Laws of floristry. Basic principles of creating a floral composition. The principle of the formation of a symmetrical composition

Floristry is an art form that has its own characteristics. There are no specific rules for composing bouquets, but there are styles based on certain principles. There are four such styles:

The vegetative style is the most natural, natural, that is, a bouquet of flowers is made as simply and as close to reality as possible.

When working on a composition, the florist must pay attention to its appearance, form of growth and plant community. To distinctive features vegetative style include:

asymmetric placement;
the largest group is considered dominant, and the balance is provided by a smaller group located remotely;
vegetative style requires attention to the natural arrangement of flowers and plants - that is, the way they grow in natural conditions.

decorative style

This style is taken as a basis when bouquets of flowers are created. The photo shows that the number of flowers is different, and they are designed for storage in vases.

The features of this direction of floristry include:

fastening on floristic foam;
plants do not stand out, because the main goal is to express the unity and integrity of the composition without an emphasis on individuality;
bouquets are filled tightly, that is, numerous plants are located as close to each other as possible.

shape-linear style

This floral style focuses on lines, shapes and contours. Most often, on the basis of this direction, modern beautiful bouquets of flowers are created (the photo confirms that compositions can be very different).

The distinctive features of the style include:

attention to shapes and lines and their combination;
the minimum set of materials used;
rigor and clarity of lines.

parallel style

This style is often found in nature, which is why it is loved by many florists. Parallel style suggests that vegetative or non-vegetative materials are arranged parallel to each other. The direction requires careful attention to proportions, color and shape, and the bouquets themselves can be symmetrical and asymmetrical.

Principles of correct composition

Any work of art is created on the basis of certain rules. Bouquets of flowers in the pictures look interesting and spectacular, but you need to understand how such an effect is achieved.

To create beautiful floristic composition you need to know how to make it:

Choosing color combinations

The color scheme should be harmonious, and this is achieved in four main ways:

A combination of contrasting colors that will be located opposite each other
A combination of similar shades that are located in the composition next door
Using different shades one color
A combination of colors from different parts color wheel

Ideas for bouquets based on contrasting color combinations are very different. The basic rule of this method is to use plants of pure color: that is, combine blue iris with scarlet rose. Contrasting combinations, for all their harmony and optimism, should not be too catchy. The ideal composition is created by combining light shades - pink with muted blue, lilac with purple.

If you like discreet combinations, take a look at bouquet ideas based on similar combinations. In them, along with pure colors, you can use shades. One color can prevail in the ensemble of flowers, but in shades: with the right selection, such floral compositions will look harmonious.

If you are for a riot of colors, then choose multi-color combinations. Ideas for bouquets are very different, and you can even use freshly cut flowers from your own site.

Symmetrical round bouquet

There are many techniques in floristry, thanks to which they look individual and original. Today one of the most popular is a symmetrical round bouquet. Symmetry is popular due to color variations of different lengths, which in combination provide a harmonious composition.

Round bouquet created in a spiral

the main flower is placed straight, the plants in the foreground lean from left to right, and on background- from right to left;
everyone next flower laid in a spiral slightly obliquely;
when filling the bouquet, its angle of inclination increases;
after a set of plants, the stems are cut off.

These beautiful bouquets of flowers are often created for a bride's wedding. You can decorate it using roses, carnations, iris, mini roses or asters. The main rule is that external and internal flowers should not differ much in length, because the roundness of the shape depends on this.

Biedermeier style

This style in floristry makes it possible to translate into reality different ideas. It is too round composition, but the flowers in it are not collected in a spiral, but in the form of a concentric circle. The compilation scheme is as follows:

Work begins with laying the top flower.
Other flowers are arranged in a row around it.
The shape of the bouquet is very different. The pyramidal composition is created by flowers with long stems, flattened - by flower heads often without a stem.
Biedermeier involves the use of not only flowers, but also spikelets of wheat, rye, feather grass, asparagus, ferns. In a bouquet, they should create a concentric circle.
The cuff is made of paper napkin, fabric, ribbons or lace.

A photo beautiful bouquet flowers in the Biedermeier technique shows that small arrangements of small flowers can also be created. By the way, such a composition is considered one of the best for brides, so it is called the matchmaker.

You can also create it yourself:

We take mini roses and daisies.
We make cuffs from leaves.
We lay the top perpendicular to it - from several roses and daisies.
Roses and daisies are placed strictly symmetrically above the cuff. As a result, we get a circle.
Three more roses and daisies are placed in depth between the resulting rows.

Asymmetric bouquet

The ideas of such compositions are very different, but the main thing is the emphasis on the asymmetry of the form. Such bouquets look stylish and modern, especially if they consist of exotic plants.

Asymmetric compositions are created on the basis of two methods - according to the rule of three triangles and the diagonal method. Let's consider each method separately.

Three triangle method

The scheme for composing a bouquet is as follows:

To create a composition, 5 or 7 colors of two varieties are required.
The first flower - the apical one - is installed vertically, it will serve as the first element of the composition.
The second element is the base of the right triangle. The length of this flower can be different - it depends on the height of the bouquet itself. The main requirement is that the flower must differ from the first, apical, in height.
The second element is installed horizontally to the right side.
The third flower is set so that its top falls on the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
The fourth element is the vertex of the second triangle, and we will build it on the colors of a different variety.
The fifth element is laid horizontally - it should not be the same length as the second element of the bouquet.
The sixth element is installed on the line of the fourth and fifth. If you connect all the points mentally, the triangle will turn out to be equilateral.

Taping

This floral technique is popular because it involves the use of cut plants. A bouquet of wild flowers created in this way looks very nice. The essence of the technique is to keep the flowers fresh as long as possible, therefore, on its basis, numerous wedding bouquets. The essence of the method is as follows:

stems cut to a certain length are placed in a nutrient medium;
a special wire is inserted into the stem, and the cut itself is supplemented with a hygroscopic material with some kind of liquid;
the cut is processed with teip tape, which closes the wire insert into the stem and prevents moisture from evaporating.

The main rule is that the wire stems do not twist, but are parallel. Features of the taping technique are as follows:

The bouquet will be light and aesthetic.
Flowers long time keep fresh.
When taping, you can use flowers with heavy buds.
The technique makes it possible to create curly compositions certain form. Therefore, in this way, you can create both a wedding composition and a bouquet of flowers "Happy Birthday".

On a porta bouquet

The main symbol of the wedding celebration is the bride's bouquet, and therefore close attention must be paid to its design. Floral compositions based on a port-bouquet stand are distinguished by their lightness, compactness, and convenience. The advantages of this design method include:

A variety of flower sizes - small or large, with buds or inflorescences, field or greenhouse.
Small sizes. The basis of the bouquet is light, and the flowers themselves can be held in one hand.
Durability. Such compositions retain freshness and aesthetic appearance for a long time.

Floristics for any holiday: what to choose?

Modern florists will offer a lot of ideas for creating flower arrangements for any celebration. Someone will choose a compact arrangement, while someone needs a large bouquet of flowers. On Valentine's Day, bouquets are most often created from bright red roses, which are made in the shape of a heart. Additions are created by white roses, freesias, lilies, white carnations.

And on February 23, you can prepare a bouquet. The main requirement for him is restraint. Compositions for men are made in a triangular, pyramidal and linear style.

A wide variety of ideas can be implemented when creating bouquets for March 8th. Most often they are formed from tulips, roses, daffodils, hyacinths or snowdrops. Beautiful compositions are created both from fully open buds - lush and juicy, and closed ones. Any color solutions of plants can be chosen.

Bouquets for a wedding are created on the basis of light-colored plants, but bright touches are also possible, especially if the bride is getting married in a dress of a certain style.

The golden ratio in floristry

The law of proportions is used in design and floristry to create harmonious bouquets and compositions. These works are built on the principles of the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers, which balance various elements in the whole work.

In In floristry, the ratio 2: 3, 3: 5: 8 is most often used. This means that, for example, when placing flowers in a vase, three parts should fall on the height of the vase, five parts on the height of the flowers above the vase, and the height of the entire composition will be eight parts . The parts in the bouquet, which is held in hands, should correspond in approximately the same way.

At creating a composition in a flat vase use the same ratios separate parts, but instead of height, they usually take the diameter of the vase. Be sure to take it into account at the 1st stage, when building all the works, then - this rule will "work" automatically. Experienced craftsmen by eye can find the correct ratio of parts. For beginners, it is useful to practice using vases and other containers. various heights and forms.

Proportions in works:

1 ) Height.

We measure the height of the vase, determine how many parts it will be (1, 2.3), calculate the height (3 parts, 5 parts or 8) of the future composition through proportions, mark the height with improvised material. When creating a bouquet, proportions are usually built relative to the place of the bunch, 5 parts go up, 3 parts go down.

At in falling compositions on stands, its height, the height of the vase, is taken into account.

2 ) By lenght.

The length of the vase, or diameter, is measured, and the width of the future work is proportionally calculated.

3 ) height and length.

Work has a horizontal direction, although the height of the vase is taken as the basis for the calculations. This ratio is often called lever law , those. the longer the segment, the visually more massive should be the center of gravity. The main thing is to observe the optical balance so that the work does not "overturn". In the illustration - the height of the vase is 1 part, the length of the work is 5 parts.

4 ) In the distribution of material in the work (mass of material). It is most often observed in the setting of the so-called asymmetric group, where the main composition is 8 parts, the adjacent 3 parts, and the far one - 5 parts. We observe in bouquets, grouping flowers and leaves, in collages, in compositions, in wreaths.

Found ratio of numbers mathematician Leonardo of Pisa (or Fibonacci).

1 :1:2:3:5:8:13:21:34.

Subsequence, in which each subsequent number is equal to the sum of two previous numbers.

Color and its effect

One of the properties of material objects, perceived as a conscious visual sensation. Color is the most important means of artistic expression in the art of floral arrangement.

Colour- a unique "tool" of the designer, allowing you to achieve amazing effects. Of course, choosing color scheme for decorating a house, you need to listen to your feelings, but in order for the interior to look stylish, the floral arrangement should fit perfectly into the overall ensemble. One of the traditional, invariably popular options is the use of shades already present in the interior in the composition.

To to understand the meaning of color as a means of expressing an artistic image, it is necessary to understand its nature. The phenomenon of color itself is not simple: it contains both an objective principle (light) and a subjective principle (vision). Only light gives rise to the color richness of the world around us. The problem of color, color harmony, the impact of color on a person, his perception has always attracted people. It is very important for a florist to know that color is a powerful emotional factor and can be used to create or maintain a mood. With the help of various shades in the arrangement, you can enhance or, conversely, soften the overall color effect design, add new touches to it, create an accent.

From Total color variety The world around us can be divided into three chromatic colors - red, yellow and blue, as well as two achromatic - black and white. When talking about color scheme, then mainly evaluate the impression of two or more colors. Color harmony belongs to the most complex aspects of aesthetics, since a person's attitude to color is formed under the influence of many different factors. As a rule, the assessment is determined by the feeling caused by this combination of tones. Nature often offers great examples harmonies of color that can be transferred to your work, and the modern variety of plant material allows you to embody almost any color scheme in arrangements.

Colors, which cannot be obtained by mixing are called primary or primary colors. It is yellow, red and blue. Color theory is based on color circle. The circle consists of numerous pure colors, each of which has light and dark shades. There are three main ways to create these colors harmoniously.

Most bold - a combination of contrasting colors located on a circle opposite each other, the most calm - a combination of similar colors located on a circle in the neighborhood, and the most sophisticated - the use of different shades of the same color.

Colors differ in properties. At the slightest difference between them, slight deviations appear and there is a tension in perception. Large differences are very expressive, and in this case we are talking about polar contrast or opposition. Yellow, for example, next to dull black stands out very much, and next to light green, its lightness will hardly be noticeable, only a change in color will catch the eye.

Building flower arrangement based on color contrast allows you to achieve rich tension, lively impact, focusing on specific elements. By choosing a specific color contrast, you can bring special properties colors for expressive effect. Pure, clear colors shine, for example, more brightly when surrounded by mixed, muted colors.

Everyone the shade of color has its effect. It comes from the properties of paint, which has its own illumination and purity. Each person has their own color preferences, but in general, people perceive colors in the same way.

Consider some shades of color and their impact. At the same time, we will consider not only pure colors, but also mixed ones, since they make up a significant part of flower arrangements.

White color . Sensual and optical phenomena: light, pure. Color moods that come from color tone associated with tranquility and conviviality. Impact within a color combination: Gives light.

Yellow, golden yellow color. Sensual and optical phenomena: radiant, flowing, solar. The color moods that come from the color tone are exciting, invigorating. Impact within the color combination: brings breadth and radiance to the picture, adds liveliness.

Beige, sand color. Sensual and optical phenomena: matte, dry. The color moods that come from the color tone are soothing, but not cooling. Impact within the color combination: quiet, contrasting or intermediate tone.

The color of young foliage and the color of linden. Sensual and optical phenomena: fresh, inviting to lean back. Color moods that come from a color tone are friendly. The impact within the color combination is expressed in the need for a partner who would support (brown, dark green, dark blue).

Pink color, salmon color. Sensual and optical phenomena: gentle, soft. Color moods that come from a color tone are softening. Impact within the color combination: brings a friendly, soft light to the play of color, without dark partners looks dull, faded, weak.

Light blue, the color of the sky. Sensual and optical phenomena: airy, fresh, soft. The color moods that come from the color tone are dreaminess, liberation.

Pale lilac, pastel purple color. Sensual and optical phenomena: impotence, indecision. The color moods emanating from the color tone are restraint, fearfulness.

Light gray tones. Sensual and optical phenomena: light, colorless, foggy.

Color the moods that come from the color tone are soothing, distracting. Influence within the color combination - medium and strong contrasts are neutral.

Black, anthracite, dark gray. Sensual and optical phenomena: dark, gloomy, lifeless, calm. The color moods that come from the color tone are seriousness, restraint. Impact inside the color combination: bring depth and infinity, too gloomy.

Purple. Sensual and optical phenomena: heavy, deep. The color moods that come from the color tone are seriousness, deliberation. Impact within the color combination: deepens and soothes.

Night blue, ultramarine blue. Sensual and optical phenomena: calm, sobering, clear. Color moods emanating from a color tone - dominance without arousing feelings. Influence within the color combination: make the "sunny" tones glow.

purple red. Sensual and optical phenomena: full of soft heat. The color moods that come from the color tone elevate, create feelings of the essential. Impact within the color combination: brings fullness and depth.

black brown. Sensual and optical phenomena: massive, strong. Color moods that come from a color tone are stabilizing. Impact within the color combination - dulls the tension of vibrant colors.

dark green. Sensual and optical phenomena: calm. Color moods that come from a color tone are softening. Influence within the color combination: emphasizes naturalness.

Red, watercress. Sensual and optical phenomena: active, restless, loud. The color moods that come from the color tone are exciting, activating, directed outward. Impact inside the color combination: bring tension, liveliness.

Orange. Sensual and optical phenomena: warm, lively. The color moods that come from the color tone are cheerful, enlivening. Impact inside the color combination - activates without pushing back.

Green. Sensual and optical phenomena: passive, calm, natural. The color moods that come from a color tone are soothing. Impact within the color combination: natural naturalness, emphasizes growth.

Turquoise, ice blue. Sensual and optical phenomena: cold, wet. Color moods - cooling, muffled. Influence within the color combination: attracts, cools, emphasizes "sunny" tones.

Rusty brown, chestnut brown, copper brown. Sensual and optical phenomena: warm, strong, stable. Color moods - cause a feeling of coziness and comfort. Impact within the color combination: creates connections, strengthens and enriches.

coffee brown, chocolate brown. Sensual and optical phenomena: solid, mundane. Color moods - give confidence, strength.

Grey. Sensual and optical phenomena: lifelessness, darkness. Color moods - neutralizes, muffles. Influence within a color combination: can be too sterile, is an intermediary between white and black.

color The mood of the composition depends on:

1 . quantities. In most cases, the color that is used more sets the tone and determines whether it calms or awakens, amuses or makes you think, acts relaxing or pleasantly excites a flower arrangement.

2 . Chosen harmony. A combination with a slight contrast does not look so tense, softer than harmony with a large contrast.

3 . Qualities. The use of many pure colors can easily lead to variegation, in which no single color can convey a particular mood. mixed colors on the contrary, they connect and soften, creating a frame in which pure color can expand its impact.

4 . Color arrangement. If the paint is uniformly distributed in the composition, its effect is not strong. If it is concentrated in one place, its effect is greatly enhanced.

Should remember that the rules for constructing works of colors come from the associative perception of color.

Someone thinks that floristry is a simple activity that everyone can learn. Others believe that natural or artificial floristry is a daunting task for ordinary person who does not have the proper knowledge, skills, artistic taste and creative thinking. In fact, both the first and second statements are true.

Floristry is an arts and crafts for assembling various flower arrangements, which has its own technical and creative side. And this means that really everyone can learn - first of all, if there is a desire. Therefore, if the birthday of your beloved friend, mother is approaching, or roses have simply blossomed in the garden, do not postpone your first lesson and try to assemble a bouquet yourself. Simple and understandable recommendations of an experienced florist will help in this.

Information: The main task of floristry is to provide floral decoration of the interior, attire, cars for the holiday, the preparation of everyday compositions for work, retail and residential premises, as well as the assembly of bouquets various kinds and destinations. In addition, the florist can create accessories from flowers - frames, arches, garlands, baskets, handbags and even necklaces with bracelets.

Preparatory stage

The assembly of bouquets begins with the preparation of raw materials and tools. Raw materials are, first of all, the flowers themselves, as well as auxiliary elements:

small buds and flowers;
green twigs, herbs, ferns;
decorative accessories - butterflies, bears, hearts, etc.

Of the tools, you definitely need scissors or a pruner, a knife, a stapler, stationery will speed up and facilitate the work duct tape(florists use a special professional). You will need a decorative mesh, film or paper to wrap the finished bouquet, perhaps some additional tools or decorative details.

Important: in order for the bouquet to look harmonious, one simple rule should be remembered: that part of it that will be in a bunch or in a vase is approximately one third of the total height of the composition. There are other proportions - five parts of the height of the flowers remain outside, three parts are immersed in a vase. This rule works for classic vertical bouquets.

Assembly Options

Florists have several ways to assemble bouquets. You can’t just gather flowers and greenery in an armful, tie it with twine and wrap it with oilcloth - it will be ugly and sloppy. Although in some cases professionals use just such a technique to get an original and unusual composition. But for beginners, it is better to get acquainted with the classic techniques of assembling bouquets, and then move on to creative experiments. There are the following main types:

Parallel.
Spiral.
Asymmetric.

Novice florists often ask me the question “I want to do floristry, tell me where should I start?”. I will answer, as always - start with the basics, with theory. Yes, in floristry there is also a theory, as in everything. Although, if you have a good sense of taste and style, then intuitively, you will bypass the theoretical part, because floristry is 75% a matter of taste and a sense of style and beauty, and the remaining 25% is technique and experience.

Fundamentals of composition. This concept also includes the plan of the composition, its proportions, balance, harmony. The basic principles of composition are the rule of the golden section, the rule of thirds, the Fibonacci number. The law of proportion or the law of the golden section - expresses the ratio of 3:5:8, which means that the height of the flowers in the composition is 3 parts, the height of the vase is 5 parts, and the total height of the composition is 8 parts. The golden ratio creates a natural and harmonious visual experience that everyone is looking for. In addition to the golden ratio, it is important to use the rule of thirds. Those. if divided rectangular shape horizontally and vertically into three parts, we get the intersection of the axes, and it is at these intersections that the accents are set. Photographers especially like to use this rule. Next, the Fibonacci number, or sequence rule. This means that the next number is equal to the sum of the two previous numbers. In other words, flowers should be grouped in compositions 1:2:3:5, etc. I believe that this basic knowledge of composition is enough to start practicing floristry.
Fundamentals of color. Coloristics is the science of color, its harmony, the science of mixing and combining colors. The most common carnation or chrysanthemum can be drawn with color in the composition. At first, when the budgets were not large for floristry, I drew out the visual perception of the composition with color, the play of color and texture. Color can both stretch the composition and ruin it. I use the rule of combining cold shades with cold, and warm with warm. This is how harmony is maintained. This applies to colors, because I combine greens, mixing cold and warm shades.
Color names. Learn a little bit of the names to get your bearings. Each type of activity has its own names and categories, as well as in floristry. You will not be able to adequately work with a color supplier, or with colleagues, and eventually you will not be able to communicate competently with a client. I have already compiled a catalog of the names of popular wedding flowers. Read here and
Environment. Last on my list, but not least. Surround yourself as much as possible with information that inspires you, educates your taste, style and your perception. Subscribe to people whose work delights you and you would look up to them, strive to do like them, and even better in the future. Create a board on Pinterest and collect ideas, inspirations. I'm a visual and this works best for me. Find the best florists in the city you live in and try to get in touch with them. Do not be shy. Believe in yourself. Go to workshops. Meet and connect with like-minded people. Create, create projects. Be bold and don't let anything bother you.

I hope my short tips were helpful to you. Let me know if yes! And share this information with those who need it now! All the best! Went to create.

Golden Ratio: a geometric method by which you can determine the correct proportions of a work of art. The method is based on dividing the length in such a way that larger segment he treated the smaller in the same way as the sum of the segments (i.e., the entire length) to the larger. Proportionality is achieved by reducing or increasing parts of the same shape but different sizes. The formula for determining this pattern is called the golden ratio. Objects, the ratio of parts of which correspond to this formula, produce the most pleasant visual impression.

Proportionality - the proportionality of the elements, a coordinated system of parts and the whole, giving the object a harmonious completeness.

In art since ancient times, the so-called golden ratio. It is understood as the division of a line into two unequal parts, in which the smaller part relates to the larger part in the same way as the larger part to the whole. This ratio is the most harmonious. Mathematically, it can be denoted as a:b=b:c. In numbers it is expressed as follows: 2:3=3:5; 3:5=5:8; 5:8=8:13.

In floral arrangements, the most commonly used ratio is 3:5 = 5:8. This means that, for example, when placing flowers in a vase, the height of the vase should be three parts, the height of the flowers above the vase - five parts, and the height of the entire composition will be eight parts. The parts in the bouquet, which is held in hands, should correspond in approximately the same way. When creating a composition in a flat vase, the same ratios of individual parts are used, but instead of height, they usually take the diameter of the vase.

It is necessary to observe the correct proportions when compiling flower baskets, compositions in various containers from potted plants and even boutonnieres. The correct ratio of individual parts and the whole, colors and arrangement greenery gives the whole work a harmonious completeness. This is one of the main secrets of success.

Experienced craftsmen can find the correct ratio of parts by eye. For beginners, it is useful to practice using vases and other containers of various heights and shapes.

Bouquet Basics

Arrangement of bouquets is a great art with its strict rules that allow to fully reveal the natural beauty of each flower and create a wonderful combination of colors and shapes. The shape of bouquets at different times changed significantly and largely depended on fashion. Compositions of flowers and in our time continue to develop and improve. There are no special rules and strict norms for making a bouquet; it requires a well-known skill and artistic taste of the composer.

The bouquet is made up of one or two types of flowers, not counting the greenery for arrangement, which may not be in the bouquet. Flowers and greens in the bouquet are freely placed, otherwise the beauty of shapes and colors disappears. Loose bouquets are always more attractive than dense ones. The flower heads should not be in the same plane. Flowers of different heights look livelier, freer and more natural. Large rounded flowers should not be facing one another or down, and even more so should not hang down. Vertical stems should not be allowed to cross each other, and flower heads should disappear into decorative greenery.

Starting to compose a bouquet, you first need to choose a vase in harmony with it. As a vase, you can use any dishes, as long as it is a harmonious unity with flowers. For a greater decorative effect, the color of the vase in which the flowers are placed should be combined with their tone or be neutral: black, white or gray. Flower vases should not be pretentious, brightly colored and have various decorations. Flowers should be in harmony with the vase not only in color, but also in texture. Roses, callas, carnations look good in crystal or glass vase. Bouquets of zinnias, marigolds, wild flowers are best placed in ceramic vases. The shape of the bouquet should match the shape of the vase. Tall bouquets of delphinium, gladiolus, large-flowered chrysanthemums are best placed in a tall vase with a narrow long neck. A bouquet of asters, gillyflowers will win more in low wide vases.

A correctly found composition of a bouquet with a vase, in which the flowers must be arranged in a certain order, is also important for the perception of the eye. Below, as a rule, there are large bright flowers, above - those that are smaller, more tender. To make a composition that is pleasant for perception with the number of flowers less than 12, you should take an odd number of flowers, and keep the vase with flowers in certain proportions (according to the "golden" section). If possible, the following ratios should be followed:

bouquet height: vase height - 5:3

bouquet width: vase width - 5:3

total height: vase height - 8:5

When arranging flowers in flat vase the tallest flower should be twice the length or diameter of the vase. In any bouquet there should be a focal point where the eye rests. These may be larger flowers, or more small flowers, or flowers in lighter colors. The focal point should not be large, otherwise it will cover the entire composition. To give a bouquet of lightness and airiness, you can use plants with elegant openwork greenery or small flowers (asparagus plumosus, summer gypsophila, ferns, etc.). Ornamental greenery is also added to bouquets if the flowers do not have their own greenery, or it is too ineffective.

One of the main elements of the composition of the bouquet is the coloring of selected plants, which creates a harmony of colors. If the bouquet is dominated by flowers of the same color of varying intensity, then it is composed according to the principle of monochromatic harmony. If, when making bouquets, flowers are used that are different in tone, opposite colors, they are called bouquets of harmonic contrast. In this case, one color seems to enhance the other. When using three or more colors that are equally spaced from each other in the spectrum, the bouquet will be a multi-color harmony (for example, yellow, blue, red).

It is easiest to make a bouquet of one type of plant and one color of flowers of various shades from darker to lighter. A bouquet assembled from flowers of various varieties and colors is complex and requires more skill in its preparation. When composing a bouquet, it must be taken into account that the red color has an intense tonal effect and always stands out in relief. It is good as an independent, as well as in a small amount in combination with white and pale pink tones. Orange and yellow are considered the warmest and mean life, light, joy. The presence of blue colors dampens their warmth. Blue colors are among the coldest tones. Blue and cyan go well with all shades of yellow, orange, a delicate shade of pink, as well as white. White coloring in a colorful composition acts neutrally. White color is in harmony with all the others and is good as an independent one. The green color, which is in the middle of the color scale, has the most favorable effect on our eyes. Green leaves of various shades are combined with all colors, improve flower arrangements.

The color of flowers is symbolic, so bouquets are made taking into account the meaning of flowers and colors in each country. For example, white flowers express purity, tenderness, so white flowers are usually given for a wedding: carnations, roses, callas. The symbolic meaning of red is life, love, freedom. Red carnations in the 19th century in France became a symbol of struggle and revolution. This is how they entered our century.

The shape of the bouquet also depends on the type of flowers and its purpose. The shape of the bouquets may be different, but they must all repeat the natural position in which they were in nature. In terms of size, bouquets are recommended to be made from 5 - 10 to 50 cm in diameter. A miniature bouquet with a diameter of 5 - 7 cm is called a boutonniere and is more often intended for pinning to a dress, hair, hats and jacket lapel. A boutonniere is made from medium-sized flowers and buds, usually of the same type, for example, violets, miniature roses, levkoy twigs, and attached to an openwork leaf of greenery, such as aquilegia, delphinium or fern.

Bouquets are also round and one-sided, elongated, small, large. Round bouquets are arranged so that the flowers can be seen from all sides. They decorate rooms for receiving guests and other solemn ceremonies. Before you collect a round bouquet, the flowers are grouped according to the size and lines of the stems. The straight and longest stem is placed in the center, and shorter and curved at the edges. Flowers are unfolded so that they look forward, the stems do not intersect, and the arrangement greenery is located inside and around the bouquet.

One-sided bouquets are made up of flowers with different lengths of stems so that only outer side bouquet. In this case, long stems are installed at the back, shorter ones - in front. The center of the bouquet is filled with flowers of a brighter color, and the arrangement greenery frames them or may fall. One-sided bouquets in vases can be small wall or large anniversary, festive. For example, it could be a bouquet for a bride.

Bouquets and compositions for men should be concise and at the same time very active in color and shape. It is desirable in such bouquets to focus on the expressiveness of plants, and not on their number. A frame can give a special expressiveness to a bouquet; with its help, a bouquet can be given both the most unimaginable daring shape and emphasize the natural luxury or tenderness of flowers.

With the help of the frame it is possible to create a bouquet perfectly unusual shape, which is not always possible to implement in an ordinary bouquet. It all depends on your imagination. The frame can be made of soft thick wire, woven from wicker, assembled from twigs. The manufacture of the frame must be taken very responsibly, make sure that it is balanced and does not fall to the side. For reliable fixation, a wire leg is made, which must be fixed in at least three places, after which it can be wrapped with green leaves of plants or decorated with special material. All structural elements must be firmly connected to each other with a thin wire. The frame can be a technical part of the bouquet, but it can be successfully displayed and emphasize the fragility of the flowers. Delicately intertwined stems or branches of trees are very decorative and will perfectly complement the bouquet.

Flowers have a magical property to improve mood, so you are guaranteed a festive atmosphere. Arranging flowers will give you real pleasure, change everyday life with her worries and problems and, of course, will bring harmony and beauty to your home.

PROPORTIONS

A flower arrangement consists of several directly visible elements - a vessel, plant material and, possibly, a stand and accessories. Proportionality means that the size of each of these elements is such that the composition as a whole makes a good impression - in other words, the composition looks proportionate. For a judge at an exhibition, the terms "proportionality" and "proportionality" mean different things, but in general difference between them is not so great as to attach importance to it.

It is important mainly for landscape, small and miniature compositions that can be spoiled too much. large flower or a disproportionately large accessory. A composition in any style can be disproportionate if the ratio between the size of the vessel and the height of the plants is violated. For centuries, ideal proportions have been found according to the rule of the "golden section". It will satisfy any judge at an exhibition and is useful for simple "home" compositions, but when drawing up linear or other bold compositions, it is often not followed.

Even if the proportions are respected, the composition may not be combined with the background or setting in which it is located. This can be avoided by thinking through some important things in advance. Of paramount importance is the style of the room - it is obvious that an abstract arrangement will not suit a rustic-style room. It is also important to consider the size of the room - in a spacious hallway with high ceilings a small composition will look comical.

The texture of the walls matters: colorful wallpaper is a bad backdrop for a one-sided bouquet, just like a white or cream-colored wall for an arrangement that has a lot of pale flowers. Floral arrangements should not interfere - for example, an arrangement on dining table should not block the interlocutors, the composition in the hallway should not interfere with the passage, etc. In the conditions of the exhibition, the term "background" has a different meaning: it refers directly to the environment of the arrangement, which must be arranged in such a way that the arrangement looks most effective.

TEXTURE

Plants have different textures - glossy, velvety, fluffy, matte, with thorns, etc. A shiny flower looks more vibrant next to matte greens, shiny leaves in a composition in strong light make it sparkle all over. Different textures of plants help to avoid monotony, although in relation to arrangements in a massive and linear-massive style, this is the last of the requirements that a successful composition is designed to meet.

EQUILIBRIUM

The balance of the arrangement is of paramount importance - an unbalanced asymmetrical composition can easily tip over. For this reason, it is important to have secure fasteners, the vessel must be heavy enough to support the weight of the plant material. The less symmetrical the composition, the heavier the vessel should be - if necessary, sand, gravel, etc. are added to it.

Visual balance is something other than physical balance, and consists in the requirement that the composition look stable, even if it is clearly offset from the axis of symmetry. There are different ways to visually weight the lighter side of the arrangement - it is known that dark flowers look heavier than light, round - heavier than tubular. So far we've discussed side balance, but there's also top-bottom balance. Large flowers in the middle or at the bottom of the arrangement give the impression of balance - if the colors of the flower arrangement are placed incorrectly, the composition may look unbalanced, as can be seen in the pictures below.

DYNAMIC

In order for the composition to become dynamic, techniques and materials are used that make the eye move from one part of the bouquet to another. Such movement is possible due to the presence of rhythm in the composition. Without rhythm (as, for example, in a bouquet of blooming roses in a vase), the arrangement looks monotonous and static.

For most traditional multi-sided compositions, nothing special is required for this, however, for many front-view line-array compositions and for most arrangements in free style another principle of construction is important - dominance. It lies in the fact that one or more parts in the composition attract attention for some time - such a place is called a focal point, center of attention, dominant.

The focal point is usually created by including a small group of spectacular flowers in the composition - we call them the main plant material. There are other ways to create a focal point - an unusual shape of a vessel, leaves of an unusual shape or color, an exquisite background for an exhibition item, etc. The golden rule in this, as in other cases, is not to overdo it so that the focal point does not take attention away from other parts of the composition. Therefore, in an ordinary linear-massive composition, it is recommended not to use a large single flower as a focal point, especially a brightly colored or white one.

Arrangements

The ability to compose compositions depends mainly on taste, knowledge of the decorative qualities of flowers, skill and developed technique for composing arrangements.

According to the composition of flowers, arrangements can be monophonic - from flowers of the same species, variety. So, white compositions are always good. They can be made with or without herbs, such as white carnations with asparagus, white tulips with annual gypsophila.

Complex arrangements are selected from harmonizing or contrasting two or more tones from plants with the same or different flower shape, for example, from gladioli, dahlias, asters in white, fawn and pink tones.

When compiling complex arrangements, it is very important correct selection and color combination. White color, being neutral, goes well with all other colors, shading them; can be placed among inharmonious colors: for example, between purple and red, blue and purple.

Black-brown and black-violet colors are more original than beautiful. These gloomy tones are found in dahlias and hyacinths, less often in tulips. Both tones stand out in contrast with white, pink, yellow colors.

Green is the color of the leaves. It has various shades, combined with all colors, and serves as a background. best material for the background are the leaves of peonies (no more than 2-3 leaves are cut from the bush to avoid weakening the plants), stems of perennial asparagus, cochia gypsophila, cornflower, goldenrod, European aster, ornamental grasses.

The red color is the most attractive and active, widespread, good both on its own and in combination with white and yellow tones. There are many shades of red, approaching purple and purple tones. Red anthuriums, gladioli, roses, carnations, snapdragons, asters, dahlias, astilbes are widely used in arrangements. Red is associated with life, love, revolution, freedom, fire, celebration.

Orange and yellow colors are the brightest, brightest and warm colors of golden autumn. Plants with orange and yellow flowers lot. These colors evoke joy, personify the sun, warmth. These are marigolds, marigolds, geleniums, gaillardia, coreopsis, rudbeckia and many others. Their tones are great when paired with blues, blues, lilacs or purples. Orange and blue colors are especially good in combination, for example, a beautiful small-flowered with ferruginous inul.

Blue color - the most calm, good next to white pink, pink-yellow and fiery orange tones.

Violet is the darkest, dullest color, brightened with white, harmonizes well with orange and yellow, but is rarely used, although, for example, violet aconite arrangements in combination with asparagus stalks are successful.

Intermediate (not basic) tones, such as pink, lilac, blue, lilac, mother-of-pearl, fawn, can be used with white or in contrast: pink with blue, yellow with lilac.

The selection of plants should be thought out not only by color, flower or inflorescence shape, but also by purpose - for what purpose ornamental plants are intended.

The most common forms of flower arrangements are bouquets and free arrangements. In bouquets, flowers should be arranged easily, freely, with natural grace. Bouquets can be one-sided and round, plain and different colors. In size, it is recommended to make bouquets from 5-10 to 50 cm in diameter.

A miniature bouquet with a diameter of 5-7 cm is called a boutonniere. It has a one-sided structure and is most often intended for pinning to a dress, coat, and hair. They make boutonnieres from small inflorescences or flowers: from garden lilies of the valley, sweet peas, violets, daisies, blueberries, perennial carnations; for the background or decoration, asparagus greens, gypsophila, misty agrostis, ferns are used.

A small bouquet with a diameter of 20-25 cm can be both one-sided and two-sided, plain and multi-colored. Flowers for such bouquets are taken more refined: carnations with greenery, tulips, daffodils, annual asters, white lilies, half-blown peonies in combination with perennial gypsophila, levkoy, etc.

The most common are medium-sized bouquets, 30-35 cm in diameter. Such bouquets are intended for decorating rooms or as a gift.

Finally, to decorate collective celebrations, you can make large bouquets (one-sided or round) with a diameter of 50 cm or more. They are made up of the most valuable and beautiful flowers, sometimes using the stems and leaves of a fern, asparagus, gypsophila, etc. as a background or decoration. Spike-shaped inflorescences or large flowers are placed in the center of such a bouquet. A round bouquet can be bordered with small flowers or asparagus flowers. Flowers are arranged in a bouquet so that they lie loose, airy, but do not crumble.

High, medium and low vases are suitable for bouquets, as well as bowls and saucers of various shapes made of glass, porcelain, plastic, clay. Dishes for cut flowers should be beautiful, strict - without noisy drawings and patterns. In a black vase, for example, marigolds stand out beautifully, in dark blue - pink godetia, in white - peonies, in crystal - garden lilies of the valley. For bright colors, it is better to take vases of modest dull tones, for soft colors - vases of the most catchy tones.

For decorating rooms, we can recommend not ready-made, assembled and decorated bouquets, but free arrangements of cut flowers: 2-5 flowers and 1-2 branches of greenery - you get a complete floral decoration, for example, 2-3 calla flowers with a pine branch or 2-3 carnations and shoots of asparagus pinnate; sansevera leaf with 3-4 erythrophyll begonia leaves; 3-5 tulips and 1-2 willow branches with fluffy inflorescences.

Flowers with both long and short stalks are suitable for arrangements. For free arrangement of flowers in flat, wide and low vases, bowls, saucers filled with water, nutrient solution or wet moss or synthetic substrate, there are a number of simple devices in the form of round or elliptical holders made of stainless steel, ceramic with holes or wire , bamboo, plastic. Cone-shaped tubes of different diameters inserted into vases are also used; honeycomb plates and nets of various shapes, round or oval tattoos - lead, cement, ceramic with thin needles are useful. The tattoos are lowered into the water to the bottom of the vase, and the flower stalks are pierced on the needles - a spectacular arrangement of a small number of flowers is obtained.

Compositions on tattoos or holders can be given the most different shape, height. Flowers can be located at different levels, close together or removed.

When compiling arrangements, the so-called principle of the golden section is used, when a segment is divided into two parts in such a way that its larger part is related to the smaller one in the same way as the entire segment is to the larger part. Approximately this ratio is 5:3, more precisely 8:5. Such a ratio seems to be the most beautiful for human eyes. As for the forms of arrangements (bouquets, boutonnieres), they often depend on the shape of the flower, inflorescence, their color, size, etc. So, bouquets round shape usually created from plants with rounded inflorescences, for example, asters, marigolds, gaillardia, marigolds, etc. Oval bouquets are made up of elongated inflorescences, such as skewers, spurs, irises, digitalis. Beautiful triangular-shaped bouquets; they are suitable for decorating low tables and a festive table. The vertical construction of a bouquet in the form of a narrow, straight, vertical line is possible from cimicifuga, eremurus, clarke, lupine, etc. Asymmetric forms of arrangements in the form of a month or a winding line from different plants that are at hand are also interesting.

D For indoor landscaping of living rooms and public spaces, not only arrangements of cut flowers are recommended (Fig. 125), but also flowering ornamental plants, such as always flowering begonias, asters, marigolds, alyssum, etc., which are sold in spring and summer in flower shops . Currently, indoor floriculture has a diverse range of plants with decorative leaves and shoots, which can also be successfully used for arrangements (see appendix). For example, begonia leaves, graceful aerial shoots of asparagus, slender stems of cyperus with a crown of leaves, or long linear leaves of ophiopogons look very good in vases. Belt-like dark green clivia leaves, placed in a vase, are very beautiful on their own and especially in combination with cyperus shoots. Narrow-linear green and variegated leaves of rheineky are suitable for vases. Ornamental shiny leaves of monstera, callas, many types of begonias are beautiful, which, perhaps, have the richest palette of coloring, various shapes and sizes, pubescence, length

Proportions of arrangements: 1 - a bouquet of a round shape; 2 - oval shape of the bouquet; 3. 4, 5 - arrangements of a triangular shape; 6- moon-shaped bouquet; 7 - vertical bouquets

Devices and tattoos to strengthen cut flowers

Shoots of peperomia and arrowroot are lovely, especially Kerkhoven's arrowroot with delicate, medium-sized leaves that have paired, sharply visible, dark green spots along the main vein. Good for different arrangements are leafy stems of zebrins and tradescantia of green-leaved and variegated forms. Beautiful purple shoots of netcreasia. In chlorophytums, bilbergia and saxifragus, both young cuttings and developed rosettes of leaves can be used.

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