Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Natalinskaya school"

creative project on this topic:

Cushion

The project was completed by:

7th grade student

Masanova Anya

Project Manager:

technology teacher

Gurieva A.N.

2016

1. Justification of the problem.

2. Purpose and objectives of the project.

3. History reference(study)

4. Design analysis

5. Development of options.

6. Identification of the basic requirements for the product.

7. Analysis of ideas and selection of the best option.

8. Organization of the workplace.

9. T.B. at work.

10. Design part.

11. Manufacturing technology.

12. Economic justification.

13. Environmental justification.

14 Self-assessment.

15. Literature used.

Justification of the problem

At the technology lesson, I need to complete a creative project. A problem immediately arose in front of me, what could I do, because I need not only to do something, but so that this product is necessary for me and useful in my life. Most likely, it should be something for my house, because we recently made repairs in the house, and now, together with my mother, we are trying to make the house more comfortable, warm and beautiful, besides, I have my own room where I I can bring to life my most daring fantasies of interior design, try on a little bit the role of a designer.

Everyone dreams of a well-maintained, comfortable and beautiful house. And everyone faces only one question: how to make your own home beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly - cozy? After all perfect solution planning an apartment cannot provide us with comfort without a rational and artistic organization of the interior.

Different people invest in the concept cozy room» different meaning. And rightly so, because how many people, so many opinions. Comfort, of course, is different, but no matter what we put into this concept, there are things that are most often associated with it.

For example, sofa cushion. It not only provides additional comfort when we settle down to relax on our favorite sofa or armchair after work, but also decorates our upholstered furniture and the entire room as a whole. My room just lacks beautiful, soft cozy sofa cushions, so I decided to make a set of sofa cushions that will delight me and my family.

Special meaning in the creation of works has a color scheme. But about the color - a special conversation. For many centuries, people have admired all the splendor and variety of colors created by the great artist Nature, and discovered the laws of color harmony, which are well known to professional artists. Those who work with a combination of colors can be called artists, only in their hands instead of a brush and paints they have colored patches, threads and a needle. Just like artists, they need to have color literacy, which helps to avoid gross mistakes when creating “painting”. A bright and varied color scheme will not limit even the highest flight of fancy.

Paintings, drawings, applied arts, sculpture and artistic textiles are the finishing touches in the organization of the interior of the apartment. Some spend a lot of money on paintings, some buy expensive decoration souvenirs. This project involves a very inexpensive and very exciting way to decorate your room, bring comfort to it, give individuality to your home.

Enough to provide for yourself necessary tools, materials and devices, fortunately, now it is not difficult and accessible to everyone.

Objective of the project

Perform a soft bright pillow with your own hands.

Project objectives:

1. Decide on a pillow.

2. Choose the material and filler for the manufacture of the pillow.

3. Prepare patterns for patterns.

4. Sew a pillow.

5. Protect the project.

Story sofa cushion(study)

The emergence of sofa cushions occurred somewhat later than they appeared ordinary pillows for sleep, but the history of the sofa cushion goes back many centuries.

If the first sleeping pillows are already found in times ancient egypt, then the East or Ancient Greece is considered to be the birthplace of sofa cushions.

One of the stories of the emergence of sofa cushions is associated with a special tradition of the eastern countries - the absence of furniture that is well known and familiar to us: chairs, armchairs, benches. In the East, they ate and slept on the floor.

In rich houses, the floor, of course, was covered with soft, warm carpets, but this was not enough. This is how the first sofa cushions appeared. Usually, for greater convenience, they had an oblong shape. Such pillows were called - minders.

Another option for the occurrence of a sofa cushion - Ancient Greece. Low daybed or soft sofa were among the ancient Greeks a widespread piece of furniture.

During a feast or discussion of important deals, they preferred to reclining on comfortable beds surrounded by pillows. That is why the history of the emergence of sofa cushions is usually associated with this period in the history of mankind. I must say that the pillows that appeared among the ancient Greeks had nothing to do with the sleeping pillows of the ancient Egyptians.

They were soft. Every wealthy citizen of Greece had in his property a similar attribute of comfort and coziness.

These pillows, the ancestors of modern sofa cushions, were filled with the most various materials and were decorated to show the wealth and prosperity of their owners.

The history of the sofa cushion did not end there. Already in the Middle Ages, analogues of modern sofa cushions were taken with them to church, put on benches, put in saddles. Even a special kind of pillows appeared, they put their feet on them so as not to freeze them in cold weather. stone floors castles.

In Russia, a sofa cushion was called “dumka”, “dumochka”, since they didn’t sleep on it, but while lying on the sofa they thought about life, life.

The appearance of a sofa cushion in our usual understanding of this combination occurred later.

It was then that the pillows were laid additional function decor of the room, when, in addition to comfort for its owners, the pillow had to decorate the sofa or armchair and the room as a whole.

Changed each other different styles, sofa cushions changed, the main functions that were assigned to them changed.

One thing remained unchanged: they were always needed to provide comfort and create additional coziness.

Sofa cushions and now regularly perform this important function in our homes and apartments.

Design analysis.

.

Model sketches

To design my product, I looked at many magazines and books on needlework and came to the conclusion that I can make a set of pillows various types needlework. Here are some of the pillows I have come up with:

Pillows knitted. it interesting option pillows, but for my room, I think, not very suitable, since the room should have, as it were, rustic notes in its style, and I want it to be modern and youthful, so this option does not suit me.

Picture 1

Pillows toys. When making such pillows, you can dream up very well, such pillows should be colorful and cheerful. I have a little brother who would really like these pillows, but for me it is no longer suitable, since I have grown out of the toy age.

Figure 2

Fabric pillows. Can be different types and sizes, you can also decorate them in a very diverse way. Such a pillow will probably be the most suitable for my room, the fabric can be chosen to match the color of my curtains, or vice versa, then sew the curtains to match the color of my pillows, this will give my room comfort and warmth.

Figure 3

Patchwork pillows. Patchwork technique is now very popular, and pillows made in this technique are beautiful and varied, but this is very laborious process, and interesting. I will stop on this idea and sew a patchwork pillow.

Figure 4

Conclusion: I chose pillow No. 4 - I liked it the most. Not too big. In my opinion, it is not difficult to sew. My pillow size is 30 x 40 cm.

Product Requirements

After determining the type of product and the material for its manufacture, it is necessary to develop criteria that the product must satisfy.

1. The pillow should be suitable for decorating the interior of my room.

2. The product must be original and beautiful.

3. Use scraps of fabric as a material.

4. The material should be bright saturated colors.

5. The product should not be expensive.

6. The pillow should be comfortable.

7. The product must be aesthetically designed.

All these factors should be taken into account when planning work.

Aesthetic justification

Color in the interior ... (research)

The color environment has an impact on our psychophysical and emotional condition? Even the same , depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, causes us negative or positive emotions. And our eye is able to distinguish 1.5 million colors and tones. Color can irritate, cause anger, or, on the contrary, soothe, bring peace. Listening to our own feelings, we strive to surround ourselves with that colors where we feel most comfortable. In general, this is manifested in the selection of colors for the interior of the room. However, nevertheless, in nature there is a certain law, the effect of color on the psychological state of a person.
Researchers as a result of numerous studies have come to the conclusion that there is a biological innateness of color preferences. So, children under the age of one year, regardless of race and place of residence, show the same preferences: they prefer scarlet, yellow and orange to green, blue and purple. In adolescents and adults, the colors are distributed in popularity as follows: blue, yellow, purple, greenish, lilac, orange, whitish.

Rainbow colors in order

Surely, each of us has seen a rainbow at least once and can easily name the colors of the rainbow in order. memorizerainbow colors in order we were taught from childhood. Remember famous phrase: Every Hunter Wants to Know Where the Pheasant Sits? But this is nothing more than the most popular mnemonic phrase in order to remember the colors of the rainbow in order. The first letter of each word in this phrase corresponds to the first letter in the color name. Therefore,rainbow colors in order sound like this: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue, purple. In addition to the above phrase, there are several more mnemonic phrases that help you learn the arrangement of colors in the rainbow. For example: How Once Jacques the Ringer Broke a Lantern with His Head, Every Decorator Wants to Know Where to Download Photoshop and others.

Why does a person see such a sequence of colors in a rainbow? The fact is that a rainbow occurs as a result of refraction sunlight through drops of moisture. A rainbow appears only after the rain, when the sun immediately shines? Correctly. Droplets of water still hover in the air, through which sunlight penetrates.

The sequence of colors that a person sees in a rainbow are the colors of the optical spectrum, from red - the light with the longest wavelength, to violet - the shortest wavelength of the spectrum visible to the human eye. That is why the top color is red and the bottom color is purple. In fact, the rainbow is great amount transitions from one shade to another, but a person sees only seven primary colors.

The rainbow is found in the beliefs of many nations. In Russia, it was believed that the rainbow is a snake that drinks water from lakes and rivers and then spills it on the ground as rain.

Researching the quilting technique

The difference between patchwork and quilting

Comparing the two concepts, it should be noted that patchwork acts as a separate technique in which its own techniques are applied, and quilting is harmonious combination several sewing techniques at once (the products obtained in this case have the corresponding name “quilts”). In other words, the difference between patchwork and quilting lies in the narrower focus of the first of them.

The essence of patchwork is the creation of a beautiful canvas from many fragments. Their size, shape and color are individual for each product. Great importance at the same time, it has a way of connecting elements. In one case, for example, a strict ornament is created from triangles of the same size, in the other, fragments of arbitrary shape and color are randomly combined. There are special patchwork techniques that reveal the sequence of arrangement of pieces of material to obtain a particular result.

Patchwork is only a common component of quilting. In addition to the patchwork pattern, quilts can contain applique, when various elements are sewn to the fabric, and embroidery. It is the creation of bizarre patterns of stitches that connect all layers of the product, is characteristic feature quilting.

Quilts are always soft and voluminous due to the “air” layer, for example, from synthetic winterizer, enclosed between the upper and lower sheets of the product. Items made exclusively in the patchwork technique do not always differ in volume.

What is the difference between patchwork and quilting yet? It lies in the fact that quilting is related specifically to sewing. Patchwork can also be knitted. In this case, elements created using knitting needles or a hook are combined with each other.

Conclusion: Having studied the technique of patchwork and quilting, I concluded that my pillow will be made using the Patchwork technique. Since my pillow consists of two colors and a narrow variety of elements.

Workplace organization

For manual operations, a work table is required, on which only workpieces, tools and fixtures should be located. During handmade need to follow correct fit. Incorrect position of the body (torso) causes fatigue, reduces efficiency, and also leads to stoop, curvature of the spine, and impairs vision.

The workplace for performing machine work is a table on which a sewing machine is installed and the necessary tools and devices are laid out.

While working on sewing machine workplace should be well lit. When using the sewing machine, it is very important to sit with your body tilted slightly and head forward.

TB at work

Safety regulations for manual work :

be attentive;

put a thimble on the middle finger right hand not to

prick him;

stick needles and pins only into the needle bed,

do not sew with a bent needle;

do not stick needles into clothes;

put scissors to your right with closed blades;

transfer scissors only with closed blades and rings

go ahead.

Safety rules for sewing work:

Do not lean close to the moving parts of the sewing machine;

Do not keep your fingers near the driving needle;

Do not place any foreign objects on the platform.

Safety regulations when performing wet-thermal

works:

Do not leave the iron on;

Set the thermostat dial in accordance with the selected

fabric;

Put the iron on a special stand;

Make sure that the cord does not touch the soleplate of the iron; Turn the iron on and off with dry hands, while taking

the body of the plug, not the cord; The WTO of a product or part should be performed from the wrong side in the direction of the shared thread.

DESIGN PART

Details

1. Torso - 2 days.

2. The inner part of the body - 2 d.

3. The middle part of the head - 1 day.

4. Belly - 1 day.

5. Ear - 4 days

6. Language - 1 d

7. Tail - 2 d.

Manufacturing technology

Fold the details of the ear in pairs with the front sides inward and stitch along the outer contours to the marked stitching seam line

Fold the details of the tail with the right sides and stitch along the outer contours to the marked stitching seam line

Turn out details

Ears tack to details 3-4 in the marked places.

Fold the middle part of the head with both parts of the body with the front sides, stitch. Fold the inner parts of the body right sides, stitch along the dotted line, leaving part of the seam for eversion.

Inner part fold the torsos right sides with the torso, stitch to the torso on each side along all sections from the middle seam to the middle seam. Sew the back seam while sewing on a loosely stuffed tail. Turn the puppy inside out and stuff WITH SINTEPON. open area sew the seam by hand with small stitches. Sew on tongue. Sew on buttons - nose, eyes. Thread one end of the collar into the buckle, sew on, cut off the other end obliquely. For the buckle pin, make 4 holes at a distance of 1.5 cm from each other or tie a ribbon.

Economic justification

Name

material

Price, rub.)

Consumption,

expenses

Cost, rub.)

Real

Fabric white

(meter)

245 rub.

98 rub.

98 rubles

fabric blue

(meter)

175 rub.

35 rub.

35 rub.

Sintepon

(meter)

70 rub.

14 rub.

Available in

availability.

Eyes

10 rub.

Pair of eyes

10 rub.

10 rub.

Threads

5 rub.

12 rub.

Available in

availability.

Total:

169 rub.

157 rub.

It can be seen from the table that the cost of the toy,

handmade is less than the cost of a toy bought on the market or in a store from similar materials.

Ecological justification.

Environmental issues are of concern modern world everyone.. Than more people advances on the steps of technological progress, the more harm is done to the nature around us. Man uses the resources of nature without thinking about the consequences of his activities. And maintaining the purity of rivers, air and soil is simply necessary. . To do this, you need to create and install the latest , use non-waste technologies, but all this requires high costs, but these costs are negligible in relation to the salvation of nature, on which our future and Life on Earth depend.

Therefore, in the manufacture of the project, I will try to use only environmentally friendly clean materials without harming the environment. Also, the purpose of my product requires safety: all small parts(buttons) must be firmly sewn on so that the child does not swallow them and does not get hurt. A synthetic winterizer sheathed with fabric does not pose a danger to children. No one has ever been allergic to fabrics and small parts. All this proves the environmental friendliness of this product.

Self-esteem.

For self-assessment, it is necessary to answer the question: have I achieved all the goals and fulfilled all the requirements? I will answer in sequence:

1. The product turned out to be of high quality. When examining the toy I made, I did not meet a very noticeable marriage.

2. The toy is bright, beautiful, expressing man-made.

3. The product is functional. It has certain mechanical capabilities, conceived in advance.

4. The main factor that speaks in favor of my product is the extremely positive reaction of children to the clown.

So, in my opinion, the project was a success, and I am quite satisfied with my product.

I will evaluate myself with the following questions:

p / p.

Questions for my self-esteem.

My mark.

Can this toy perform the function that I came up with for it.

Yes.

Is the toy well made?

Yes, I did it beautifully, independently and with high quality.

Did everything succeed?

Yes

Did I invent the toy myself?

No, I used a ready-made pattern from a magazine.

What rating did I give myself?

I will give myself a “5”, because I like the toy and it is made the way I intended.

How did the children rate my toy?

The children were happy with my work.

Did the toy turn out beautiful?

Yes, the toy is beautiful and my friends liked it.

My toy turned out to be expensive or cheap -

I think my toy is made sparingly

Used Books.

1M. Ventana. Technology textbook. M. “Count” 2012.

2.N. V. Vinogradov. Soft toy with your own hands. S-P. "Nedra" 1995.

The picture showing the pillow is very cool look and suddenly I thought that I had not yet seen in LJ materials about these products, without which life would become much harder. :)

I found an article about the history of the pillow case, I found a bunch of pictures - pillows, dumka, rollers.
different in form and content. Puffy and flat. Square, oval, in the shape of animals and some things...

on Yandex.Photos

History of the pillow

Although we cannot imagine life without a pillow, initially pillows were used only by wealthy people. The first pillows were found in the ancient Egyptian pyramids.

Pillows were invented by them in order not to spoil an intricate hairstyle in a dream. The pillow was then curved planks on a stand.

On the pillows they began to depict gods who protected the sleeping person from dark forces, mystical plants, animals.

Until the 19th century, wooden pillows were common in Japan.

Traditionally, Chinese pillows were made of stone, porcelain or metal. They were also solid bases. rectangular shape. Some pillows were executed more artistically and were rather small sculptural figures depicting people, animals and household items.

In Africa, hard pillows made of wood and stone were also used.

The first soft pillows appeared in Greece. Comfort was valued more here, and Greek pillows have no connection with Egyptian pillows. The bed was a cult object for the Greeks, they spent most of the day on it. Therefore, it was in Greece that soft mattresses and pillows were invented.

The complication of the manufacture of dyes and sewing techniques led to the transformation of the pillow into an object of art, richly decorated pillows became an expensive commodity.

In the 5th century BC, every wealthy Greek had a pillow. Pillow sizes vary. They were filled with animal hair, grass, fluff and bird feathers. The cover was made of leather or fabric, it could be either rectangular or square.

AT Ancient Rome At first, they were skeptical about the pillows. But soon the Romans appreciated pillows, especially down pillows. Goose down was used to make down pillows. Often, military commanders released their subordinates from military service and sent them to the extraction of fluff for pillows.

Then it was believed that pillows have a magical effect. Nero, for example, put his snakeskin bracelet under his pillow to help him sleep better. Octavian Augustus wanted to get the pillow of a Roman patrician. He was mired in debt, and all his property was sold. Emperor Augustus ordered the debtors to purchase a pillow, according to him, he wanted to own a pillow on which a person who had so many debts slept peacefully.

There are a lot of interesting stories related to pillows. Here is some of them.

Indian pillows helped the great Buddha restore his health. The Buddha was weak from hunger and self-torture, he lay on the ground barely alive. And suddenly he caught the wonderful aroma of the leaves of a tree growing nearby. Buddha got up from the ground, stuffed the bag with these leaves. This is how the pillow turned out, which the Buddha put under his head and fell asleep. After sleeping on a wonderful pillow, the Buddha began to feel better, he had the strength to continue on his journey.

"Kama Sutra" says that ordinary Indians also used pillows. This love treatise was compiled on the basis of knowledge accumulated over more than three thousand years. And some poses from the "Kama Sutra" cannot be reproduced without a pillow.

AT Arab countries pillows were the most popular. The houses of the sultans were decorated with embroidered painted pillows with tassels and fringes. Richly embroidered and decorated pillows were a sign of the wealth of the owner.

In the Middle Ages, special small pads under the feet began to be used, which protected the feet from the cold. In the castles, the floors were stone, the heating could not warm up large rooms during the frosty period. Therefore, foot pillows were popular in those days.
Just at that time, pillows for prayer began to be used, they were placed under the knees during long prayers. Riding cushions were also common, they softened the saddle.

In some European countries there was a funny custom. Married men put an ax under their pillow before going to bed. It was believed that if you say at night to your wife during the performance of your conjugal duty "Give birth to a boy", a boy will be born.

An amazing fact, but in Russia the pillow appeared in wide use only in the twentieth century. And at the very beginning, it was considered an expensive household item: poor people put even just clothes under their heads before going to bed.
On Christmas holidays they hid in pillows fir branches, which brought happiness and helped the fulfillment of desires. Many divinations are related to pillows. For example, in order to find out the name of the betrothed, the girls put a twig from a broom under the pillows.
In Russia, embroidered pillows have always been part of the dowry. Somewhat later appeared decorative pillows. The poor stuffed pillows with hay and horsehair, downy and feather pillows considered a luxury.
And those who had pillows kept them and passed them on to their children. The tradition of passing them on by inheritance remains today. And that's great. Maybe your grandmother once used your pillow too?
How nice to feel the connection of generations through an ordinary thing. Imagine how long your grandmother or mother has been collecting fluff to fluff for your pillow. It is truly worthy of love and respect.

Down duvets and pillows have been and remain an integral part of the cultural tradition of many peoples of the world.

And orange slices!

Today we can no longer imagine our life without pillows, but initially they were intended only for wealthy people. The history of the pillow begins in ancient Egypt. Archaeologists have found the first specimens in the pyramids. The Egyptians invented them, being afraid to spoil their intricate hairstyle during sleep. The pillow of that time is a curved plank on a stand. Images of the gods were applied to the pillows so that they could protect the sleeping person from evil forces.

Wooden pillows, up to the 19th century, were also common in Japan. Pieces made of stone, metal or porcelain were traditionally Chinese. These were solid coasters shaped like a rectangle.

The appearance of the first soft pillows in history is noted in Greece. They had no common connection with the Egyptian or Chinese versions. The Greeks valued comfort more. The bed was a cult item for them, as they spent most of their day on it. That is why soft mattresses and pillows were invented in Greece. Difficulties in the manufacture of dyes, as well as the sewing technique, turned the pillow into a piece of art. Now richly decorated pillows have become a real high-priced commodity.

Already before our era, every wealthy Greek (5th century) had pillows. They were made different sizes, and as a filler used animal hair, grass, bird feathers and down. Case having a rectangular or square shape, could be made of leather or dense fabric.

At first, they were distrustful of pillows in ancient Rome. But soon they were appreciated there, especially loved by the Romans down pillows. They were used to create goose down. Military commanders often sent their subordinates to get fluff for pillows, freeing soldiers from military service.

In those days, it was believed that pillows were able to have a magical effect. So, for example, Nero always had his snakeskin bracelet under his pillow. He did so, wanting to make his night sleep stronger.

Octavian Augustus wanted to own the pillow of a Roman patrician who was mired in debt. All his property was sold. The emperor ordered the purchase of a pillow on which a man who had a sea of ​​\u200b\u200bdebts slept so calmly.

Sofa cushions, or as we affectionately call them “dumochki”, appeared a little later than ordinary pillows for sleeping.

However, the history of the sofa cushion goes back many centuries. The first pillows for sleeping were found in ancient Egypt, in the pyramids. They were invented in order not to spoil an intricate hairstyle in a dream. The pillow was then curved planks on a stand.

The first similarity of sofa cushions arose in ancient times in Asian countries. The interior of a traditional Turkish dwelling is characterized by the absence of furniture. They eat and sleep on the floor on mats, rugs and oblong-shaped pillows, minders. In Lebanon, a reception room usually had a low sofa with flat cushions in brightly colored pillowcases.

sofa cushion, decoration

The first soft pillows appeared in Greece. Comfort was valued more here, and Greek pillows have no connection with Egyptian pillows. The bed was a cult object for the Greeks, they spent most of the day on it.

dumochka, furniture decor

Therefore, it was in Greece that soft mattresses and pillows were invented. Every wealthy citizen of Greece had in his property a similar attribute of comfort and coziness. Pillows, the ancestors of modern sofa cushions, were filled with a wide variety of materials and decorated (often even pretentiously and excessively) to show the wealth and prosperity of their owners. During a feast or discussion of important deals, they preferred to reclining on comfortable beds surrounded by pillows.

That is why the history of the emergence of sofa cushions is usually associated with this period in the history of mankind.

The history of the sofa cushion did not end there. Already in the Middle Ages, analogues of modern sofa cushions were taken with them to church, put on benches, put in saddles. Even a special kind of pillows appeared, they put their feet on them so as not to freeze them on the cold stone floors of the castles. Therefore, foot pillows were popular in those days. Just then, pillows for prayer began to be used, they were placed under the knees during long prayers. Riding cushions were also common, they softened the saddles.

In Russia, embroidered pillows have always been part of the dowry, belonging to the front bed. Somewhat later, decorative pillows appeared. In Russia, the first pillows were "dumka", which were used to decorate rooms. Now the “dumka” pillows have been replaced by modern sofa cushions.

The emergence of sofas, sofas, couches and other furniture for small living rooms, offices and boudoirs has also spawned a whole community of various day pillows. These are companions of thought, "idle bliss" and fleeting love pranks.

pillow, living room

By the middle of the 19th century, with the development of the Biedermeier style (this style is sometimes called "a mixture of Empire style with romanticism") with its love of cozy crampedness, daytime decorative pillows became an indispensable part of residential interior including living rooms.

Pillowcases for sofa cushions were sometimes made from the same fabric as furniture upholstery. But more often day pillows were made of velvet, rep, silk, decorated with appliqués, satin stitch embroidery or richelieu. From the last quarter of the 19th century, cross-stitch, single or double, the so-called "Bulgarian" was in a special fashion.

And since then, embroidered pillows have not left the living rooms, only in the 1960s, during the "severe style", they were removed from sight. And their other, less elegant companions continued to be modestly present on the couch and sofa.

Now these Cinderellas are back in fashion, moreover, they have become an indispensable item of living room decoration. They became beauties without losing their ease. In a standard environment, they know how to add variety and unique intonation. And at the same time, their decorative effect and expressiveness are achieved relatively simple means and do not require special costs.

interior element

Different styles replaced each other, sofa cushions changed, the main functions that were assigned to them changed. One thing remained unchanged: they were always needed to provide comfort and create additional coziness. Sofa cushions and now regularly perform this important function in our apartments.

Levina Elena

creation and execution of sofa cushions

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Municipal state educational institution

"SOSH", p. Zikeevo Zhizdrinsky district Kaluga region

creative project

sofa cushions

Performed

Levina Elena

Class 11

technology teacher

Levina Tatyana Alexandrovna.

Zikeevo, 2014

I. Preparatory stage

1. Setting the goal of the project…………………………………..……………3
2. Justification of the problem…………………………...………..3
3. Concept development………………………………………..……….. ..5

4. The history of the sofa cushion……………………………………………….5

II. Design stage

1. Sketches of alternative models…………………………………………7
2. Product design development……………………………..…………..…11
3. Sofa cushion drawing……………………………………………..15
4. Characteristics of the materials and equipment used………...16
5. Rules safe work with tools………………...………..17
6. Sanitary and hygienic requirements…………………………………..17

III. Technological stage

1. Sofa cushion manufacturing technology…….……………..……18
2. Manufacturing technology of pillowcases for sofa cushions………..19

IV. The final stage

1. Economic justification…………………………………………...21
2. Environmental justification………………………………………………24
3. Self-assessment………………….……………………………………………….24
4. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….….25
5. Advertising………………………………………………………………….26
6. Bibliographic list of used literature………….27

Appendix …………………………………………………………..28

1. Preparatory stage

1. goal setting

Objective: to produce a product that meets certain criteria and my artistic taste.

1. Justification of the problem

At the technology lesson, I need to complete a creative project. A problem immediately arose in front of me, what could I do, because I need not only to do something, but so that this product is necessary for me and useful in my life. Most likely, it must be something for my house, since we recently moved into new apartment, and now, together with my mother, we are trying to make it more comfortable, warm and beautiful, besides, I now have my own room where I can realize my wildest interior design fantasies, try on a little bit the role of a designer.

Everyone dreams of a well-maintained, comfortable and beautiful home. And everyone faces only one question: how to make your home beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly, cozy? After all, the ideal solution for planning an apartment cannot provide us with comfort without a rational and artistic organization of the interior.

Different people invest in the concept of "cozy room" different meanings. And rightly so, because how many people, so many opinions. Comfort, of course, is different, but no matter what we put into this concept, there are things that are most often associated with it.

For example, sofa cushion. It not only provides additional comfort when we settle down to relax on our favorite sofa or armchair after work, but also decorates our upholstered furniture, and the whole room as a whole. My room just lacks beautiful, soft cozy sofa cushions, so I decided to make a set of sofa cushions that will delight me and my family.

Of particular importance in the creation of works is the color scheme. But about the color - a special conversation. For many centuries, people have admired all the splendor and variety of colors created by the great artist Nature, and discovered the laws of color harmony, which are well known to professional artists. Those who work with a combination of colors can be called artists, only in their hands instead of a brush and paints they have colored patches, threads and a needle. Just like artists, they need to have color literacy, which helps to avoid gross mistakes when creating “painting”. A bright and varied color scheme will not limit even the highest flight of fancy.

Paintings, drawings, applied arts, sculpture and artistic textiles are the finishing touches in the organization of the interior of the apartment. Some spend a lot of money on paintings, some buy expensive decoration souvenirs. This project involves a very inexpensive and very exciting way to decorate your apartment, bring comfort to it, give individuality to your home.

It is enough to provide yourself with the necessary tools, materials and fixtures, fortunately, now it is not difficult and accessible to everyone.

1. Concept development

When choosing, I took into account:

1. my skill level.
2. Necessity for me of this or that product.
3. The cost of purchasing materials and tools for work.
4. The amount of time it takes to complete an item.

1. History of the sofa cushion

The emergence of sofa cushions occurred a little later than the usual pillows for sleeping, but the history of the sofa cushion goes back many centuries.

If the first pillows for sleep are found already in the days of Ancient Egypt, then the East or Ancient Greece is considered to be the birthplace of sofa cushions.

One of the stories of the emergence of sofa cushions is associated with a special tradition of the eastern countries - the absence of furniture that is well known and familiar to us: chairs, armchairs, benches. In the East, they ate and slept on the floor.

In rich houses, the floor, of course, was covered with soft, warm carpets, but this was not enough. This is how the first sofa cushions appeared. Usually, for greater convenience, they had an oblong shape. Such pillows were called - minders.

Another variant of the origin of the sofa cushion is Ancient Greece. A low sofa bed or an upholstered sofa was a widespread piece of furniture among the ancient Greeks.

During a feast or discussion of important deals, they preferred to reclining on comfortable beds surrounded by pillows. That is why the history of the emergence of sofa cushions is usually associated with this period in the history of mankind. I must say that the pillows that appeared among the ancient Greeks had nothing to do with the sleeping pillows of the ancient Egyptians.

They were soft. Every wealthy citizen of Greece had in his property a similar attribute of comfort and coziness.

These pillows, the ancestors of modern sofa cushions, were filled with a variety of materials and decorated to show the wealth and prosperity of their owners.

The history of the sofa cushion did not end there. Already in the Middle Ages, analogues of modern sofa cushions were taken with them to church, put on benches, put in saddles. Even a special kind of pillows appeared, they put their feet on them so as not to freeze them on the cold stone floors of the castles.

In Russia, a sofa cushion was called “dumka”, “dumochka”, since they didn’t sleep on it, but while lying on the sofa they thought about life, life.

The appearance of a sofa cushion in our usual understanding of this combination occurred later.

It was then that the additional function of decorating the room was assigned to the pillows, when, in addition to comfort for their owners, the pillow had to decorate the sofa or armchair and the room as a whole.

Different styles replaced each other, sofa cushions changed, the main functions that were assigned to them changed.

One thing remained unchanged: they were always needed to provide comfort and create additional coziness.

Sofa cushions and now regularly perform this important function in our apartments.

1. Design stage

1. Model sketches

To design my product, I reviewed many magazines and books on needlework and came to the conclusion that I can make a set of pillows with various types of needlework. Here are some of the pillows I have come up with:

Pillows knitted. This is an interesting option for pillows, but I think it’s not very suitable for my room, since the room should have a rustic touch in its style, but I want it to be modern and youthful, so this option doesn’t suit me.

Picture 1

Pillows toys. When making such pillows, you can dream up very well, such pillows should be colorful and cheerful. I have a little brother who would really like these pillows, but for me it is no longer suitable, since I have grown out of the toy age.

Figure 2

Fabric pillows. They can be of different types and sizes, they can also be decorated in a very diverse way. Such a set of pillows will probably be the most suitable for my room, you can choose the fabric to match the color of my curtains, or vice versa, then sew the curtains to match the color of my pillows, this will give my room comfort and warmth.

Figure 3

Patchwork pillows. Patchwork technique is very popular now, and pillows made in this technique are beautiful and varied, but this is a very laborious process, and since I want to have a set of pillows, in my opinion, this project will take a very long time. I will most likely do it later.

Figure 4

7. Choosing the best option

When choosing the pillow option that suits me, I settled on the 3rd pillow option.

8. Product design development

Pillow sketches

1. Pillow design development

I like pillows with French sides, I think it's very interesting decoration for a pillow.

Figure 5

But the sides are somehow not enough for the pillows to be quite beautiful, modern and individual, so I decided to decorate them with decorative braid around the perimeter of the pillow, in the middle of the pillow and stripes on the front of the pillow, it will not be so boring and at the same time it will be made in the same style.

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Sketches of my pillows are ready, I think they are very interesting.

1. Cushion drawing

1. Characteristics of the materials and equipment used

To make my creative project, I will need the following materials:

Fabric for pillows coarse calico - 1 m;

Sintepon for filling pillows - 5 m;

The threads are white and in the color of the fabric;

Braid for decoration -7 m;

Lightning - 3 pcs;

Needle;

Ruler;

Scissors;

Sewing machine;

Iron.

1. Safety rules at work hand tools, on a sewing machine, with an iron.

1. Store needles and pins in a needle case. Sewing with a thimble.
2. Do not throw a broken needle, but put it in a box specially designated for this.
3. Store scissors in a specific place - in a stand or work box.
4. Putting scissors with closed blades from the worker; when passing, hold them by closed blades.
5. Timely and carefully take care of the equipment,check serviceability(safety of insulation, connections electric wire, serviceability of the fork) and the pace of the machine.
6. Well organized workplace: on the floor rubber mat Do not place scissors or other tools near the rotating parts of the machine.
7. You can not work in loose clothes, long hair should be picked up, do not lean close to the car.
8. Two people cannot work on the car.
9. Do not transfer scissors, product or parts while the machine is running. To do this, you need to stop work on the machine, transfer required item and start working again.
10. Installing the bobbin casethread the upper thread with the machine turned off.
11. Turn off the motor and take your feet off the pedal before cleaning and lubricating the machine.
12. Connect or disconnect the electrical plug from the socket with dry hands to avoid electric shock.

1. Sanitary and hygienic requirements.

1. The light must fall on work surface left side or front.

1. Technological stage

1. Manufacturing technology for cushion covers

1. Manufacturing technology of pillowcases for sofa cushions

1. The final stage

1. Economic justification.

Sp \u003d Mz + Rop + A u + Z dr, where

Sp - total cost products

Mz - material costs

Rop - labor costs

A and - tool depreciation

Material costs (M 3 ):

Mz \u003d C1 + C2 + CZ ...

C1 - the price of the material for the bedclothes is 95 rubles per meter, I needed 1 meter of fabric, then

C1 \u003d 95 rubles.

C2 - synthetic winterizer 70 rubles a meter, I needed 4.5 meters,

C2 \u003d 70x4.5 \u003d 315 rubles.

TsZ - fabric for bedclothes 110 rubles a meter, I needed 2.5 meters

C3 \u003d 110x2.5 \u003d 275 rubles.

Ts4 - braid for decoration 25 rubles a meter, it took me 7 meters

C4 \u003d 25x7 \u003d 175 rubles

Ts5 - threads of a contrasting color and to match the fabric, 10 rubles per spool

Ts5 \u003d 10x2 \u003d 20 rubles

C6 - lightning 30 rubles, I need 3 pcs.

C6 = 30x3 = 90 rubles

Mz \u003d 95 + 315 + 275 + 175 + 20 + 90 \u003d 970 rubles.

Labor costs (Rop)

Worker, working 8 hours a day with a minimum wage of 7700 rubles. for 22 working days, it turns out that for one working day he will receive 350, for an hour 43.75 rubles, working 1 hour a day for 6 days it will turn out 43.75 x 6 \u003d 262.5 rubles.

Depreciation of tools (A and ).

The service life of scissors is 5 years, a hand needle is 1 year, a sewing machine is 5 years. I do not calculate the depreciation of the needle, since its service life has expired.

The depreciation expense for instruments is 10% of their value.

Total: 5400 rubles.

A and \u003d 1.50 rubles.

Other costs (3 DR).

Z others \u003d E zat + Z mat

E zat - electricity costs.

E zat \u003d Operating time (hour) x N (kW) x T (rub.)

I did my work during the day and in the evening.

Work on a creative project in the evening is approximately 1 hour per day, the number of days is 3, then 1 x 3 = 3 hours

Working time (hour) = 3 hours

N - power of the appliance

N = 60 W x 3 lamps = 180 W = 0.18 kW.

E Zat. \u003d 3 x 0.18 x 3.30 \u003d 1.78 rubles.

Working on the sewing machine was about 1/3 of the total time spent on the project 6: 3 = 2 hours,

Working time (hour) = 2 hours

N - power of the appliance

T - the cost of one kWh \u003d 3.30 rubles.

N \u003d 60 W \u003d 0.06 kW.

E Zat. \u003d 2 x 0.06 x 3.30 \u003d 0.4 rubles.

Ironing took about 15 minutes

Operating time (hour) = 0.25 hours

N - power of the appliance

T - the cost of one kWh \u003d 3.30 rubles.

N \u003d 1700W \u003d 1.7 kW.

E Zat. \u003d 0.25 x 1.7 x 3.30 \u003d 1.40 rubles.

E Zat. \u003d 1.78 + 0.40 + 1.40 \u003d 3.58 rubles.

Z mat - These are other costs for the production and sale of products. In my case, material costs will be travel to public transport to the stores where I purchased consumables.

The fare on the bus is 25 rubles. I took the bus 2 times.

In this way:

Z mat \u003d 25 x 2 \u003d 50 rubles.

Z dr \u003d 3.58 + 50 \u003d 53.58 rubles.

С n \u003d 970 + 262.5 +1.50 +53.58 \u003d 1287.58 rubles.

The cost of my product turned out to be not very small, but I think that the project is worth it, especially since the calculation was made for a set of pillows and the main costs would go to pay for labor, and it’s only a joy for me to do this.

1. Environmental rationale

My pillows are environmentally friendly, safe for human health. The synthetic winterizer filler does not cause allergic reactions and is not contraindicated in humans. When doing my creative project, I did not pollute environment, used natural fabrics and threads in the project, pillowcases have synthetic fibers, but this is not environmentally contraindicated, besides, they have a zipper, they can be removed and washed, and this is another plus.

1. Self-esteem

Assessing the quality of the work performed, we can conclude the following:

1. Conclusion

Man has always had and has a desire for beauty. While creating decorative items creative independence is manifested: in the search for a theme, technique, manner of performance. A cheerful person seems to want to create a kind of parallel world.

You just need to be brave and not be afraid to experiment. This project is addressed to everyone who is in love with needlework. And, perhaps, someday, the young needlewoman will turn into Mary - the Artisan, about whom legends will be composed ...

Working on my project, I needed a lot of patience in mastering certain technical techniques, studying special literature.Assessing the complexity of the project, we can say that I would not change anything in this work if I had to do this work again. So my project is not only aesthetically beautiful, but also successful.Mastery comes only with experience, the harmony of the drawing is achieved. Only by learning the techniques, complete freedom of self-expression is gained. The conceived product turned out to be the way I wanted it to be. I have achieved my goal. Now these pillows will be a highlight in the interior of my room, delighting me and my guests.

Create! Fantasize! Dare!

1. Advertising

Decorate home interior your living room, kitchen or bedroom with interesting sofa cushions is not at all difficult. Have you been dreaming about pillows for a long time? unusual shape, textures, so conveniently located instead of the back of a corner sofa? And if you make several options for decorative pillow cases, then you can easily change color solution rooms. We bring to your attention decorative sofa cushions with interchangeable pillowcases that will decorate your interior, bring warmth and comfort to it, spending a minimum of effort.

1. Bibliographic list of used literature:

1. Morozova L.N., Kravchenko N.G., Pavlova O.V. Technology. 5-11 grades: project activity students / - 2nd ed., stereotype. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.
2. Simonenko V.D. "Technology", grades 5-9. Moscow. Ventana-Graf.2001.
3. Simonenko V.D. "Creative projects", grades 5-9. Bryansk, 1996.
4. Shkvyrya Zh.Yu. Volume flowers from woolen threads. New technology. - Publishing group "Content", 2010.
5. Yurieva M. Yu. "Not out of boredom - jack of all trades!". "Pedagogy-Press". Moscow. 1994.
6. Internet resourceshttp://www.divano.ru/informacija/Istorija-divannoj-podushki/

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