Installation of multi-storey large-panel buildings. Concrete. Materials. Technology. Equipment. Construction of large-panel buildings
INSTALLATION OF WALL PANELS
Installation of wall panels, depending on the design features of the building, is carried out in various ways. The most widely used method, in which the installation of the floor begins with the installation of wall panels in the most remote from tower crane places, these panels later serve as beacons. The subsequent installation of wall panels is carried out towards the crane, which provides the crane operator with an overview of the installation of prefabricated structures.
When installing the outer stack panels, the panel to be mounted must not be tilted outward, since during the subsequent alignment of the installed panel, it may come off from the solution, resulting in a gap in the horizontal seam.
When mounting the panels, it is also necessary to strictly observe the design width of the vertical joint, equal to - 20 mm. The panels must be in the same plane. Plane changes are not allowed.
Installation of panels of external and internal walls should be carried out, resting them on tables adjusted relative to the installation horizon. Deviation of table marks relative to the mounting horizon should not exceed ± 5 mm, and in the absence of special instructions in the project, the thickness of the tables should be 10-30 mm.
There should be no gaps between the end of the panel after it has been aligned and the mortar bed.
In the future, the installation is carried out in the following order: at the opposite outer wall from the faucet, partition panels are installed, ladder structures, and then panels of the outer wall closest to the faucet. After that, floor panels and balcony slabs are mounted.
In any sequence of installation, before laying the panels of interfloor ceilings, materials, small items and parts necessary for performing work on this floor should be transferred to the underlying floors by crane.
It is necessary to ensure high-quality monolithic joints of structures, while observing the instructions given in the project and technical specifications.
Installation of the above-ground part of the building can be started only after the completion of the zero cycle works. Before mounting prefabricated structures, it is necessary to determine the mounting horizon of the first floor, the highest point of which should not exceed the design one by more than 10 mm. Horizontally set elements on cement mortar. When erecting the outer walls of the underground part of the building, the alignment of wall panels (blocks) in the transverse direction should be carried out below the ground level along the inner plane of the walls, and above - along the outer plane. Alignment of mounting horizons and verticality of mounted structures should be carried out geodesically on each floor. The main axes of the building should be placed on the mounting horizon (floor) using a theodolite, etc. using the vertical design method. Installation of structures is carried out in accordance with technological maps for the production of works. Panel houses have different planning design solutions and number of storeys: 5; nine; 12; 16 and 25. Design decisions determine the sequence of installation of elements.
Installation begins with the installation of the base panels of the external walls, which are later used to install and align the internal transverse panels of the partitions. After that, the thornite bundle is cleaned and dried on mastic using a roller for seaming and a sticker of a heat-insulating package. When the joints of the outer panels are handed over according to the act, they proceed to the installation of the inner panels - partitions, ventilation blocks, sanitary cabins, lodges, etc. in the sequence indicated on the installation diagram. Temporary fastening and alignment of wall panels is carried out using inventory metal struts of various designs. The verticality of wall panels and partitions is controlled using a plumb bob. The transverse load-bearing panels of the partition must be precisely installed on the axis of the previously installed panels.
Their design position from below is provided with clamps of various designs. When the base panels are mounted, transverse partition panels are installed from them at a distance (equal to the transverse step) and fixed from above with inventory links. To fix the panels on top, horizontal ties of various designs are used. At the end of the alignment of the panels, the floor slabs are installed.
For the installation of floor slabs the size of a room, a universal six-branch sling is used. Flights of stairs are mounted with a four-branch sling. The inner panel of the partition with the doorway is temporarily fixed with a triangular pyramid, and short transverse partitions without doorways- a pyramid with a clamp. Balcony slabs are temporarily fixed using a support post, a rod with a gripping bracket. To provide spatial rigidity building, installation of structures of the overlying floor should be started only after the concrete at the joints of the underlying structures reaches a strength of at least 30-35 kg / cm 2.
Installation of the structures of each overlying floor of a multi-storey building must be carried out after the completion of the fixing of all structures of the underlying floor.
Reconciliation of joints of reinforcement and embedded parts of panels must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, specifications for welding work and recorded in the welding log.
Main work cycles and geodetic support of installation
When erecting large-panel buildings, technologies are used that relate to three cycles of the construction process:
Zero cycle technologies, i.e. excavation of a foundation pit, trenches, installation of foundation blocks and basement walls, installation of floors above the basement, laying underground utilities with their insertion into the building;
Technologies for the construction of the above-ground part of the building - erection of walls and partitions, filling openings, installation of stairs, floor slabs, roof panels, roofing, wiring of internal sanitary and electrical communications, installation of elevator equipment, installation of joinery (windows and doors), plastering works , preparation under floors;
Technology finishing works inside the building and on the facades, including cladding and painting, flooring, built-in equipment, installation of sanitary, electrical fittings and devices with connection to networks.
Geodetic installation support. Multi-storey large-panel buildings are characterized by increased requirements for the accuracy of the installation of structures. Failure to comply with the established tolerances and the accumulation of errors during installation make it difficult, and most importantly, can lead to a decrease in the bearing capacity and stability of individual elements and even the building as a whole.
The accuracy of the building installation can be ensured by a complex of geodetic marking works:
Fixing the axes on the building with the possibility of transferring them to the overlying floors, i.e. creating a center geodetic plan. To do this, before the construction of the above-ground part of the building begins, the axes are marked on the basement and ceiling above the basement;
Vertical transfer of the main axes to the ceiling of each floor, i.e. to a new mounting horizon. The number of main transferable axes depends on the design features of the building.
For large-panel buildings, two transverse axes are transferred along the boundary of the grip and one extreme longitudinal axis farthest from the crane;
Breakdown of intermediate and auxiliary axes on the floor of each mounted floor. In this case, the reference points for transferring the axes to the floors are located not on the main axes of the building, but on parallel-shifted longitudinal and transverse lines (lines that determine the position of the internal planes of the outer walls), but along the axes of the internal load-bearing walls. When working, installers need not the main, but these auxiliary axes;
Marking the position of the installation risks required by the conditions of installation of the elements. On the floor of the mounted floor, using a measuring tape, mark the positions of all wall panels, both external and internal. The exact design position (position marking) of each element is determined by marks in three planes - using marks showing the position of each panel along the longitudinal axis of the outer walls, and transverse marks fixing the position of the panel relative to this axis;
Definition of the mounting horizon on the floor. It is determined on each floor using a level. In large-panel buildings, the surface of floor panels is leveled at the joints of the installation of panels of external and internal walls. For the mounting horizon take the mark of the highest point. The level of the mounting horizon is prepared by installing beacons;
Compilation of floor-by-floor executive survey. At every stage installation work perform a geodetic executive scheme, which documents the position of the mounted structures relative to the alignment axes. This makes it possible to take into account the accumulation of errors and to correct the position of structures during the installation of overlying floors.
Organization of installation work
For the optimal organization of installation work, the building is divided into sections, which in turn can be divided into installation sections. The basic principle of breakdown is that at least two working zones should be provided along the vertical of the building under construction: on one, the installation of structures is carried out, on the other, related processes. During high-speed construction in the second vertical zone, other post-installation general construction works can be performed on the underlying floors.
To speed up installation, a multi-section building is divided into grips and installation zones; several installation cranes can be involved in the work. Buildings with up to three sections are usually mounted with one crane. Buildings in two and three sections are most often divided in terms of two sections with alternating mounting. Single-section buildings-towers, which are one grip, are divided into two installation sites, the boundaries of the sites and, accordingly, the areas of operation of cranes are carefully controlled.
During the construction of a multi-storey building, cargo-passenger lifts are used to lift and lower workers. They are usually installed after the installation of the 5th ... 6th floor is completed and are increased as the height of the building increases.
It is advisable to place the cranes on the side of the facade that does not have entrances to the building, so as not to impede the access of workers to it during its construction. Entrances to the communications building must be designed from the side of the entrances.
Installation work is carried out "on the crane", providing the driver with a better overview of the scope of work. The use of a tower crane for the installation of the underground part of the building is recommended only when the foundations are deepened by no more than 2.5 m. Prefabricated structures for installation can be supplied directly from vehicles or from an on-site warehouse.
Before starting the installation of the structures of the new floor, the floor surface is leveled and the exact breakdown of the installation sites of wall panels is carried out along the entire perimeter of the grip, and sometimes the building.
It is desirable to have a gap in time between the installation of adjacent outer panels and the inner wall panel adjacent to the joint, which allows sealing the joint of the outer panels with the waterproofing layer sticker and the installation of the insulation package in optimal conditions.
Building installation methods
The horizontal layered (floor) method is the most common, as it provides greater rigidity and stability of the frame at all stages of installation, as well as a more uniform settlement of the foundation. This method is used during the installation of precast concrete elements with sealing of joints after the installation of structures. At the same time, after the completion of the assembly of the floor (tier with two- or three-story cutting of columns), when the concrete at the joints of the structures gains 70% of the design strength, the installation of the next tier (floor) begins.
Vertical installation - provides for the construction of the building in separate parts, usually 2..L of the step of the columns at once for the entire height of the building.
The advantage of the method is that it implies a much smaller size of the construction site, since it provides for the location of the erection crane and structural warehouses in the dimensions of the building under construction. Installation of a part of the building to the full height allows you to immediately complete the roof on this part and begin all post-installation and finishing work, which significantly reduces the time for erecting a building with finishing.
The columns of the first tier, usually the heaviest in the frame, are most often mounted in an independent flow. To speed up the production of work, reduce technological interruptions, glass-type foundations “with stumps” 1 m high, embedded in a glass at the factory, can be used.
The technological solution is considered optimal, in which one erection crane is used for the installation of structures of one or two temperature blocks.
To reduce the construction time and speed up the production of work, the building is divided into sections and working areas. The erection of the building is carried out one by one or two-jaw system. Captures are usually limited expansion joints, each block is divided into two sections. If installation is carried out in the first section of the grip, then in the second, at the same time, final welding of the joints and their sealing and filling of the seams are carried out on the previously mounted elements. The work is organized in a vertical flow with floor-by-floor installation or in successive tiers immediately to the height of the tier. The tier in height is usually 2..L of the floor and depends on the design features of the building and the accepted height of the columns. Sometimes continuous columns are used to a height of 6 floors at once, the height of the mounting tier in this case will also be 6 floors. One-story cutting is used extremely rarely, usually when using frame reinforced concrete elements in the frame.
Method features
The essence of the method of lifting floors is to manufacture at ground level between the previously mounted reinforced concrete columns a package of floors of all floors and a coating, which are sequentially lifted along the columns and stiffness cores with the help of lifts and then fixed in the design position. The floor lifting method differs in that after the floor package has been made, all or almost all structures of each floor are mounted on the ground and then the finished floor assembly is raised to the design level. When erecting buildings by lifting floors, all work on the arrangement of floors is carried out at design elevations, and with the method of lifting floors - at ground level.
Slab lifting is suitable for buildings over 9 floors, floor lifting from 5 to 9 floors.
The main advantages of the method of lifting floors and ceilings:
It is possible to organize the construction of housing without the use of tower cranes;
Buildings can be erected in cramped;
It is possible to use a flexible floor plan;
Concreting of floor slabs is carried out at ground level, which allows for a high level of mechanization.
The specifics of the buildings under construction
The sequence of works of the initial period of the construction of the building:
1. The foundations for the stiffening core are made in the form of a solid monolithic slab, foundations for columns are columnar, glass type;
2. After the foundations, a core of stiffness is erected, immediately to the entire height of the building or ahead of the construction of the frame by several floors;
3. Mount the first tier of columns;
4. After installing the floor over the basement, it is leveled;
5. Satisfied concrete preparation or cement screed over the floor, covered with a separating layer to prevent adhesion of the plates to the base;
6. Consistently concrete the entire package of floor slabs. Concreting of the next one begins only after the concrete of the previous one has gained sufficient strength. The upper surface of each plate is leveled and covered with a separating layer;
7. After that, lifting equipment is installed on the columns, it is connected to the console and adjusted.
In the practice of erecting buildings by lifting ceilings and floors, there are two options for erecting the underground part of the building. At the first, the basement part is completely erected with a ceiling above it. All floors will be concreted from the level of zero marks. In the second case, the concreting of all floors and slabs of the coating is carried out at the level of the top of the glasses.
Construction of large-panel buildings
Large-panel buildings best suit industrialization, cost reduction and construction time. All prefabricated elements of houses are manufactured at house-building factories, where technological processes fully mechanized and largely automated. At the construction site, only buildings are assembled from unified prefabricated elements.
There are large-panel buildings with transverse or longitudinal load-bearing walls, as well as with longitudinal and transverse, with floor support along the contour. External wall panels are connected to each other and to internal panels by welding. To reduce thermal conductivity, increase air and water tightness, the joints have waterproof ridges.
For the installation of large-panel buildings, tower mobile cranes with a lifting capacity of 5-8 tons are usually used.
Structures of the above-ground part of buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls mounted floor by floor, dividing the floor into sections of the house, (Fig. 6.16). Installation of the section begins with the installation staircase or facade panels: first install the panels of the wall more distant from the crane, then the panels of the internal walls and, finally, the panels of the outer longitudinal wall closest to the crane.
Rice. 6.16. Scheme of breakdown into grips of the erected building
The panels of the outer and inner walls are installed on a cement mortar, which ensures the density and impermeability of the horizontal joints of the outer wall panels.
Prior to the final fixing, the panels are carefully aligned and brought to the design position using plumb lines and templates, after which the embedded parts are welded.
Floor slabs on the first grip are laid, starting from the corner of the house and ending at the end of the section. Floor slabs are delivered to the place of installation in a vertical position, they are transferred to the facility using a tilter. horizontal position and with the help of a balancing beam they are fed by a crane to the place of laying.
In the course of laying the floor slabs, the horizontal joints between them and the panels of the outer walls are sealed. The horizontal groove between the floor slab and the crest of the panel is filled with lightweight concrete, insulation is glued to the joint (from one layer of roofing material on bitumen). The outer wall panel of the next floor is installed on two wooden mounting pads; before that, a gasket in the form of a bundle of porous rubber or a tarred rope is glued around the perimeter of the outer walls. Immediately before mounting the panel, a layer of mortar is applied between the gaskets, on which the panel is installed.
From the inside, the seams are minted, and from the outside they are embroidered or sealed with sealant. Sealants are made on the basis of polymers in the form of mastics, bundles, gaskets and profiled products. Mastic sealants are the most reliable, as they easily fill joints and seams of any size and configuration. Mastic sealants are found in paper cartridges; special syringes are used to squeeze the mastic out of the cartridge directly into the joints or seams.
Particular attention during installation should be paid to welding embedded parts. Welding points and all exposed steel parts are carefully protected against corrosion by zinc plating.
During installation, balcony slabs are temporarily fixed with the help of strut struts.
For temporary fastening and alignment of wall panels during installation, rigid sliding struts and rigid horizontal braces are used (Fig. 6.17, 6.18).
The sliding brace consists of two telescopic tubes. At the lower end there is a rod connected by a turnbuckle to a grip fixed in the floor slab. From above, the strut is fastened with a clamp fixed to the panel. A rigid horizontal connection consists of two clamps, a rod, a pipe and a turnbuckle.
Rice. 6.17. Scheme of temporary fastenings of external and internal panels and partitions:
a - fastening of the outer two-module wall panel - plan; b- the same, cut;
in- fastening of end external wall panels - plan; G- the same, cut; d- fastening of a single-module wall panel - plan; e- fastening of the inner wall panel, which forms a blind joint and is the base panel, - plan; well- the same, cut, view along A-A and by B-B; h- fastening of the external wall panel of the loggia - plan; 1 - external wall panel; 2 - strut clamp; 3 - wall panel mounting loop;
4 - internal wall panel; 5 - lifting loops; 6 - screw grip; 7 - technological openings; 8 - stand-clamp
The vertical position of the panel is verified using a plumb line; the position of the panel is adjusted with turnbuckles until the plumb line coincides with the zero mark of the scale at the bottom of the ruler. Alignment and temporary fastening of partition panels is also carried out using clamps and a plumb line.
Rice. 6.18. Scheme of temporary fastening of internal wall panels of staircases, internal one- and two-module panels, electrical and ventilation units and walls of loggias:
a- fastening of internal wall panels adjacent to the external ones - plan; b- fastening of the internal wall panels of the staircase - plan; in- the same, cut;
G- fastening of internal single-module wall panels - plan; d- fastening of electrical panels - plan; e- fastening of internal wall two-module panels - plan; w– fastening of ventilation blocks of staircases and kitchens - plan; h- the same, cut;
and- fastening of internal partitions - plan; to- fixing the balcony walls of the loggias - plan; 1 - mounting unit; 2 – internal wall panel; 3 - strut clamp;
4 - stand-clamp; 5 – base panel; 6 - spacer cap clamp; 7 – staircase panels; 8 - technological hole; 9 - electric panel; 10 - lifting loops; 11 - lift shaft; 12 – previously installed panel; 13 - ventilation unit; 14 – internal partition; 15 - balcony wall; 16 - mounting loops
Horizontal and vertical seams of the outer panels along the facade of the building are embroidered from suspended light cradles.
The final position of the mounted panels of the section or grip is checked with a theodolite and a level. Deviations of the elements from the design position, exceeding the allowable ones, are eliminated by rewiring the elements. The results of the geodetic check of the mounted section are entered into the floor plans, indicating the actual elevations of the elements and their deviations from the vertical.
Buildings with transverse load-bearing walls and buildings of a mixed frameless scheme can also be mounted using a free method, however, limited-free mounting using horizontal braces or template rods complete with struts or articulated jigs-installers is preferable.
It is also possible to use elevator shafts, stairwell walls or transverse load-bearing walls, carefully calibrated and rigidly fixed, as basic elements. Steel tapes with holes are rolled out over the ceiling, in which stops are fixed, fixing the position of the bottom of the transverse wall panels. The top of the panels is fixed from the base element with horizontal braces that ensure forced bringing of the elements to the design position without vertical alignment.
On fig. 6.19 shows the sequence of installation of elements when used as a base transverse load-bearing wall complete with ties-rods, passed at a height of 1.7 m from the floor level through special technological holes.
Consider an example of the installation of a large-panel residential building.
The construction of a 16-storey residential building with 256 apartments is being carried out in-line, prefabricated elements are delivered according to hourly schedules and assembled from vehicles. Installation works are maximally combined with internal construction, special and finishing works. All materials and products are delivered centrally in containers on schedule directly to workplace. The building is divided into two sections.
Rice. 6.19. Installation of structures of a large-panel house with transverse
bearing walls:
a- the sequence of installation of vertical structures (the numbers indicate the mounting numbers of the elements); b- alignment of the outer wall panel in plan; in- temporary fastening; G- vertical alignment; d- bridging; e- start of remote unhooking of the hook; well- end of uncoupling; and- lifting and tilting of the floor panel using a universal load gripping device with a hydraulic tilter; to- fixing the panels along the side faces with the help of a locking connection; l- fixing panels vertically;
1 - installation control risks; 2 - assembly scrap; 3 - a template for installing risk panels; 4 - brace; 5 - rail-plumb; 6 - hook remote uncoupling rod;
7 - trowel; 8 - thrust; 9 - hook; 10 - rocker; 11 - finger; 12 - sling branch;
13 - the upper clip of the chain hoist; 14 - hydraulic brake; 15 - the lower clip of the chain hoist;
16 - block suspension; 17 - brace; 18 - slings; 19 - lifting panel; 20 - lock; 21 - hole; 22 - pin lock
The structures of the aboveground part are mounted with a tower crane (Fig. 6.20), with a lifting capacity of at least 9 tons at an outreach of 20 m; boom reach 25-30 m, hook height 58 m.
Figure 6.20. Scheme of installation of a tower crane and a cargo-passenger hoist during the installation of a 16-storey residential building
The tower crane is installed from the side of the main facade, which does not have entrances to the building. For lifting workers and feeding building materials during the period of installation and finishing works, cargo lifts are installed at the rate of one lift per section, and with the completion of the installation of the 5th floor, cargo-passenger lifts.
The scheme of the construction plan for the period of installation of the above-ground part is shown in fig. 6.21. The territory of the construction site is fenced. Driveways, passages and territories are illuminated from the towers by searchlights. To accommodate workers and engineering and technical workers during construction, standard inventory structures were used, located outside the crane operation area. For transport, a through passage with one-way traffic is arranged.
Rice. 6.21. Scheme of the construction plan for the period of installation of the above-ground part of the residential building:
1 - solution node; 2 - lari for cement and gypsum; 3 - pyramid warehouses; 4 - stairs and landings; 5 - sanitary cabins; 6 - containers; 7, 14 - tap;
8 - electrical panel; 9 - foreman; 10 - container of assembly equipment; 11 - searchlight tower; 12 - cargo-passenger lift; 13 - cable tray
The stability of the elements during the installation process is ensured by temporary fastenings (braces, clamps with rods, clamps-retainers, racks, mounting connections), as well as permanent connections between the elements immediately after their installation.
The installation sequence (Fig. 6.22) is determined by the fact that in order to seal the joints, they need free access from inside the building. First, the three-dimensional elements 1 and 2 of the elevator shaft are mounted, the panels of the outer walls are installed along the entire length of the grip, and work is carried out on thermal insulation and sealing of the outer joints from the inside of the building.
Rice. 6.22. The sequence of installation of details of a typical floor of a 16-storey
residential building:
a- walls; b- overlaps (numbers indicate the sequence of installation of the part)
Panels of internal walls, sanitary cabins, partitions, electrical blocks, ventilation blocks, landings and marches and other elements are mounted section by section. After supplying all the parts and materials to the mounted grip (carpentry, pipe blanks and heating appliances, electrical materials), floor slabs and balconies, loggias are laid. The building is assembled by a complex team consisting of nine units with a total of 36 people. Three units of structural assemblers, four people each, working in three shifts, install reinforced concrete structures. A line of fitters of four works constantly on the first shift and with two welders installs everything metal constructions, fences of loggias, etc. At the end of the installation of the roof, ventilation shafts, machine rooms of elevators and other structures are assembled and installed. Each of the installers owns two or three professions.
In the link of insulators (three people), two people work in the first shift, one in the second or third. The link places sealant in horizontal and vertical joints of panels and gaskets at the ends of the joints, insulates the joints and performs anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts. Welders (except for two) work in three shifts with units of structural assemblers. A group of concrete workers consisting of three people works in the first shift - concretes the joints, places where pipelines pass, fills the seams of the ceilings, arranges cement screed on the roof. The link of plasterers (five people) also works in the first shift (caulking and sealing the junctions with mortar structural elements, trims husks and mustaches in rooms, loggias, elevator shafts and other rooms). Two people in the team of carpenters install formwork in places of concreting, temporary inventory fences.
Three tower crane operators (one per shift) ensure the smooth installation of structures, as well as the unloading and supply of all materials.
The invention relates to the construction of mainly two-three-storey buildings with prefabricated elements. The essence of the method lies in the fact that vertical building elements, for example, panels or panel blocks, are installed vertically on a verified base base, forming a structural cell, temporarily fixing and mounting ceilings and filling elements sequentially from the bottom up to the entire height of the mounted structural cell, and the temporary the fastening is made non-rigid, and a vertical element is installed as the second building element, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjoining it. Alignment and final tightening and fixing of the joints are performed after the installation of all building elements. In this case, tightening begins with attracting all building elements to the floors, using them as templates or mandrels for precise assembly of the building. 1 z.p. f-ly, 6 ill.
The proposal relates to the construction of predominantly two to three storey buildings with prefabricated elements.
There is a known method of mounting low-rise buildings, according to which, on a verified base base equipped with fixing parts, vertical building elements (walls) equipped with mating fixing parts are first installed sequentially, they are aligned and fixed, and then an overlap is installed on top of them. The known method does not provide high labor productivity during the installation of even two-story buildings, since the installation and alignment of building elements are carried out sequentially for each floor on the basis of the floor of the previous floor.
There is a known method of mounting low-rise buildings, according to which a frame of a building with long columns, adjusted and fixed along the base base and along the top, is assembled, intermediate floors are installed, and then ready-made residential cells are inserted into the building through free openings between the columns. The disadvantages of the method are the increased complexity of installation, since it is necessary to first mount the frame, and then also the cells, and the increased material consumption of the structure, since load bearing capacity walls of residential cells are not used.
Known mounting method frame-panel buildings, according to which, first, long columns are installed on the prepared base, connected after alignment by horizontal parallel ties, partially protruding into the building, then, using the parts of the ties protruding into the building, floor panels are pushed into the building along them, after which finished panels are inserted into the building through the openings between the columns residential cells. The disadvantage of this method is the increased complexity due to the need for careful alignment of each of the columns before fixing, and increased material consumption, since this method does not use the bearing capacity of the walls of residential cells.
The closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved result is the installation method of frame-panel multi-storey buildings, in which multi-storey vertical building elements are installed, their bottom is aligned and fixed on the foundation, their top is fixed and these elements are connected by disposable with outside assembly connections to form a structural cell, and an opening is left on one of its sides, and the assembly connections are located on the outside of the structural cell being mounted, they are aligned and temporarily fixed, then the floors and filling elements are mounted sequentially from the bottom up to the entire height of the structural cell being mounted through her side opening. The disadvantage of the known method is that when using it, a lot of time and effort is spent on the alignment of multi-storey vertical building elements. In addition, the use of the known method requires the use of complex inventory mounting ties that are released only after the completion of the entire installation, which also complicates the installation process, requires the presence of a crane on the site until the installation is completed and increases the cost of construction.
The purpose of this proposal is to speed up and reduce the cost of the process of assembling buildings through the use of a sequence of actions that allows us to abandon the use of complex mounting connections and reduce the number of operations to align the mounted elements.
This is achieved by the fact that in the known method of mounting panel buildings, including the alignment and fixation of all elements and consisting in the fact that the vertical building elements are installed vertically on a verified base base, with the formation of a structural cell. leaving an opening on one of the sides of the cell, temporarily fix and mount the ceilings and the filling elements sequentially from bottom to top to the entire height of the structural cell being mounted through its side opening, temporary fixing is performed non-rigid, after mounting the ceilings and filling the structural cell to be mounted, a closing vertical one is installed in place of the opening a building element and a roof, and as the second vertical building element in order of installation, an element is used, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjacent to it.
In addition, vertical building elements are installed on the base base with the formation of several structural cells.
In addition, the ceilings are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the vertical building elements.
In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections is performed after the installation of all building elements.
In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is carried out from the bottom up, starting with the attraction of the vertical building elements to the ceilings.
In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections of vertical building elements to the ceilings are performed as the next floor is installed.
In addition, the alignment, tightening and fixing of vertical building elements to the ceilings is performed after the installation of all ceilings.
The technical result from the application of the proposed method with the entire set of features is to reduce the time and labor required for the installation of the building, as well as to reduce the time of using a crane and to significantly reduce the need for inventory temporary installation connections.
The technical result of making the temporary fastening of the mounted elements non-rigid is to reduce the time spent on installing and aligning these elements and to simplify the assembly process due to the presence of free gaps in the elements connections. The technical result from the fact that as the second in order of installation of a vertical building element an element is used, the plane of which is located at an angle to the plane of the first vertical element adjacent to it, is that after the installation of this second element, temporary inventory fixing assembly connections are released, which protect the first vertical element from overturning, and further installation is carried out without their use.
The technical result from the installation of vertical building elements with the formation of several structural cells is to expand the front of work simultaneously performed at the installation site, which reduces the installation time and the use of a crane.
The technical result from the fact that the floors are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the vertical building elements is to reduce the installation time.
The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections is performed after the installation of all building elements is to reduce the time and labor costs for installation, alignment and fitting of the elements to each other.
The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of all connections begins with the attraction of vertical building elements to the floors, is to reduce the time and labor costs for alignment of the structure due to the fact that the floors are used as a mandrel for assembly.
The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the connections of vertical building elements with floors is performed as the installation of the next floor is filled, consists in reducing the installation time.
The technical result from the fact that the alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is performed after the installation of all floors, is to reduce the cost of construction through the use of elements with reduced manufacturing accuracy.
The essence of the method is illustrated by drawings.
Figure 1 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first vertical building element installed on the base base.
Figure 2 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first and second vertical building elements installed on the base base.
Figure 3 shows in three projections a building under construction with the first, second and third vertical building elements installed on the base base.
Figure 4 shows in three projections a building under construction with the top fixed by the installation of a structural element of the roof, which serves as an example of a ridge beam.
Figure 5 shows in three projections a building under construction with nested in the resulting structural cell floors of the first floor.
Figure 6 shows in three projections a building under construction with installed ceilings and vertical building elements closing the cells.
The proposed method is carried out as follows.
First, the base base 1 of the building (figure 1) is made and verified, equipped with elements 2 for precise positioning of vertical building elements and preventing their displacement in the horizontal plane after installation. Then the first vertical building element 3 is installed on the base 1, for example, as shown in the drawings, a three-story wall panel. The bottom of element 3 is positioned and fixed from horizontal movement by elements 2, which can be used, for example, threaded studs protruding above the surface of the base. To prevent the fall of the installed element 3, it is fixed with temporary inventory mounting connections 4. The fixation is not rigid, with the possibility of a slight deviation of the position of the element 3 from the design position. Sufficient for ease of installation and not loading connections 4 is such a deviation in which the projection of the center of gravity of element 3 on the base base 1 remains within the base of element 3. A larger deviation is also acceptable, since element 3 will still be kept from falling by mounting connections 4.
Next (figure 2) is installed second, adjacent to the first, vertical building element 5, the plane of which is located at an angle, in figure 2 straight, to the plane of the element 3. The bottom of the element is positioned and fixed on the base base 1. The elements are loosely fastened together , after which the mounting connections 4 can be removed, since the elements 3 and 5 support each other. In figure 2, as an example, the element 5 is an internal partition.
Further (figure 3) similarly installed and fastened with the base 1 and with the second element 5, the third vertical building element 6. power elements. In the example in figure 4, this is done by installing roof elements such as a ridge beam 7 and battens 8.
After the installation of the building elements 3. 5 and 6, two structural cells are formed, into which, for example, along the provided guide grooves or guide bars, the first floors 9 and 10 are pushed through a free opening (figure 5), and then successively, from the bottom up, the floors the second floor 11 and the floor of the third floor 12 and 13. Due to the fact that the fixation of the installed elements is not rigid, there are free gaps between the elements of the building and the ceilings slide in unhindered and no adjustment work is required in this operation. The size of the gaps left between the elements of the building is determined depending on its design in a reasonable way. So, for the examples shown in Fig.1-6, the allowable total gaps should not exceed half the width of the guide for overlapping in order to prevent them from falling out.
Figures 1-6 show, as an example, a variant of the execution of building elements, which provides for the installation of ceilings by pushing them along guides arranged in the walls. There are other ways of mounting floors, but the one described seems to be the most rational.
After the installation of ceilings and, if necessary, other building filling elements, the closing elements are installed and loosely fixed. vertical elements 14 and 15 (Fig. 6), finally closing the structural cells. Then all connections of the building are verified and rigidly fixed. The process of rigid fixation begins with the tightening of the joints of the floors with vertical building elements. At the same time, at first the building elements 3, 5, 6, 14 and 15 are attracted to the first floors from below 9 and 10, then to the floors of the second floor 11 (one of them is not shown in the figure) and, finally, to the floors of the third floor 12 and 13 Due to the fact that all structural elements of the building are not rigidly fixed, they have the opportunity to take the design position when tightened to the floor slabs. In this case, the floor slabs serve as templates or mandrels for the precise assembly of the building. After that, all other connections of the building are rigidly fixed and the assembly process ends.
In Fig.1-6, as an example, the process of assembling a low-rise building from load-bearing wall panels is presented. Other options for the construction of the building are also possible, for example, when a rigid frame is first assembled, for example, from metal frames, and to it, after installation and tightening of all connections, hinged or nested wall fencing panels are attached. At the same time, dimensional accuracy is ensured during the assembly of the frame, and the panels are hung on an already verified frame. Since the implementation of the method requires that the installed vertical building elements be at least two-dimensional (panels, slabs, frames), but not one-dimensional (pillars, racks), the term “panel buildings” is used in the name of the method, meaning that the word “panel” implies a flat, that is, two-dimensional element.
Depending on the accuracy of manufacturing the building elements, two more methods of fixing the mounted elements are possible. If the elements supplied to the construction site are accurate enough, which is easy to ensure when they are manufactured in workshop conditions, then to speed up the installation, alignment, tightening and fixing of vertical building elements to the floors can be carried out immediately, as soon as the next floor is installed, even before the installation of roof elements. The installation process takes minimal time. If the accuracy of building elements is lower, then in order to avoid distortions, it is more expedient to pull the connections of vertical building elements simultaneously to the ceilings of all structural cells. In this case, the process must be accompanied by simultaneous alignment of the position of all elements.
In addition, the proposed method of fixing building elements makes it possible to confine ourselves to the precise manufacture of only floors that serve as templates for assembly, while other building elements can be made with much less accuracy.
The proposed method of installation significantly reduces the time spent on the installation of low-rise buildings. Essentially, it turns building process assembly and, increasing labor productivity, at the same time reduces the requirements for personnel qualification. The method was practically tested in the Moscow region by OOO Stroytekhnologii-3000. Labor costs for the installation of the building decreased by 2-2.5 times, and the cost of crane time by 12 times. During the installation of 10 buildings at once, only one set of two inventory installation connections was used.
Information sources
1. W. Greenhalgh. Instant Direct Construction Device. US patent No. 3527008, class. 52-749, publ. 09/08/70.
2. E.L.V. Smeeth. Prefabricated buildings and their assembly. US patent No. 3474580, class. E 04 B 1/00 (52-127), publ. 10/28/69.
3.D.W. toan. Vertical modular construction having insertable units. US patent No. 3721056, class. E 04 B 1/00 (52-236.6), publ. 03/20/73.
4. V.E. Sno. Method of installation of a frame-panel building. A.s. USSR No. 655792, class. E 04 B 1/35, publ. 04/05/79.
Claim
1. A method of mounting panel buildings, including alignment and fixation of all elements and consisting in the fact that vertical building elements are installed vertically on a verified base base to form a structural cell, leaving an opening on one of the sides of the cell, temporarily fixing and mounting ceilings and filling elements sequentially from bottom to top to the entire height of the mounted structural cell through its side opening, characterized in that the temporary fastening is not rigid, the vertical building elements are equipped with guide elements made in the form of grooves or rails, the ceilings are mounted by sliding them along the guides of the building elements, and alignment, tightening and fixing of the joints is performed after the installation of all building elements.
2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the vertical building elements are installed on the base base with the formation of several structural cells.
QB4A Registration of a license agreement for the use of an invention
Licensor(s): Grekov Alexander Vladimirovich
Type of license*: NILE
Licensee(s): Limited Liability Company "Set Technologies"
Treaty No. RD0027879 registered 18.10.2007
Notice posted: 27.11.2007 BI: 33/2007
* IL - exclusive license NIL - non-exclusive license
→ Building quality control
Installation of large-panel buildings
The installation of the above-ground part of the building can be started only after the completion of the zero cycle works. Before mounting prefabricated structures, it is necessary to determine the mounting horizon of the first floor, the highest point of which should not exceed the design one by more than 10 mm. Beacons on cement mortar are installed along the mounting horizon. Lighthouses are made of wood hard rock in the form of bars 50X180 mm with a thickness of 10-15 mm and installed on a solution of two pieces under each mounted panel at a distance of 20-30 cm from the ends of the panel.
Rice. Fig. 1. Scheme of horizontal joint of outer wall panels: 1 - beacons; 2 - solution; 3 - poroizol. The installation of building wall panels in single-row cutting must be carried out by combining the edges of the element or the risks on it with the risks taken out from the center axes. When erecting the outer walls of the underground part of the building, the alignment of wall panels (blocks) in the transverse direction should be carried out below the ground level along the inner plane of the wall, and above - along the outer plane. Alignment of mounting horizons and verticality of mounted structures should be carried out geodesically on each floor. To exclude deviations from the design dimensions of the joined elements, it is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the breakdown of the axes of the longitudinal and transverse walls. The main axes of the building can be placed on the mounting horizon (floor) using a theodolite, an optical plummet or a laser using the vertical design method. Line technical personnel are obliged to follow the sequence of installation of structures developed in the project for the production of works. Installation of blocks with smoke and ventilation ducts must be carried out according to the technology adopted by the project. To protect the channels from the ingress of solution and debris, templates are applied to the upper end plane of the underlying ventilation panel or block to protect the channel openings from clogging. After laying and leveling the solution, the templates are removed. After installing the overlying block or panel, the solution squeezed out into the channel should be removed before it sets. To ensure the spatial rigidity of the building, the installation of structures of the overlying floor should be started only after the concrete at the joints of the underlying structures reaches a strength of at least 30-35 kg/cm2. The strength of concrete at the joints is checked on control samples, kept in the same conditions as the concrete laid at the joints of the panels. Installation of the structures of each overlying floor of a multi-storey building must be carried out after the complete final fixing of all structures of the underlying floor. Rigidity and stability of large-panel buildings are also determined by the reliability of panel interface structures. Sealing of joints should be carried out carefully and ensure the strength, crack resistance and tightness provided for by the project. Joint work must be carried out by specially trained workers. Welding of joints of reinforcement and embedded parts of panels must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, technical specifications for welding work of operational and technological maps and recorded in the welding log. For welding, electrodes of the brands indicated in the project and confirmed by passports should be used. Joint welding must be systematically controlled; It is not allowed to carry out welding work at an air temperature below -20 °C. Electric welders who have not passed the established tests and do not have diplomas are not allowed to weld "works. The engineering and technical personnel who control the quality of welding must also have a certificate of completion of the relevant electric welding courses. Welds must meet the following requirements in appearance: - have smooth fine-flake surface without sagging and breaks with a smooth transition to the base metal; - the weld metal must be dense along the entire length of the seam and without cracks; it is forbidden to use chasing to correct the seams; - not have unwelded craters; - each welding unit must stand the mark of the welder.After welding, all seams are cleaned, and the welded joints are carefully coated with an anti-corrosion compound specified in the project.It is recommended that all steel embedded parts and welded joints be protected with anti-corrosion compounds immediately after cleaning them from rust and slag formations with special compounds.After applying one of of the given compositions produce concreting of joints cement-sand mortar M100 with immersion of a standard cone by 60-80 mm. The surfaces of the joints facing the room are concreted flush with the surface of the walls of the room. Before connecting the main structural elements by welding or bolting using mounting plates coated with zinc to prevent corrosion, it is necessary to carefully check the received batch of mounting plates by external inspection. If external damage to the galvanized surface of the plate is detected, it should be rejected. The smallest thickness of the zinc coating on plates, connecting and embedded parts, on bolts and connections of nodes is assumed to be 200 microns (0.2 mm). To determine the thickness of galvanizing, a portable device ITP-1 and a portable device developed on the basis of an electronic potentiometer of the EPP-09M1 type are used. Before installation of wall panels it is necessary to fulfill the following requirements: - thoroughly clean the joined surfaces from dirt, dust and moisten with water; -- elements for better adhesion to mortar (concrete) must have a rough surface, and the surface of the Special groove must be smooth; -- to create a mortar bed from the supporting planes of the panels, it is necessary to remove irregularities, cut off the mounting loops flush with the plane of the crest of the wall panels (it is forbidden to bend the mounting loops). The panel must be installed immediately after spreading and leveling the mortar until it loses its plasticity. Structures displaced from the mortar bed during the period of mortar hardening should be lifted and, after cleaning the supporting surfaces from the old mortar, re-installed on a fresh mortar. The verticality of the installed panel with an accuracy of ±1 mm can be checked within 2-3 times with a pendulum plumb of the Chernyshev system or a photoelectric rail, which automatically indicates the verticality of the panel installation by light signaling. Checking the verticality with plumb bob does not provide the required accuracy. 
Rice. 2. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations during the installation of walls from large panels: 1 - deviation of the planes of the panels from the vertical in the upper section; 2 - deviation of horizontal seams iia thickness; 3 - deviation of the marks of the upper supporting surfaces of the Foundation; 4 - offset of the axes of the panels in the lower section relative to the fold-out axes; 5 - the total deviation of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the panels within one floor. The site is considered to be the part of the building between the axes of the outer panels and between two adjacent rows of inner panels. Suspension of drainpipes and sanitary pipelines to floor panels is not allowed. After installation and alignment, the elements must be finally fixed by welding, and the joints should be monolithic. Works on monolithic joints and sealing of seams should be carried out by specially trained workers who have the appropriate certificates. 
Rice. Fig. 3. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations when installing partitions on the entire wall: 1 - fixing panels to the walls on each floor in two places; 2 - deviation of the vertical to the entire height of the room; 3 - deviation from the vertical by 1 m in height. 
Rice. 4. Scheme of measurements of the main deviations during the installation of ceilings: 1 - deviation in the dimensions of the support of floor panels on the walls; 2 - offset of the axes relative to the center axes; 3 - the difference in the marks of the lower surface of two adjacent floor panels; 4 - deviation from the horizontal when laying. These works must be constantly monitored by the production personnel and technical supervision of the customer. Horizontal and vertical joints between panels, non-reinforced joints between floor and roof panels are sealed with mortar grade 100. Expanded clay (GOST 9759-71), thermosite, agloporite are used as fillers for structural lightweight concrete; for heavy concrete- gravel and crushed stone of any rocks with a maximum grain size of 15 mm. Quartz sand (GOST 8736-67) is used as a fine aggregate for mortars and concretes. Water for mixing mixtures must meet the requirements of GOST 2874-73 and not contain impurities that adversely affect the setting of concretes and mortars. The concrete mixture, when compacted by vibration in summer conditions, should have a draft of a standard cone of 40-60 mm, in winter - 20-30 mm; the mortar mixture in summer conditions should have a standard cone immersion depth of 80-100 mm, in winter - 40-60 mm. In order to increase plasticity in summer conditions, as well as to give it hydrophobic properties, it is recommended to introduce the addition of soap naphtha in the amount of 300 g per 1 m of solution into the composition of solutions. For jointing external joints, cement-lime mortar grade 50 is used with a standard cone immersion depth of 20-40 mm. The laying of the mortar mixture must be carried out no later than one hour, and the concrete mixture - 30 minutes from the moment of preparation. Seal joints with mortar or concrete, the setting of which has already begun, is not allowed. For high-quality monolithic joints, it is necessary to observe the following technological sequence: - wetting the joined surfaces with water; - caulk of seams on both sides; - sealing joints to a height of up to 2 m with vibration compaction; installation of the reinforcing cage and concreting of the remaining part of the joint up to the mark of the top of the panel. Sealing of seams is carried out in layers of 40-50 cm with compaction with rammers. Reinforced horizontal joints are concreted simultaneously with the filling of the vertical joint. The non-reinforced part of the joint between the crest of the outer wall panel and the floor panel is also filled with concrete. The performance of work on sealing joints is recorded in the log of concreting joints. The filling of vertical joints between the inner ribs of the wall panels must be done before laying the floor panels. The vertical joints between the outer wall panels and the horizontal reinforced joints in the joints should be filled after the installation on the gripper of the section is completed with dense concrete grade 100. To prevent concrete from leaking out of the gaps of the vertical joints, the gaps are caulked from the inside, and from the facade they are sealed with a wooden inventory rail. Breaks in the concreting of the vertical joint and the adjacent reinforced joint are not allowed. After embedding, it is necessary to seal the external seams with mastics, pastes (according to the project) and embroider the seams with cement mortar. In accordance with the republican building codes (RSN 298-78) of the Gosstroy of the Ukrainian SSR, the joints of large-panel buildings should be sealed with thiokol vulcanizing mastics U-ZOM, KB-0.5, AM-0.5, TB-0.5 or butyl rubber vulcanizing mastics in combination with elastic pads, primers and adhesives. To increase the adhesion of thiokol sealants to concrete and other building materials, priming compounds and adhesives should be used: 78BTsS, K-50, PED-B, SN-57, etc. in working position adhesive mastics KN-2, KN-3, BK-1, BKP, isol, etc. When performing work on sealing joints, it is necessary to establish control over compliance with the necessary technological sequence for the implementation of these works and the basic requirements for gaskets, priming compounds and adhesives, given in RSN-298-78. Sealing of joints is subject to delivery to the technical supervision of the customer as a hidden work. Acceptance of sealing work is carried out in the process of performing work (intermediate acceptance) and after its completion. Intermediate acceptance with the preparation of acts are subject to: preparation of surfaces for priming, quality concrete surface with primer, anti-adhesive layer (substrates), laid vulcanized sealant, embedding or painting vulcanized sealant. The organization of control and assessment of the quality of joint sealing should be carried out, guided by Specifications for monitoring and assessing the quality of butt joints of large-panel residential buildings (RSN 192-68). After completion of all work on sealing and monolithic joints within each section on the floor, it is necessary to check for air permeability at least three vertical joints. At the final acceptance, the following must be presented: - acts of intermediate acceptance of the work performed; -- logs of the results of laboratory testing of materials; - work logs; -- executive drawings of joint sealing. The acceptance of the finished sealing is formalized by an act, which is also a warranty passport. Work on sealing horizontal and vertical joints of panels must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the project and the Specifications approved by the State Construction Committee of the USSR MRTU 7-16-66. The input quality control of the joint device should ensure the use of only those materials and structures that fully comply with the standards for their manufacture and design. Operational quality control of the device of butt mates provides for a systematic check: - compliance of the geometric dimensions of the butt mates with working drawings; -- presence of an anticorrosive covering of all steel embedded details of joints; -- quality of welds and their preparation for anti-corrosion coating; -- the quality of the anti-corrosion coating in the final protection of steel joints after their welding; -- performance quality of loop conjugations; - state of the joint strip and preparation of the contact surface for - laying concrete mix and sealants; thermal insulation of joints; -- monolithic joints (filling with concrete mix); joint sealing; Operational control must ensure that all construction and installation works are carried out in full compliance with the project and requirements normative documents . A subsequent operation should not be started if defects were made during the execution of the previous one. Operational control according to operational control schemes is carried out by engineering and technical workers (work foremen and foremen) with the involvement of geodetic services and construction laboratories. Operational control is preceded by self-control performed by teams, links and individual workers. Hidden works are accepted as they are performed by representatives of the technical supervision of the customer (developer) with the involvement, if necessary, representatives of design organizations. Installation of structures and sealing of joints with concrete or mortar is allowed at an outside air temperature of at least -20 °C. At an outside temperature of -5 ° C, monolithic joints; and seams can be carried out on a heated mortar of grade 100 without additives, which reduces the setting and hardening temperature of the mortar. At lower temperatures, additives of potash or sodium nitrate are used; only potash is used for concrete. The consumption of additives is determined by the laboratory. For sealing joints, the use of chloride salts as chemical additives is prohibited. Instead of frost-resistant additives, it is allowed to use concreting of joints with electrical heating (heat treatment). When performing work in winter, it is necessary to ensure that the surfaces to be joined are thoroughly cleaned of ice, frozen dirt, etc., and vertical joints are protected from rain or snow. Sealing joints with mortar and concrete should be carried out immediately after installing the panel in the design position and fixing it. Otherwise, re-icing of the cleaned surfaces may occur. To control the quality of concrete at the joints, compressive strength tests are carried out on control samples made from the same concrete and stored under similar conditions. Control over the temperature of concrete at joints in winter conditions is carried out according to the readings of technical thermometers lowered into wells to a depth of at least 100 mm in places with the most unfavorable temperature conditions. According to the measurements, a graph of temperature changes in concrete is built over time, according to which its strength is determined. The current quality control of concrete heating at the joints is carried out by an on-duty laboratory assistant or a specially trained worker in the presence of an electrician on duty, who is obliged to monitor the on and off of the current, changes in the voltage in the network and troubleshooting. Temperature measurements are made in the first 3 hours of heating every hour, and then at least three times per shift with keeping the thermometer in the well for at least 3 minutes. The results are recorded in the temperature sheet for heating concrete at the joints, the form of which is given below. The results of checking the installation of reinforcing cages, the dimensions of the joints and the concreting of the joints must be recorded in the journal of hidden works. The acceptance of works on monolithic joints and seams is carried out by the technical supervision of the customer in the presence of the foreman and the chief engineer of the construction department or site. After a thorough check of the quality of the work performed, passports for the materials used and magazines for hidden work draw up acts of floor-by-floor acceptance of the building. Before installing large-panel partitions, it is necessary to break down and mark their axes. The technical personnel of the construction site and the technical supervision of the customer are obliged to check the presence of wooden antiseptic inserts in the walls, the height of the mounted walls, the span between them and determine the dimensions of the linings for the partition panels, taking into account the height of the panels and protruding mounting loops. In the process of accepting work on the installation of structures of large-panel buildings, one should check the installation of structural elements and the tightness of their adjoining to the supporting surfaces and to each other, the quality of welding, sealing joints and seams, protection of all metal parts from corrosion AND "safety of elements and their finishes. To improve On June 30, 1965, Gosstroy of the USSR approved GOST 11309-65 * “Large-panel residential houses.” When accepting construction and installation work in accordance with GOST, it is necessary to control the fulfillment of the following requirements: - anti-corrosion protection of welds and steel embedded parts at manufacturing plants and in construction, it is necessary to produce in accordance with SNiP Sh-23-76; - the use of antifreeze additives that destroy zinc coatings of steel ties at the joints of external walls is not allowed; - sealing materials that provide airtightness and moisture tightness at the joints between panels must meet the relevant requirements. Other The adhesiveness of the mastic with concrete must be higher than the tensile strength of the mastic. All types of sealing materials must be protected from direct exposure to sunlight. Mastics applied in the form of films must have an elastic base in the joint gap. Panels coming from manufacturing plants must be accepted by the quality control department of the plant and have a strength of at least 100%. If, according to the terms of the project, during the construction of the house, the necessary strength of concrete products is ensured in a timely manner, it is allowed to supply panels and blocks and heavy concrete for walls, plinths and foundations with a strength of at least? 0% of the project, and for walls and plinths made of lightweight concrete- not less than 80%. When installing large-panel housing houses, it is necessary to control the fulfillment of the following requirements of GOST: - there must be limiters at the ends of the panels of the internal walls, ensuring a seam thickness of at least 10 mm in vertical joints; - in the openings for the passage of engineering communications pipes, ensure tight sealing of the junctions with elastic materials. GOST provides for the following design tolerances: - the gaps between the mating panels in kind must comply with the requirements of the project, but be at least 10 mm, the gaps between the outer wall panels in places sealed with sealing materials must be no more than 20 mm; - the vertical axes of the panels of internal load-bearing walls, located one above the other, must match; - Misalignment of the axes of these panels is allowed no more than 10 mm. 
Rice. 5. Permissible deviations of panels from the vertical at the joint. 
Rice. 6. Permissible deviations in the depth of support of the floor panels on the walls. 
Rice. 7. Permissible deviations in the levels of the upper faces of the mating panels. 
Rice. 8. Permissible displacements of wall panels from the design position. 
Rice. 9. Permissible displacements of the front faces of adjacent panels for wall surfaces: a - external; b - internal. 
Rice. 10. Permissible deviations of the corners of the ceiling and walls of the room: a - the difference in the ceiling marks in the corners of the room; b - deviations of the upper corners from the vertical. According to the requirement of GOST, from each batch of 25-30 houses produced by a large-panel housing construction enterprise, one uninhabited or operated house, at the choice of the customer, must be subjected to a special check for compliance with the requirements of GOST 11309-65 * and SNiP. The tightness of all joints in the outer walls is checked by artificial blowing and sprinkling, the sound insulation of the premises is checked by sound-measuring equipment. In addition, it is necessary to check the compliance of structures with accepted tolerances. During the construction of large-panel buildings in seismic areas it is necessary to establish control over the fulfillment in construction of all the requirements of projects, building codes and rules aimed at increasing the stability of buildings and structures when seismic loads are applied to them. The constructive solutions of such buildings should ensure the joint spatial work of all walls and ceilings. To do this, in the designs of large-panel buildings, it is necessary to connect wall panels and ceilings by arranging flared reinforced joints, embedded in concrete, enlarge the dimensions of wall panels and ceilings (to the size of “per room”), and ensure the same rigidity of walls that perceive seismic loads. The distances between the transverse walls should not exceed 6.5 m. When installing buildings, it is necessary to control the use in construction of wall panels reinforced with double reinforcement, which should be made in the form of spatial frames or welded reinforcing meshes. In the case of using three-layer panels, the thickness of the internal bearing concrete layer should be taken at least 8 cm. Concrete of internal and. external panels should be similar in deformability. Panels of prefabricated ceilings along the edges of embedding must have a keyed or corrugated surface. Panel lintels should be considered as elements that perceive shear and bending forces. The panels should be connected by welding the outlets of the working reinforcement or specially embedded anchor rods, followed by the application of a layer of anti-corrosion protection and the sealing of all joints with concrete. For high-rise buildings, foundations should be arranged in the form of cross bands or solid slabs. Layers of horizontal waterproofing at the level of the socles of buildings must be made of cement mortar. Partitions should be used large-panel or frame structure with ensuring their connection with walls and columns, and with a length of more than 3 m - with ceilings. Balconies should be a cantilever element of floor slabs. In frame buildings and structures, a structure that perceives a horizontal load can be: a frame, a frame with filling, a frame with vertical ties or stiffening diaphragms. In the load-bearing elements of the reinforced concrete frame, reinforcement made of steels with higher plastic properties should be used. The nodes of reinforced concrete frames should be reinforced by installing reinforcing meshes or closed transverse reinforcement. Diaphragms and connections, perceiving horizontal loads, should be arranged for the entire height of buildings with their symmetrical arrangement. For enclosing wall structures of frame buildings, it is necessary to use light hinged panels. -- Prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of large-panel residential buildings have big sizes and mass. Work with such elements must be carried out according to a previously developed method for the production of installation work. To reduce the time of work, all other works (construction, sanitary, electrical) must be performed simultaneously with the installation of the building. Since the safety regulations prohibit any other work on the area where the installation is taking place, it is recommended to divide the building in terms of two areas: installation and construction. The sequence and duration of work on these areas must be clearly linked to the hourly schedule. There are two ways to organize installation work for the construction of large-panel residential buildings: from an on-site warehouse and from vehicles. When organizing installation work from the on-site warehouse, the installation elements are brought in advance from the manufacturing plants and placed in the area of the tower crane. The advantage of this method of organizing work is independence from possible accidents (irregular transport, delays in the manufacture of parts, etc.). However, working from an on-site warehouse increases the cost of construction and installation time. This method of conducting work requires additional costs for organizing a warehouse, equipping it with devices for accommodating prefabricated elements, in addition, a special link of workers and a special crane must be allocated for unloading arriving elements, which is not fully used. If the unloading of prefabricated elements is carried out by a crane engaged in the installation, then this leads to downtime for the installers. In order to avoid downtime and not to keep little-used mechanisms at the construction site, often one shift per day is allocated for all loading and unloading operations, but in this case, only two shifts per day can be carried out at the facility. Mounting from vehicles is "a more progressive way of organizing work. According to this method, the installation of prefabricated elements is carried out immediately after they are delivered to the construction site. Mounting elements directly from vehicles" are fed by a crane to the installation site. In this case, the list of items to be delivered and the vehicle traffic schedule must be fully linked to the installation schedule. When mounted from vehicles, there is no need for an on-site warehouse. Only small playgrounds for stacking small items. Delivery of prefabricated elements from manufacturing plants is carried out by panel carriers, flatbed vehicles, tractors with special trailers. Given the complexity of linking the work of manufacturers, transport workers and installers, it is recommended to perform installation from vehicles in the first place, when building several similar and closely located objects in line. The most perfect in this regard is the organization of installation work by house-building plants (DSK). House-building factories not only produce all prefabricated elements, but also build houses from them. All work on the construction of large-panel residential buildings, starting with the manufacture of prefabricated elements, is subject to a single hourly schedule. Installation of buildings by house-building factories is carried out in three shifts. Delivery of prefabricated elements is carried out in two shifts. This makes it possible to accumulate a stock of prefabricated elements necessary for the installation work in the third shift on trailers that remain on the construction site. Installation work on the construction of the above-ground part of a large-panel building is carried out floor by floor. Installation of each subsequent floor is allowed only after the final fixing of the structures of the underlying one with permanent design fasteners and when the concrete reaches the monolithic joints load-bearing structures not less than 70% of design strength. Installation of structural elements must be carried out in the sequence specified installation drawing and production schedule. Before installing the vertical elements of the floor panel, they must be leveled with a layer of mortar under the mark of the next - 5th floor (mounting horizon). Checking the mounting horizon is carried out floor by floor using a level. The correct installation of the vertical element can be controlled by a plumb-rail or theodolite. Until the end of the alignment, the vertical elements are temporarily fixed with the help of strut, spacer and angle clamps. Rice. 11. Alignment of the verticality of the wall panel with a plumb-rail After alignment, the panels are interconnected by welding embedded parts. The joints between the panels are closed in accordance with the requirements (of the project. When installing the elements of the staircase, special attention is paid to the position of the mounted landing relative to the underlying landing. Control over the relative position of the landings is carried out using a template. Of great importance is the observance of alignment when installing thin-walled load-bearing partitions in panel buildings . Installation of frameless buildings
Installation of a floor of a residential building with longitudinal load-bearing walls usually start with the installation of two panels forming an angle between the end and farthest walls from the crane, and all elements are exposed along the outer wall farthest from the crane, then the installation of the interior wall panels adjacent to the previously mounted outer wall is carried out. After that, the installation of the end wall elements can be completed and the installation of the elements of the outer wall closest to the crane can be carried out. Upon completion of the installation of the external walls, the installation of the internal walls is completed, the elements of the staircase, sanitary cabins (if any), floor slabs, balcony slabs are mounted. An approximate sequence of installation of floor elements is shown in the diagram. Floor slabs are laid, starting from the corner of the house or from the staircase. When installing floor slabs, the direction of installation "on the crane" should be maintained. When installing large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing walls, the installation of elements is carried out in the following sequence: panels of transverse load-bearing walls, panels of longitudinal external walls, partitions and sanitary cabins, landings and marches, floor panels. The location of the base of the transverse bearing panel is determined by a fork clamp fixed to the underlying element, the top of the panel is temporarily fixed and brought into the design position by tubular ties with clamps. The described sequence of installation of elements of frameless large-panel buildings is not the only one. There are a number of options for installing prefabricated parts on this type of building. Installation of frame-panel buildings Frame-panel buildings, like buildings of other types, must be mounted in such a way that at all stages of installation, the rigidity of the assembled part of the building is ensured. The spatial rigidity and invariability of the frame during the installation process are ensured by the technological sequence of elements installation, i.e., before temporary mounting fasteners are removed, all the main load-bearing elements- columns, crossbars, spacer plates, stiffening diaphragms. The installation of the structures is carried out gradually. If the length of the columns corresponds to the height of the floor, then the tier is taken equal to the floor; if the columns are two-story, then the tier is taken in two floors. Prior to the installation of columns, group conductors are installed on the ceiling. The columns are fed in turn to the installation site and fixed in the conductor with two rows of clamps with adjusting screws. The third, lowest, row of collars is fixed to the head of the column of the underlying tier. 
Rice. Fig. 12. The sequence of installation of floor elements on a large-panel house After the columns are installed, they are aligned, and they are centered with clamp screws fixed closer to the base, and the upper clamps are fixed after the column is brought to a vertical position. Currently, various designs of group conductors are widely used in the installation of frame buildings. The choice of the type of conductor depends on the location of the joints of the columns and the methods of fastening the columns in the junctions. The use of group conductors makes it possible to eliminate the preliminary breakdown of the position of the columns, reduces geodetic work to a minimum, allows you to install and fix crossbars and stiffening diaphragms without the use of scaffolds, and increases the accuracy and safety of installation work. After installing the columns in the cells of Fig. Fig. 13. The sequence of mounting elements of a frame-panel building when using group conductors. The invented engineer. J. Deutsch a special frame-hinged indicator (RSHI), which is a group mounting equipment. RSI consists of a number of elements technologically connected into a single complex: indicator frame, scaffolding, basement truss, swivel cradles and collars. A system of fixing devices is installed on the RSHI frame: clamps, stops, connecting calibration pipes, clamps. The frame is equipped with a working flooring with fences. The plinth truss is the supporting element of the indicator when it is installed on the foundations of the columns; it has swivel consoles and can be used as a shipping container when transporting RSHI. When working with RSHI, installers are on swivel cradles, which are hung on tubular racks. The working body, on which the accuracy of installation primarily depends, are clamps. They are installed in assembled on the brackets-beams of the indicator frame. The exact setting of the indicator is carried out with the help of a theodolite along two mutually perpendicular base axes, as well as by attaching connecting calibration tubes to previously verified RSHI. Installation of structures with the help of RSHI is carried out in the following order. Three assemblers receive the column given by the crane. One of them installs it on the head of the underlying column. The second installer, located on the upper platform of the RSHI, with the help of the third installer, located in the rotary cradle, guides the column into the collar zone and fixes it with a clamping device. The accuracy of the installation of the column is very high, as it depends only on the accuracy of the manufacture of the frame and clamps. The installation of the crossbars comes down to the fact that two installers, located on the rotary cradles, accept the structure, install it in the design position and fix it with an electric tack. The accuracy of the installation of the crossbars is ensured by the accuracy of the installation of the column. If the height of the tier corresponds to two floors, then first a crossbar is installed above the first floor from the lower rotary cradles, and then above the second - from the upper rotary cradles. 
Rice. 14. Scheme of the frame-hinged indicator: 1 - swivel cradle of the installer; 2 - folding collar; 3 - hinged indicator frame; 4 - scaffold structures When mounting the spacer plates, two installers are on the indicator platform, and one is in the upper rotary cradle. After laying the spacer slabs, two installers go to them and install ordinary floor slabs. Plates during installation do not require adjustment, since the specified accuracy is ensured by the accuracy of the installation of columns and crossbars. The installation of external curtain walls is started after the final design fixing of the supporting structures on the grip. The installation of hinged wall panels differs significantly from the installation of other structures, since their presence or absence does not affect the strength of the building, therefore these works are carried out separately. The isolation of the process is also explained by the fact that curtain panels are often made from materials that can be easily damaged. As a rule, the same cranes are used for the installation of hinged panels as for the installation of other structures. However, this method has a significant drawback - the installation of hinged panels requires high costs crane time, which increases the cost of installation and increases the duration of work. At present, methods of mounting hinged panels with electric winches are being introduced into practice (construction of the Hydroproject building and the All-Union Television Center in Moscow), climbing a monorail attached to columns (construction of the building of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), use portable lungs cranes installed on the roof of the building. For temporary fastening of panels during installation, struts, corner stops, adjustable hangers, etc. are used. Scaffolds and equipment used to work outside the facade are divided into ground and suspended. Ground include various stationary and mobile scaffolding, articulated-lever and telescopic towers. It is advisable to use ground equipment up to a height of 12-15 m. In the construction of high-rise and high-rise buildings, suspended scaffolds - cradles with adjustable consoles, which can be installed not only on the roof of the building, but also on ceilings and in window openings, are most widely used, which gives the ability to combine the installation of load-bearing and enclosing structures as much as possible. The sequence of installation of hinged panels depends on the cutting of the wall, the types of joints and lifting equipment. Sealing joints in large-panel buildings Higher requirements for the quality of joints in residential buildings The process of joining panels consists of several operations:) welding of embedded parts and protecting them from corrosion, sealing the joint with mortar and concrete mixture, sealing the joints. As long-term practice has shown, the most effective method sealing joints with mortar and concrete mixture is the mechanized supply of the mixture into the joint through a pipeline under pressure. For this purpose, mortar pumps, pneumatic blowers and a special installation for supplying the mixture in a jet of compressed air in suspension are used. This installation allows you to supply mixtures to any joint of a large-panel building and provides high quality filling them out. 
Rice. 15. Installation for monolithic joints: 1- frame; 2 - boxes for materials; 3 - control panel; 4 - mortar mixer; 5 - bunker; 6 - plant for transporting concrete compressed air; 7 - pipeline; 8 - nozzle; 9 - air hoses; 10 - compressor The tightness of vertical joints and horizontal seams of the outer panels is ensured by the design of the joint and seam (the presence of protrusions and drips, water-retaining ridges, etc.) and the use of sealing materials. In construction, poroizol strips and bundles are used as sealing materials, which are glued to concrete with isol mastic, hernitic gaskets and bundles, thiokol (U-ZOM, GS-1) and polyisobutylene (UM-40, UMS-50) mastics. Poroisol gaskets can be laid directly from the ceiling during installation. In some cases, the bundles are tightly rolled up from hinged cradles, self-propelled cantilever lifts or automobile Eyshki from the side of the facade after sealing the joints from the inside of the building. With outer side buildings produce sealing of seams and joints with sealing mastics, which are injected into the seam with a layer of 15-25 mm with pneumatic syringes or gear pumps. As a joint insulation, liners made of expanded polystyrene, fiberglass or mineral wool boards. To protect against moisture, insulation packages are wrapped with synthetic film or glassine. Requirements for the quality of work during the installation of large-panel buildings The reliability of sealing joints of external wall panels, the quality of sound insulation of joints depends on the accuracy of pairing elements of large-panel buildings. internal structures. The reliability of the entire building ultimately depends on the accuracy of the pairing of elements. Therefore, when installing buildings from large panels, special attention should be paid to the accuracy of the installation of elements relative to the design axes and marks. Permissible deviations of the outer wall panels from the design position: displacement of the axes of the wall panels in the lower section 4 mm, deviation of the planes of the wall panels from the vertical in the upper section 5 mm, deviation of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the panels within the floor ± 10 mm, deviations in the thickness of horizontal joints ± 5 mm. Panels of external and internal walls must meet the requirements of the State Standard and Building Regulations. Deviations of the linear dimensions of the panels should not exceed: in thickness, height and position of embedded parts ± 5 mm, in length ± 8 mm. The deviation from the horizontal of the mounted landings should not exceed 5 mm, and the tread of the flight of stairs should not exceed 2 mm. Deviations from the design dimensions of slabs and floor panels should not exceed ±8 mm in length, ±5 mm in width, and ±4 mm in thickness. When laying panels or floor slabs, the difference in the marks of the lower surface of two adjacent floor elements should not be more than 4 mm.