The temperature schedule of heat networks allows suppliers of heat transfer companies to set the mode of correspondence between the temperature of the transferred and return heat carrier and the average daily temperature indicators of the ambient air.

In other words, during the heating period for each locality RF is being developed temperature graph heat supply (in small settlements - the temperature schedule of the boiler house), which obliges thermal stations of different levels to provide technological conditions for the supply of coolant ( hot water) to consumers.

Regulation of the temperature schedule for the supply of coolant can be carried out in several ways: quantitative (change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the network); quality (adjustment of the temperature of the supply streams); temporary (discrete supply of hot water to the network). Methods for calculating and constructing a temperature graph suggest specific approaches when considering heat networks for their intended purpose.

Heating temperature chart- normal temperature curve of the circuits of heating network pipelines, operating exclusively for the heating load and centrally regulated.

Increased temperature chart- is calculated for a closed heat supply scheme that meets the needs of the heating system and hot water supply of the connected objects. When open system(losses of coolant during water consumption) it is customary to talk about the adjusted temperature graph of the heating system.

Graph Calculation temperature regime heating systems according to the methodology is quite complicated. For example, we recommend methodological development"Roskommunenergo", which received the approval of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation on March 10, 2004 No. SK-1638/12. Initial data for constructing a temperature graph for a specific heat generating station: outdoor air temperature Tnv; air in the building Tvn; coolant in the supply ( T1) and reverse ( T2) pipelines; at the entrance to heating system building ( T3). The values ​​of the relative flow rate of the coolant and the coefficients of hydraulic stability of the system are normalized in the calculation.

Calculations of the heating system can be carried out for any temperature schedule, for example, for generally accepted schedules of large heat transfer organizations (150/70, 130/70, 115/70) and local (house) heat points (105/70, 95/70). The graph's numerator shows maximum temperature water at the inlet to the system, the denominator - at the outlet.

The results of calculating the temperature graph of the heating network are summarized in a table that sets the temperature regimes at the nodal points of the pipeline, depending on Tnv, such as this one.

Sequential calculation of the temperature indicators of the coolant with a decrease in discreteness Tnv allows you to build a temperature graph of the heating network, on the basis of which, based on the average daily ambient temperature and the selected operating schedule, you can make the minimum and maximum temperature cut and determine the current parameters of the coolant in the system.

Each heating system has certain characteristics. These include power, heat transfer and temperature operation. They determine the efficiency of work, directly affecting the comfort of living in the house. How to choose the right temperature graph and heating mode, its calculation?

Drawing up a temperature chart

The temperature schedule of the heating system is calculated according to several parameters. Not only the degree of heating of the premises, but also the flow rate of the coolant depends on the selected mode. This also affects current expenses heating service.

The drawn up schedule of the temperature regime of heating depends on several parameters. The main one is the level of water heating in the mains. It, in turn, consists of the following characteristics:

• Temperature in the supply and return pipelines. Measurements are made in the corresponding boiler nozzles;
• Characteristics of the degree of heating of air indoors and outdoors.

The correct calculation of the heating temperature graph begins with the calculation of the difference between the temperature of the hot water in the direct and supply pipes. This value has the following notation:

∆T=Tin-Tob

Where Tin- water temperature in the supply line, Tob- the degree of heating of water in the return pipe.

To increase the heat transfer of the heating system, it is necessary to increase the first value. To reduce the coolant flow rate, ∆t must be kept to a minimum. This is precisely the main difficulty, since the temperature schedule of the heating boiler directly depends on external factors- heat losses in the building, air in the street.

To optimize the heating power, it is necessary to make thermal insulation of the outer walls of the house. This will decrease heat loss and energy consumption.

Temperature calculation

To determine the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the heating components - radiators and batteries. In particular, specific power (W / cm²). This will directly affect the heat transfer of heated water to air into the room.

It is also necessary to make a number of preliminary calculations. This takes into account the characteristics of the house and heating devices:

• Heat transfer resistance coefficient of external walls and window structures. It must be at least 3.35 m² * C / W. Depends on the climatic features of the region;
• Surface power of radiators.

The temperature curve of the heating system is directly dependent on these parameters. To calculate the heat loss of a house, it is necessary to know the thickness of the outer walls and the building material. The calculation of the surface power of batteries is carried out according to the following formula:

Rud=P/Fact

Where R – maximum power, W, fact– radiator area, cm².

According to the data obtained, a temperature regime for heating and a heat transfer schedule are compiled depending on the temperature outside.

To timely change the heating parameters, a temperature heating controller is installed. This device connects to outdoor and indoor thermometers. Depending on the current indicators, the operation of the boiler or the volume of coolant inflow to the radiators is adjusted.

The weekly programmer is the optimal temperature controller for heating. With its help, you can automate the operation of the entire system as much as possible.

Central heating

For district heating, the temperature regime of the heating system depends on the characteristics of the system. Currently, there are several types of parameters of the coolant supplied to consumers:

• 150°C/70°C. To normalize the water temperature with the help of an elevator unit, it is mixed with a cooled stream. In this case, it is possible to draw up an individual temperature schedule for a heating boiler house for a particular house;
• 90°C/70°C. It is typical for small private heating systems designed for heating several apartment buildings. In this case, you can not install the mixing unit.

It is the responsibility of utilities to calculate the temperature heating schedule and control its parameters. At the same time, the degree of air heating in residential premises should be at the level of + 22 ° С. For non-residential, this figure is slightly lower - + 16 ° С.

For a centralized system, drawing up the correct temperature schedule for the heating boiler room is required to ensure optimal comfortable temperature in apartments. The main problem is the lack feedback- it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the heat carrier depending on the degree of air heating in each apartment. That is why the temperature schedule of the heating system is drawn up.

A copy of the heating schedule can be requested from the Management Company. With it, you can control the quality of the services provided.

Heating system

Do the same calculations for autonomous systems heating of a private house is often not necessary. If the scheme provides for indoor and outdoor temperature sensors, information about them will be sent to the boiler control unit.

Therefore, in order to reduce energy consumption, a low-temperature heating mode is most often chosen. It is characterized by relatively low water heating (up to +70°С) and a high degree its circulation. This is necessary to evenly distribute heat to all heaters.

To implement such a temperature regime of the heating system, the following conditions must be met:

• Minimum heat loss in the house. However, one should not forget about normal air exchange - ventilation is a must;
• High heat output of radiators;
• Installation of automatic temperature controllers in heating.

If there is a need to perform a correct calculation of the system, it is recommended to use special software systems. There are too many factors to consider for self-calculation. But with their help, you can draw up approximate temperature graphs for heating modes.

However, it should be borne in mind that an accurate calculation of the heat supply temperature schedule is done for each system individually. The tables show the recommended values ​​for the degree of heating of the coolant in the supply and return pipes, depending on the temperature outside. When performing calculations, the characteristics of the building were not taken into account, climatic features region. But even so, they can be used as a basis for creating a temperature graph for a heating system.

The maximum load of the system should not affect the quality of the boiler. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase it with a power reserve of 15-20%.

Even the most accurate temperature chart of the heating boiler room will experience deviations in the calculated and actual data during operation. This is due to the peculiarities of the operation of the system. What factors can influence the current temperature regime of heat supply?

• Pollution of pipelines and radiators. To avoid this, periodic cleaning of the heating system should be carried out;
• Incorrect operation of control and shutoff valves. Be sure to check the performance of all components;
• Violation of the boiler operation mode - sudden temperature jumps as a result - pressure.

Maintaining the optimal temperature regime of the system is possible only when right choice its components. For this, their operational and technical properties should be taken into account.

Battery heating can be adjusted using a thermostat, the principle of operation of which can be found in the video:

Each Management Company strive to achieve economical heating costs apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved if a temperature graph is drawn up, which will reflect the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on weather conditions on the street. Correct use of these data allow optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature chart

The same mode of operation should not be maintained in the coolant, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. It is she who needs to be guided and, depending on her, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on outdoor temperature air is compiled by technologists. To compile it, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the heating equipment supplied in it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections of the pipes must be taken into account. AT high-rise building tenants cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, as it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature graph of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70 ° C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is much lower, there is a shortage.

Important! The temperature schedule is drawn up in such a way that at any air temperature in the street, a stable temperature is maintained in the apartments. optimal level heating at 22 °C. Thanks to him, even the most severe frosts become not terrible, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 ° C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the water temperature in the heating system will be at that moment. The more severe the outdoor weather, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

• Temperature outside;
• The presence and strength of the wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
• Thermal insulation - high-quality processed structural parts of the building help to keep heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Heat carrier temperature table from outdoor temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics that heating devices have - batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their specific power, it will be expressed in W / cm 2. This will most directly affect the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface power and the drag coefficient available for window openings and outer walls.

After all the values ​​\u200b\u200bare taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in the two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the inlet pipe, the higher in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase below these values.

Proper use of the coolant implies attempts by the inhabitants of the house to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. It could be construction work for wall insulation from the outside or thermal insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of ceilings above a cold garage or basement, insulation of the inside of the house or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with the standards. In central heating systems, it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C, depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to take into account that in corner rooms can not be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment it is allowed to drop to 18 C. If the temperature drops to -30 C outside, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. In the rest of the rooms, the temperature should also increase, provided that in rooms for various purposes it may be different. If there is a child in the room, then it can range from 18 C to 23 C. In pantries and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

It is important to note! The average daily temperature is taken into account - if the temperature is about -15 C at night, and -5 C during the day, then it will be calculated by the value of -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is taken into account by the value of 0 C.

Schedule for supplying hot water to the apartment

In order to deliver optimal hot water to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating mains are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands. square meters. Whatever the thermal insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.


However, water cannot be heated to more than its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It is important to know! As it rises, the boiling point of water shifts upwards. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. With an increase in pressure, risers, mixers and taps do not suffer, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit usually has 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

Hot water supply to winter time years must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule are accidents on heat supply. Hot water can only be turned off summer period for preventive work. Such work is carried out as in heating systems closed type as well as in open systems.

What laws are subject to changes in the temperature of the coolant in systems central heating? What is it - the temperature graph of the heating system 95-70? How to bring the heating parameters in accordance with the schedule? Let's try to answer these questions.

What it is

Let's start with a couple of abstract theses.

• With changing weather conditions, the heat loss of any building changes after them.. In frosts, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the apartment, much more thermal energy is required than in warm weather.

To clarify: heat costs are determined not by the absolute value of the air temperature in the street, but by the delta between the street and the interior.
So, at +25C in the apartment and -20 in the yard, the heat costs will be exactly the same as at +18 and -27, respectively.

• Heat flow from heater at a constant coolant temperature will also be constant.
  A drop in room temperature will slightly increase it (again, due to an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room); however, this increase will be categorically insufficient to compensate for the increased heat loss through the building envelope. Simply because the lower temperature threshold in the apartment valid SNiP limit 18-22 degrees.

An obvious solution to the problem of increasing losses is to increase the temperature of the coolant.

Obviously, its growth should be proportional to the decrease in street temperature: the colder it is outside the window, the greater the heat loss will have to be compensated. Which, in fact, brings us to the idea of ​​creating a specific table for matching both values.

So the chart temperature system heating is a description of the dependence of the temperatures of the supply and return pipelines on the current weather outside.

How it all works

There are two different types charts:

1. For heating networks.
2. For domestic heating system.

To clarify the difference between these concepts, it is probably worth starting with brief digression how the central heating works.

CHP - heat networks

The function of this bundle is to heat the coolant and deliver it to the end user. The length of heating mains is usually measured in kilometers, the total surface area - in thousands and thousands of square meters. Despite the measures for thermal insulation of pipes, heat losses are inevitable: having passed the path from the CHP or boiler house to the border of the house, the process water will have time to partially cool down.

Hence the conclusion: in order for it to reach the consumer, while maintaining an acceptable temperature, the supply of the heating main at the exit from the CHP should be as hot as possible. The limiting factor is the boiling point; however, with increasing pressure, it shifts in the direction of increasing temperature:

Typical pressure in the supply pipeline of the heating main is 7-8 atmospheres. This value, even taking into account pressure losses during transportation, allows you to start the heating system in houses up to 16 floors high without additional pumps. At the same time, it is safe for routes, risers and inlets, mixer hoses and other elements of heating and hot water systems.

With some margin, the upper limit of the supply temperature is taken equal to 150 degrees. The most typical heating temperature curves for heating mains lie in the range of 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

House

There are a number of additional limiting factors in the home heating system.

• The maximum temperature of the coolant in it cannot exceed 95 C for a two-pipe and 105 C for.

By the way: in preschool educational institutions, the restriction is much more stringent - 37 C.
Cost of lowering the supply temperature - increasing the number of radiator sections: in northern regions countries where groups are placed in kindergartens are literally surrounded by them.

• The temperature delta between the supply and return pipelines, for obvious reasons, should be as small as possible - otherwise the temperature of the batteries in the building will vary greatly. This implies a fast circulation of the coolant.
  However, too fast circulation through house system heating will cause the return water to return to the route with exorbitant high temperature, which is unacceptable due to a number of technical limitations in the operation of the CHPP.

The problem is solved by installing one or more elevator units in each house, in which the return flow is mixed with the water stream from the supply pipeline. The resulting mixture, in fact, ensures the rapid circulation of a large volume of coolant without overheating the return pipeline of the route.

For intra-house networks, a separate temperature graph is set, taking into account the elevator operation scheme. For two-pipe circuits, a heating temperature graph of 95-70 is typical, for single-pipe circuits (which, however, is rare in apartment buildings) — 105-70.

Climate zones

The main factor that determines the scheduling algorithm is the estimated winter temperature. The heat carrier temperature table should be drawn up in such a way that the maximum values ​​\u200b\u200b(95/70 and 105/70) at the peak of frost provide the temperature in residential premises corresponding to SNiP.

Here is an example of an intra-house schedule for the following conditions:

• Heating devices - radiators with a coolant supply from the bottom up.
• Heating - two-pipe, co.

• Design temperature outdoor air - -15 C.

Nuance: when determining the parameters of the route and the in-house heating system, the average daily temperature is taken.
If it is -15 at night and -5 during the day, -10C appears as the outside temperature.

And here are some calculated values winter temperatures for Russian cities.

In the photo - winter in Verkhoyansk.

Adjustment

If the management of the CHPP and heating networks is responsible for the parameters of the route, then the responsibility for the parameters of the intra-house network rests with the residents. A very typical situation is when, when residents complain about the cold in apartments, measurements show downward deviations from the schedule. It happens a little less often that measurements in the wells of heat pumps show an overestimated return temperature from the house.

How to bring the heating parameters in line with the schedule with your own hands?

Nozzle reaming

With low mixture and return temperatures, the obvious solution is to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. How it's done?

The instruction is at the service of the reader.

1. All valves or gates in the elevator unit are closed (inlet, house and hot water).
2. The elevator is dismantled.
3. The nozzle is removed and reamed by 0.5-1 mm.
4. The elevator is assembled and started with air bleeding in the reverse order.

Tip: instead of paronite gaskets on the flanges, you can put rubber ones cut to the size of the flange from the car chamber.

After dismantling the nozzle, the lower flange is muffled.

Attention: this is an emergency measure, used in extreme cases, since in this case the temperature of the radiators in the house can reach 120-130 degrees.

Differential adjustment

At elevated temperatures as a temporary measure until the end heating season practice is to adjust the differential on the elevator with a valve.

1. The DHW is switched to the supply pipe.
2. A manometer is installed on the return.
   
3. The inlet gate valve on the return pipeline closes completely and then gradually opens with pressure control on the pressure gauge. If you just close the valve, the subsidence of the cheeks on the stem can stop and unfreeze the circuit. The difference is reduced by increasing the return pressure by 0.2 atmospheres per day with daily temperature control.

All documents presented in the catalog are not their official publication and are for informational purposes only. Electronic copies of these documents can be distributed without any restrictions. You can post information from this site on any other site.

Ministry of Housing public utilities RSFSR
Order of the Red Banner of Labor
Academy of Public Utilities. K.D. Pamfilova

Approved

RPO Roskommunenergo

Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR

INSTRUCTIONS
ON CONTROL OVER THE MODE OF WORK
HEAT NETWORKS

Department of scientific and technical information AKH
Moscow 1987

These guidelines contain information on the organization of systematic monitoring of the thermal and hydraulic operation of heating networks from boiler houses in order to improve the quality of heat supply to consumers and save heat and electricity during transport and use of heat by consumers.

The instructions were developed by the department of communal energy of the AKH them. K.D. Pamfilov (Candidate of Technical Sciences N.K. Gromov) and are intended for heat supply enterprises of local Soviets of the RSFSR.

Please send comments and suggestions on these guidelines to the address: 123171, Moscow, Volokolamskoe shosse, 116, AKH im. K.D. Pamfilov, department of communal energy.

The development of large heat sources led to the emergence of large heat supply systems, including extended and branched heating network and providing hundreds and thousands of utility and industrial customers, many of whom have been operating for several decades.

If a constant supply of coolant is determined by the reliability of the designs of heat pipelines and the network layout (for example, redundancy of heat mains), then the controllability of the network depends on the quality of setting up the hydraulic regime, and in the future - on the automation of heat points.

The implementation of the process of controlling the mode of the heating network is impossible without connecting the "feedback", i.e. organization of constant control over its implementation.

Control over the mode of operation of the heating network should be diverse. Simultaneously with the control of the hydraulic regime, systematic control is subject to the implementation of the calculated temperature schedule, the consumption of network and make-up water and their quality, etc. The organization of such control is the purpose of these instructions.

OPERATING MODE OF HEAT NETWORKS

1. The main types of heat load of modern two-pipe water networks in cities are heating and hot water supply. In some heat networks, a noticeable specific gravity acquires the load of supply ventilation ( industrial enterprises, public buildings). The heating load is usually the main one, and the thermal and hydraulic modes of operation of the networks are mainly determined by the requirements of the heating systems.

2. If we disregard the influence of wind, solar radiation and household heat emissions, then the stability of the thermal regime of the building as a whole and heated premises is determined by the temperature and flow rate of the coolant entering the heating system and heating devices of heated premises.

The value of the coolant flow rate in practice is underestimated, meanwhile, in heating systems with pump circulation, it is paramount.

As you know, the most preferable for the operation of heating systems with pump circulation is the quantitative-qualitative control mode, however, as shown practical experience operation, buildings up to 12 floors operate quite steadily and in a purely qualitative mode, i.e. with a constant flow of circulating water. This served as a sufficient argument for the fact that the regime with a constant coolant flow rate was adopted as the main one in the operation of heating systems and networks in general.

3. The load of hot water supply is variable by the hours of the day and therefore violates the principle of operation of the network with a constant water flow.

In order to compensate for this unevenness in water consumption, it is recommended that, with a significant specific gravity of the hot water supply load, the use of special temperature graphs (“increased” graph in closed systems heat supply and "corrected" - in open).

4. According to the SNiP for the design of heat networks, the diameters of the main and part of the distribution networks (with the exception of quarterly to buildings and their small groups with up to 6 thousand inhabitants) are calculated for the average hourly load of hot water supply. Estimated consumption warmcarrier in this case, the network is determined at the breakpoint of the temperature graph.

Covering the maximum hot water supply is provided by reducing the release of heat to the heating systems, and the restoration of the thermal regime of heated premises is expected at night in the absence (minimum) of the load of hot water supply, which should provide the heated building with the necessary (at a given outdoor temperature) daily allowance supply of heat.

5. Usually, the design curves of water temperatures in networks witht 1 \u003d 150 ° С at a mixed load are compiled with the condition that at the turning point of the graph specific consumption circulating water per 1 Gcal / h of heat load (heating and ventilation and the average hourly value of hot water supply) was 13 - 14 tons.

This value is much higher than theoretically required flow(during automation), but is a necessary consequence of manually configuring networks using the installation in each heating point consumer of constant resistance, designed for the required flow rate in normal (calculated) hydraulic mode.

The above assumes a fairly accurate hydraulic calculation of the heating network and constant resistances (washers, nozzles) and, most importantly, the installation of the latter in hundreds, and sometimes thousands of points.

6. The process of such adjustment of the regime is very time-consuming and therefore very often not brought to the end, which is unacceptable.

In addition, it should be adjusted as new consumers appear or as the hydraulic characteristics of the heating network change (laying new mains, jumpers, changing pipe diameters during repairs, etc.), which is often neglected.

As a result, as the analysis of the implementation of water temperature charts shows, the vast majority of heating networks operate with an excess (against the calculated) return water temperatures and, consequently, excessive consumption of the coolant.

The reason for this is usually the excessive consumption of the coolant and the consumers closest to the heat source. The total overrun of the coolant is, as a rule, not less than 20–25% of the calculated norm, which, if the temperature schedule is observed, leads to an overrun of heat for heating in the whole network within 5–7% (Fig. , a and b). As can be seen from fig. , b, the specific heat carrier consumption, taken when calculating the operating schedule in the amount of 13 tons per 1 Gcal / h, is actually 15.2, and with automatic control of heat supply to consumers, it can be reduced to 11 tons.

The result of such a change in water consumption is the deformation of the calculated comparison graph in the heat network (Fig. ). If, with an estimated water consumption of 1 Gcal / h of 13 t (1), the estimated difference in pressure and the end user (at the elevator) in a fully loaded network was 15 m, then with an actual consumption of 15.2 t (2), this difference decreased to 3 m, which does not ensure the normal operation of the elevator and, consequently, the heating system.

The correct solution to the problem of ensuring the normal operation of this heating system would be (if further network adjustment does not work) to install a silent mixing pump. However, very often in this case the nozzle is taken out in the elevator, which leads to a disruption in the operation of neighboring consumers, and then the entire network.

7. Inaccurate distribution of the heat carrier among heat points to consumers in this way leads to:

to overestimation of water consumption by consumers in the head sections of networks (i.e., in places with a large difference in pressure) and, consequently, their excessive consumption of heat;

to reduce the available pressure difference at the end points of the networks and, consequently, to disrupt the operation of the end consumers;

to excessive consumption of thermal energy by consumers electrical energy for pumping as a whole through the heating network.

11. The main element of the developed schemes (Fig. ) is a group heat point. Such points are intended not only to regulate the supply of heat for heating and hot water supply, but also to control the parameters and flow and leakage of the coolant. The control system is complemented by controls that can be used to selectively reduce the coolant consumption for both heating and hot water supply. The construction of gas turbine units equipped with control means, as well as telemechanization of control and management, makes it possible to push back (for a while) the automation of regulation local systems heating, althoughslightly reduce the possible effect of saving heat.

35. Control over the correct distribution of the heat carrier will also reduce unproductive heating costs in the amount of 3-5% while improving the heat supply to end consumers.

36. Due to the constant growth in the volume of repair work (as the equipment ages), the number of duty and other personnel involved in monitoring (maintenance) of the equipment in operation is systematically reduced in heat supply enterprises. This is especially true for the category (profession) of linemen of subscriber heat points. This process, objectively inevitable, at the same time causes Negative consequences in the form of an unjustified increase in the costs of the coolant and make-up water.

The control system developed in enterprises, especially in its final version, i.e. in telemechanization, should not only correct the admitted deterioration in performance, but may also provide an opportunity for a further reduction in the staff on duty (for example, as a result of an increase in the duration of operation of the equipment of heating points between inspections).

LITERATURE