Rules for the operation of metal furnaces. Chapter XVIII. Operation of heating furnaces. Design and installation of smoke channels for furnaces

rules safe operation stoves - the first thing you need to know when starting a firebox. If you have the knowledge of how to properly fire the stove, and put them into practice, the operation of the stove will not entail serious consequences associated with carbon monoxide poisoning or fire from sparks that have fallen on the floor. The rules for firing a furnace are not complicated, but they require clear understanding and memorization. So, how to properly heat the stove with wood so that the process is safe?
Observing the rules for the operation of furnaces, you need to perceive it as technical device- a heat engineering unit that requires constant and close attention. It is this balanced approach to its use that will ensure further reliable operation.
Before heating the stove, at the very beginning of each bathing season, the device should be checked and, if necessary, repaired. Particular attention should be paid to the integrity of the masonry, starting from the bottom row to the very top of the pipe.
If cracks are found in the masonry, they must be smeared with clay mass with the addition of lime, and the broken bricks must be replaced. Before heating the sauna stove, it is best to whitewash the pipe before the new season, so the resulting cracks will be better visible.
Wooden structures located in close proximity to chimneys, must be closed insulating materials(asbestos, kaolin wool, etc.) or treated with special flame retardants.
Cracks in the masonry, as well as bursting bricks, can cause a fire. Therefore, you need to carefully monitor their safety.
How to heat the stove, except for firewood? The stove can be fired with coal, in which case it is necessary to install a spark arrestor mesh.
Before you heat the stove with wood, you need to know that the combustion process can be conditionally divided into three stages: kindling, intense burning and afterburning. At each stage of the wood burning process, different amount air, the volume of intake, which must be regulated by valves and a blower door.
Proper air supply leads to maximum utilization of the coefficient useful action(efficiency) of the stove, complete combustion of loaded firewood, maximum heat transfer, and also significantly reduces the amount of soot formed and increases the life of the entire structure.
The walls of the furnace may not warm up enough, not only because of the poor quality of the fuel, but also if inner surface walls have soot deposits or due to poorly closed views and dampers. All this requires regular checking.
Often there is such a problem as the smoke of the furnace. This can occur not only from structural defects or improper masonry, but also from the wind. To check, before heating a brick oven, two halves of a brick should be placed at the corners of the pipe, and a dense sheet of iron should be placed on top of them and pressed along the size of the perimeter of the oven. If the stove does not stop smoking after a few minutes, then a stationary, durable cap must be made for the pipe.
If the stove has not been heated for a long time and is damp, or if it is warmer outside than in the house, the stove may smoke when lighting up. This is due to the formation of back draft in the pipe. In this case, it is necessary to open the forward stroke valve or heat the pipe, burning paper at its base. At the same time, a fire should be lit in the furnace. And after the kindling is completed, close the forward stroke valve.
Before drowning in a bath, you need to make sure that the furnace door is not too open in order to speed up heating. When the door is opened, the draft increases, but more heat escapes with the exhaust gases than it enters the room from the open door. Therefore, when burning, after the flame has flared up, the valve should be covered so that the draft is not very strong.
Department of Civil Defense, Emergencies, ABOUT and OP of the administration of the municipality "Sudogodsky district"

Operation of ovens.

Hundreds of furnaces are made according to my drawings various designs in year. All information about the operation of furnaces, cases of their unsatisfactory work passes through me. I have to understand the reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of furnaces, the mistakes made during their construction and operation. I have unique opportunity systematize the shortcomings in the operation of all furnaces, the reasons for their occurrence, take them into account in subsequent designs, as well as talk about the rules for their operation. It is unlikely that anyone else has such an opportunity. The cases described in the article are confirmed by many years of practice in the construction and operation of stoves and fireplaces. In order for the furnace to work correctly and for a long time with maximum efficiency and in order to avoid its premature destruction, the owner of the furnace must carefully study the operating rules.

Rules for drying and control furnace.

Dry the oven before use. To do this, the stove is initially heated twice a day, 1-1.5 hours, with a small amount of fuel (no more than 2 kg with a moisture content of no more than 15%) with the blower and furnace door open. Do not use wood chips, cardboard chips in large quantities. On the a short time they will give a high temperature, which will lead to cracking of the furnace. So the furnace is heated until the sweating of the outer walls stops and water droplets appear on the valve.

After that, the oven is dried, burning everything large quantity fuel, with the furnace door closed. The chimney and blower are not closed during the entire drying period, and the room is intensively ventilated. Depending on the size of the kiln, drying takes 8-10 days in summer and 2-3 weeks in autumn and winter.

Rapid drying causes cracks in the masonry and may render the stove unusable before it is put into service.

To conduct a control furnace, the furnace is filled with a full amount of fuel and burned for 1.5 ... 2.5 hours, that is, until the walls of the furnace are heated to the limit. The absence of smoke will indicate the presence of traction; by touching the surface with your hand, you can determine the degree of heating in different places.

Before the beginning heating season stoves need to be checked and repaired. Particular attention should be paid to the integrity of the masonry, starting from the first row to the top of the pipe. It is not uncommon for the force of frost heaving to break the stove and especially the pipe (the pipe in the attic must be whitewashed so that cracks can be seen). Check the condition of the furnace and stove appliances, both before the start of the heating season and during operation. Eliminate cracks in the masonry (fill with mortar, or replace broken bricks) and close the gaps between the masonry and stove appliances(you can use kaolin wool soaked in a clay solution). This will significantly improve the operation of the furnace, increase its efficiency and increase fire safety. AT public spaces the firing of stoves must be carried out by specially designated people who have been instructed and comply with safety rules, established Rules fire safety in the Russian Federation and GOST 9817-82 "Household appliances operating on solid fuel". These same requirements must be met by every homeowner.

The process of fuel combustion is divided into three periods: warm-up, intense burning and burning out. In each period, a different amount of air is required for complete combustion of the fuel.

Most a large number of air for combustion of fuel is required in the intensive combustion stage. It is known that firewood contains solid and volatile combustible substances. According to K. Myakel, "Stoves and Fireplaces", Stroyizdat 1987, about 1.5 m3 per 1 kg of firewood is required to burn the solid component of the fuel. For burning volatile matter 2.3 m3 per 1 kg of firewood. In total, 1 kg of firewood requires 3.8 m3 of air. This is the optimal theoretical value. In practice, the air consumption reaches 6-9 m3 per 1 kg of firewood. In this case, the excess air is 1.6-2.4 times.

It should be noted that less air is required at the stage of ignition and afterburning. If the same amount of air is supplied 6-9 m3 per 1 kg of firewood, for the entire time of the combustion reaction, heat loss from underburning will be 3-5%, and afterburning of fuel in the afterburning stage 20-35%. (According to Yu.P. Sosnin and E.N. Bukharkin). Excess air will be 3 times more in the ignition stage and 8-10 times in the afterburning stage. However, if air is supplied to the furnace in an amount less than optimal, then chemical underburning of the fuel occurs. As a result, the energy contained in the fuel is not completely released (that is, the efficiency of energy removal from the fuel decreases), as well as unburned volatiles are deposited in the form of soot on the walls of the furnace. Soot has a low thermal conductivity and therefore soot deposits on the walls of the furnace reduce the useful heat transfer of the furnaces. In addition, soot deposits narrow the sections of chimneys, reduce draft and create fire hazard because soot is flammable.

At the stage of ignition and intensive combustion, the temperature in the furnace rises, at the stage of afterburning it decreases.

It follows from the above that in the stage of intense combustion blower door It must be opened so that the optimal amount of air enters the furnace. This can be judged by the color of the flame. It should be light yellow. If the flame is dark yellow with black smoke, then little air enters the firebox, the combustion reaction takes place with low efficiency and a large soot deposit on the walls of the furnace. This leads to clogging of the furnace, a decrease in its heat transfer and increased fire hazard. Therefore, at this stage, it is strictly forbidden to heat the stove in the smoldering combustion mode with the blower door closed. A bright white flame indicates excess air. This is also indicated by the strong hum of the furnace. In this case, you need to close the blower door. In the afterburning stage, when coals remain in the furnace, the blower door can be completely closed. It does not make sense to regulate the combustion process with a furnace valve, although at the stage of afterburning it should be covered to reduce the draft of the pipe.

Remember that burning into carbon dioxide, with complete combustion, 1 kg of carbon gives 8100 kcal of heat, and burning into carbon monoxide, with incomplete combustion (lack of air), it will give only 2400 kcal, that is, you withdraw only 29.6% of energy.

Scheme of kindling and firebox.

For ignition, it is desirable to use paper, birch bark, resin torches. This will remove cold air from the chimney, create draft and ensure the ignition temperature of firewood is 300-350 ° C. In cold weather, if the furnace has not been used for a long time, it is better to start kindling with the summer stroke valve open.

After ignition, dry logs must be placed in the furnace to obtain operating temperature 800-900 °C.

Firewood must be dried for 1-2 years, and have a maximum moisture content of 15%. When using damp firewood, the loss of calorific value can reach, according to Finnish sources, 34-57%. It also leads to rapid clogging of the furnace and increased fire hazard due to rapid clogging of soot. Part of the heat released during the combustion of fuel is used to evaporate the water contained in it. The heat expended on the evaporation of water is lost with the steam leaving the pipe. It is desirable to have firewood of approximately the same thickness (5-10 cm) and moisture content so that they burn with the same gap in time. Otherwise, it happens that unburned single firebrands take away more heat than they give, since you cannot close the pipe until they are completely burned. This also applies to fireplaces.

The maximum heat transfer of the furnace is achieved with two fireboxes per day. The furnace is heated, as a rule, twice a day (morning, evening), without overloading the furnace. When it's warm outside, they heat it once. Open the firebox door as little as possible during the firebox. When it is opened, a large amount of air enters the furnace, which is not involved in combustion, which cools the furnace. I.S. Podgorodnikov conducted tests. When opening the door for 2-3 minutes, the temperature in the furnace dropped by 420 degrees.

Stoves must not be lit during mass events indoors.

Firewood for more than one firebox should not be stored in a heated room.

Do not overheat the oven (90 °C).

It is impossible to heat the furnace at the stage of construction of the building, when there is no design thermal circuit, or to make the furnace of less power than required by the heat engineering calculation. In this case, as a rule, the furnace is reheated and destroyed. The same happens when heating the furnace in winter time with open gate valve. In this case, an attempt to heat the room leads to overheating of the furnace, uneven heating of the walls and destruction of the furnace.

The stove must not be operated during construction when collective irresponsibility is at work. In this case, the customer loses the warranty.

It is unacceptable to melt the stove with flammable substances (gasoline, acetone, etc.).

In order for the stove to work for a long time and do not require cleaning, do not burn garbage in it, especially polymers, rotten and wet firewood, varnished, painted wood, paper and cardboard. The substances arising during the combustion of these materials settle on the walls of the furnace (fireplace) and greatly increase the risk of fire and clog environment. We have repeatedly encountered cases when, after a month of operation, the furnace stopped working. When the furnace was opened, it was found that the cap 13 cm wide was completely clogged with soot adhering to the walls. In this case, it is necessary to clean the walls of the caps one by one from soot, and then burn the caps with dry small aspen firewood, starting from the top.

When loading new portions of fine dusty fuel such as sawdust and shavings, rich in volatile compounds, it is impossible to close the entire combustion mirror (smoldering coals will not be visible). open fire). An explosive mixture is formed in the furnace. This may cause an explosion and destruction of the oven. This applies to ovens of any systems.

You can not heat a wood stove with coal, coke.

Open fireplaces can only be fired with dry, non-resinous (birch, aspen) logs no longer than 2/3 of the depth of the combustion chamber. Fireplaces are not allowed conifers(without fencing), since when the wood resin boils, coals are ejected from the fireplace.

Below are the main malfunctions in the operation of furnaces and measures to eliminate them (According to I.S. Podgorodnikov) with my addition.

1. When firing a stove with a stove, the stove does not heat up. This happens when the stove is fired in the summer. It is necessary to carefully study which valves open during the summer furnace, and which during the winter.

2. The stove smokes or burns very sluggishly. This happens in a properly folded stove due to the fact that either the cleaning holes are not smeared, or when burning with damp wood. This is also possible with insufficient air supply to the fuel through the grate (ash is not removed from the ash pan), insufficient height of the pipe or its cross section. In a Russian oven, a "heater", if the damper of the cooking chamber is not tightly closed, through which air is sucked into the oven.

3. The stove smokes when burning in the summer. On a hot summer day, the chimney is filled with cold heavy air compared to the outside air. The column of air filling the chimney is heavier than the column of outside air of the same height. Therefore, the column of air in the pipe goes down, squeezes the air out of the stove into the room, including the smoke when the stove is kindled. It is necessary to preheat the chimney so that the gases filling the chimney warm up and become lighter than the outside air. To do this, the stove is first heated in summer, or a bundle of burning paper or wood chips is introduced into the pipe through the door of the view. You can heat the chimney with a bundle of rolled newspapers through the fireplace, placing the flame above the ceiling of the fireplace opening.

4. Smoke is sometimes observed in properly built stoves and especially fireplaces in well-maintained stone houses with airtight walls, floors, ceilings, doors, windows. Shortly after kindling, the stove or fireplace begins to smoke. This happens because, as room air for combustion in the room, a vacuum is created the same as in the furnace. Due to the tightness of the walls Atmosphere pressure not transferred to the premises. To stop smoking, you need to open the window. If there is a fireplace in the room, then it is necessary to carry out the inflow of outside air, and it is better to the combustion zone.

5. It happens that after some time after the fireplace is flooded, it starts to "have eyes". Usually, exhaust ventilation ducts are arranged in the same riser with a fireplace smoke channel. If the outside air is not supplied by a special supply channel, then when the fireplace is operating, a vacuum occurs in the room and exhaust channel ventilation begins to work on the inflow, sucking the flue gases of the fireplace into the room.

6. It is not allowed to arrange indoors with furnace heating exhaust ventilation with artificial stimulation, not compensated by inflow with artificial stimulation. Otherwise, due to the operation of the exhaust ventilation, a vacuum is created in the room and the fireplace or stove begins to smoke.

It often happens that stove-setters do not provide for the flow of air into the combustion zone of the fireplace, and designers, when calculating the balance of ventilation, do not take into account the air escaping through the fireplace, designing insufficient supply ventilation.

Meets common mistake when in a residential building, with sealed windows and doors, equipped with a fireplace, only natural exhaust ventilation, and artificial supply is not done. In a heated house warm air through the exhaust ventilation goes outside and a vacuum is created in the room. When the fireplace damper is opened, a counter draft arises (it blows from the fireplace) and the fireplace begins to smoke. In this case, it is necessary to do forced ventilation and air conditioning. This issue is very difficult for an unprepared person and should be solved by specialized design and installation organizations.

7. An oven with a built-in water tank, coil, hot water or heating boiler may smoke if the system has water or steam leaking into the oven.

8. There are cases when cracks appear in the furnace during operation, crossing the entire furnace. This usually occurs when the furnace foundation is made on a weak foundation (for example, on bulk soil) or when the furnace foundation is increased without tying it to the main monolith.

9. The refractory lining of the furnace is destroyed. This happens when, by mistake, an acid-resistant brick is used for lining, which, according to appearance, practically does not differ from fireclay bricks. Before using refractory bricks, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with its certificate.

10. There are cases when in certain days, stove or fireplace starts to smoke. This happens if the pipe is made with a deviation from the norm:

• The required height of the pipe above the roof is not maintained;
• The pipe is located in the zone of wind backwater from the adjacent taller building.

When the wind direction changes, there is an increase or decrease in pressure above the pipe. In these cases, it is necessary to raise the pipe or install wind protection devices in the form of weather vanes or deflectors. It should be noted that the standards in force in the West set more stringent requirements for the height of the pipe above the roof. Therefore, it is better to raise the pipe 1-2 rows higher than required by the standards.

11. The pipe gets wet (leak in the pipe), if there is an umbrella, head or deflector that protects the pipe from atmospheric precipitation. All fuels contain some water. When the fuel is burned, the water turns into steam and, together with the flue gases, passes into the chimney. If, passing through the pipe, the gases have a temperature below 100 °, the steam turns back into water, which is deposited in small droplets on the walls of the pipe. Accumulating, water flows down the pipe. After the end of the furnace, the water freezes in winter. This causes rapid destruction of the pipe. To avoid this, couples flue gases must turn into water only after leaving the pipe, i.e. the temperature of the gases themselves in the pipe must be above 100 ° C. But it is also impossible to release gases into the pipe very hot, since they must give their main heat to the furnace. Experiments have determined that the pipe does not get wet, and the stove is economical at a temperature of flue gases near the view of about 250 ° C (a dry splinter at this temperature takes on the color of a rye bread crust).

The low temperature of the gases in the pipe can be for the following reasons:

12. Insufficient heating of the stones (soot on the stones), in a properly folded sauna stove periodical action. This is possible for the following reasons:

• not correct firebox furnaces in the smoldering combustion mode with a lack of air;
• heating the furnace with a small thickness of the fuel layer at full combustion;
• not tightness of the door for throwing water on the stones (the flame of the candle should not deviate to the slots of the door), this is also possible due to the frequent opening of this door during the heating of the furnace.

Poor heating of stones in the oven of a properly folded sauna stove continuous action, in addition to the above reasons, it is possible due to the fact that there are small fraction stones at the bottom of the oven.

The heat of gases is transferred to the oven through its walls due to heat conduction. Inside the oven, the main heating of the stones comes from the walls due to radiation and natural convection of heated air, most of which is due to convection. If there are small stones at the bottom, then in this case the stones will heat up and accumulate heat poorly, since there will be no convective heat transfer. There will be a redistribution of heat produced by the furnace, between the oven with stones and the heat exchange surfaces of the furnace. The stones will not give the required quality and quantity of steam. The oven will overheat.

It is necessary when laying stones, lay down the oven large stones, as well as in a timely manner to change the stones that are destroyed during operation.

13. Weak water heating in sauna stoves and boilers. The reasons may be the following:

• An imported ball valve is installed on the return pipe to regulate water heating, which has a narrowed through hole. It should be replaced with a valve domestic production, in which the through hole is not narrowed. The same will happen if the water heating control valve is closed, water circulation occurs only inside the straight pipe;
• Incorrectly manufactured or installed coil (register, boiler). The slope of the pipes for draining water from the system must be provided, in the direction from the straight pipe to the bottom of the return pipe (where the drain cock is installed). Otherwise, in top point coil (register, boiler) there is an air lock that prevents the circulation of water. When the water is heated in the air lock, the pressure rises, and hydraulic shocks occur in the heating or hot water supply system, as a result, the system may be destroyed;
• The tank piping is made with counter slopes, and therefore, in the pipe there are air locks preventing water circulation;
• The occurrence of a plug and, as a result, a deterioration in circulation is possible if the inlet and outlet pipes in the DHW tank are made at the same height. When filling the tank, water enters both tubes at the same time. After fixing the piping and changing the height of the nozzles, the water heating improves;
• A very small distance is made between the inputs to the tank of the direct and return pipes, and the circulation of water slows down significantly (circulation is stronger when the difference in water temperature between these pipes is large). The inlet tubes must be spaced apart in different sides tank. To improve water circulation, you can separate the return pipe branch pipe with a partition with holes.
• The tank is not raised enough above the upper tube of the coil. It must be set higher by 150 mm.

14. The boiler is "crying".

In boilers, it is necessary to install automatic control of the outlet water heating temperature. Its meaning is to organize the movement of water in a small circle (direct - return pipe) until the outlet water temperature reaches 45-55 ° C, after which the water is directed in a large circle. Otherwise, condensate may form on the registers and the operation of the boiler may deteriorate.

Additional rules for firing multi-storey stoves. You can heat all the stoves located on different floors at the same time or any one or two stoves separately. With separate firing of furnaces on floors, the valves of non-operating furnaces must be closed.

Assignment of gate valves heating stoves OIK and OVIK. 1. Furnace valve, top (open when firing).

2. Summer valve, lower (used when firing up the furnace, then closed, or open in HVAC in summer mode).

Interesting data are given in the magazine "Fireplaces and Heating", third edition 1 (3) "2000, if we bring the cost of production of a unit of thermal energy from various kinds energy, per unit cost. These data are given in the article "There is firewood, there will be a body", p.62.

Comparative cost of producing a unit of thermal energy from various sources. Firewood - 1 cost unit

Coal - 2.68

purchased thermal energy - 13,83

Diesel fuel - 14.13

Electricity - 24.47

It follows that the cheapest (and environmentally friendly) thermal energy is obtained by using firewood.

04/2003 Kuznetsov's stoves

In houses with stove heating, it is necessary to pay attention to the implementation of fire safety requirements both during the installation of stoves and during their operation.

Fires most often occur due to overheating of stoves, when they appear in brickwork cracks as a result of the use of combustible and flammable liquids for kindling, falling out of the furnace or ash pan of burning coals.

The reason for the appearance of cracks and cracking of the walls of chimneys may be the burning of soot that accumulates in the chimneys. building codes and regulations require that any stove be constructed to comply with fire regulations.

The rules for operating furnaces are very simple. It should be emphasized that most fires occur when stoves are left unattended during firing.

AT very coldy furnaces are often heated long time, resulting in a shift separate parts ovens. If these parts are in contact with the wooden structures of the building, then a fire is inevitable. Therefore, it is recommended to heat the stove two or three times a day for no more than 1.5 hours than once for a long time.

Do not use flammable and combustible liquids when kindling the stove. Such cases are rare, but they usually result in burns and death.

Do not store hay and other combustible materials in attics.

It is impossible to throw out unextinguished coals and ashes near buildings.

Before the start of the heating season, it is necessary to check the serviceability of the stove and chimney, repair them, clean out the soot, repair cracks with clay-sand mortar, whitewash the chimney in the attic and above the roof (this is necessary for visual inspection and detection of cracks during operation).

It is necessary to recall the categorical prohibition to leave young children near heating stoves without adult supervision.

The furnace is laid out of refractory bricks.

Homeowners should at least once every two months clean the chimneys of indoor stoves from the accumulation of soot. Furniture and other combustible objects must not be located closer than 0.7 m from the heating stove, and from the furnace openings - at least 1.25 m.

It is the homeowner's responsibility to repair the oven, and a qualified person must carry out the laying of the oven.

Folding the oven is a science.

Recently, the scale of construction of private houses has increased, and the number of heating stoves, arranged where there are no local heating systems and gas pipelines. It is no secret to anyone that in practice in newly built and reconstructed residential buildings with stove heating there are many shortcomings that threaten a fire.

Pipes must be vertical without ledges, made only of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick. The minimum section of the chimney channel is 140x140 mm. Application asbestos-cement pipes forbidden. Chimneys should be led higher than the roof tall buildings attached to the house with stove heating. Cutting - thickening of the wall of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) at the point of contact with the building structure, made of combustible or slow-burning material.

The chimney provides normal draft if its height is at least 5 m, counting from the level of the grate.

In places where the pipe passes through the floors, a fire-fighting horizontal cut is made, which is a thickening of the pipe walls. Another thickening of the pipe walls is made above the roof. This device is called an otter. The otter protects the attic from rain and snow through the cracks between the pipe and the roof. The slots are closed with a collar made of sheet steel, one edge of which is tucked under the otter. The pipe ends with a head in the form of a cornice with two ledges. Pipe laying within attic space lead on clay mortar, above the roof - on cement or lime. When determining the height of the chimney above the roof, you must be guided by the following:

a) if the chimney is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge
roofs horizontally, it is brought out 0.5 m above the ridge;

b) if the pipe is within 1.5-3 m from the ridge, it is brought out to
ridge level, but not lower than 0.5 m from the roof surface;

Sometimes umbrellas are arranged over the head of the chimney, metal caps. But these devices in the winter create favorable conditions for water vapor condensation and icing. It is best to cover the head with a layer cement mortar, with a slope to the outer sides.

Dimensions of furnace sections and smoke channels taking into account the wall thickness of the furnace, it should be taken - 500 mm to wooden structures. It is impossible to support or rigidly connect the cutting of the furnace with the building structure. The removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts is not allowed. The distance between the top of the furnace floor, made of three rows of bricks, and wooden ceiling, protected by plaster, should be made at least 250 mm for furnaces with periodic firing and 700 mm for furnaces long burning, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively - 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances increase by 1.5 times. The distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to the rafters, battens and other details of the roof must be at least 130 mm clear.

To connect furnaces to chimneys, branch pipes no longer than 0.4 m are provided, subject to a number of additional conditions. The use of various horizontal chimneys (“hogs”) is prohibited.

The stove must be installed indoors in compliance with the standard deviation, that is, the distance from outer surface oven or chimney wooden wall or partitions, which depends on the design of the furnace and the security of the walls (partitions), should be from 200 to 500 mm.

At gas heating the device of chimneys must fully comply with the above requirements, as for conventional heating stoves.

According to statistics, more than 50% of fires are caused by bad condition chimneys and stoves, as well as the wrong design of the firebox. That is why in furnaces, especially in baths, which are actively used at any time of the year, fire safety is especially important. Moreover, fire safety should be taken care of already at the stage when projects are being created.

Project developers should always remember that wood ignites not only when the temperature reaches 300 ° C, but also if it comes into contact with surfaces heated to only 100 ° C for a long time.

In order to ensure fire safety, during design and construction, it must be taken into account that the heated parts of stoves and chimneys should not directly come into contact with the wooden structures of the building, even if the wood is carefully treated with refractory compounds.

The main requirement for fire safety, which must be observed when developing furnace projects, is that wooden structures buildings must either be at a sufficient distance from the heating surfaces of furnaces and chimneys, or be carefully isolated from them with refractory materials. Not only at the stage when furnace designs are created and their construction is carried out, it is important to comply with fire safety requirements. During the operation of the bath, a great fire hazard is the cracks that appear in the array of furnaces or in the chimneys. The reason for the appearance of such cracks can be uneven sedimentation. masonry mortar or its rash from the seams under the influence of high temperatures. A fire can also result from the ignition of soot accumulated in chimneys.

To avoid such problems, it is necessary to clean the chimneys from soot in a timely manner, check the integrity of the surfaces located in the immediate vicinity of the sources high temperature- stoves and fireplaces, timely repair and insulation of heated wooden structures.

Compliance with fire safety requirements when creating projects and building furnaces will ensure safe conditions for the operation of baths, will allow them to be used at any time of the year, without fear for the life and health of people.

To protect yourself from fire, you need to remember that wood that has been in contact with objects heated to 100 degrees for a long time can ignite spontaneously. Therefore, when arranging a steam room, care must be taken to ensure that the hot surfaces of the stove do not come into contact with wooden elements baths.

Of particular danger are cracks that can appear in chimneys due to poor-quality clay mortar used in their laying. Therefore, high-quality, in compliance with all the requirements of the technology, the laying of the chimney is a very important component of ensuring fire safety during construction. Also of no small importance is the quality of the brick used for the chimney.

The cause of a fire can also be an excessive accumulation of soot in the chimneys. Therefore, during the construction of the furnace, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of easy access to the smoke channels for their regular cleaning.

Compliance with fire safety requirements ensures the full operation of the bath at any time of the year and the confidence that no one will suffer from accidental fire.

DIMENSIONS OF CUTTINGS AND RETRACT AT FURNACES AND SMOKE CHANNELS

1. The dimensions of the cuttings of furnaces and smoke channels, taking into account the thickness of the furnace wall, should be taken equal to 500 mm to building structures made of combustible materials and 380 mm to structures protected by non-combustible materials.
2. Protection of the ceiling, floor, walls and partitions - should be carried out at a distance of at least 150 mm exceeding the dimensions of the furnace.

STOVE HEATING

One stove should be provided for heating no more than three rooms located on the same floor.

In two-story buildings, it is allowed to provide two-story stoves with separate fireboxes and chimneys for each floor, and for two-story apartments - with one firebox on the first floor. Application wooden beams in the overlap between the top and lower tiers stoves are not allowed. In buildings with stove heating it is not allowed:

• artificially driven exhaust ventilation device not compensated by artificially driven inflow;
• removal of smoke into ventilation ducts and use of smoke ducts for ventilation of premises.

Furnaces should generally be located near internal walls and partitions, providing for their use to accommodate smoke channels.

Smoke channels are allowed to be placed in external walls made of non-combustible materials, insulated, if necessary, with outer side to prevent moisture condensation from exhaust gases. In the absence of walls in which smoke channels can be placed, smoke should be removed attached chimneys or mounted, or indigenous chimneys.

For each furnace, as a rule, a separate chimney or channel should be provided (hereinafter referred to as the chimney). It is allowed to connect two stoves located in the same apartment on the same floor to one chimney.

The cross section of chimneys (smoke channels), depending on the heat output of the furnace, should be taken, mm, not less than:

• 140 × 140 - with a thermal power of the furnace up to 3.5 kW;
• 140 × 200 - with a thermal power of the furnace from 3.5 to 5.2 kW;
• 140 × 270 - with a thermal power of the furnace from 5.2 to 7 kW.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the round smoke ducts must not be less than the area of ​​the specified rectangular ducts.

On the smoke channels of a solid fuel stove, valves should be provided with an opening in them of at least 15 × 15 mm.

The height of the chimneys, counting from the grate to the mouth, should be taken at least 5 m.

The height of chimneys placed at a distance equal to or greater than the height solid construction, protruding above the roof, should be taken:

• at least 500 mm - above a flat roof;
• not less than 500 mm - above the roof ridge or parapet when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet;
• not lower than the roof ridge or parapet - when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge or parapet;
• not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon - when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge.

Chimneys should be taken out above the roof of higher buildings attached to the building with stove heating.

exhaust height ventilation ducts located next to the chimneys should be taken equal to the height of these pipes.

Chimneys should be designed vertically without ledges made of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick, providing in their bases and chimneys pockets 250 mm deep with cleaning holes, closed by doors. It is allowed to use chimneys from asbestos-cement pipes or prefabricated products from of stainless steel factory readiness (two-layer steel pipes with thermal insulation made of non-combustible material). In this case, the flue gas temperature should not exceed 300 °C for asbestos-cement pipes and 500 °C for stainless steel pipes. The use of asbestos-cement chimneys, as well as stainless steel for coal-fired stoves, is not allowed.

It is allowed to provide for pipe bends at an angle of up to 30 ° to the vertical with a distance of not more than 1 m; slopes must be smooth, of constant cross-section, with an area not less than the cross-sectional area of ​​the vertical sections.

Chimney mouths should be protected from precipitation. Umbrellas, deflectors and other fittings on chimneys must not impede the free exit of smoke.

Chimneys for wood and peat stoves on buildings with roofs made of combustible materials should be provided with spark traps made of metal mesh with holes no larger than 5 × 5 mm.

The section should be more thickness overlap (ceiling) by 70 mm. It is not necessary to support or rigidly connect the cutting of the furnace with the building structure.

Cutting furnaces and chimneys installed in the openings of walls and partitions made of combustible materials should be provided for the entire height of the furnace or chimney within the premises. In this case, the thickness of the groove should be taken not less than the thickness of the specified wall or partition.

Gaps between ceilings, walls, partitions and partitions should be provided with filling with non-combustible materials.

The distance between the top of the oven floor, made of three rows of bricks, and the ceiling of combustible materials, protected by plaster along steel mesh or steel sheet on asbestos cardboard with a thickness of 10 mm, 250 mm should be taken for furnaces with periodic fires and 700 mm for long-burning furnaces, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively, 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances should be increased by 1.5 times.

The distance between the top of a metal furnace with a heat-insulated ceiling and a protected ceiling should be 800 mm, and for a furnace with a non-insulated ceiling and an unprotected ceiling - 1200 mm.

The space between the ceiling (ceiling) of the heat-intensive furnace and the ceiling of combustible materials may be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the furnace floor should be increased to four rows of brickwork.

Building structures should be protected from fire:

• a) a floor made of combustible materials under the furnace door - sheet metal 700x500 mm in size, located with its long side along the furnace;
• b) a wall or partition made of combustible materials adjacent at an angle to the front of the furnace - with plaster 25 mm thick along metal mesh or a metal sheet on asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick from the floor to a level 250 mm above the top of the furnace door.

The distance from the furnace door to the opposite wall should be at least 1250 mm.

The minimum distances from the floor level to the bottom of gas circulation and ash pans should be taken:

• a) when constructing a ceiling or floor made of combustible materials, to the bottom of the ash pan - 140 mm, to the bottom of the gas circulation - 210 mm;
• b) when constructing a ceiling or floor made of non-combustible materials - at floor level.

The floor of combustible materials under frame stoves, including those with legs, should be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick, while the distance from the bottom of the stove to the floor should be at least 100 mm.

To connect furnaces to chimneys, it is allowed to provide chimneys with a length of not more than 0.4 m, provided:

• a) the distance from the top of the chimney to the ceiling of combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m if the ceiling is not protected from fire and not less than 0.4 m if there is protection;
• b) the distance from the bottom of the chimney to the floor of combustible materials must be at least 0.14 m.

Chimneys should be taken from non-combustible materials.

OVEN DRYING

When laying the furnace, the brick is highly saturated with water, which must be removed before operation. A properly dried oven does not require repairs longer.
For the first 7-10 days, the stove should be lightly heated with a small amount of firewood (2-3 kg.) Twice a day. After heating, open all doors, including cleaning ones, do not close the main valve during the entire drying period.
After this time, the furnace is dried, gradually increasing the amount of fuel up to 70% of the bookmark. After the firewood is completely burned out, you can close the chimney valve for 20-30 minutes, then completely remove it for inspection. The absence of condensate on the valve will mean that the masonry has dried out and it is possible to fully operate the stove, following the rules.
It is not allowed to speed up the drying of the furnace with a diligent firebox. High-speed drying causes cracks in the masonry, thereby significantly reducing the life of the furnace, or even disables it even before it is put into operation.
It is impossible to heat the stove at the stage of building a house, when there is no design thermal circuit. In this case, as a rule, the furnace is reheated and destroyed. The same is obtained when the furnace is heated in winter with the forward valve open. In this case, an attempt to heat the room with a stove leads to overheating, uneven heating of the walls and destruction of the stove. The stove must not be operated during construction when there is collective irresponsibility.

OVEN OPERATION RULES

1. Before kindling, clean the ash pan and firebox from the ash. Open the main valve and the forward valve. Make sure the exhaust ventilation is turned off. If the stove has not been heated for a long time, then burn a couple of newspapers to remove cold air from the chimney.
2. Lay on a grate or under 3-4 large logs, and put kindling on them: birch bark, dry paper, splinter. Put small firewood on top of the kindling. It is forbidden to light the oven with flammable liquids (petrol, acetone, etc.)
3. Ignite the kindling, close the furnace door and open the combustion air supply.
4. After 4-8 minutes, close the forward stroke valve. Observe the color of the flame. In normal combustion, the color of the flame should be straw yellow. If the flame has a reddish tint, this indicates a lack of oxygen for combustion. Fuel will not burn completely, stand out carbon monoxide and soot canals. In this case, the combustion air supply must be increased. If the color of the flame is white and the stove is “humming”, then the air supply should be reduced.
5. If one bookmark of firewood is not enough, then the second bookmark is made when the process of active burning of the first bookmark goes into the afterburning stage (when there is almost no flame, only hot coals). Firebox time brick oven 1.5-2.5 hours depending on the temperature outside. It is better to heat the stove 2 times a day with a break of 8-12 hours than to burn the same amount of fuel at a time. It is forbidden to heat a brick oven for more than 3 hours in a row.
6. When the stage of active combustion has come to an end (there are no flames, only red coals remain), the air supply should be closed and the main valve of the furnace should be closed by 75%. The valve should be closed only after the coals have completely burnt out.
7. Economical operation of the stove, fireplace depends on the quality of the fuel. Firewood must be dry (Dry firewood - firewood that has lain on the street under a canopy for at least two years) of equal size, 6-7 cm thick, 4-5 cm shorter than the length of the combustion chamber. If the door with glass firewood should not reach the glass 12-15 cm. In front of the firebox daily rate firewood should be in a warm room for a day. It is very important to remember that raw firewood they give at least half the heat, and when they are burned, a lot of steam is released, which cools the stove, settles in the smoke channels in the form of condensate, contributes to their rapid overgrowth with soot, as well as the destruction of the masonry, especially in winter period. It is forbidden to heat the stove with plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, plastic.
8. At least once a year, open all cleaning doors and clean the stove and chimney from ash and soot. Soot is a good heat insulator, the thickness of the soot layer even 2-3 mm significantly impairs the perception of heat by the walls of the furnace. This leads to increased consumption of firewood, low heat output of the stove and rapid clogging.

If these operating rules are violated, the customer loses the guarantee!

I am familiar with the rules for operating the furnace ___________________signature