The optimal heating system for residential premises is. Types of heating systems. Classification of water heating systems

To the cold winter period provide in living quarters the necessary conditions for living, you need a system that would help maintain the desired temperature. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution this problem. The heating system will help keep the house comfortable conditions throughout the cold period, but you should know what heating systems are in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such basic types of heating systems as: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water heated floors, and others. Undoubtedly important issue is the choice of the type of heating system for your home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Consider the main ones, as well as compare the types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is the most popular. Technical advantages such heating were identified as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, when asked what types of heating are, it is water heating that first comes to mind. Water heating has such advantages as:

• Not very high surface temperature of various devices and pipes;
• Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
• Saves fuel;
• Increased operating time;
• Silent operation;
• Ease of maintenance and repair.

The main component of the water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is necessary in order to heat water. Water is the heat carrier in this type of heating. It circulates through pipes of a closed type, and then the heat is transferred to various heating components, and the entire room is already heated from them.

Most simple option is the circulation of the natural type. This circulation is achieved due to the fact that different pressures are observed in the circuit. However, such circulation can also be forced. For such circulation, water heating options must be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire heating circuit, it is completely cooled and returned back to the boiler. Here it heats up again and thus allows the heaters to release heat again.

Classification of water heating systems

The water type of heating may differ according to criteria such as:

• water circulation method;
• the location of the distributing type highways;
• design features of the risers and the scheme by which all heating devices are connected.

The most popular is the heating system, where the circulation of water occurs through a pump. Heating with the circulation of water of a natural plan has recently been used extremely rarely.

In a pump heating system, heating of the coolant can also take place due to the hot water boiler, or thermal water, which comes from the CHP. In a heating system, water can be heated even by means of steam.

A direct-flow connection is used when a water supply with a very high temperature is acceptable in the system. Such a system will not cost so much, metal consumption will be somewhat less.

The disadvantage of direct-flow connection is the dependence thermal regime from the "impersonal" temperature of the coolant in the supply heat pipe of the external type.

air heating

These types of heating various premises considered to be among the oldest. For the first time such a system was used before our era. To date, such a heating system has become widespread - both in public buildings and in production.

Hot air is also popular for heating buildings. With recirculation, this air can be fed into the room where it mixes with the indoor air and thus cools the air to room temperature and heats it up again.

Air heating can be local, if the building does not have a central supply ventilation, or if the incoming amount of air is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, air is heated by heaters. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm the air in the room, you can use other devices for heating or any heat source.

Local air heating

When asked what kind of heating is, local heating is often equated only with industrial premises. Local heating devices are used for such rooms that are used only during certain periods, in auxiliary rooms, in rooms that communicate with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are the fan and the heater. For air heating, devices and devices such as: air-heating devices, thermal fans or heat guns. Such devices work on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is done in rooms of any plan, if the building has central system ventilation. These types of heating systems can be organized according to three different schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or full recirculation. Full air recirculation can be used mainly during non-working hours for on-duty types of heating, or in order to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating according to this scheme can take place if it does not contradict any fire safety rules or basic hygiene requirements. For such heating scheme a supply ventilation system should be used, but the air will not be taken from the street, but from those rooms that are heated. In the central air heating system, such constructive types heating appliances such as: radiators, fan, filters, air ducts and other appliances.

air curtains

Cold air can enter in large numbers from the street if the house opens too often entrance doors. If nothing is done to limit the amount of cold air that enters the room, or not to heat it, then it can adversely affect the temperature regime, which should correspond to the norm. To prevent this problem, you can create an air curtain in an open doorway.

At the entrances of buildings of a residential or office plan, you can install a low-rise air-thermal curtain.

To limit the amount of incoming cold air from outside the building takes place due to a constructive change in the entrance to the room.

Recently air-thermal curtains of compact type are becoming more and more popular. The most effective curtains are curtains of a "shaving" type. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect an open doorway from the penetration of cold air currents. As a comparison of types of heating shows, such a curtain can reduce heat loss by almost half.

Electric heating

Heating of the room takes place due to the distribution of air passing through dashboard without heating it up front side. This will completely protect against various burns and prevent any fire.

With electric convectors, you can heat any type of room, even if you have only one source of energy, such as electricity.

These types of building heating systems do not require high costs for installation or repair, in addition, they can provide maximum comfort. An electric convector can simply be placed in a certain place and connected to the mains supply. When choosing a heating system, you can pay attention to this type - quite effective.

Operating principle

Cold air, which is located in the lower part of the building, passes through the heating element of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the outlet gratings. The heating effect also takes place due to additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and efficiency of such a heating system is achieved due to the fact that electric convectors use electronic system which helps maintain a certain temperature. You just need to set the required temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the lower area of ​​​​the panel, will begin to determine the temperature of the air that enters the room after a specified period of time. The sensor will send a signal to the thermostat, which in turn will turn on or off the heating element. Through such a system to maintain certain temperature, which will make it possible to connect electric convectors in different rooms in order to heat the whole building.

Which system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is impractical, since one or another system is effective under certain conditions. Comparison of heating systems should be made, taking into account all their pros and cons, focusing on the installation conditions and their own capabilities.

Having considered what heating systems exist, we can draw certain conclusions for ourselves. But in general, the best option would be to consult with professionals.

The right choice, competent design and quality installation heating systems are a guarantee of warmth and comfort in the house during the entire heating season. Heating must be of high quality, reliable, safe, economical. To choose the right heating system, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, features of installation and operation of heating devices. It is also important to consider the availability and cost of fuel.

Types of modern heating systems

A heating system is a complex of elements used to heat a room: a heat source, pipelines, heating appliances. Heat is transferred with the help of a coolant - a liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.

Building heating systems must be selected in such a way as to achieve the highest quality heating while maintaining comfortable air humidity for a person. Depending on the type of coolant, the following systems are distinguished:

• air;
• water;
• steam;
• electrical;
• combined (mixed).

Heating devices of the heating system are:

• convective;
• radiant;
• combined (convective-radiant).

Two-pipe scheme heating system with forced circulation

As a heat source can be used:

• coal;
• firewood;
• electricity;
• briquettes - peat or wood;
• energy from the sun or other alternative sources.

The air is heated directly from the heat source without the use of an intermediate liquid or gaseous heat carrier. The systems are used to heat private houses of a small area (up to 100 sq.m.). Installation of heating of this type is possible both during the construction of a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. A boiler, heating element or heating element serves as a heat source. gas-burner. The peculiarity of the system lies in the fact that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, since the internal air in the room is heated and the fresh air coming from outside. Air streams enter through a special intake grille, are filtered, heated in a heat exchanger, after which they pass through the air ducts and are distributed in the room.

Adjustment of temperature and degree of ventilation is carried out by means of thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to pre-set a program of temperature changes depending on the time of day. The systems also operate in air conditioning mode. In this case, the air flows are directed through the coolers. If there is no need for space heating or cooling, the system works as a ventilation system.

Diagram of an air heating device in a private house

Installation of air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, due to which fuel savings are at least 15%.

The system does not freeze, responds quickly to changes temperature regime and warms up the room. Thanks to filters, the air enters the premises already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and contributes to the creation of optimal conditions to maintain the health of people living in the house.

The lack of air heating is overdrying of the air, burning out oxygen. The problem is easily solved by installing a special humidifier. The system can be upgraded to save money and create a more comfortable microclimate. So, the recuperator heats the incoming air, due to the output to the outside. This reduces the energy consumption for its heating.

Additional purification and disinfection of air is possible. To do this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic filters are installed. fine cleaning and ultraviolet lamps.

Air heating with additional appliances

Water heating

This is a closed heating system, it uses water or antifreeze as a coolant. Water is supplied through pipes from the heat source to the heating radiators. In centralized systems, the temperature is controlled by heating point, and in individual - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (cranes).

Types of water systems

Depending on the type of connection of heating devices, the systems are divided into:

• single-pipe,
• two-pipe,
• bifilar (two-furnace).

According to the method of wiring, they distinguish:

• top;
• bottom;
• vertical;
• horizontal system heating.

In single-pipe systems, the connection of heating devices is in series. To compensate for the loss of heat that occurs during the successive passage of water from one radiator to another, heating devices are used with different surface heat transfer. For example, cast iron batteries with a large number of sections can be used. In two-pipe, a scheme is used parallel connection, which allows you to install the same radiators.

The hydraulic mode can be constant and variable. In bifilar systems, heating devices are connected in series, as in single-pipe systems, but the heat transfer conditions for radiators are the same as in two-pipe systems. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.

Scheme of two-pipe water heating country house

Advantages and disadvantages

Water heating is widespread due to the availability of the coolant. Another advantage is the ability to equip the heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to relying only on own forces. However, if the budget allows not to save, it is better to entrust the design and installation of heating to specialists.

This will save you from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages - freezing of the system when turned off, a long time for warming up the premises. Special requirements apply to the coolant. Water in the systems must be free of impurities, with a minimum salt content.

Any type of boiler can be used to heat the coolant: on solid, liquid fuel, gas or electricity. Most often, gas boilers are used, which involves connecting to the main. If this is not possible, then usually set solid fuel boilers. They are more economical than electric or liquid fuel designs.

Note! Experts recommend choosing a boiler based on a power of 1 kW per 10 sq.m. These figures are indicative. If the ceiling height is more than 3 m, in the house big windows, there are additional consumers or the premises are not well insulated, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.

closed system home heating

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", the use of steam systems is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the insecurity of this type of space heating. Heaters heat up to almost 100°C, which can cause burns.

Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge, during operation there are difficulties with the regulation of heat transfer, noise is possible when the system is filled with steam. Today, steam heating is used to a limited extent: in industrial and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, and heating points. Its advantages are relative cheapness, low inertia, compactness of heating elements, high heat transfer, no heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the middle of the twentieth century, later it was replaced by water heating. However, in enterprises where steam is used for industrial needs, it is still widely used for space heating.

Boiler for steam heating

Electric heating

This is the most reliable and easiest type of heating in operation. If the area of ​​​​the house is not more than 100 m, electricity is a good option, but heating larger area not economically viable.

Electric heating can be used as an additional in case of a shutdown or repair of the main system. Also this good decision for country houses in which the owners live only occasionally. As additional heat sources, electric fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters.

Convectors, electric fireplaces, electric boilers, floor heating power cables are used as heating devices. Each type has its own limitations. So, convectors heat the rooms unevenly. Electric fireplaces are more suitable as decorative element, and the operation of electric boilers requires significant energy costs. The underfloor heating is mounted with advance consideration of the furniture arrangement plan, because when it is moved, the power cable may be damaged.

Scheme of traditional and electric heating of buildings

Innovative heating systems

Separately, mention should be made of innovative heating systems, which are becoming increasingly popular. The most common:

• infrared floors;
• heat pumps;
• solar collectors.

infrared floors

These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to their efficiency and greater economy than conventional electric heating. Warm floors are powered by the mains, they are installed in a screed or tile adhesive. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit infrared waves that pass through flooring, heat up the bodies of people and objects, from which, in turn, the air heats up.

Self-adjusting carbon mats and foils can be mounted under furniture legs without fear of damage. Smart floors regulate temperature thanks to special property heating elements: when overheated, the distance between the particles increases, the resistance increases - and the temperature decreases. Energy costs are relatively low. When the infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per linear meter, after warming up it decreases to 87 watts. Temperature control is provided by thermostats, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.

Infrared carbon mats are convenient, reliable, economical, easy to install

Heat pumps

These are devices for transferring thermal energy from a source to a coolant. In itself, the idea of ​​a heat pump system is not new; it was proposed by Lord Kelvin back in 1852.

How it works: A geothermal heat pump takes heat from the environment and transfers it to the heating system. The systems can also work to cool buildings.

How a heat pump works

There are pumps with open and closed cycle. In the first case, the installations take water from the underground stream, transfer it to the heating system, take thermal energy and return to the place of the fence. In the second, a coolant is pumped through special pipes in the reservoir, which transfers / takes heat from the water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, earth, air.

The advantage of the systems is that they can be installed in houses that are not connected to the gas supply. Heat pumps complex and expensive to install, but allow you to save on energy costs during operation.

The heat pump is designed to use the heat of the environment in heating systems

Solar collectors

Solar installations are systems for collecting solar thermal energy and transferring it to a coolant

Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a heat carrier. The design includes additional electric heaters, which are switched on if the efficiency of the solar installation decreases. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. An absorber with transparent coating and thermal insulation. In vacuum, this coating is multilayer, in hermetically sealed collectors a vacuum is created. This allows you to heat the coolant up to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations can only heat it up to 200 degrees. The advantages of the installations include ease of installation, low weight, potentially high efficiency.

However, there is one “but”: the efficiency of the solar collector depends too much on the temperature difference.

solar collector in the domestic hot water and heating system Comparison of heating systems shows that there is no ideal way to heat

Our compatriots still most often prefer water heating. Usually, doubts arise only about which specific heat source to choose, how best to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. And yet there are no ready-made recipes suitable for absolutely everyone. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons, take into account the features of the building for which the system is selected. If in doubt, a specialist should be consulted.

Video: types of heating systems

According to hygiene requirements Living spaces:

- must be sufficiently spacious, dry, bright, clean;

Reliably protect from cold, rain, wind, heat;

- have favorable microclimate;

- be beautifully designed architecturally and aesthetically;

- provide silence, peace, comfort, rest;

- provide necessary conditions for work.

Hygienic requirements for living quarters:

1. parameters of apartments (size of living space per person, height of premises, utility rooms);

2. optimal microclimatic parameters, taking into account the season of the year and climatic regions;

3. requirements for the air environment, including heating and ventilation systems;

4. requirements for natural and artificial lighting, including indoor insolation;

5. permissible parameters of the physical factors of the environment (noise, vibration, ultrasound, infrasound, electric and electromagnetic fields, etc.);

6. requirements for building materials and interior decoration residential premises.

The main element of the home is flat(living cell).

Internal layout apartments should provide favorable conditions for life:

Sufficient soundproofing rooms;

Sufficient insolation rooms;

Possibility through ventilation rooms.

Apartment layouts can be unilateral and bilateral, the latter is the most favorable from a hygienic point of view, when the premises are located both on the side of the facade of the building and in the courtyard.

Depending on the functional purpose, the premises of the apartments are divided into residential(bedrooms, hall, office) and ancillary(hall, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, pantry).

Bedrooms and office should be isolated, common room- the hall can be a walk-through.

Ø Minimum living area set for one person at least 9 m2.

Ø Minimum kitchen area should be not less than 8 m2, it must be insulated to allow satisfactory air exchange.

Ø Bathroom and toilet designed separately, but one-room apartments combined bathrooms are allowed.

HOUSING MICROCLIMATE

The microclimate of the dwelling big influence on the body. The most important factor in the microclimate of dwellings is air temperature.

in winteroptimal room temperature:

Ø for cold belt is 21 – 22 C, (for example, S. - Petersburg),

Ø for temperate zone 18 - 20 C, (for example, Bryansk, Moscow)

Ø for warm and hot 17 - 18 C.

For a normal warmth sensation, it is important relative air humidity , the optimal value of which should be 40 – 60 %.

The amount of heat transfer is influenced by air speed.

For comfort winter air velocity must not exceed 0.3 m/s. At high speeds air movement creates a feeling of draft.

HEATING

Heating creates a favorable microclimate in winter time in residential and public buildings.

Heating must comply with the following hygiene requirements:

Maintain a certain level of indoor air temperature;

Ensure uniformity horizontally and vertically;

The temperature of heating devices should not exceed 90º C;

It should not serve as a source of indoor air pollution with smoke, soot;

There are two types of heating: centralized and local heating.

Ø local heating - in which the heat source and the heating device in the water structure in the heated room.

Local heating is furnace and gas heating.

Ø Central heating – the heat source is arranged separately from the heating devices, where it is located in the room.

Distinguish: steam, water, panel and air, depending on the coolant used .

Ø Steam - the coolant is steam, which is supplied under pressure to the room.

Disadvantages of steam heating:

Inability to regulate heat supply.

Heat on the surface of radiators (dust burning).

It is used for heating clubs, warehouses, industrial enterprises, theaters.

Ø Water– one of the best is water heating low pressure . The heat carrier is hot water. Provides uniform heating of air, tk. the temperature of the radiator surface does not rise by more than 80 - 85 C.

It is used for heating hospitals, residential and public buildings. AT rural environment apply apartment systems water heating.

Ø Panel (radiant) heating – the source of heat is walls, ceilings, floors, in which radiators with circulating hot water are laid.

The most favorable heat sensation is observed when heated:

Wall panels up to 40 - 45º С,

Ceiling 28 -30º C,

Floor 25 - 27ºС.

This system provides a state of comfort at a lower air temperature and less heat loss by radiation. Currently, CHP is used for heating, which makes it possible to arrange hot water supply in houses for domestic purposes.

Ø air heating – the heat carrier is air. For this outdoor air is sucked in by a fan, filtered, heated in heaters, humidified, and through a network of intra-wall channels enters the upper zone of heated rooms. holes exhaust channels located at a height of 30-40 cm from the floor. Used for heating industrial premises.

VENTILATION

To create an optimal indoor air environment, use ventilation– is the replacement of polluted air with cleaner outdoor air..

Ventilation volume called the amount of air (in cubic meters) that should enter the room for each person per hour.

The amount of ventilation should be not less than 35 - 37 m3 / hour per person.

Air exchange rate – This is the number of times the indoor air has been replaced by outdoor air in an hour..

Distinguishnaturalandartificialventilation.

Ø natural ventilation – it's an exchange room air to the outside through the windows, transoms, ventilation ducts, which is carried out under the influence of the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air, as well as due to the pressure difference.

Most Effective through ventilation. The air exchange takes place during 3 – 5 min.

Ø artificial ventilation it happens local(for a specific room, place) or central(for the whole building).

Mechanical ventilation can be: supply, exhaust, supply and exhaust(combined).

- Supply - served clean atmospheric air, and the contaminated is removed through the windows and transoms(hospitals, theatres, etc.).

- exhaust– polluted air is removed, and the inflow clean air carried out through windows, cracks.

- Supply and exhaust - an equal supply and exhaust is established, or the predominance of one or the other. The hood should prevail over the duct in the premises, the air from which should enter the adjacent room (kitchen, toilet, pantries). In a room where air purity is given special meaning(operating room), the air supply must prevail over the exhaust. In this case, the inflow is carried out in the upper zone of the premises, and the extract from the lower zone.

The most improved type of artificial ventilation is air conditioning. This creates the necessary micro climatic conditions. Air conditioners can be used to clean the air from dust, ozonize and deodorize it. It is used in residential and public buildings, airplanes, healthcare facilities, kindergartens.

When planning the construction of a private house, each of us is faced with a dilemma - which type of heating to give preference to. We are concerned about the issue. How to make your home warm, cozy and comfortable, while managing to save your own money on heating. Types of heating used in private and apartment building, differ from each other and are very diverse. Systems differ both in terms of efficiency and cost of installation and subsequent operation. In each case, the choice remains with the owners of the house, who have to take into account the presence of various factors. The main criteria that the types of heating used in a private house must meet are high efficiency and economy.

Various heating equipment is presented on the domestic market today, starting with gas boilers and units operating on solid fuel and electricity, ending with alternative technical options heating. The variety of options offered can satisfy any consumer, but their use has a number of nuances that must be considered when choosing.

Important! The heating system must provide living quarters, necessary quantity kilocalories of heat, creating a comfortable microclimate in a city apartment or in a private house.

The option of heating a private house, familiar to many of us, is the most common today. Heating systems with autonomous gas boilers, also the most suitable option for apartment building. High manufacturability, compactness and efficiency of gas heating for a city apartment is not disputed. Another thing private sector or building a house in a remote area from the main infrastructure facilities. In such a situation, home owners are forced to think about how to heat their home, what energy source to choose: gas, coal, wood or electricity.

When designing the heating system of a residential building, the following aspects are guided:

• the feasibility of this type of heating in these conditions;
• manufacturability of the system, practicality of maintenance and operation;
• availability of the main components and assemblies of the system for subsequent repair and maintenance;
• energy costs required for high-quality heating of residential premises certain area and size
• economy and efficiency.

It is necessary to take into account the availability of fuels, connection methods, the climatic conditions in which we live and the very design of a residential building. Heating will only give the desired effect when the building itself will have low heat losses, and the fuel used to heat the boiler will be inexpensive and affordable.

Gas heating is the main heating option for any home.

City apartments, especially in new buildings, today mostly have autonomous gas heating. The centralized hot water supply and batteries, which begin to heat up only in heating season. Organization of heating apartment buildings with the help of gas, the most practical and technological way to provide heat to large living areas, create conditions for the individual use of heating devices a large number consumers.

Other types of heating used in the house are inappropriate for use in a house with a large number of apartments and in many cases unsafe in terms of manufacturability and fire safety.

The main gas pipeline, as a rule, is a widespread phenomenon in cities and towns. In this situation, the issue with the choice of fuel for heating apartment buildings is not worth it. All other options in similar situation are not even considered. The only possibility that can be used in such cases is the installation of electric heaters as an auxiliary option.

Gas heating is ideal for operation in urban skyscrapers; this type of heating is also convenient for the private sector. The important thing here is that a home gas boiler can always be adjusted to the required mode of operation, creating the optimum temperature in the living room. Operation can be carried out in the mode of daily living, creating a comfortable temperature inside the residential building. If necessary, you can always reduce gas consumption and lower the temperature in the apartment if you are absent or leave your home for a long time.

For a country house, in the absence of a centralized gas supply, the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bgas heating should not be discounted. By installing a gas storage on your site - a gas tank, you will be able to provide yourself with a sufficient amount of blue fuel for the entire cold period.

With this fuel source you will get:

• full autonomy of its heating system;
• environmentally friendly heat source hot water in home;
• high efficiency of autonomous heating system during the cold period.

Heating the boiler with gas is always the cleanest heating option. The advantages of such a system include clean exhaust, installation and installation of small, compact boilers and chimneys. Today there are already ready-made schemes installation of autonomous gas heating using a gas tank, checked from an engineering and technical point of view, corresponding to SNiP and other regulatory documents.

For reference: A gas tank installed on the territory of a private household is not a cheap pleasure. Refueling is associated with transportation costs, and installation requires obtaining permits. On top of that, your gas facility and the condition of your heater connections will be constantly inspected by gas service personnel.

In most cases, the choice in favor of gas is explained by the traditional desire of homeowners to protect themselves from unnecessary troubles and worries with the operation of the heating system in the future. The ability to install a gas tank or the presence of a main gas pipeline only contributes to the decision in favor of gas heating. However, the lack of free access to gas forces us to look for other sources of energy, focus on other types of autonomous heating in a private or country house.

We bet on electricity

Electricity continues to be by far the cleanest form of energy. Given the development of modern infrastructure, today it is difficult to find locality, territories not covered by a centralized power supply system. The main advantages of electricity are the environmental friendliness of this type of energy and availability.

In the absence of gas, electric autonomous heating systems as the main heating method are a convenient, practical and least troublesome option. Electric boilers have the highest efficiency compared to other types of boilers. Ease and simplicity in maintenance of electric heating equipment makes the operation of such a system very convenient for a country house, due to non-permanent residence.

Important to remember! When making calculations, do not forget that low initial costs for the purchase of electrical equipment, new economical models of boilers and subsequent installation can be misleading. Today, electricity is not the cheapest form of energy, so the subsequent operation of electric heating will significantly affect your budget. Do not discount the periodic shutdowns of centralized power supply systems.

For normal operation electrical system heating in the house will have to change the wiring, trying to significantly strengthen it. The best option for the normal functioning of an electric boiler, the power of which exceeds 9 kW, there will be a three-phase wiring with a voltage of 380V. The cross section of the wire is calculated separately, taking into account its length, material and current strength. In parallel with the use of electric boilers for heating country houses, convectors are actively used at the household level, infrared emitters, other household electric heaters.

Heating systems of private houses using electricity can be regarded as alternative gas heating or as ancillary options. Connections of alternative and other heat sources are carried out already during the subsequent operation of housing. In most cases, homeowners are already focusing on the economic component of heating in the house or are trying to improve the heating of their homes due to the deteriorating climate situation.

New electric convectors and infrared heating devices have a number of advantages, among which it is worth noting:

• minimum initial installation costs;
• high efficiency;
• elementary operating conditions;
• operational safety;
• a minimum of engineering and technical measures for organizing a heating system.

Having listed the pros and cons, it is important to remember the disadvantages of such heating systems. Basically, the disadvantages are associated with additional costs for strengthening electrical wiring and installing additional distribution and control devices in the home electrical network. When installing, use proven wiring diagrams for electric heating.

Alternative options for gas and electric heating systems

Gas and electricity have advantages that are hard to ignore. The advantages of heating systems on gas or using electricity are obvious, but in some cases it is necessary to look for alternative sources of energy supply, to study the technical conditions of other types of home heating.

In terms of quality and electricity, there are the following types of heating systems for a private house:

• liquid fuel heating;
• heating system for solid types fuel;
• combined heating systems for the home;
• autonomous heating system using a heat pump;
• solar collectors.

The listed types of heating are effective in their own way for organizing the heating of residential premises. There are both pros and cons to each option. For most residents of city apartments, there are no effective heating systems for an apartment building other than a gas and electric boiler. Connecting other sources of energy supply in a private house is quite acceptable and feasible.

Important! Preferring new alternative sources energy, it is necessary to take into account the technological features of residential premises, the size of the house, the intensity of heating and the number of residents. A superficial solution to the problem of heating can lead to unreasonable spending of funds and will not give a tangible effect.

Doing comparative analysis efficiency of currently existing autonomous heating systems, taking into account all technical nuances and applicability in an apartment or a private house, you can choose best option just for your specific conditions.

The main focus is on the use of certain fuel sources in the long term. Cheap fuel is rarely good calorific value. The autonomy of the system is also an important factor when choosing the type of fuel. Connection into a single complex various kinds fuel and heating systems can solve the problem at some stage. Only an accurate calculation will allow you to determine the efficiency of heating in your home.

The microclimate of industrial premises has a great influence on a person. It is determined by the combination of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surrounding surfaces.

The air parameters in the premises must be provided taking into account the design parameters of the outdoor air indicated in Table. one.

Table 1. Estimated parameters of outdoor air in warm/cold periods of the year

For residential, public, administrative and domestic and industrial premises, when designing third-class ventilation, air showering and air conditioning systems for the warm period of the year, parameters A of the outside air should be taken, and when designing heating, ventilation, air showering and air conditioning systems for the cold season and air conditioning systems of the first class for the warm period of the year - parameters B. When calculating the air conditioning systems of the second class, it is necessary to take the outside air temperature for the warm period of the year by 2 ° C and the specific enthalpy by 2 kJ / kg lower than those set for parameters B.

The microclimate is estimated at working area, i.e. in a space up to 2 m above the level of the floor or platform on which the workplace is located.

The human body maintains a constant body temperature due to the property of thermoregulation, i.e. ability to control heat transfer environment. The body gives off heat by radiation (45%), convection (30%) and evaporation (20%). Approximately 5% of the heat is spent on heating food and inhaled air.

The body's heat exchange depends on its physical stress, environmental conditions and excess heat released during technological processes. Sources of thermal radiation are the outer walls of heated equipment, hot pipelines, electric wires and cables, electrical machines and apparatus, molten and red-hot metals, etc. An increase in air temperature above the optimal value disrupts the thermoregulation of the body; the human body no longer gives off heat, but, on the contrary, heats up. The body temperature at first slowly, and then increases faster and faster, the person feels weak. With increased sweating, the human body loses water and salts, and the work of the circulatory system is hindered. Such overheating can cause disorders of the cardiovascular system.

Therefore, the designed heating systems must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements, providing:

- microclimate parameters and air purity in the serviced area of ​​premises of residential, public, administrative and amenity buildings within acceptable or optimal standards;

- microclimate parameters and air purity in the working area of ​​industrial, laboratory and storage facilities in buildings of any purpose within acceptable or optimal standards;

— permissible levels of noise and vibration from the operation of systems and equipment.

In addition, heating systems must meet the requirements of reliability, fire and explosion safety and energy efficiency.

The microclimate parameters in the serviced area of ​​residential buildings should be provided in accordance with GOST 30494 (Table 2).

Microclimate parameters in the serviced area of ​​premises of public buildings should be provided within the limits of optimal or acceptable standards, also in accordance with GOST 30494 (Table 3).

Microclimate parameters in the working area of ​​the premises industrial buildings should be provided within the limits of optimal or permissible norms in accordance with sanitary rules (SanPiN) 2.2.4.548 (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 2. Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the serviced area of ​​premises of residential buildings and hostels during the cold season

Notes: 1 . NN - not standardized. 2 . Values ​​in parentheses refer to nursing homes and families with disabilities.

Table 3. Optimum and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the serviced area of ​​premises of public buildings during the cold season

Note. HH- not standardized.

Table 4. Optimal norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity at workplaces of industrial premises during the cold season

Table 5 Permissible norms temperature, relative humidity and air velocity at workplaces of industrial premises during the cold season

Note. Relative air humidity should not exceed 70% at an air temperature of 25 °C, 65% at 26 °C, 60% at 27 °C, 55% at 28 °C.