Optimum residential heating system. The microclimate of residential premises and public buildings. Lighting natural and artificial. Heating is local and central. Ventilation of residential and public buildings. For below-optimal air temperature range

Explanatory note

Control tasks are compiled

for students for ___2___ course ____3__ semester

speciality 060501 Nursing

discipline OP.05. "Hygiene and human ecology"

Name

By the time of the survey, students have studied topics

semester in accordance with the thematic plan

in the amount of __72_____ hours

Knowledge slice material:

three options for control tasks in a test form

Tests by discipline

« Hygiene and human ecology»

2_ course 060501 Nursing

The total number of classroom hours according to the curriculum: _____48____ hours.

Theoretical classes: 28 hours.

Practical lessons: 20 hours.

Compiled by teacher: Samsonova T.A.

1 option.

1. Name the founder of hygienic science in Russia:

a) Dobroslavin A.P.

b) Semashko ON.

c) Solovyov Z.P.

d) Pavlov I.P.

2. Name the scientist who first proposed the term "Ecology":

a) Humboldt

b) Darwin

c) Haeckel

d) Engler

3. The cause of acid rain is an increased concentration in the atmosphere:

a) Sulfur oxides

c) Oxygen

4. Optimum relative humidity in a residential area in%:

5. Part of the solar spectrum that has a bactericidal effect:

a) visible light

b) Infrared rays

c) ultraviolet rays

d) All of the above are correct.

6. Instrument used for continuous recording of air temperature:

a) barograph

b) thermograph

c) psychrometer

d) hygrograph

7. Getting contaminated soil into a human wound can cause the development of:

a) cholera

b) salmonellosis

c) botulism

d) gas gangrene

8. Increased content of nitrates in the soil, with a low amount of chlorides
testifies:

a) about long-term soil pollution

b) recent soil contamination

c) about the constant pollution of the soil

d) about periodic soil pollution

9. An excess of which microelement causes fluorosis of teeth and other bone
changes:

b) arsenic

10. With what, if titer, drinking water is allowed for sale:

11. Find the correct conclusions: hard water has the following properties:

a) can lead to edema

b) increases appetite

c) speeds up cooking

d) slow down food preparation

12. Death is caused by the loss of the amount of water in the body in%:
a) 3-5%

13. daily requirement human in protein (in grams):

b) 30 - 40
c) 50 - 70
d) 80-100

14. Daily human need for fat (in grams):

15. Daily human need for carbohydrates (in grams):

16. Vitamin "C" is found most in:

a) cabbage

b) carrots

c) blackcurrant

d) wild rose

17. Lack of vitamin A in the body causes:

a) decrease in bone strength

b) "night blindness"

c) reduces blood clotting

d) reduces capillary permeability

18. Beri's disease - Beri occurs when there is a lack of vitamin in the body:
a) B1

19. Mark the correct statement:

a) botulism occurs when eating fried mushrooms

b) botulism occurs when eating canned mushrooms

c) botulism occurs when eating fresh mushrooms

d) botulism occurs when eating boiled mushrooms

20. The main way poisons enter the body at work are:

a) gastrointestinal tract

b) respiratory tract

c) skin

d) mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes.

21. The greatest danger of getting sick with silicosis is in:
a) explosives;

6) drivers;

c) locksmiths;

d) sandblasters.

22. From a hygienic point of view, an optimal heating system
living quarters is:

a) air;

b) panel;

c) water;

d) steam.

23. Ions that cause water hardness:

a) iron, chlorine;

b) calcium, magnesium;

c) sodium, calcium;

d) copper, magnesium.

24. The main functional role of proteins as nutrients:

a) energy;

b) plastic;

c) lytic;

d) catalytic.

25. The main sources of phosphorus are the following products:

a) dried apricots;

c) beef liver;

d) cottage cheese.

26. Mark the correct statement:

27. The greenhouse effect is associated with an increase in the concentration in the atmosphere:

a) sulfur oxides;

b) nitrogen oxides;

c) carbon dioxide;

28. Soil transmission factor, infectious disease:

a) tuberculosis;

c) cholera;

d) anthrax;

29. The main functional role of water-soluble vitamins:

a) caloric;

b) catalytic;

c) plastic;

d) energy.

30. Mark the correct statement:

a) toxic infection often occurs with massive seeding
products by microorganisms;

b) toxic infection often occurs when it enters the products and
dishes of single microorganisms

c) toxic infection more often occurs when fresh fruits are consumed;

d) toxic infection often occurs when eating fried foods.

Option 2.

1. Chemical compounds that cause destruction of the ozone layer:

a) sulfur oxides

b) freons

c) oxides of carbon

d) iron oxides

2. Antirachitic action is possessed by:

a) infrared rays
b) blue rays

c) ultraviolet rays

d) red rays

3. The greatest importance in air pollution in the city of Uryupinsk at present
plays:

a) transport

b) heating appliances

d) industrial enterprises

e) unauthorized dumps

4. Soot in the air:

a) is a carcinogen

b) promotes the formation of methemoglobin

c) worsens living conditions

d) promotes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin

5. Dental caries, causes the absence or small amount of trace elements:
a) lead

b) selenium

6. Endemic goiter, causes a lack of trace elements in water:

c) arsenic

7. Permissible microbial count drinking water:

8. The main functional role of proteins as nutrients:

a) energy

b) plastic

c) lytic

d) catalytic

9. The appearance of cracks on the skin and mucous membranes is a sign of hypovitaminosis:

a) vitamin B2

b) vitamin A

c) vitamin "PP"

d) vitamin E

10. The greatest source of vitamin "A" in food is:

c) vegetable oil

d) fish liver

11. Optimal distribution of caloric content of food in% with 3 meals a day:

A) 30 - 45 - 25

B) 15-50-35

C) 20 - 60 - 20

D) 25 - 50 - 25

12. The greatest danger of getting sick with anthracosis is in:

a) explosives

b) grinders

c) locksmiths

d) miners

13. With local vibration, the following are primarily affected:

a) capillaries of the fingertips

b) vessels of the brain

c) central nervous system

G) the cardiovascular system

b) northern

c) eastern

d) western

15. In the wards of health care facilities, heating systems such as:

a) water

b) steam

c) panel

d) air

16. Duration of active attention in children 7-10 years old:

a) 10 minutes

b) 15 minutes

c) 20 minutes

d) 30 minutes

17. "School" diseases include:

a) strabismus

b) nephropathy
c) scoliosis

d) color blindness

18. The main danger for medical personnel during X-ray
research.

a) external exposure

b) internal exposure

c) blinding effect of the x-ray beam

d) unfavorable microclimate

19. Optimal microclimate indicators for the wards of the therapeutic department:

a) air temperature 18°C, relative humidity 45%, air movement 0.2 m/s

b) air temperature 24°С, relative humidity 75%, air movement 0.4 m/s

c) air temperature 25°C, relative humidity 25%, air movement 0.5 m/s

d) air temperature 18°С, relative humidity 80%, air movement 0.1 m/s

20. The infectious disease department of the hospital should be located:

a) in the main building

b) in an independent building

21. Building materials must have:

a) low thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;

b) high thermal conductivity and low air conductivity;

c) high thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;

d) low thermal conductivity and low air conductivity.

22. To ensure the thermal comfort of a dwelling for a person
are important, the following indicators:

a) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the horizontal and height of the room, the temperature of the internal surfaces of the walls;

b) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the height;

c) the temperature of the outer surfaces of the walls;

d) horizontal air temperature.

23. An indicator for assessing the effectiveness of ventilation is:

a) oxidizability;

c) nitrogen oxides;

d) carbon dioxide.

24. Optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings, in contrast to the permissible ones:

25. The root of which plant (sweet, fragrant) contains the poisonous substance cicutotoxin:

a) black henbane;

b) belladonna;

c) milestone poisonous;

d) spotted hemlock.

26. At what disease does the crumb of bread darken, become sticky and viscous, acquiring the smell of valerian:

a) bread pigmentation;

b) cretaceous disease;

c) potato disease;

d) mold.

27. Fermented milk product, during the production of which two types of fermentation are paralleled:

a) curdled milk;

b) sour cream;

d) ryazhenka.

28. Mycotoxicosis - has a carcinogenic effect, causing sarcoma:

a) poisoning with "drunk" bread;

b) aflotoxicosis;

c) alimentary-toxic aleukia;

d) ergotism.

29. The average loss of vitamin C during cooking (in%):

30. The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people engaged in heavy physical labor should be:

3 option.

1. Mycotoxicoses are:

a) food poisoning of bacterial origin;

b) diseases of food inadequacy;

c) alimentary diseases caused by toxins of microscopic fungi;

d) diseases of overweight.

2. Mitotoxicosis - proceeding in a convulsive and gangrenous form:

a) ergotism;

b) alimentary-toxic aleukia;

c) poisoning with "drunk" bread;

d) aflotoxicosis.

3. What should be the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people involved in mental labor:

4. Aquatic organisms living in natural layers and the thickness of the bottom of reservoirs are:

a) plankton;

b) benthos;

c) nekton;

d) periphyton.

5. Permissible water hardness:

a) 3.5 mg/l;

b) 7.0 mg/l;

c) 10 mg/l;

d) 14 mg / l.

6. Aquatic organisms living in the water column and capable of actively
move regardless of the currents, it is:

a) benthos;

b) periphyton;

c) nekton;

d) plankton.

7. Chemical - used as a coagulant
in water treatment:

b) sodium hypochlorite;

c) aluminum sulfate;

d) manganese.

8. Which of the following chemical compounds of water cause dyspepsia:

a) fluorides;

b) sulfates;

c) nitrates;

d) chlorides.

9. The increased content of nitrates in the soil with a low amount of chlorides indicates:

a) about long-term contamination of the soil;

b) recent soil contamination;

c) permanent soil pollution;

d) periodic soil pollution.

10. The reason for the development of methemoglobinemia in humans can be the introduction into the soil:

a) potash fertilizers;

b) phosphate fertilizers;

c) nitrogen fertilizers;

d) pesticides.

11. Decompression sickness occurs as a result of changes in blood concentration:

b) carbon monoxide;

c) sulfur compounds;

d) oxygen.

12. Long-term observations of the partial pressure of oxygen (at sea level) have shown:

a) decrease in partial pressure;

b) increase in partial pressure;

c) constant partial pressure;

d) continuous change.

13. A chemical compound in high concentrations that causes pulmonary edema:

a) hydrogen sulfide;

b) nitrogen oxides;

c) photooxidants;

d) carbon dioxide.

14. A chemical compound that causes the formation of malignant tumors:

a) carbon monoxide;

b) sulfur oxides;

c) benzpyrene;

d) carbon dioxide.

15. Instrument used for continuous recording of air temperature:

a) barograph

b) thermograph

c) psychrometer

d) hygrograph

16. Optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings, in contrast to the permissible ones:

a) do not depend on age and climatic region;

b) do not depend on age and depend on the climatic region;

c) depend on age and do not depend on the climatic region;

d) depend on age and depend on the climatic region.

17. The infectious disease department of the hospital should be located:

a) in the main building

b) in an independent building

c) on the upper floors of the medical building

d) in a separate wing of the medical building.

18. Duration of active attention in children 7-10 years old:

a) 10 minutes

b) 15 minutes

c) 20 minutes

b) northern

c) eastern

d) western

20. Optimal distribution of caloric content of food in% with 3 meals a day:

a) 30 - 45 - 25

c) 20 - 60 - 20

d) 25 - 50 - 25

21. The main functional role of proteins as nutrients:

a) energy

b) plastic

c) lytic

d) catalytic

22. dental caries - causes the absence or small amount of trace elements:
a) lead

23. Antirachitic action is possessed by:

a) infrared rays
b) blue rays

c) ultraviolet rays

d) red rays

24. The main functional role of water-soluble vitamins:

a) caloric;

b) catalytic;

c) plastic;

d) energy.

25. Mark the correct statement:

a) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with normal temperature;

b) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with subfebrile temperature;

c) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with a high temperature;

d) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with high blood pressure.

26. From a hygienic point of view, an optimal heating system
living quarters is:

a) air;

b) panel;

c) water;

d) steam.

27. Beri's disease - Beri occurs when there is a lack of vitamin in the body:
a) B1

28. Daily human need for carbohydrates (in grams):

29. Fatal outcome is caused by the loss of the amount of water in the body in%:
a) 3-5%

30. An excess of a microelement causing fluorosis of teeth and other bone
changes:

b) arsenic

Sample answers to tests in the discipline "Human Hygiene and Ecology"

Option 1 1. a) 2. c) 3. a) 4. c) 5. c) 6. b) 7. d) 8. a) 9. c) 10. d) 11. d) 12. c) 13. d) 14. c) 15. c) 16. d) 17. b) 18. a) 19. b) 20. b) 21. d) 22. b) 23. b) 24. b) 25. c) 26. a) 27. c) 28. d) 29. b) 30. a)

Option 2. 1. b) 2. c) 3. a) 4. a) 5. d) 6. d) 7. a) 8. b) 9. a) 10. d) 11 . a) 12. d) 13. a) 14. b) 15. c) 16. a) 17. c) 18. a) 19. a) 20. b) 21. a) 22. a) 23. d) 24. a) 25. c) 26. c) 27. c) 28. b) 29. d) 30. b)

3 option. 1. c) 2. a) 3. b) 4. b) 5. b) 6. c) 7. c) 8. b) 9. a) 10. c) 11. a) 12. c) 13. b) 14. c) 15. b) 16. a) 17. b) 18. a) 19. b) 20. a) 21. b) 22. d) 23. c) 24. b) 25. a) 26. b) 27. a) 28. c) 29. c) 30. c)

Test tasks
to a comprehensive interdisciplinary exam
(in disciplines: "Medical Genetics",
"Microbiology", "Hygiene and Human Ecology")
in the discipline "Hygiene and Human Ecology"
for students of specialties:
"Nursing", "Medicine", "Obstetrics"
2 course, 4 semester

Tests updated in September 2009 No. 133-166
Instructions: choose 1 correct answer.

Section 1. The subject of human hygiene and ecology

Founder of domestic hygiene in Russia:

a) Dobroslavin A.P.;
b) Semashko N.A.;
c) Solovyov Z.P.;
d) Charles Darwin.

The term "Ecology:

a) biogeography;
b) housing science;
c) earth science;
d) the science of animal behavior.

Abiotic factor:
The name of the scientist who first proposed the term "ecology":

a) Humboldt;
b) Darwin;
c) Haeckel;
d) Engler.

The term "hygiene":

a) housing science;
b) the science of the form and structure of man;
c) the science of the right and rational way of life;
d) the science of the vital activity of a living organism.

Branch of ecology that studies environmental factors:

a) population;
b) the doctrine of ecosystems;
c) factorial ecology;
d) ecology of organisms.

Section 2. Environmental health

The cause of acid rain is an increased concentration in the atmosphere:

a) sulfur oxides; b) ozone;
c) oxygen;
b) nitrogen.

A chemical compound that in high concentrations causes the formation of malignant tumors:

a) carbon monoxide;
b) sulfur oxides;
c) benzo(a)pyrene;
d) carbon dioxide.

Optimum relative humidity in a residential area in %:

a) 15 - 20%;
b) 20 - 30%;
c) 40 - 60%;
d) 80 - 90%.

Instrument used for continuous, automatic recording of air temperature:

a) barograph;
b) thermograph;
c) psychrometer;
d) hygrograph.

Part of the solar spectrum that has a bactericidal effect:

a) visible light
b) infrared rays;
c) ultraviolet rays;
d) all parts of the spectrum.

The source of carbon monoxide in the air is:

a) transport;
b) street dust;
c) breathing;
d) an industrial enterprise emitting sulfur dioxide with smoke.

Contraindications to artificial UV irradiation:

a) an active form of tuberculosis;
c) the presence of age spots;
d) all of the above are correct.

The greenhouse effect is associated with an increase in the concentration in the atmosphere:

a) sulfur oxides;
b) nitrogen oxides;
c) carbon dioxide;
d) ozone.

The biological effect of UVR of the solar spectrum is:

a) oppressive action;
b) vitamin-forming;
c) decreased visual acuity;
d) the formation of methemoglobin.

Factor that does not affect the microclimate:

a) illumination;
b) air temperature;
c) air humidity;
d) the speed of air movement.

Meteotropic diseases include:

a) bronchial asthma;
b) hypertension;
c) rheumatism;
d) all of the above are correct.

Digital indicator of oxygen concentration in the atmosphere:

a) 78%;
b) 21%;
c) 0.93%;
d) 0.04%.

Digital indicator of oxygen in the pressure chamber:

a) 16%;
b) 21%;
c) 40–60%;
d) 78%.

A chemical compound in high concentrations that causes pulmonary edema:

a) hydrogen sulfide;
b) nitrogen oxides;
c) photooxidants;
d) carbon dioxide.

Chemical compound that causes ozone depletion:

a) sulfur oxides;
b) freons;
c) oxides of carbon;
d) iron oxides.

Have anti-rachitic action:

a) infrared rays;
b) blue rays;
c) ultraviolet rays;
d) red rays.

An aneroid barometer is used to evaluate:

a) temperature;
b) humidity;
c) air velocity;
d) atmospheric pressure.

The most important in urban air pollution currently plays:

a) vehicles;
b) heating devices;
c) industrial enterprises;
d) unauthorized dumps.

Sulfur compounds in the air contribute to:

a) irritation of the respiratory tract;
b) the formation of methemoglobin;
c) the formation of carboxyhemoglobin;
d) caries.

Decompression sickness occurs as a result of a change in the concentration of:

a) nitrogen;
b) carbon monoxide;
c) sulfur compounds;
d) oxygen.

The factor influencing the intensity of natural UVR are:

a) polar night;
b) solar activity;
c) low standing of the sun above the horizon;
d) cloudy weather.

Indications for artificial ultraviolet radiation for prophylactic purposes:

a) an active form of tuberculosis;
b) diseases of the thyroid gland;
c) the presence of age spots;
d) hypovitaminosis "D"

Conditions under which a person is exposed to high atmospheric pressure:

a) work at high temperatures;
b) diving operations;
c) mountain climbing
d) flights to aircraft.

To assess the humidity use:

a) a thermometer;
b) barometer;
c) anemometer;
d) psychrometer.

To assess the temperature regime, use:

a) a thermometer;
b) barometer;
c) anemometer;
d) catothermometer.

Diseases and conditions of a person in which treatment in a pressure chamber is used:

a) diseases of the cardiovascular system;
b) decompression sickness;
c) bronchial asthma;
d) all of the above are correct.

Digital indicator of nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere:

a) 4%;
b) 16%;
c) 78%;
d) 0.93%.

Types of action of sulfur compounds in the air of cities on the human body:

a) carcinogenic;
b) irritant to the respiratory tract;
c) silicosis;
d) gonadotropic.

The reason for the development of methemoglobinemia in humans may be the introduction into the soil:

a) potash fertilizers;
b) phosphate fertilizers;
c) nitrogen fertilizers;
d) pesticides.

a) hygroscopicity;
b) breathability;
in) chemical composition soil;
d) the number of helminth eggs in a gram of soil.

The microorganism does not form spores in the soil:

a) the causative agent of anthrax;
b) the causative agent of tetanus;
c) the causative agent of dysentery;
d) the causative agent of botulism.

Infectious disease, the transmission factor of which is the soil:

a) typhus;
b) flu;
c) scabies;
d) anthrax.

The first stage of soil self-purification:

a) the formation of humus;
b) nitrification;
c) mineralization;
d) oxygenation.

Diseases of residents with endemic goiter are associated with:

b) with low iodine content in soil water;

The presence of methemoglobin in the blood is associated with:

a) with the presence of oxygen in the air;
b) with the presence of nitrates in food and water;
c) with the presence of carbon dioxide in the air;
d) the presence of carbon dioxide in the air.

The entry of contaminated soil into a human wound can cause the development of:

a) cholera;
b) salmonellosis;
c) botulism;
d) gas gangrene.

Soil health index:

a) the number of eggs and pupae of flies in 0.25 m 2;
b) hygroscopicity;
c) breathability;
d) the chemical composition of the soil.

Microorganism that produces spores in soil

a) the causative agent of typhoid fever;
b) the causative agent of diphtheria;
c) the causative agent of botulism;
d) the causative agent of malaria.

The transmission of pathogens of intestinal diseases to humans from the soil occurs:

a) through food;
b) through damaged skin;
c) through a tick bite;
d) by airborne droplets.

Diseases of residents with caries are associated with:

a) with a high content of fluorine in soil and water;
b) with a low content of iodine in the soil and soil;
c) with a high content of iodine in soil and water;
d) with a low content of fluorine in soil and water.

The final stage of soil self-purification:

a) the formation of humus;
b) nitrification;
c) mineralization;
d) oxygenation.

Diseases of residents with fluorosis are associated with:

a) with an increase in the content of fluorine in soil and water;
b) with a decrease in the iodine content in water and soil;
c) with an increase in the content of iodine in soil and water;
d) with a decrease in the content of fluorine in soil and water.

The lack or excess of trace elements in the soil leads to:

a) to their deficiency or excess in the human body;
b) violation of intermediate metabolism;
c) the occurrence of diseases;
d) all of the above are correct.

A chemical compound that is part of drinking water that causes dyspepsia:

a) fluorides;
b) sulfates;
c) nitrates;
d) chlorides.

A trace element, the absence or small amount of which causes dental caries:

a) lead;
b) selenium;
c) zinc;
d) fluorine.

A trace element, the absence or small amount of which causes fluorosis of teeth and other bone formations:

a) copper;
b) arsenic;
c) fluorine;
d) iodine.

Chemical compound used as a coagulant in water treatment:

a) CuSO4;
b) KMnO4;
c) Al2(SO4)3;
d) HOCl.

Permissible microbial count of drinking water:

a) 50;
b) 120;
c) 150;
d) 200.

Drinking water with a high content of chlorides causes:

a) decreased secretion of the stomach;
b) increase in body temperature;
c) methemoglobinemia;
d) caries.

For the supply of drinking water supply systems use:

a) atmospheric waters;
b) the waters of the seas;
c) swamp waters;
d) open water.

The lethal outcome is caused by the loss of the body's amount of water (in%):

a) 3 - 5%;
b) 7 - 10%;
c) 15 - 20%;
d) 25 - 30%.

Water consumption rate in fully sewered large settlements:

a) 250 - 350 l / day;
b) 40 - 60 l / day;
c) 170 l/day;
d) 10 l / day.

The main source of iodine for humans:

a) food
b) water;
to the air;
d) all of the above are correct.

Ions that determine water hardness:

a) iron, chlorine;
b) calcium, magnesium;
c) sodium, calcium;
d) copper, magnesium.

What is the optimal water hardness:

a) 3.5 mg equiv/l;
b) 7.0 mg equiv/l;
c) 10 mg equiv/l;
d) 14 mg eq/l.

Chemical compounds that cause methemoglobinemia:

a) chlorides;
b) nitrates;
c) sulfates;
d) fluorides.

Trace element, the lack of which leads to the occurrence of endemic goiter:

a) zinc;
b) copper;
c) arsenic;
d) iodine.

Hard water has the following properties:

a) can lead to edema;
b) increases appetite;
c) speeds up cooking;
d) affects cardiac activity.

Substances that characterize water pollution by protein organic compounds:

a) chlorides;
b) fluorine;
c) nitrites;
d) selenium.

Water clarification method:

a) ozonation;
b) boiling;
c) filtration;
d) chlorination.

The advantage of ozone over chlorine in water disinfection:

a) clarifies water;
b) cools the water;
c) more effective against pathogenic protozoa;
d) cheaper way.

The main source of fluoride for humans:

a) food
b) water;
to the air.

Section 3. Ecological and hygienic problems of nutrition.

Daily human need for protein (in g) per day:

a) 15 - 20;
b) 30 - 40;
c) 50 - 70;
d) 80 - 100.

The daily requirement of a person in carbohydrates (in g) per day:

a) 50 - 80;
b) 150 - 200;
c) 350 - 400;
d) 500 - 700.

The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people engaged in heavy physical labor:

a) 1 - 0.8 - 3;
b) 1 - 1.3 - 6;
c) 1 - 1 - 4;
d) 1 - 1 - 5.

The main, functional role of water-soluble vitamins:

a) caloric;
b) catalytic;
c) plastic;
d) energy.

Vitamin C contains the most:

a) in cabbage
b) in carrots;
c) in blackcurrant;
d) in a rosehip.

The “take-take” disease occurs when there is a lack of a vitamin in the body:

a) B1 (thiamine);
b) PP (nicotinic acid);
c) D (calciferol);
d) K (phylloquinone).

Food substances containing vitamins A, D, E, K:

a) fats;
b) proteins;
c) vitamins;
d) mineral salts.

product that is the main source of phosphorus:

a) dried apricots, apricots;
b) peas, beans;
c) fish;
d) beef liver, eggs.

The main biological role of carbohydrates:

a) are a source of energy;
b) are building blocks cells and tissues;
c) play a protective role;
d) are a source of vitamins.

Conditions that contribute to the destruction of vitamin "C" in products:

a) a natural product;
b) acidic environment;
c) oxygen;
d) storage in a sealed container.

Vitamin C is better preserved:

a) when making puree;
b) frying in fat;
c) when cooking in the "peel";
d) bookmark when cooking in cold water.

Symptom "cholera-like diarrhea" refers to a group of nutritional diseases:

a) alimentary toxicosis (poisoning by mushrooms);
b) diseases of food inadequacy;
c) enzymopathy;
d) diseases of overweight.

Product that causes solanine poisoning:

a) fly agaric;
b) black henbane;
c) sprouted, green potatoes;
d) drunken bread.

The causative agent of food poisoning:

a) the causative agent of dysentery;
b) the causative agent of tuberculosis;
c) E. coli;
d) the causative agent of diphtheria.

Product that is a source of vitamin B1:

a) sauerkraut
b) fish;
c) butter;
d) bread.

a) botulism occurs when eating fried mushrooms;
b) botulism occurs when eating canned mushrooms.

Mark the correct statement:

a) toxic infections often occur with massive contamination of products
microorganisms;
b) toxic infections often occur when single microorganisms enter food and dishes.

The daily human need for fat (in g) per day is:

a) 30–40;
b) 50–70;
c) 80–100;
d) 100–120.

The main, functional role of proteins as nutrients:

a) energy;
b) plastic;
c) lytic;
d) catalytic.

The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people engaged in mental work:

a) 1–1–5;
b) 1–1–4;
c) 1–0.8–3;
d) 1–1.3–6.

The appearance of cracks on the skin and mucous membranes is a sign of hypovitaminosis:

a) thiamine (B1);
b) riboflavin (B2);
c) nicotinic acid (PP);
d) tocopherol (E).

Vitamin A deficiency in the body causes:

a) decrease in bone strength;
b) "night blindness";
c) capillary porosity;
d) reduces blood clotting.

Product that is a source of vitamin "A":

a) fish;
b) cheese;
c) butter;
d) all of the above.

The source of calcium in food is:

a) cottage cheese;
b) beef liver;
c) potatoes;
d) raisins.

The main biological role of fats:

a) source of energy;
b) a source of phosphates and fatty acids;
c) a source of fat-soluble vitamins;
d) a source of B vitamins.

The optimal distribution of food calories in% (with 3 meals a day):

a) 30–45–25;
b) 15–50–35;
c) 20–60–20;
d) 25–50–25.

The loss of vitamin C during cooking is (in%):

a) 10–15%;
b) 30%;
c) 40%;
d) 50%.

What disease occurs when eating grain that has overwintered under the snow:

a) alimentary-toxic aleukia;
b) ergotism;
c) botulism;
d) aflatoxicosis.

The root of the plant (sweet taste, fragrant) containing the poisonous substance cicutotoxin:

a) black henbane;
b) belladonna;
c) milestone poisonous;
d) spotted hemlock.

The most common cause of botulism is:

a) milk;
b) canned vegetables;
c) dried fruits;
d) buttercream.

Foods that are sources of iron:

a) cottage cheese;
b) liver;
c) fish;
d) raisins.

Complete protein product:

a) sauerkraut
b) pomegranate;
c) butter;
d) meat.

The temperature required for storing dairy products:

a) - 2 ° С;
b) - 20 ° С;
c) + 4° С - + 6° С;
d) 0°C.

Products and dishes, if stored improperly, staphylococcal poisoning may occur:

a) canned cucumbers;
b) nuts;
c) cottage cheese;
d) poisonous mushrooms.

Staphylococcal poisoning often occurs:

a) with a decrease in blood pressure and temperature;
b) with subfebrile temperature.

The quantity and quality of food depends on:

a) from age;
b) gender;
in) climatic conditions;
d) all of the above are correct.

The need of people for vitamin "C" increases significantly with:

a) infectious diseases;
b) tuberculosis;
c) diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
d) all of the above are correct.

Section 4. Influence of production factors on the state of health and human activity.

Means of individual prevention of pneumoconiosis:

a) respirators;
b) glasses;
c) gloves;
G) exhaust devices at work.

Measures to prevent occupational poisoning:

a) control over the state of the air in the air of the working area;
b) automation and sealing of hazardous production processes;
c) hygienic standardization of raw materials and finished materials;
d) all of the above are correct.

The type of radiation with the highest penetrating power:

a) α-radiation;
b) β-radiation;
c) x-ray radiation;
d) all of the above are correct.

The principle of protection when working with radioactive substances in a closed area:

a) protection by quantity and time;
b) use of personal protective equipment;
c) all of the above are correct.

General measures to prevent noise in the workplace include:

a) change in production technology;
b) ventilation;
c) sealing;
d) all of the above are correct.

Industrial sources of vibration:

a) diving to great depths;
b) work at high temperatures;
c) forms for vibrocompaction of concrete;
d) work with chemicals.

With vibration disease, the following are primarily affected:

a) capillaries of the fingertips;
b) vessels of the brain;
c) central unequal system;
d) the cardiovascular system.

General measures for the prevention of pneumoconiosis:

a) mechanization and automation;
b) control over the MPC of carbon monoxide in the air of the premises for work;
c) dry drilling;
d) normal lighting in the workplace.

The most dangerous way for poisons to enter the body at work is

a) gastrointestinal tract;
b) respiratory tract;
c) skin;
d) mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes.

Excretion from the body of toxic substances that are highly soluble in water is carried out through:

a) gastrointestinal tract;
b) kidneys;
c) respiratory organs.

An organ of importance in the detoxification and transformation of chemical compounds into the body
a) intestines;
b) liver;
c) endocrine glands;
d) bone tissue.
Noise protection equipment:

a) gas mask;
b) goggles;
c) headphones.

Industrial noise affects:

a) hearing aid
b) on the gastrointestinal tract;
c) on the skin;
d) the musculoskeletal system.

General measures to prevent vibration disease:

a) technical control ventilation;
b) setting the MPC for gas contamination;
in) wet cleaning;
d) the use of remotes.

When the respiratory system is affected by industrial dust, the following matters:

a) size of dust particles;
b) solubility of dust particles;
c) chemical structure;
d) all of the above are correct.

The impact of industrial dust on the body is manifested in the occurrence of:

a) bronchitis;
b) pneumoconiosis;
in) allergic manifestations;
d) all of the above are correct.

The harmful effect of industrial dust depends on:

a) on the concentration of dust in the air;
b) the duration of the action during the shift;
c) duration of professional experience;
d) all of the above are correct.

Stochastic, or probabilistic effects occur when exposed to:

a) threshold doses;
b) small doses;
c) all of the above are correct.

Section 5. Urban ecology. Hygienic requirements for the environment in residential and public buildings.

Building materials must have:

a) low thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;
b) high thermal conductivity and low air conductivity;
c) high thermal conductivity and high air conductivity.

To ensure the thermal comfort of a dwelling for a person, the following indicators are important:

a) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences horizontally and
the height of the room, the temperature of the internal surfaces of the walls;
b) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the height;
c) the humidity of the indoor air.

Recommended orientation of living quarters in the Trans-Urals:

a) northern;
b) southeast;
c) northwestern;
d) northeast.

In the wards of health care facilities, heating systems such as:

a) water;
b) steam;
c) panel;
d) air.

Optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings:

a) do not depend on age and climatic region;
b) do not depend on age and depend on the climatic region;
c) depend on age and do not depend on the climatic region.

From a hygienic point of view, the optimal residential heating system is:

a) air;
b) panel;
c) water;
d) steam.

The microclimate of the premises is characterized by the following indicator:

a) air temperature;
b) atmospheric pressure;
c) the chemical composition of the air;
d) illumination.

Recommended orientation of operating room windows:

a) south
b) northern;
c) eastern;
d) western.

Requirements for artificial lighting:

a) suit the purpose of the premises;
b) be sufficient, regulated and safe;
c) not to have a blinding effect;
d) all of the above are correct.

Negative side of urbanization:

1) communal improvement
2) high level of culture
3) intense air pollution
4) high economic potential

Positive side urbanization:

1) intense environmental pollution
2) change in microclimatic conditions
3) high level of culture
4) decrease in the intensity of solar radiation

135. Basic principles of urban planning:

1) zoning of the territories of the settlement
2) optimal choice of territory
3) accounting for the wind rose
4) all of the above

Not classified as environmental pollution:

1) natural
2) physical
3) biological
4) chemical

Physical pollution of the environment includes:

1) thermal
2) noise
3) electromagnetic
4) all of the above

Planning activities for environmental protection include:

1) creation sanitary protection zone
2) creation of low-waste technologies
3) replacement harmful substances less harmful
4) environmental legislation

Does not apply to functions that perform green spaces:

1) improve the microclimate
2) absorb carbon dioxide and other toxins
3) enhance solar radiation
4) give aesthetics

The industrial zone is located:

1) on the leeward side in relation to the residential area
2) at a distance from the residential area
3) below the residential area along the river
4) all of the above

The maximum allowable CO2 content in a residential area should not exceed:

1) 0,1 %
2) 1%
3) 2%
4) 0,5 %

natural ventilation- this is air exchange occurring under the influence of:

1) Humidity
2) pressure difference
3) wind pressure
4) temperature difference between outdoor and room air

Natural lighting in a room does not depend on:

1) type of lighting fittings
2) window devices
3) type of curtains
4) painting walls and furniture

The light factor is:

1) the ratio of the non-glazed window surface to the floor area in the room
2) the ratio of the glazed surface of the windows to the floor area
3) the ratio of the non-glazed window surface to the ground
4) the ratio of the floor area of the premises to the glazed surface of the windows

145. Hygienic norm of KEO in living quarters

1) not less than 1.5%
2) no more than 2%
3) not less than 0.5%
4) no more than 5%

The depth of the living room should not exceed

1) 10m
2) 6m
3) 3m
4) 15m

Section 6. Healthy lifestyle and personal hygiene.

Elements of a healthy lifestyle:

a) rational nutrition;
b) no bad habits;
c) physical culture lessons;
d) all of the above are correct.

The share of the importance of lifestyle in shaping the health of the population:

a) 49 - 53%
b) 10%
in 20%

The concept of "hygienic education" is:

a) theory and practice of registration, preservation and promotion of the health of the individual
b) patterns of influence of environmental factors on human health

The object of hygienic education is:

a) external environment
b) a healthy person

Factors affecting health:

a) genetic background
b) nutritional features
c) personal hygiene
d) adequate self-esteem>
d) all of the above

According to the WHO, health is:

a) no disease
b) the normal functioning of body systems
c) a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases and defects in physical development
d) the state of the human body, when the functions of its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes

The factor that greatest influence on the formation of public health:

a) lifestyle
b) level and quality medical care
c) heredity
d) environment

Primary medical and social assistance (PHC) guides the individual in matters of health:

a) passive upbringing
b) personal responsibility

Human health depends on his lifestyle on:

a) 50%
b) 20%
at 10 o'clock%

Ways to improve the quality of medical care for the population:

a) creation of large hospitals, diagnostic centers
b) increasing the training period for medical workers
c) providing conditions for a healthy lifestyle

The concept of "low physical activity"(physical inactivity) includes:

a) refusal to play sports
b) classes in health groups
c) sedentary activity for more than 50% of the time

Systematic principle:

The principle of stimulating consciousness and activity:

a) provides for the permanent, regular nature of its implementation
b) expresses its focus on increasing the activity of an individual, a group of people

Relevance principle:

Sequence principle:

a) focuses on the most important and timely hygiene information
b) provides for the allocation of the main stages and their logical succession

The purpose of hygiene education is to fill:

a) missing skills and habits of a healthy safe lifestyle
b) social policy to increase health potential

Disease prevention and health promotion is the goal of hygiene education:

a) nearest
b) long term

A nurse in her professional activity is engaged in training:

a) patients and their families
b) student interns
c) junior medical staff
d) colleagues
d) all of the above

The medical worker for hygienic education conducts:

a) lectures
b) conversations
c) group work

Hygienic education is carried out:

a) at the clinic
b) on the site
c) in the infectious focus at home
d) all of the above

Section 7. Hygiene of children and adolescents.

For the hygienic assessment of physical education with children, the following indicators are used:

a) the general duration and structure of the lesson;
b) general and motor density of the lesson;
c) indicators of the body's response to physical activity;
d) all of the above are correct.

Does not apply to hygiene requirements in clothing:

a) maintaining thermal comfort;
b) do not impede human movements;
c) be fashionable;
d) easy to clean.

Basic principles of hardening:

a) taking into account the state of health and the degree of hardening;
b) gradualness;
c) complexity;
d) all of the above are correct.

The composition of the premises of the group cell of the kindergarten:

a) game room - dining room;
b) group with pantry;
c) dressing room
d) all of the above are correct.

Features of building a lesson in elementary school:

a) variety of activities;
b) visibility;
c) holding a physical education session;
d) all of the above are correct.

A condition that contributes to the development of myopia in children and adolescents:

a) insufficient lighting of the workplace;
b) correct orientation of windows;
c) the presence of fittings on the lamps;
d) sufficient lighting.

Basic hygiene requirements in the classroom for lighting:

a) orientation: south, southeast, east;
b) orientation west, southwest;
c) orientation to the north;
d) installation of colored glass.

Sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the conditions of education of children includes:

a) hygienic assessment of the state of school buildings (sufficiency of space, degree of improvement);
b) assessment of compliance with the norms of the teaching load;
c) assessment of the mode of the school day;
d) control over the organization of medical support for schools;
e) all of the above are correct.

An element that is not the main one in the hygienic rationality of organizing a lesson in high school:

a) the density of the lesson;
b) the amount of duration and alternation of activities;
c) application of TCO;
d) the presence of physical culture minutes.

176. General requirements for school furniture:

a) compliance with the growth of students;
b) coloring in light colors;
c) ease;
d) all of the above are correct.

Basic hygiene requirements for workshops:

a) sufficient space;
b) isolated placement;
c) adequate lighting;
d) proper ventilation;
e) all of the above are correct.

Elements kindergarten area:

a) group sites;
b) garden - garden - berry;
c) recreation area;
d) all of the above are correct.

179. The regime of the day and training sessions must comply with hygiene standards:

a) the duration of sleep;
b) wakefulness of different age groups;
c) conducting classes and recreational activities;
d) all of the above are correct.

Accelerating the growth and development of children is called:

STANDARDS OF ANSWERS

In rooms where a person rests or works, microclimatic conditions should ensure good thermal well-being and the normal course of physiological processes.

The perfection of thermoregulatory mechanisms allows a person to maintain thermal balance and adapt to various environmental temperature conditions. However, the possibilities of thermoregulation are not unlimited. Prolonged exposure of the human body to unfavorable meteorological conditions disrupts thermal equilibrium and poses a health hazard.

It has been established that for a person dressed in light clothing and at rest, the most favorable air temperature is 18-20°C with a relative humidity of 30-60% and an air velocity of 0.2 m/sec. Depending on the season and individual features of a person, these boundaries can shift somewhat in one direction or another. At the same time, it is very important that the air temperature in the room be uniform both in the horizontal and vertical directions (from windows to the opposite wall, temperature fluctuations should not exceed 2 °, and from floor to ceiling - 3 °). It is also necessary that the air temperature be uniform throughout the day and that the difference between the temperature of the inner surface of the walls and the air temperature in the room should be no more than 5 °. All these temperature conditions can provide rational heating, to which, in addition, the following hygienic requirements are imposed: 1) the surface temperature of the heating devices should not exceed 85 °, otherwise the settled dust will burn, accompanied by the release of gaseous products that irritate the mucous membranes and have an unpleasant odor; 2) heating should exclude the possibility of air pollution by smoke, soot, ash, coal dust and harmful gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide); 3) the heating system must be silent, safe in terms of fire, cheap, easy to maintain and maintain, providing the ability to control heat transfer from the surface heating appliances.

Of great hygienic importance is the type of fuel used for space heating, since combustion different varieties fuel causes pollution to a greater or lesser extent of atmospheric air and indoor air. Yes, burning solid fuel(firewood, coal, peat, shale) atmospheric air is polluted with ash, smoke, carbon monoxide (with incomplete combustion), sulfur dioxide (with a high content of sulfur in the fuel). Liquid grades of fuel (fuel oil, etc.) produce a lot of soot during combustion. From a hygienic point of view, the most appropriate is gaseous fuel(natural and artificial lighting gas), however, with the inept use of this fuel, the air can be polluted with carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. There is local and central heating. The local system is common in rural areas and small towns and is carried out using stoves. The best thermal effect is provided by furnaces of high heat capacity (Dutch furnace - Fig. 23), which, having inside a system of vertical and horizontal channels (smoke cycles) with hot flue gases passing through them, slowly heat up and maintain a more or less uniform temperature during the day with a single furnace. These stoves can also be used for room ventilation.

Rice. 23. Scheme of the Dutch oven.

In recent years, prolonged combustion furnaces have been used, in which the capacity of the firebox is increased, and the amount of air entering the furnace is minimized. Due to this, the combustion process slows down significantly and the heat transfer becomes more uniform over the course of the day.

Furnaces of low heat capacity are made of cast iron or steel, the inner walls of the firebox are lined with bricks.

Small portable ceramic ovens also fall into this category. Furnaces with low heat capacity quickly heat up and cool down after 1-2 hours, so they are suitable for short-term heating of people in temporary rooms. Furnace heating has a number of hygienic shortcomings: pollution of the premises during combustion with ash and fuel; the possibility of carbon monoxide entering the room air if the furnace is not closed in time; uneven heating of the surface, especially in the lower part; big square; fire hazard, etc.

More appropriate is central heating. There are various central heating systems: water, steam, air, radiation (radiant).

Rice. 24. Scheme of water heating.

In modern construction, water heating is most widely used. low pressure(Fig. 24). With this system, water is heated in boilers located in the boiler room and is supplied through pipelines to heating appliances(radiators), which are installed indoors under window sills to weaken the effect of cold currents from windows and external walls. Having given off heat, the water returns to the boiler through another pipe system and heats up again. Water heating low pressure from a hygienic point of view is a favorable system, since it provides the necessary temperature conditions in the room and makes it possible to regulate the temperature of the heated water, taking into account the outdoor temperature, and prevent heating of the radiator surface above 85 °. In some cases (for example, in a separate pharmacy building), it is possible to equip a local water heating system, heating water either in a small cast-iron boiler in the kitchen, or in a boiler built into the stove, or, finally, in coils embedded in the stove chimneys. From here, heated water flows through pipelines to radiators installed in the premises (Fig. 25).

Rice. 25. Scheme of a local water heating system for small buildings.

Steam heating differs from water heating in that instead of water, steam enters the radiators. In view of this, the surface of the radiators is very hot, due to which dust can burn, and when touched, skin burns.

With steam heating, the room often overheats and air dryness is observed.

Air heating is used mainly in public institutions(cinema, theaters, canteens, etc.) and is often combined with ventilation. Air is used as a heat carrier, which is heated to a certain temperature and is fed into the room through channels in the walls through holes closed by gratings.

From a hygienic point of view, radiation heating is very expedient. With this system, heating devices are laid in the thickness of building fences (walls, ceiling, floor) (in the form of pipes with circulating in them hot water or steam, hot air ducts or electric coils) that radiate heat and heat them up. The following temperatures of heated surfaces are recommended: floor - 24-34°, ceiling - 28-33°, walls - 45° ( building codes and rules II-D.7-62).

Radiant heating has a number of advantages over other systems: it ensures uniform distribution of heat in the room, due to the presence of large heating surfaces it reduces heat transfer by radiation, and does not take up useful space in the room.

However, a radiant heating system is still more expensive than a central water heating system and is complex in terms of equipment; especially great difficulties are created during the repair.

At present, when installing central heating, instead of the previously existing separate small house boiler houses, central boiler houses are being built, supplying heat to groups of buildings or entire workers' settlements and small towns. Very promising is the district heating from combined heat and power plants (CHP), producing heat and electricity. From a hygienic point of view, the use of large CHP plants for district heating has great advantages, since CHP plants are usually located outside residential areas and have a treatment plant to clean flue emissions - all this significantly reduces air pollution populated areas.

Kolomna Medical College

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Discipline: Hygiene and human ecology.

Hygienic bases of planning and improvement of populated areas. Hygiene of residential and public buildings

Teacher:

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE MOSCOW REGION

state budget educational institution

secondary vocational education

Moscow region

Kolomna Medical College

I approve

deputy Director of Education

"____" ________ 20__

Considered at the meeting

c) number of storeys, layout, dimensions of the premises;

d) interior decoration;

e) noise control;

f) prevention of dampness in the premises;

i) space heating.

Providing the population with comfortable housing is a social and hygienic problem.

A person spends a significant part of his life in a home, so his role in influencing the health, emotional state and performance of a person is extremely large.

GENERAL HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSING.

People build dwellings to protect themselves from the effects of adverse climatic factors (heat, cold, wind, precipitation), and the dwelling should also be spacious enough, well lit sunlight, dry, warm in winter and as cool as possible in summer, quiet, providing peace and relaxation, equipped with the necessary sanitary facilities and beautifully decorated.

These qualities of housing depend on factors:

1. Hygienic conditions in the settlement.

2. Land plot and type of residential building.

3. The composition of the premises, their mutual placement and size.

4. Applied building materials and structures separate parts building.

5. Lighting, heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage.

6. Sanitary maintenance of the dwelling.

The low quality of the internal environment of the building is caused by the following reasons:

1. Underestimation of hygiene and environmental requirements

2. Insufficient quality of building materials, technical equipment

3. Poor quality construction work

4. Improper use of premises

5. Physical and moral depreciation of the housing stock

The residence provides:

1. Thermal comfort

2. Light comfort

3. Air comfort

4. Psychological comfort

Man is the only creature on the planet that can create an artificial environment. The built environment affects a person:

1. As a positive factor: rest, protection, etc.

2. How negative factor: in case of violation of design or construction

The complex impact of various factors of the living environment:

I.positive

II.negative

According to the degree of harmfulness, housing factors can be:

1. Factors that are the direct cause of diseases

2. Factors that are a prerequisite for the development of diseases

Factors:

I.Physical

1.radiation background

2.electromagnetic fields

3.ion mode

4.light environment

5.noise, vibration

II.Biological

3.bacterial contamination

III.Chemical

1.chemical substances, aerosols

ECOLOGY OF THE HOUSING.

The ecology of the home is affected by:

a) building materials;

b) home environment.

According to American experts, in some apartments the concentration of harmful substances is 100 times higher than the concentration of harmful substances in the street. Up to 30% of housing is considered unfavorable.

According to the estimates of the Moscow Institute of Ecology - an excess of 1.4 times. Unfavorable factors are: concrete panels, gas stove, household polymer materials, chemical coatings.

Concrete- very absorbs moisture, which causes dry skin, brittle hair, the appearance of static electricity.

SOURCES AFFECTING THE ECOLOGY OF HOUSING.

At the time of the formation of the dwelling.

There are natural and anthropogenic factors that determine the internal environment of the dwelling (agents).

AGENTS:

1 gr. Real agents.

The basis is made up of all the chemicals of the periodic table.

2 gr. Energy.

The basis is: sound, vibrations, electromagnetic vibrations.

3 gr. Informational.

4 gr. biotic agents.

Substances of plant and animal origin.

I Group- material agents of the environment (chemical composition of the air environment of the dwelling):

The main sources that form the chemical composition.

a) compounds released from the soil on which the building is built and from building structures;

b) substances released from polymers used for the production of furniture;

c) products of incomplete combustion when using gas stoves and other appliances;

d) asbestos fibers;

e) water vapor, odors;

f) substances associated with the peculiarity of human activity (tobacco smoking, aerosols, detergents);

g) substances coming from the atmospheric air (nearby objects, transport).

Geopathic zones- these are real-life geophysical phenomena above formations above formations inside the earth:

voids- formations in the earth lead to a change in geomagnetic fields, electrical conductivity. Outwardly, they do not appear, which have an effect on the well-being of a person. Different tree species behave in the same way in geopathic zones. Cherry - grows well and blooms, oak - fades.

ACTION OF FACTORS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE HOUSING ON THE PERSON.

a) toxic

b) annoying

PREVENTION:

1. The right choice of construction area, planning and development of populated areas.

2. Eco-friendly materials.

3. Airing of premises.

4. Plants:

a) sansiviera - has a bactericidal effect;

b) chlorophytum - is a conditioner.

HOUSING REQUIREMENT.

All this is possible if housing construction respects not only architectural issues, but also hygiene requirements, which provide for the correct operation of the premises and proper care for them.

HOME HYGIENE.

Unsatisfactory sanitary area, unplanned accommodation on its territory various elements urban construction (residential and public buildings, industrial enterprises), insufficient landscaping, separation from nature:

hinder the normal development of the national economy and

Ø create environmentally unfavorable living conditions.

Determined that:

Insufficient living space and volume of premises

The lack of rational ventilation contributes to the spread of many infectious diseases, helminthic invasions due to an increase in the possibility of transmission of infection through direct contact with patients and bacillus carriers, as well as through the air, contaminated furnishings, etc.

Crowding:

Makes it difficult to clean the living quarters

Leads to confusion

reproduction of insects

The air quality in such rooms is usually unsatisfactory, which is a factor predisposing to the development of diseases due to a decrease in the body's resistance.

Damp and cold rooms play significant role in the etiology of colds, tonsillitis, rheumatism.

The role of poor living conditions in the development of pathological phenomena from the central nervous system, which are subjectively expressed in:

· headache

Poor general well-being

Decreased appetite

restless sleep

The reason for these phenomena may be:

lack of comfort and peace in the apartments

noise penetrating from the street or forming in the premises themselves

Dark dwellings with insufficient natural light are generally recognized as detrimental to health. In children, due to lack of sunlight, often develops rickets.

Modern urban planning is based on the economic principle:

use of the natural resources of the area for the development of a particular industry

use of natural waterways

providing for a planned, relatively uniform distribution of productive forces throughout the country

The main hygienic requirements for the construction of settlements are set out in SNiP 2.07.0 "Planning and development of urban and rural settlements".

In urban planning and architecture, so-called urbanization is observed, which is expressed in the enlargement of cities, the compaction of their development.

In economic, administrative and general cultural terms, urbanization facilitates the functions of management, the implementation of sanitary measures and provides a high level of cultural services.

From the point of view of ecology, a large city is characterized by many unfavorable factors such as the:

overcrowding and overcrowding

Difficulties with transport

often far from home and work

unhealthy environment.

LAND PLOT

· creates an opportunity injury

Light energy influences many physiological processes. Lighting should be:

· enough intense

· uniform

· do not create sharp shadows

· do not create glitter

The intensity of natural light in the premises depends on:

· light climate

· building orientation in relation to the cardinal points

· street width, which should be designed based on at least one and a half height of the opposing high building

· window devices and other reasons

shading windows growing close to home trees

· laying depth premises

· colors of furniture and fences

The upper edge of the window should approach the ceiling by 15-20 cm, this contributes to a more deep penetration light into the room.

· pier width between windows there should be no more than one and a half width of the window

· window frame area– no more than 25% of the window surface

Currently distributed strip glazing, occupying most of the wall, which is allowed with strict consideration of the light and thermal climate, so that there is no overheating or cooling of the room in the warm and cold seasons.

The famous mother from the Primer, of course, washed not only the frame, but also window panes also did not forget. They get much more dirty!

Did you know:

that in 5-6 months on the windows of an ordinary two-room apartment, up to 70 g of street dust grows, delaying up to 20% of the sun's rays?

· what lack of light makes us lethargic, drowsy and lack of initiative?

Glasses must be smooth, transparent, kept clean:

· wavy and dirty glasses hold up until 50% Sveta

· frozen - 80%

· tulle absorbs up to 40% light

dense white fabrics - up to 50-60%

heavy curtains - up to 80%

Ordinary glasses almost do not let ultra-violet rays, while special (enriched) glasses transmit ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of up to 300 nm, which increases biological effect light entering the rooms.

For rate natural light use the following indicators:

1. KEO- natural light factor

KEO= Ep__ .100%

En- indoor lighting

Eo- illumination on a horizontal area in the open air.

Thus, KEO is defined as the percentage ratio at a given point indoors to the illumination at the same moment on a horizontal plane in the open.

· for living quarters KEO should be 0,4%,

· for hospital wards 1.0%

· for school classes 1.5%

· for operating room 2.5%

2. Light coefficient(SC) is the ratio of window area to floor area.

The larger the value of the light coefficient, the better the illumination.

· for living quarters SC must be at least 1/6 – 1/8

· for operating rooms 1/2 - 1/3

· for school classes 1/5

For good lighting it is necessary that the light falls in the room directly from the sky. If you sit on a chair one meter from the wall opposite the window, then you should be able to see a section of the sky vertically of at least 30 cm / degree of darkness.

In order for light to penetrate into the room to its entire depth, the upper edge of the window should be arranged closer to the ceiling, and the depth of the room should not exceed twice the height of the upper edge of the window above the floor 5-6 m.

The ratio of the depth of the room to the height of the upper edge of the window above the floor is called depth. 1:2

The level of natural light depends on:

1. From the paint of the ceiling and walls. Coefficient of reflection of light from surfaces:

· White paint - 0.8

· Light yellow 0.6 - 0.7

· Green - 0.3

· Dark blue - 0.1

The increase in reflection increases the illumination of the room.

1. Presence of blackout by opposing buildings, trees.

2. Shapes and sizes of windows.

3. Window cleanliness.

4. geographic latitude.

5. Seasons and days.

6. weather.

7. building orientation.

AT middle latitudes the best orientation for living quarters is southeast and south. Permissible - east, southwest.

natural lighting can be

1. lateral

2. upper

3. combined.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.

Most commonly used incandescent lamps, filled with an inert gas, in which light energy is generated due to incandescence tungsten filament when an electric current passes through it.

Recently, more and more common fluorescent lamps- frosted glass tubes, inside which are mercury vapor, and their inner surface is covered phosphors- Substances capable of luminescence.

Fluorescent lamps have certain advantages over incandescent lamps:

in your own way spectrum they are approaching sunny,

give soft diffused light with almost complete lack of shadows and highlights on an illuminated surface

possess lower brightness, which allows them to be used without lampshades,

in terms of energy consumption and service life of almost 3 times more economical than incandescent lamps.

Thereby illumination norms when using fluorescent lamps increase by approx. 2 times compared to the norms adopted for incandescent lamps.

Disadvantages of fluorescent lamps consider.

observed sometimes small noise

· stroboscopic effect, expressed in the pulsation of the light flux

· installation and replacement of obsolete lamps may only be operated by qualified electricians.

Fluorescent lamps most suitable:

For illumination of large spaces: streets, squares, railway stations, theaters;

they are comfortable for jobs that require color recognition.

In residential premises, fluorescent lamps are rarely used because of the not very beautiful aesthetic design.

Used to illuminate the entire room general lighting, for which the lamps are strengthened at a distance of 2.6-2.8 m from the floor.

In residential premises with a reduced height of rooms, the height of the suspension of fixtures is close to the construction one.

Lamps are:

· direct(lucetta universal)

· scattered(SK - 300)

· absorbing(matte and milky balls)

· reflected light(erating)

In addition to general lighting, local lighting is arranged using hanging table lamps. They create an illumination that is superior in strength to the illumination of the surrounding space, contributing to the concentration of attention on the illuminated surface and, thereby, facilitating work.

ASSESSMENT OF SUFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.

1. In living rooms average illuminance by incandescent lamps should be at least 75 lux.

2. Illumination in classrooms, workplace, reading- at least 150 when illuminated by incandescent lamps, and not less than 300 lx- fluorescent lamps.

Illumination is determined LUXMETER. In the absence of a luxmeter, you can calculate the illumination tentatively.

To do this, calculate the total power of all lamps (watts) illuminating a given room, and refer this value to the floor area (m2) - SPECIFIC POWER. Multiplying the specific power by a factor of 3, receive an indicative power when illuminated by incandescent lamps and by a factor of 10 - when illuminated by fluorescent lamps.

If high illumination is required at the workplace, then use combined lighting, using, in addition to ceiling lighting, local lighting in the workplace.

Illumination created by general lighting should be at least 20 – 30 % illumination provided by local lighting. It is impossible to be limited to one local lighting, since the perception of a sharp transition from brightly lit surfaces to darkened ones and vice versa leads to a functional impairment of vision.

artificial light level space depends on:

· luminaire purity levels

· number of fixtures

· luminaire suspension height

· type of fixtures

· source spectrum.

VENTILATION OF THE HOUSING.

Regular ventilation of residential and public buildings provides:

· timely removal of excess heat

· moisture

· harmful gaseous impurities accumulating in the air as a result of the presence of people and various household processes.

The air of poorly ventilated dwellings and other enclosed spaces, due to changes in the chemical and bacterial composition, physical and other properties, is capable of:

· have a detrimental effect on health

· causes deterioration in the course of diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys.

The duration of such air inhaled, combined with unfavorable temperature and aeroionic modes significantly affect:

on the nervous system

The general well-being of the person

The amount of necessary exchange of indoor air with outdoor air depends on:

· the number of people in the room

· its volume

· nature of work

It can be determined on the basis of various indicators, and as one of them, common in sanitary practice when examining residential premises, is taken carbon dioxide content.

Ventilation:

must not exceed the content indoor carbon dioxide above 1%, which is accepted as the allowable concentration and for:

normal premises

classes

hospital wards

· The cleanliness of the air in the premises is determined by the provision for each person of the necessary volume of air - the so-called air cube and its regular change with outside air.

Amount consumed for this ventilation air per person per hour is called ventilation volume.

In residential areas:

The norm of the air cube is 25-27.5 m 3

· ventilation volume - 37.7 m 3

· From here it is necessary for the complete used air and its replacement with clean air to provide 1.5-fold exchange of indoor air with outdoor air within 1 hour.

· Thus, the frequency of air exchange is the main criterion for the intensity of ventilation.

Distinguish between natural and artificial ventilation.

natural ventilation called:

· infiltration outside air through cracks and leaks in the windows, through the pores of building materials into the premises

· ventilation rooms with the help of open windows, vents and other openings arranged to enhance natural air exchange.

In either case air exchange occurs due to:

· temperature difference between outdoor and indoor air

· wind pressure from the windward and leeward side of the building

The size of the vents should be at least 1/150 floor area.

In multi-storey buildings to enhance natural ventilation arrange in the inner walls exhaust channels, in the upper part there are receiving holes - ventilation grates.

The channels lead to the attic into the exhaust shaft, from which air enters.

HEATING OF THE HOUSING.

Main heating task housing is to:

· create optimal temperature air, constant in time and space

· do not create dust air

· do not cause gas indoor air products of fuel combustion.

As a single air temperature in residential premises, it is accepted 18-20 C

For cold climate zone The optimum room temperature is 21-22C, moderate - 18-20C, hot - 17-18C.

Heating should not degrade air quality due to:

· receipts products of incomplete combustion, especially carbon monoxide,

· burning dust deposited on heating appliances.

Dry sublimation of organic dust from the surface of the heating system occurs when it is heated to 80 C.

At high temperatures of the surfaces of heating devices, the following increase:

· bad odors,

· general dustiness of the room, which is one of the major sources of air pollution.

Heating must be safe in terms of fire and easy to use.

Distinguish heating local and central.

local heating usually found in rural areas in most cases:

· dutch ovens

disadvantages this type of heating is considered:

· pollution premises

· difficulty service

· possibility of poisoning carbon monoxide about the premature closure of fire works

furnace heating does not provide a fairly constant air temperature throughout the day (differences up to 5-6 C are allowed).

Currently, cities mostly arrange central heating, serving multiple buildings from a single source. Its advantages:

· does not pollute the air

· convenient to operate

· provides uniform air temperature in the rooms

Daily temperature fluctuations with central heating should not exceed 3C.

With the introduction of central heating, the smoke in the atmosphere of cities has significantly decreased.

Distinguish heating:

· water

· steam

· air

· radiant.

MICROCLIMATE OF Dwellings.

Artificial microclimate dwellings should provide conditions favorable for heat exchange and vital activity of the human body. These conditions depend on the design features of the walls, heating and ventilation. Air temperature in:

· hot climate - 19-20C

· moderate - 21-22C

· cold - 23-24C

Temperature difference in the vertical and horizontal direction must be no more than 2-3C.

Daily fluctuations air temperature in the room at central heating 2-3C, with stove - 4-6C. Optimal relative air humidity counts 40-60%.

Speed movements air 0.1-0.5 m/c.

The microclimate will depend from the correct, optimally selected heating and ventilation system.

Heating: designed together with the ventilation system.

REQUIREMENT FOR THE HEATING SYSTEM.

1. Maintaining the internal temperature within hygienic standards.

2. Internal temperature and humidity stability with minimal fluctuation during the day.

3. Temperature Uniformity air vertically and horizontally (from 1-3C).

4. moderate temperature on the surface of the heaters themselves.

5. Heating systems should exclude air pollution premises.

6. Heating systems should easy to adjust.

7. Safe in terms of fire.

Heating happens: local and central.

to local heating applies to:

· Furnaces

· Water heating (AGV).

Central heating it happens:

· Convention

Water heating system

Steam

Air

· Radiant(radial panels).

Surface temperature heating appliances for heating and water should be within 80С. Hot air T-75-80M should be heated and enter the room from the ventilation field only after cleaning. Radiant heating has the ability to penetrate the skin, i.e. has a biological effect. Enzymatic processes are activated in the body, metabolism is enhanced. Panels there are wall, window, floor, ceiling.

VENTILATION.

Correct air exchange needed for prevention many respiratory diseases.

Requirements for the ventilation system:

· Together with the heating system maintain the temperature and humidity of the room;

· Full coverage of the premises;

· Do not allow strong speeds;

· Prevent the accumulation of odors;

· work without interruption;

· Silently work;

· Easy to clean.

Ventilation it happens natural- this is with open windows, doors and artificial.

With natural ventilation factors affecting it:

· outside air temperature

· the location of the apartments and the location of the rooms in the apartment

· wind speed and direction.

The main elements of natural ventilation are exhaust channels that are laid in the main walls. In some weather conditions, draft tipping may occur, so a single channel is not allowed for apartments on different floors. To enhance traction, deflectors are used - this is a nozzle on pipes.

Artificial ventilation.

The system can be:

· exhaust,

· supply,

· supply - exhaust.

Ventilation may be local and central.

· local(exhaust at the workplace).

· Central(ventilation room).

Indicators in the calculation of ventilation.

· temperature and humidity

· ionometry.

Volume of ventilation (RH)- this is the amount of air (m3) that should enter the room for each person per hour (30-35 m 3 per 1 person per hour).

Air exchange rate (KV)- this is a number showing how many times during an hour the air in the room is replaced by the outside (no more than 3).

S . hpom.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL.

1. Name the functional zones of the territory of the settlement.

2. What are the requirements for a building site?

3. What does a high building density of a settlement lead to?

4. Requirements for housing.

5. The role of green spaces in improving living conditions.

6. What is the thermal conductivity of building materials? Remember thermal conduction.

7. Hygroscopicity, environmental significance.

8. The concept of radial planning.

9. Measures to combat noise.

10. Dampness in rooms leads to ……?

11. What is the light factor?

12. Significance of KEO for housing

13. Advantages and disadvantages of fluorescent lighting.

14. Problems of heating.

Practical work

Task number 1 Sanitary examination of a dwelling (room) with the help of instrumental studies. A sanitary examination is carried out by examining the object under examination, filling out a survey card and interviewing people living in the room, by measuring and instrumental studies (determining temperature and humidity, lighting).

Conduct a sanitation survey of the room by completing the map below.

Map of the sanitary inspection of the living room.

1. Settlement, street, house number, number of floors, apartment number, (or hostel name), floor.

2. Room number, room assignment.

3. The number of people living in the room, including children (indicate age), the health status of residents (according to the survey).

4. Room size:

Ø length, width, height (m),

Ø area (m2),

Ø cubature (m3).

Ø area per person (m2), air cube (m3).

5. Number of entrances to the room (indicating from where).

Ø their shape,

Ø location,

Ø orientation,

Ø window dimensions,

Ø the distance of the upper edge from the ceiling,

Ø width of piers,

Ø blackout (building, trees),

Ø light factor,

Ø the depth of the window.

7. Artificial lighting:

Ø type of lighting equipment (incandescent, fluorescent) general,

Ø local or combined lighting,

Ø type of fixtures, quantity, placement, suspension height, condition, power of each lamp (W),

Ø illumination (lx) at various points (determined with a luxmeter or calculated using the "watt" method).

8. Natural ventilation:

window Ø (the ratio of the size of the window to the window area),

transom Ø,

Ø exhaust channels,

Ø ventilation mode,

Ø Possibility of through ventilation.

9. Walls and ceiling, their material, interior finishing and painting, panel.

10. Floor, its materials and condition.

11. Heating:

Ø heating system (central - water, stove, what heat capacity),

Ø the location of radiators or stoves, the surface area of the stove where the furnaces go, type of fuel, furnace mode,

Ø temperature and humidity conditions in the room,

Ø thermal well-being of people in the room (according to the survey).

12. The presence of dampness and its causes. Signs of dampness: dark damp spots, mold, discolouration, wallpaper peeling, rotten floors.

13. Presence, intensity of noise and its origin.

15. The main furniture and its location, the presence of internal cabinets.

16. Sanitary condition:

Ø daily and general cleaning;

Ø order and cleanliness,

Ø the presence of "room smell";

Ø flies and other insects;

Ø rodents.

17. Complaints from tenants.

18. Additional data, including a schematic floor plan.

19. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of the living room for all items of the sanitary inspection map. Conclusions and proposed measures to improve the hygienic conditions of the facility. Date of mapping and signature of the surveyor.

Determination of temperature and humidity conditions.

Measure the temperature and relative humidity at three points diagonally, at one of the outer corners (at a distance of 0.5 m from the wall) in the center of the room and at the inner corner of the room. At each point, measure the temperature at a height of 0.1 and 1.5 m from the floor.

Determination of the light coefficient and the degree of darkening of windows.

The luminous coefficient is the ratio of the glazed window surface to the floor area. for example, the glazed surface of two windows in the room (without frames and bindings) is 21 m2, and the floor area is 13 m2. In order to determine the light coefficient, it is necessary to divide the area of the windows by the area of \u200b\u200bthe floor. AT this example the light coefficient will be: SK = 2.1:13, in order to get one in the numerators, we divide the numerator and denominator of the fraction by 2.1, then SK = 1:6.2. Depth is the ratio of the depth of the room to the height from the floor to the top of the window. for example, room depth 6.4 m, window height 2.3. The laying depth is 0.4:2.3=2.1 (the laying depth should not exceed 2-2.2).

The degree of darkening of the room buildings, trees or other objects defined as follows. The examiner sits on a chair at the opposite wall from the window and notes the size of the visible area (vertically) of the sky on the window. It is desirable that the projection of the visible part of the sky on the window is at least 30 cm (from the top edge to the top border of the object covering the sky).

DATA No. 2.1

At the same time, the illumination in the room was 130 lux and outside it was 13,000 lux. Calculate the KEO of the premises. Is it good enough for the class?

DATA No. 2.2

A school class with an area of 50 m is illuminated by 10 incandescent lamps of 200 W each. Calculate the lighting in the classroom. Give a hygienic assessment.

DATA No. 2.3

The area of the school class is 50 m, the height is 3.2 m, the number of schoolchildren is 45. The study by the end of the 3rd lesson (in winter) showed: T - 25 C, humidity 70%, CO content - 0.21%. Give a hygienic assessment.

DATA No. 2.4

The area of the glazed part of the window is 1.6 m, the floor area is 14 m, calculate the light coefficient, is it sufficient for a living room?

DATA No. 2.6

The depth of the room is 5 m, the length is 6 m. There are 2 windows in the room. The height of the window above the floor is 2.8 m, the glazed area of the window is 2.7 m. If you sit 1 m from the wall opposite the window, you can see a section of the sky equal to 45 cm.

Give a comprehensive assessment of natural light.

B A R I A N T No.

1. Unacceptable orientations of a residential building for all climatic regions are the following:

2. The most favorable ratios of the length and width of the room are the following ratios:

1. 1:2 , 2. 5:6 , 3. 2:5 , 4. 3:4 , 5. 1:3 , 6. 1:4 .

3. Depth of laying is:

Ø projection of the visible part of the sky on the glass

Ø the ratio of the depth of the room to the height of the upper edge of the window above the floor

Ø ratio of glass area to floor area

Ø The ratio of the illumination of a point inside the room to the simultaneous illumination of a point outside the room, expressed as a percentage.

4. The degree of dimming is 1 meter. Is it auspicious?

1. yes. 2. no.

B A R I A N T No.

I. The level of natural light in a room depends on:

1. degree of purity of fixtures:

2. time of year and day;

3. number of fixtures;

4. building orientation;

5. painting walls, ceilings, furniture;

6. presence of blackout by opposing buildings, trees;

8. shapes and sizes of windows;

9. lamp type;

10. degree of cleanliness of windows;

11. hanging height of fixtures;

12. parameters of the microclimate of the room;

13. geographical latitudes;

14. weather.

II. Is a light factor of 1/7 sufficient for living quarters:

1) Yes, 2) No.

III. In the school audience, the laying depth is 2.8. Is it auspicious?

IV. With a combined artificial lighting system, for good visual work of the eye, it is necessary that:

1. Illumination from general illumination was 25% of local illumination.

2. Illumination from the local was 25% of the total illumination.

3. Illumination from general illumination was 5% of local illumination.

B A R I A N T No.

1. Inadmissible orientations of a residential building for climatic regions are the following:

2. Minimum height of the dwelling:

1) 2.5 m., 2) 2.0 m., 3) 2.4 m., 4) 2.7 m., 5) 3.0 m.

3. Light coefficient is:

Ø the ratio of the width of the walls to the width of the window openings;

Ø projection of the visible part of the sky on the wall;

Ø the ratio of the depth to the height of the upper edge of the window above the floor;

Ø ratio of glass area to floor area;

Ø The ratio of the illumination of a point inside the room to the simultaneous illumination of a point outside the room, expressed as a percentage.

4. In the school auditorium, LD lamps / fluorescent lamps / were used as a light source - is this correct?

1) Yes. 2) No. 3) Doesn't matter.

B A R I A N T No.

1. The most favorable orientations of a residential building for climatic regions are the following:

2. The living quarters of the apartment are:

1) bath; 2) kitchen; 3) bedroom; 4) pantry; 5) office; 6) front; 7) veranda; 8) restroom; 9) loggia; 10) balcony; 11) day room.

3. The light coefficient of the school audience is ¼. Is it auspicious?

1) Yes; 2) No.

4. The system of general lighting of workplaces is:

Ø illumination of workplaces by ceiling lamps;

Ø Combination of lighting by ceiling lamps with lighting at workplaces;

Ø lighting of workplaces with lamps installed directly at workplaces.

Test control

The main hygienic task of home heating is to create an optimal air temperature, constant in time and space,

As a single air temperature in residential premises, an indicator of 18-20 ° C is adopted.

The optimal indoor temperature for the cold climate zone is considered to be 21-22 °C, moderate - 18-20 °C, warm - 18-19 °C, hot - 17-18 °C. The calculated temperature standards in public buildings are differentiated depending on the purpose of the premises: in doctors' offices, hospital wards, procedural rooms, the most favorable air temperature is 20 ° C, in operating rooms - 22 ° C, in classrooms - 16 ° C, sports halls - 15 ° C.

To ensure thermal comfort, the air temperature in the rooms must be relatively uniform vertically and horizontally. The difference in air temperature along the vertical is not more than 2-2.5 ° C for each meter of height, horizontally - from the outer to the opposite inner wall - up to 2 ° C. It is especially important to reduce the temperature difference in the vertical direction, since hypothermia of the legs can cause a general cooling of the body. For preschool children low temperature near the floor creates a certain danger of colds. The permissible difference between the temperature of the air and the inner surface of the outer walls is 3 °C.

Heating should not impair air quality due to the ingress of products of incomplete combustion, especially carbon monoxide, and the burning of dust deposited on heating appliances. Dry sublimation of organic dust from the surface of the heating system occurs when it is heated to 80 °C. At a high temperature of the surfaces of heating devices (more than 80 ° C), unpleasant odors increase and the general dust content of the room increases, which is one of the significant sources of air damage. Heating must be safe in terms of fire and easy to use.

Local heating. A very old and widespread type of local heating includes brick stoves designed to heat one or two adjacent rooms. Combustion of fuels, mainly wood or coal (rarely natural gas), is done indoors. The disadvantages of this type of heating are pollution of the room, difficulty in maintenance, the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning when the smoke tube is closed prematurely. Stove heating does not provide a sufficiently constant air temperature throughout the day (differences of up to 5-6 ° C are allowed). Less commonly used metal ovens, characterized by even greater disadvantages in hygienic terms. According to the ability to retain heat, furnaces of large, medium and small heat capacity are distinguished.

In recent years, additional space heating has been used electric fireplaces and reflectors.

Central heating. Currently, cities are predominantly equipped with central heating, serving one or more buildings from one heat source. It has significant advantages over local heating: it does not pollute the air, it is convenient to use and provides a more even air temperature in the premises. Daily temperature fluctuations with central heating should not exceed 3 °C. With the introduction of central heating, the smoke in the atmosphere of cities has significantly decreased. It is also more profitable economically. There are several central heating systems.

Water heating, which is the most common system that meets hygienic requirements, allows you to heat a group of buildings from the central boiler room, to carry out the heating of the city at the expense of waste hot water from power plants and some industrial enterprises. Water heating allows you to easily control the degree of heating of the room by supplying water heated in accordance with the outdoor temperature, as well as using the regulators available directly from the heating devices in the premises. Thanks to this, it is possible to support various premises different air temperatures in accordance with the established differentiated standards.

On fig. 4.8 shows a diagram of water heating with an upper wiring for a separate building. Water is heated in a boiler installed in the basement to a temperature not exceeding 80-90 ° C, depending on the weather. Then, due to the lower relative density, it rises up the ascending riser (to the attic) into the distribution main network, from which it is distributed along the descending risers down sequentially along the floors, where it passes through the heating devices, gives them part of its heat and returns through the return pipes.

risers back into the boiler. To compensate for heat loss, devices with a larger heating surface are installed in the lower floors. There are variations of this system.

Heating devices (batteries) are located near the outer walls in niches under the windows to compensate for the greatest cooling of the premises in these places. Niches are recommended to be closed with removable gratings. The most hygienic batteries with smooth surface, made up of individual metal elements (radiators). Compared to ribbed batteries, they are more accessible for cleaning and allow you to increase the heating surface by adding the number of elements.

Water heating provides a constant and uniform air temperature, does not cause pollution, since the heating of the surface of the batteries rarely reaches 80 ° C, which eliminates the burning of dust.

Steam heating structurally differs little from water heating, but is inferior to it in hygienic terms, since the steam circulating in the system heats the batteries up to 100 ° C, which entails sublimation of dust, the risk of burns and sometimes creates overheating of the premises. With steam heating, the possibility of central and local adjustment is excluded; when steam is admitted, cracking often occurs due to steam breakthrough through accumulations of condensate water in pipe bends.

Steam heating is arranged only in large rooms designed for the temporary stay of people.

Air heating consists in heating the filtered outdoor air to 45-50 ° C in chambers located in the basement of the building, from where it enters the premises through the openings at the top through channels in the internal walls.

The disadvantages of this heating system include the small radius of action of each chamber, heat the supply air, which makes it excessively dry, uneven heating of the premises and the possibility of contamination of the supply air with dust. However air heating economical, does not require pipes and heaters, allows you to combine heating with ventilation, easy to operate and is indicated for rooms with high humidity (audience halls, indoor swimming pools). In recent years, this heating, combined with ventilation, has been installed in a number of new Moscow schools.

Radiant heating was first used in our country by V.A. Yakhimovich in hospitals (1907). At present, it is widely used in a number of countries and is considered as one of the promising ones. The source of heat radiation is heated internal surfaces external walls, under which small pipes of water or, less commonly, steam heating are laid. In this case, it is called panel radiant heating. Sometimes they heat the ceiling or floor. The heating temperature of the wall panels is maintained at the level of 35-40 °C, which ensures the elimination of the cooling effect of the walls. This is very important, since the heat transfer from the surface of the body occurs mainly through radiation to the surrounding cold surfaces and, above all, walls.

Radiant heating provides uniform air temperature in the room vertically and horizontally, it is technically and economically beneficial. In hot climates, it can be used to cool rooms, for which cold water is passed through pipes.

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