level of zero marks. In the second case, the concreting of all floors and slabs of the coating is carried out at the level of the top of the glasses.

Construction of large-panel buildings

Download book with figures and tables -

TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
Installation of large-panel buildings

The structures of the aboveground part are mounted floor by floor, dividing the floor into sections (by sections of the house). The installation of the section begins with the installation of the staircase or facade panels: first, the panels of the wall more distant from the crane are installed, then the panels of the internal walls and, finally, the panels of the outer longitudinal wall closest to the crane.
Panels of external and internal walls are installed on cement mortar, which ensures the density and impermeability of the horizontal joints of the panels of the outer walls.
Prior to the final fixing, the panels are carefully aligned and brought into the design position using plumb lines and templates, after which the embedded parts are welded. Vertical joints between outer and interior panels perform as follows: a bundle of tarred rope or porous rubber is tightly hammered into the gap between the panels of the outer walls and sealed from the inside with a strip of roofing material on bituminous mastic. The inner wall panel is connected to the outer panels by welding embedded parts; the gaps between the inner and outer panels are caulked, and the well formed by the ends of the three panels after the installation of the ceiling is filled with expanded clay concrete and compacted.
Floor slabs on the first grip are laid, starting from the corner of the house and ending at the end of the section. Floor slabs are delivered to the place of installation in a vertical position, they are transferred to the facility using a tilter. horizontal position and with the help of a balancing beam they are fed by a crane to the place of laying.
In the course of laying the floor slabs, the horizontal joints between them and the panels of the outer walls are sealed. The horizontal groove between the floor slab and the panel tongue is filled lightweight concrete, insulation is glued to the joint (from one layer of roofing material on bitumen). The outer wall panel of the next floor is installed on two wooden mounting pads; before that, a gasket in the form of a bundle of porous rubber or a tarred rope is glued around the perimeter of the outer walls. Immediately before installation, a layer of mortar is applied between the gaskets, on which the panel is installed.
From the inside, the seams are minted, and from the outside they are embroidered or sealed with sealant. Sealants are made on the basis of polymers in the form of mastics, bundles, gaskets and profiled products. Mastic sealants are the most reliable, as they easily fill joints and seams of any size and configuration. Mastic sealants are found in paper cartridges; special syringes are used to squeeze the mastic out of the cartridge directly into the joints or seams.
Particular attention during installation should be paid to welding embedded parts. Welding points and all exposed steel parts are carefully protected against corrosion by zinc plating. During installation, balcony slabs are temporarily fixed with the help of strut struts.
For temporary fastening and alignment of wall panels during installation, rigid sliding struts and rigid horizontal braces are used.
The sliding brace consists of two telescopic tubes. At the lower end there is a rod connected by a turnbuckle to a grip fixed in the floor slab. From above, the strut is fastened with a clamp fixed to the panel. A rigid horizontal connection consists of two clamps, a rod, a pipe and a turnbuckle.
The vertical position of the panel is verified using a plumb line; the position of the panel is adjusted by tensioning couplings until the plumb line coincides with the zero mark of the scale at the bottom of the ruler.
Deviations of the elements from the design position, exceeding the allowable ones, are eliminated by rewiring the elements. The results of the geodetic check of the mounted section are entered into the floor plans, indicating the actual elevations of the elements and their deviations from the vertical.

Installation of frame-panel buildings

Frame-panel houses are mounted in tiers. The height of the tier is equal to two floors, since the columns have a height of two floors. Therefore, elements of two floors are laid from one crane station. The building is mounted in sections, in sections. Installation is carried out in blocks. Each block consists of six columns, beams and floor slabs on two floors. On the assembled block, after welding is completed, work is carried out on the monolithic joints and nodes, the installation of partitions and panels of the outer walls.
The installation of the tier begins with the installation of columns on the head of the columns of the previously mounted tier, which rise above the ceiling by 50-60 cm. One group conductor for six columns (block) is preliminarily installed and fixed on the ceiling. The columns are fixed in the jig with screws: the lower clamp of the jig is firmly fixed with screws on the head of the column lower tier; the screws of the next clamp center the bottom of the mounted column; after centering and installing the columns according to the risks, the screws are tightened. The upper clamp of the conductor is finally fixed after checking the verticality of the column and the coincidence of the marks on its faces with the center axes. After that, the column is released from the slings.
Next, on the console of the columns, the crossbars of the lower floor of the tier are installed. After installing the crossbars, the position of the columns and crossbars is verified relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes; the position of the verified columns and crossbars is fixed by tacking embedded parts.
The next stage is the laying of wall slabs and floor panels of the lower floor on crossbars, installation of crossbars of the upper floor of the tier. Having installed the crossbars of the upper floor of the tier, check the position of the frame relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes. Having found deviations exceeding the permissible limits, the frame is brought to the design position. If the position of the frame is correct, the nodes of the crossbars and columns of the second and first floors of the tier are finally welded. Slabs and floor panels of both floors are welded on steel strips, after which the seams between them are monolithic. When assembling elements of the second floor, assemblers and welders work from mobile ladders installed on the floor. For the stability of the columns and the entire frame of the building during installation, temporary diagonal ties made of angle steel are installed in the end blocks and blocks adjacent to the stairwells. Having established connections, the conductor is moved to mount the next block of six columns. On the mounted block, the final welding of the seams of the columns is carried out. Ventilation and sanitary blocks are installed after the conductor moves, first on the lower and then on the upper floors.
Having completely completed the installation of all structures of the tier (two floors), two-story wall panels are mounted. At the same time, corner wall panels are first installed, which serve as beacons during the further installation of wall panels.
The panels lifted by a crane are installed on a pre-laid mortar, the walls are aligned in a plane and vertically, after which they are temporarily fixed; the final alignment is carried out after the installation of the panels over the entire plane of the wall within the tier or floor. Then the panels are completely welded and the vertical and horizontal seams between them are sealed.
The installation sequence changes during the construction of a frame-panel house with an incomplete frame, i.e. with external load-bearing walls. The columns of a building with such walls have a height of one floor, therefore, the height of a tier is equal to the height of one floor. The columns are installed in pairs in the form of frames and fixed with braces or group conductors. After the columns, the panels of the outer walls are installed, and then the panels of the partitions. Panels are temporarily fixed with clamps and struts to previously mounted panels or floors.
The next stage is the installation of crossbars with one end on the console of the columns, and the other on the wall panel. After alignment and welding of the embedded parts of the wall panels and crossbars, floor panels are laid. Otherwise, the installation technology does not differ from the installation technology of a house with a full frame.

Depends on architectural and planning solutions, design schemes and purpose of buildings.

The erection of large-panel buildings is a mechanized assembly process from prefabricated elements. Lifting mechanisms are used to ensure the process of erection of buildings of various heights and configurations in plan. Rail jib cranes are mainly used, tower cranes with design load capacity, boom reach and hook lifting height. Depending on the design dimensions of the buildings, their configuration (number of sections and number of storeys), they are divided into stages of assembly sections and grips, serviced by one or more assembly cranes. Such a division contributes to the rational organization of labor, using flow methods of work production, two-, three- and multi-cycle technologies. One section is usually taken as a grip. Multi-section buildings can be divided into assembly sections. Simultaneously with the installation, work is carried out on the installation of vertical and horizontal joints between wall elements. Only when this condition is met, the front of work opens and the possibility of installing the following elements is created: panels of internal walls - after sealing, air protection and insulation of joints between panels of external walls; installation of panels of the outer walls of the next floor - after the vertical joints between all structural elements the floor below. The joints are carried out by units of insulators (2 people) and concrete workers (3 people), working in the first shift.

Installation of structures is carried out floor by floor by building up, observing the boundaries of the grips. On each grip, prefabricated elements are mounted according to the “on the crane” principle in the following technological sequence: volumetric elements (elevator, sanitary cabins), external wall panels, internal wall panels, partitions and self-supporting elements (ventilation blocks, landings and marches, loggia walls, floor panels The primary installation of the outer wall panels is due to the multi-layer construction of the joints.Their installation is carried out by sequentially performing a number of processes (laying gernit, sticking waterproofing and air-protective tapes, installing water-breaking products, installing a heat-insulating layer).

A number of joint sealing processes are carried out outside the building. They can be carried out from hinged platforms installed on the ceiling of the floor being mounted or after the installation of the building is completed from hinged cradles. The design of the joints determines the choice of the installation sequence.

Ensuring the geometric accuracy of the installation of prefabricated elements is achieved by carrying out a complex of geodetic works. To install wall panels in the design position, installation and approximate risks are applied on each installation horizon. They are transmitted from the reference axes using a theodolite. For each wall panel, the mounting horizon is fixed by two beacons installed along the level. Installation of wall panels is carried out from indicative marks using a metal template. Verticality is controlled by a plumb-rail. The height setting accuracy is controlled by geometric leveling (from 4 corners). The final fixing of structures is allowed only after the complete elimination of unacceptable deviations. It is recommended to use laser geodetic instruments: theodolites LT-56, KR-4; LN-56 levels, LZTs-1 vertical projection devices, etc.

Scope of work for the installation of a residential building according to Ser. 90: installation of exterior wall panels,

interior walls, flights of stairs and sites; installation of partitions; sanitary cabin; ventilation blocks; garbage pipes; volumetric block of the elevator shaft; installation of balcony slabs, loggia slabs, loggia screens; fastening of external and internal wall panels with m/l brackets; fastening partitions with brackets; welding of joint joints; corrosion protection welded joints; grouting cement-sand mortar; installation of sealing gaskets at the joints of external walls; sealing seams with mastic; stitching of external seams.

Fig.37. The sequence of installation of structures of a typical floor of a large-panel residential building using the free installation method.

Devices for temporary fixing of structures of large-panel buildings: anchor device; strut shortened (2630-4020 mm); basic brace (3800-4300); assembly and bending conductor; triangular stand; group assembly equipment.

Distinguish between a closed joint of structural joints, drained and open. A drained joint - water - and air insulation are created by sealing the mouth of the joint with mastics over sealing gaskets and additional structural devices.

Multi-storey large-panel buildings are intended for housing, less often - as hotels and administrative facilities. Structural scheme large-panel buildings most often consists of load-bearing external and internal wall panels and floor slabs, providing horizontal rigidity of the structure; with transverse load-bearing walls, the building enclosure can be made of self-supporting or hinged wall panels.

Prior to the installation of structures of any typical floor, it is necessary to perform the necessary geodetic work. The main and auxiliary axes of the building are transferred to the ceiling with a theodolite, fixed with risks, marking the installation sites of lighthouse or base panels.

On the floor, the mounting horizon is fixed and risks are applied that determine the position of the vertical seams and planes of the panels. For each panel, the horizon is marked with two marks (wooden or mortar) at a distance of 15 ... 20 cm from its side faces; for external panels, marks are installed at the outer surfaces of the building. The thickness of the marks is determined by the results of leveling, the top of all marks must be at the level of the calculated mark (assembly horizon).

Installation of structures of the next floor can be started after complete installation, alignment and final fixing - welding and embedding of joints, all elements of the underlying floor.

Work on the new floor begins with preparation working area, which include the installation of a fence for the installation area, the supply of installation equipment, tools and products used in the process of installing structures to the work area.

The sequence of installation of structures even for buildings of the same type and series can differ significantly depending on the accepted organization of work: installation from a warehouse, installation directly from vehicles, installation by the assembly stream of a house-building plant. In a generalized form, the mounting technology allows the method of free installation of elements using individual mounting equipment and forced mounting elements with the creation of rigid cells.

Free installation assumes that each element in the process of lifting is not limited in its movement, but in the installation area it is lowered and brought to the design position during the alignment process. The element is temporarily fixed and adjusted with individual devices and controls. The stability of the panels of the outer walls is ensured by strut clamps, and the internal ones - by strut or corner clamps.

The gap in time between the installation of adjacent external panels and the panel of internal walls adjacent to the joint allows sealing joints with a sticker of a waterproofing layer and an insulating package. This scheme is also applicable for installation from vehicles, when panels of the same type are delivered to the construction site and sequentially installed. The main disadvantage is the need for in large numbers temporary fasteners.

Forced installation of panels are carried out using special equipment for the sequential creation of rigid cells or rigid installation of base panels. Usually installation work on the floor begins with the installation of stairwell panels, as a result, a rigid cell is created that ensures the stability of the adjacent building structures during installation. In buildings with transverse internal load-bearing walls, after the installation and fixing of the first panel, all subsequent panels are fastened together with spacer bars (horizontal ties), which allow, at the stage of final installation of the element, to limit its movement within a given tolerance. The equipment used for such installation is called group equipment; when using it, there is no need for geodetic alignment of elements. The remaining elements of the floor are mounted by a free method using individual equipment.

Installation of the above-ground part of the building

Installation of panels of external walls;

Installation of interior wall panels;

Installation of dobor - partitions, sanitary cabins, ventilation and electrical blocks;

Installation of flights of stairs and platforms;

Installation of floor panels and loggia slabs.

Prior to the installation of the structures of each floor, there must be:

Completed all installation and related work on the previous floor;

Geodetic verification of the accuracy of the mounted structures of the underlying floor was carried out;

The geodetic breakdown of the axes and marking of the installation sites of the structures was carried out, the mounting horizon was determined based on the leveling data, and beacons were installed;

The completed works on the underlying floor were accepted and an act of floor-by-floor acceptance of hidden works was drawn up.

While doing preparatory processes before the installation of panels of external walls, it is necessary to install heat-insulating inserts in horizontal joints and drainage drains from aluminum alloy at the intersection of horizontal and vertical joints, stick gernite on the horizontal ridges of the panels of the outer walls of the underlying floor.

Installation of exterior wall panels start with the installation of panels from one end of the building. Temporary fastening of these panels is carried out with the help of struts, fixed at one end into the technological hole of the floor panel, at the other - by the mounting loop of the outer wall panel.

After installing the panels of the outer walls within the limits determined by the technological sequence, the panels of the inner walls are mounted. Before installing the interior wall panels, permanent connections should be welded in accordance with the project, connecting the exterior wall panels to each other and to the floor panels, the Gervolent tape should be glued, and insulating inserts should be installed in the vertical joints of the exterior walls.

Installation of interior wall panels are produced with temporary fastening of their mounting connection to the panels of the outer walls and installation in doorway mounting support. Other mounting options are possible - a mounting connection on one side and a telescopic strut (with an inventory loop) on the other side; the third option is also allowed, when with the help of two mounting links with inventory loops, the mounted panel is fixed to the previously installed panels of the internal walls.

After installation and permanent fixing in accordance with the design of the panels of the outer and inner walls and the elements of the extension on the grip, the mounting devices are removed and the installation of the floor panels is started.

Installation of structures is carried out with the installation of their lower part according to the template relative to the approximate marks of the geodetic stakeout, and temporary fixing and alignment are carried out using mounting equipment and a hinged plumb line.

Before lifting the wall panel the presence of embedded parts, mounting and lifting loops should be checked, slinging and lifting of the element should be carried out.

The panel begins to be directed to the installation plane at a height of 30 cm from the ceiling, the panel is installed, controlling the mounting gap with the previously installed panel and at the nearest risk of the wall plane. When receiving the panel, the installers are located at its ends, therefore they are obliged to hook the halyard of the safety belt on the lifting loop of the floor panel.

The outer wall panel, when lowered onto the mortar panel, is oriented according to the risks of geodetic breakdown. If there are no significant deviations of the panel from its design position - the correct installation in height, the width and verticality of the seam, the correct position of the panel in plan, the absence of panel inclination - the installers proceed to install the bottom of the panel, performing this process using a mounting crowbar and a control template, they move the panel to the mounting risk. The wall panel lowered onto the ceiling should stand vertically or with a slight inclination inward.

With the slings stretched, the position of the panel is verified. The installed panel is fixed with two struts to the mounting loops of the floor panels and the tightness is provided with a turnbuckle or tension nut. The panel is brought into the plane of the wall according to the indication of the plumb bob by rotating the tension nuts, gradually bringing the panel to the vertical, deflecting it outward. This is due to the fact that from the inside the gap in the horizontal seam can be caulked with mortar, sealing the seam with a darn. The resulting gap with outside it's extremely difficult to do it well.

When the panel is installed accurately, remove the slings using a remote slinging device and caulk the horizontal seam of the panel. After the installation of the panels of the outer walls, a corrugated aluminum alloy waterproof tape is inserted into the grooves of the vertical joints. The tape is installed so that the extreme corrugations are facing the facade.

Floor panel laying

Floor panels are laid after installation and permanent fixing of all wall elements on the grip and loading the necessary parts and structures for outfitting work onto the floor to be mounted. To the place of laying the panels are served in a horizontal position. If floor panels are brought to the construction site in a vertical or inclined position, then to transfer them to a horizontal position, load-handling devices with an automatic tilter or stationary frame tilters are used.

At the place where the floor panels are laid, the supporting surface of walls and partitions is cleaned, the solution is laid along the entire contour of the supporting surfaces and spread in an even layer. Being on the adjacent, previously laid panel, the installers receive the panel supplied by the crane, orienting it above the place of laying. The panel smoothly keeps within on a bed from a solution.

With the slings stretched, the panel is straightened, the horizontalness of the surface and the position of the panel in height are checked with a level. To ensure the design size of the supporting area of ​​the panels, it is recommended to bend the mounting loops of the outer and inner wall panels before laying each floor panel. This will allow each floor panel along the entire contour to be laid to the design width of the support.

Floor panels, which have cone-shaped technological holes on one side instead of lifting loops, are rafters for inventory loops-captures previously installed in these holes. Inventory gripping loop is designed for temporary fixing of mounting fixtures in places where there are no lifting loops (on some interior wall panels and floor slabs). It is a clamp to which a special loop is welded. The inventory grip is installed on the panel using a clamping screw.

After the final alignment and in the absence of deviations of the laid panel, it is unstrung. Inventory gripping loops are removed from the cone-shaped holes after the hooks are unhooked.

Installation of volumetric elements

Volumetric elements are slinged in accordance with the instructions of the project for the production of works. Ventilation blocks and elevator shafts are lifted with a four-branch sling (Fig. 9.40); for sanitary cabins, a four-branch sling or traverse is used, slinging can be carried out for mounting loops on top or bottom of the cabin.

Sanitary cabins are installed on a layer of calcined sand. Preliminarily, a waterproofing carpet of two layers is arranged on the base roll materials. Under the elements of the elevator shaft, a bed of plastic mortar is laid. Two marks are sunk into the bed on one side, the top of which corresponds to the mounting horizon, on the opposite side - two wedges, the top of which should be higher than the mounting horizon. When lowering a three-dimensional element into place, the correctness of its fit into place is checked according to the risks, the outer edges of the previously installed and mounted elements must match. The wedges are straightened and the volumetric element is brought to the vertical. Permanent fastening of volumetric elements is carried out with some lag from installation, allowing the solution of the joints to gain the necessary strength. First, the embedded parts of the joined blocks are welded, then the wedges are removed and the holes are darned with mortar.

The deviation of the position of the installed three-dimensional elements from the design one in the lower section should not exceed 8 mm, and the deviation from the vertical of the top of the element should not exceed 10 mm. Relative to the floor level of the elevator platform, the deviation of the threshold of the doorway of the volumetric element is allowed within 10 mm. In the process of performing work on the installation of building structures of large-panel buildings, it is necessary to carefully observe, in addition to general and specific safety requirements. Starting from the floor above the technical underground, inventory fences should be installed along the perimeter of the floor, removed during the installation of the outer wall panels. Platforms and flights of stairs must have permanent or temporary fences installed during the installation of these structures. All openings in the ceiling and landings, as well as elevator shafts must be closed with inventory boards.

Unslinging of the mounted element is allowed only after the final adjustment of the design position and secure fixing with mounting devices or by welding permanent ties in accordance with the project. Removal of mounting equipment from the installed element is allowed after the installation of design links connecting the released element with structures adjacent to it, with the full implementation of the welds provided for by the project.