Entomological methods for studying the soil of populated areas for the presence of preimaginal stages of synanthropic flies. Entomological examination Results of the entomological examination of the reservoir

3.5.2. Disinsection Guidelines MR 3.5.2.0110-16 "Organization and implementation of measures for entomological monitoring and regulation of the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, Federal Service on supervision in the field of consumer protection and human well-being March 9, 2016)

Guidelines MR 3.5.2.0110-16
"Organization and implementation of activities for entomological monitoring and regulation of the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus"
(approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on March 9, 2016)

1 area of ​​use

1.2. These guidelines define the algorithms for conducting an entomological examination and measures to reduce the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes - vectors especially dangerous infections(dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika fever, etc.).

2. Introduction

In the territory Russian Federation mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are found on the Black Sea coast Krasnodar Territory- from the border with the Republic of Abkhazia to Dzhubga, and deep into the coast there are Ae mosquitoes. albopictus advanced 44 km and spread to altitudes of 600 m (Krasnaya Polyana). On the Black Sea coast, as well as in other places of importation, they are synanthropic and confined mainly to urban-type settlements, and in all phases life cycle associated with a person's home and his immediate environment.

In connection with climate warming, the spread of these mosquito species in the South-Western regions of the Krasnodar Territory and in part of the Crimean territory is not ruled out, but Ae. albopictus to areas of the Caspian coast of Dagestan.

The problem of the global distribution of mosquitoes Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti requires its own solution, since they are effective carriers of a whole range of causative agents of arbovirus infections, including causative agents of Zika, dengue, yellow, chikungunya, Rift Valley, West Nile, Sindbis, Japanese encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, etc.

3. Organization and conduct of entomological monitoring

Entomological monitoring of Ae mosquitoes. aegypti and Ae. albopictus provides the necessary information to plan and implement science-based non-specific preventive measures to combat these mosquito species.

3.1. General information about Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

3.1.1. Biology

Types of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are members of the family. Culicidae. In their development, they go through 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. For the development of eggs, female mosquitoes need to receive protein nutrition (blood), so they attack people and animals. Mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn. In residential and shaded areas or in cloudy weather, they also bite in the daytime. In clear sunny weather, they hide in the shade. In conditions Black Sea coast In the Caucasus, the life expectancy of adult mosquitoes of both species is about a month, and they manage to lay eggs 3-4 times. Each clutch contains 80-120 eggs. Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes survive the winter in the egg stage. If imago Ae. albopictus spends the winter in a state of diapause, then their life expectancy increases to 1 year. Development of larvae and pupae of Ae mosquitoes. aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurs in a wide variety of artificial accumulations of water, both near human dwellings and inside them (various water tanks, tires, plastic bottles, banks, aquariums, etc.), as well as various reservoirs formed during summer rains: tree hollows, rock cracks, relief depressions, etc. At the same time, larvae are able to develop in relatively polluted waters. The duration of mosquito development from egg to adult depends primarily on water temperature. Development of larvae and pupae of Ae. Aegypti at an air temperature of 27-30°C is about 10 days. At temperatures below 20°C, the development of preimaginal phases stops. The northern limits of distribution of the mosquito of this species correspond to the January isotherm of 0°C. Optimal temperatures development preimaginal stages Ae. albopictus - +15-35°С. Eggs can carry low temperatures and drying. The boundaries of the range of this species pass somewhat to the north compared to the boundaries of the range of Ae. aegypti and are limited by the January isotherm of -5°С. During the season (from April to October) several generations develop. Expansion radius Ae. albopictus from breeding sites can reach hundreds of meters (up to 2 km). Populations of Ae. aegypti are relatively sedentary. The maximum number of both species of mosquitoes is observed in late summer - early autumn.

3.1.2. Spreading

The primary area of ​​distribution of these mosquitoes is limited to the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia, where they currently live in natural conditions. Outside of their native range, mosquitoes of both species live near or exclusively within settlements. At present, the area of ​​distribution of these mosquitoes includes both hemispheres. They widely inhabit the entire Mediterranean (including the countries of Southern Europe), South and Central America, as well as the southern part of North America. Widespread in Asia southern regions China and Japan. Ae. aegypti is the most synanthropic species of the genus.

3.2. Principles of entomological monitoring

In order to quantitatively take into account the preimaginal phases of development of mosquitoes Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae and pupae are collected from their habitats. To determine the presence of mosquito larvae in the study area, natural reservoirs and artificial water containers are examined. In residential premises and the adjacent territory, containers containing water, places with increased moisture (puddles in vegetable gardens, showers, barrels, banks, car tires, swimming pools filled with water, basements, aquariums, natural reservoirs, etc.), landfills household waste, hollow trees. The accounting unit is the average number of individuals of preimaginal phases per unit area of ​​the biotope (1). To count the larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in natural, large reservoirs, a net with a diameter of 20 cm is used. It is immersed in water by half the diameter of the rim and stretched over the surface of the water 1 and back. Thus, an area of ​​\u200b\u200b1/5 is caught with one wiring. Five samples correspond to the number of larvae per 1. In each of the sections of the reservoir, 5-10 postings are made. After each of them, the contents of the net are rinsed in a cuvette. Determination of the species of larvae and pupae of mosquitoes is carried out in order to establish breeding sites various kinds, the timing of their development, clarification of individual issues of taxonomy and biology, to control the effectiveness of treatments for water bodies. For this, the method of growing pre-imaginal phases to adults in laboratory conditions.

One method for detecting the presence of mosquitoes is the use of egg-laying traps. The trap is a vessel with a capacity of up to 0.5 liters, where water is poured in a layer of several centimeters. It is advisable to lay out the walls of the vessel with a rough cloth. Female mosquitoes lay their eggs along the water's edge. After 5-7 days, the traps are transferred to the laboratory, where the eggs are counted and, if possible, larvae are obtained from them, and then adults.

3.2.2. Quantitative accounting of adults

In nature, adults find shelter among vegetation, in hollows of trees, burrows, caves, in settlements - in residential premises, premises for livestock or poultry, basements, cellars and other secluded places. Mosquitoes usually attack in the evening and morning hours, during the day - only in shady and humid biotopes.

3.2.2.1. Quantitative accounting of adults in nature

The most common is the collection and accounting of insects when they attack a victim (human or animal). To catch attacking bloodsuckers, a standard entomological net is used (diameter 30 cm, bag depth 70 cm, handle 10–20 cm). At 2-3 collection points, the catcher counts the number of strokes made around him and periodically selects insects. For representative accounting, at least 100 strokes must be made. The number indicator is the average number of bloodsuckers in terms of the standard number of strokes (1 or 10). One of effective ways catching is the use of automatic traps such as BG Sentinel (BGS) (Germany), Mos-quitosManget (USA). In Russia (Naberezhnye Chelny) they started production of LovKom-1 - a copy of the BGS trap, which has proven itself well in Europe and America.

Feeding females, together with hungry females and males, are taken into account in natural biotopes by mowing over vegetation with an entomological net on an elongated (up to 1.5 m) handle. Collections are carried out during the day in warm, calm weather during the period of minimal activity of the species. The indicator can be the number of mosquitoes caught by one collector in 1 hour of the survey.

3.2.2.2. Quantitative accounting of adults in the premises

There are several ways to collect and account for the number of mosquitoes in premises (human housing, outbuildings). At low numbers, the absolute number of insects sitting on walls or ceilings is counted. With a high number of sitting mosquitoes, they are counted on an area of ​​0.25-1.0 in several places in the room. The number of mosquitoes is characterized by the average number of individuals per 1 or per room.

It is characteristic that the females of Ae. aegypti in daycares, to a greater extent, concentrate not on the ceiling, but on walls, curtains, hanging clothes, and other objects. Indoors, the favorite places for Aedes aegypti females are the folds of curtains, wardrobes, places near plumbing sinks. This should be taken into account when treating premises with insecticides.

3.2.3. Delivery of collected mosquitoes

To keep alive, caught mosquitoes are placed in a cage (with a wire frame in the form of a cube), covered with gauze or mill gas, closed damp cloth and put in a cool place. A cotton swab soaked in sugar water is placed on the top wall of the cage. Blood-sucking dipterans intended for virological research are delivered to the laboratory frozen in liquid nitrogen or on dry ice. Species are preliminarily determined and samples for research are formed. Part of the fees, if necessary, is fixed in 70% alcohol. Insects used for collecting are killed with ether.

Each vector collection is provided with a label. Other necessary information is entered in the field diary. Based on the results of the entomological examination, an act is drawn up in three copies (one copy - for the Customer, one - for the facility manager, one - for the Contractor), which is signed by all participants. In the act in without fail the name of the specialist who conducted the survey, collection methods, recommendations / conclusion are indicated.

Entomologists and other professionals involved in an entomological examination in field conditions, when working with mosquitoes in laboratory conditions, in the presence of epidemiological risks, they must comply with the biological safety requirements provided for by regulatory documents.

4. Planning and implementation of insecticidal treatments

A set of measures to control the number of mosquitoes p. Aedes includes - assessment of epidemiological risks in natural biotopes and settlements, entomological monitoring, sanitary and preventive work and extermination measures.

Assessment of epidemiological risks in natural biotopes and in settlements, entomological monitoring is carried out by specialists of bodies and institutions exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

Sanitary and preventive work and extermination activities are organized by municipal authorities, heads of organizations and enterprises, management companies, chairmen of homeowners associations, dacha cooperatives, with the involvement of enterprises engaged in disinfection activities.

4.1. Activities for the assessment of epidemiological risks in natural biotopes and in settlements

Activities for the assessment of epidemiological risks in natural biotopes and in settlements are aimed at preventing the mass breeding of blood-sucking mosquitoes in the territory locality and in its immediate vicinity. Improvement of the territory, prevention of flooding of basement (underground) premises is the main link in the prevention of the formation of mosquito breeding sites.

Examination of the territory allows you to identify the main breeding sites of mosquitoes. In the course of observing the species composition, phenology and seasonal course of the abundance of dominant species, the timing and scope of the necessary preventive measures are determined.

In human settlements, the reduction or elimination of mosquito breeding sites is more effective than the control of adults.

4.1.1. Preventive measures around settlements

Large water bodies (natural, wetlands, shallow waters, etc.) located in close proximity to settlements, if they are a breeding ground for mosquitoes, require a complex of hydraulic engineering works similar to those used to combat malarial mosquitoes, in accordance with guidelines "Malaria mosquitoes and their control on the territory of the Russian Federation" (2000).

4.1.2. Preventive measures in populated areas

On the territory of settlements, artificial reservoirs or swamps are most often formed as a result of human activities: quarries filled with water after excavation, swamps near standpipes, water overflows, flooding of low relief places during irrigation, clogged and overgrown decorative reservoirs, ditches along highways and railways, etc. The liquidation of such places of mass breeding of mosquitoes is carried out by the land users of these sites. These measures include preventing the creation of stagnant water bodies around water sources, clearing vegetation and leveling the banks of intra-city (settlement, homestead) water bodies, eliminating puddles, backfilling unused quarries, ditches.

4.1.3. Preventive measures in basements

In order to prevent flooding of basements in buildings under construction with soil and surface waters at the design and withdrawal stage land plots for development, the developer must pay special attention to the presence in construction projects of measures to reduce the level of standing ground water, on the installation of waterproofing in places of input and output of intra-house communications, and in basements with sandy floors - on the installation of concrete gutters under engineering structures connected to the sewerage system. Territories with a groundwater table of 3 meters or more are considered favorable for development. With a higher occurrence of groundwater during construction, it is necessary to plan a set of measures aimed at reducing their level.

The operated basements of multi-storey residential and public buildings must meet the following requirements:

Have proper lighting, tightly closed entrance doors, sealed with a removable grill ventilation holes, glazed or closed with a fine mesh window;

Basements should not contain water, garbage, sewage, disordered storage of household items, etc.;

Leaks, accidents and blockages of communications must be eliminated, water from the floor and from the pits at the input and output of communications is pumped into sewer wells, sewage is removed, the room is dried and ventilated;

The cement screed on the floor must be in good condition;

The blind areas and yard drains must be kept in good condition to avoid rain and melt water from entering the basements.

4.1.4. Preventive measures in summer cottages and household plots

To reduce the number of mosquitoes in summer cottages, gardens, household plots, the following rules must be observed:

Close fire barrels tightly with lids or tie with plastic wrap or change the water in barrels at least once a week. This rule should apply to any containers in which long time water is stored for irrigation and other household needs;

When watering fruit and vegetable crops, care should be taken to ensure that water does not accumulate in relief depressions and long-term puddles do not form;

Economically unnecessary reservoirs should be filled up;

Elimination of small accumulations of water in places of possible breeding of mosquitoes and prevention of its accumulation. It is recommended to frequently change water in reservoirs on personal plots (decorative containers, ponds, barrels), pools.

These events are organized by the chairmen of dacha and garden cooperatives and associations, administrations rural settlements by conducting explanatory work with land owners.

4.1.5. Destruction of mosquito larvae in closed reservoirs

When destroying mosquito larvae in breeding places in water bodies closed type(flooded cellars of houses, underground utilities) use both chemical and microbiological larvicides.

Before treatment, the water surface must be cleaned of debris and its area determined. In the basements, divided into separate compartments (sections), the water surface area is determined in each compartment and, accordingly, required amount facilities.

Basements that are constantly flooded with water and are a place of mass breeding of mosquitoes throughout the year are treated according to entomological indications.

The fight against mosquito larvae is carried out by ground methods, it is advisable to start processing during the period of predominance of larvae of 2-3 instars.

The treatment is considered effective if within 3-5 days after it no live mosquito larvae of 1-3 instars are found in the sample. If the treatment efficiency is below 99%, it should be repeated.

4.2.1. Events in localities

In order to prevent the mass reproduction of mosquitoes in settlements that have epidemiological risks of the formation of natural foci of vector-borne diseases, executive and municipal authorities, on the proposals of the bodies exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, develop a plan of recreational activities in the city (district, district) with the participation of interested services .

Specialists of bodies and institutions exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision organize the following:

Identification and registration of mosquito breeding sites in reservoirs on the territory of settlements and in basement (underground) premises in the presence of epidemiological risks, by conducting sample surveys (March - October);

Inspection of facilities based on complaints from the population about the presence (bites) of mosquitoes and cases of intra-house breeding of mosquitoes.

Based on the results of the examinations and on the basis of the expert opinions received, the bodies exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision issue instructions to the owners of reservoirs and basements on the performance of disinfection, disinfestation and deratization work.

At the suggestion of the bodies exercising federal state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, the owners of reservoirs, with the involvement of specialized organizations, organize the study of mosquito breeding sites with the implementation of mosquito control measures recommended on the basis of surveys.

4.2.2. Open Water Measures

On an open reservoir, which is a place of constant mass breeding of mosquitoes, the Centers for Hygiene and Epidemiology start a registration card. The registration card indicates the address, departmental affiliation of the object, form of ownership, the person responsible for the sanitary condition of the object, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe reservoir, and the duration of its existence.

The results of the survey are drawn up in the form of an expert opinion, which reflects the sanitary condition of the object, the reasons for the appearance of mosquito breeding, as well as the necessary timing and volume of extermination measures.

Well-established monitoring of water bodies that are breeding grounds for mosquitoes makes it possible to clarify the features of the distribution of breeding centers in the territory, identify the most unfavorable water bodies, and clarify the required amount of measures.

5. Fighting activities

Prior to the start of treatments, it is necessary to establish the places of mass breeding of mosquitoes p. Aedes on the territory of the settlement and in its immediate surroundings (within a radius of 100-300 m or more). If the breeding sites are located on the territory of industrial and other enterprises (institutions), the authorities exercising sanitary and epidemiological supervision should issue an order to the heads of these objects before processing (on the elimination of identified violations of sanitary rules; on the implementation of additional health and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures; on the implementation work on disinfection, disinsection and deratization in the foci of infectious diseases, as well as in territories and premises where there are and remain conditions for the occurrence or spread of infectious diseases; on the need to bring the territory into a state that meets the requirements to ensure the effectiveness of treatments, which include cleaning the shore (wall) of water bodies from vegetation, the territory surrounding water bodies, from clutter, debris).

Reservoirs to be processed must have free approaches. Basement (underground) rooms should be lit. Processing workers must have access to all cellar compartments and to tap water (for preparing drug solutions).

The administration is responsible for preparing the object for processing.

5.1. Measures to prevent breeding of mosquitoes

Treatment of fisheries, fishing and non-fishing reservoirs, ponds and lakes within the city limits used for bathing people, reservoirs with domestic waterfowl in countryside for the destruction of mosquito larvae is carried out only with microbiological preparations.

Treatment chemical insecticides permitted for non-fishery stagnant natural and artificial reservoirs permanent and temporary existence: puddles, hollows in trees, stretches in the beds of small rivers that dry up in summer, sprinklers, digging pits, ditches, ditches, quarries, trenches, pits, abandoned small irrigation networks, drainages, collectors, irrigation fields, filtration, vases and vessels in cemeteries.

Particular attention should be paid to the handling of abandoned car tires, especially near airports.

As a preventive measure for breeding mosquitoes, egg traps containing larvicides and contact poison can be used.

5.2.1. Preparations for the destruction of adults and mosquito larvae

To destroy adults and mosquito larvae, insecticides belonging to different classes chemical compounds: pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, development regulators, microbiological preparations based on the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israliensis and others. On the basis of active ingredients (DV) is produced a large number of various preparative forms - insecticidal preparations (powders, emulsion concentrates, suspension concentrates, wettable powders, microencapsulated preparations, pastes, granules, etc.), which are registered in the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner and are used in accordance with the instructions for use. The list of insecticides is presented in Appendix 1.

The direct choice of insecticides for the treatment of objects is determined by the specialists who perform pest control, depending on the type of object and the time of year.

Chemical preparations: organophosphorus compounds (FOS), pyrethroids, carbamates, neonicotinoids as larvicides are used to a limited extent according to the instructions for use of the drug.

The consumption rate of the working fluid (emulsion, suspension) is 100-200 ml per sq.m. (100-200 l / ha) depending on the depth of the reservoir and the degree of its overgrowth with vegetation. For reservoirs formed in basement (underground) premises, etc., the consumption rate of the working fluid is 10-50 ml / sq.m. The duration of the larvicidal action of the drugs is 1-4 weeks.

5.2.2. Preparations for the destruction of adult mosquitoes

To kill winged mosquitoes p. Aedes insecticides treat the nesting sites of females in utility rooms, barns, poultry houses, walls, ceilings, undersides of feeders, niches, etc. In basements, warehouses, storage facilities, etc., walls, ceilings, niches, shelves are processed. Process, if necessary, walls and ceilings in the entrances, on stairwells, lofts. Before processing, it is necessary to remove the cobwebs from the places to be processed. Insecticides are used to treat vegetation surrounding water bodies of non-fishery significance. The consumption rate of the working fluid is 50-100. When treating vegetation, it should be taken into account that rain can wash the insecticide from the vegetation into the reservoir. The duration of the insecticidal action of the treated surfaces is 3-5 weeks.

In addition to traditional insecticides, microbiological agents, insect development regulators (PPH): juvenile hormone analogs (JAG) and chitin synthesis inhibitors (ICIs) can be used.

5.3. Treatment methods and tactics

The processing technology is determined by the formulation of the insecticide, the equipment used, the availability of the place to be processed.

Processing of reservoirs and places of concentration of mosquitoes in open habitats is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents (clauses 2.3; 2.7; 2.9) and instructions for the preparation.

5.3.1. Treatment of reservoirs

For the treatment of reservoirs of fishery or fishing importance, for keeping waterfowl, only microbiological preparations are used, which are used in accordance with the available guidelines (instructions) for their use. The need for re-treatments is determined by regular control sampling. When larvae of 2-3 ages appear in the reservoir, the treatment is repeated.

For the treatment of water bodies that do not have economic and fishery significance and are not connected with them ( treatment facilities, sewage sludge, kopanki, collectors, ditches, etc.), use, in addition to microbiological preparations, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids. For the treatment of heavily polluted ponds organic matter, the dosage of drugs indicated in the instructions should be increased by 1.5-2 times.

For the treatment of open water bodies and the vegetation around them, backpack spraying equipment is used, if necessary, mechanized equipment, the ULV method can be applied, fine aerosols obtained from hot fog generators or cold fog generators are used.

Open reservoirs of a small area, the radius of which is equal to the spraying distance of the disinfestation apparatus used, are processed completely.

Open reservoirs of a large area with a long coastline are processed along the coastline towards the center of the reservoir at a spraying distance of the pest control device used (but not less than 2 m from the coast).

5.3.2. Basement processing

Processing of technical cellars is carried out in accordance with the rules of disinfestation non-residential premises(pp. 2.9; 2.11). The processing of basements used for warehouses, workshops, entrances, stairwells is carried out in accordance with the rules for disinfestation of residential premises. Special care must be taken when processing food enterprises, medical, children's institutions, residential buildings.

It should be borne in mind that when treating basements with pyrotechnics, hot and cold aerosols (), they can penetrate through cracks and crevices to the first floors of the building, so these drugs should not be used in residential buildings.

Small accessible cellars are treated with insecticide solutions from hand-held and backpack equipment (automaxes, quasars, etc.). Cellars large area and hard-to-reach - with the help of uninstallation.

In the basements themselves, first of all, reservoirs are treated, and then walls and ceilings with contact insecticides. Processing begins with distant and hard-to-reach compartments, moving towards the exit. The team must distribute the work areas in such a way as not to fall into the already processed premises. In the basement for the destruction of adult mosquitoes can be used pyrotechnic tablets, checkers, which contain 5-13% permethrin. The use of other DVs is not allowed (). When the composition is smoldering, the aerosol is evenly distributed over the treated area. The dosage required to treat a cubic meter of space is usually indicated on the product label. The agent is installed inside the basement on fireproof surfaces (concrete, earthen or metal platforms), so that at the moment of ignition the fire does not fall on combustible objects (garbage, wood, etc.). After 2 hours, the basements are ventilated. Aerosols have an acute insecticidal effect, their residual effect does not exceed 1 day. In some cases, the aerosol, settling on the surface of the reservoir, can cause the death of a certain number of larvae. But the aerosol does not have a significant larvicidal effect, and it should be used only in combination with delarvation work. Before using aerosols, residents and the fire service should be warned about upcoming treatments.

5.3.3 Treatment of other room types

The entrance to the entrance, stairwells, are processed to a height of up to the 3rd floor (according to indications and above).

In open spaces (verandas, terraces), anti-mosquito coils can be used to kill mosquitoes, in small rooms - electric fumigators in accordance with the rules set out on the labels and aerosol cans designed to kill flying insects ().

In rural areas, it is recommended to carry out insecticidal treatments in premises for keeping farm animals (sheds, barns, etc.), which may be places for mosquitoes to spend their days, while during treatment, animals should be taken out of the premises, and food and water should be covered.

5.3.4. Processing in open stations

According to epidemiological or entomological indications, the vegetation (territory) near the breeding grounds or around the protected object can be treated using the ULV method or aerosols obtained using generators. Cold aerosols are obtained using generators. The most effective are aerosols with a dispersion of 5-20 microns. Large-drop spraying mode with a particle size of 50-100 microns can be used to treat the territory. The distance of passage of an aerosol cloud and its efficiency, in addition to the dispersion of particles, is determined by a complex of meteorological factors (temperature inversion, wind speed, atmospheric turbulence), as well as by the type of vegetation and the height of the forest stand. Processing is carried out in accordance with the recommendations set out in the instructions for using the aerosol generator by a point method (the generator is standing) or a linear method (the generator is moving). The speed of the generator is 3-8 km/h. Processing is carried out at a wind speed of not more than 5 m / s. When using several generators, they are placed in such a way that they do not smoke each other. Before starting work, it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance of the area, take into account the direction of the prevailing winds, the terrain, prepare the generator for operation, determine the width of the working coverage of the territory by an aerosol cloud, the performance of the generator, and, depending on the type of landscape, determine the operating mode of the generator.

The consumption of the drug (concentrate) is 0.2-0.3 l/ha.

The duration of the residual insecticidal action of aerosols during the treatment of open spaces does not exceed 2-3 days.

Invading blood-sucking insects quickly restore their numbers in the treated areas. Under the condition of a slight influx of blood-sucking insects, the effect of aerosol treatment can last up to 10-15 days. The treatment of the territory of settlements with aerosols obtained using generators is carried out only according to special epidemiological indications, since the duration of their action is short, and exposure to smoke can lead to the death of non-target insects, as well as adversely affect the health of people with allergic pathology.

5.3.5. Multiplicity of treatments

The frequency of treatments can be increased or decreased depending on the results of entomological control (absence or presence of mosquitoes).

For treatments in open and closed stations during the period of activity of adult mosquitoes, 4-fold treatment with drugs is recommended, which ensures 80-100% death of mosquitoes within 1-2 months (the duration of the drug activity). Processing begins in April and ends in November. During the cold period, 2-fold processing of closed stations is carried out: the first in December, when the air temperature environment decreases to values ​​below +12°C, and again - in March - April to prevent an increase in the number of adults with an increase in air temperature. In total, it is recommended to carry out a 4-fold insecticidal treatment in open stations, and 6-fold insecticidal treatment in closed stations.

5.3.6. The order of acceptance of the performed insecticidal work

After processing is completed, an act is drawn up in any form in three copies, which is signed by all participants. The act must indicate the name of the drug, its consumption, the type of equipment (equipment) used and recommendations.

5.4. Larvicicide rotation schemes to prevent the formation of resistant mosquito populations

Below are the rotation schemes of larvicides from different chemical groups, which have different mechanisms actions. Each subsequent treatment is preferably carried out with a larvicide with a different mechanism of action. The use of microbiological preparations in the rotation is mandatory.

5.4.1. Reservoirs of non-fishery significance (open and closed)

Organophosphate insecticides: malathion (such as Fufanon, Fufanon super, Medilis-malathion), trichlorfon (such as Chlorophos), fenthion (such as Sulfox, Medilis-super), temefos (such as Avalon), etc.;

Microbiological agents (such as "Bacticide", "Larviol-paste" and others);

Developmental regulators - chitin synthesis inhibitors diflubenzuron (such as Dimilin);

Developmental regulators - pyriproxyfen juvenoids: (NyGard type);

Pyrethroids - emulsion concentrates and wettable powders approved for this purpose;

microbiological preparations. Currently, only two microbiological preparations are allowed in our country for the treatment of reservoirs of fishery importance, which makes it impossible to propose alternating schemes for larvicides of different types of action and chemical composition for this type of reservoir.

In closed reservoirs of non-fishery significance (flooded basements, underground utilities, tunnels, etc.), in addition to the above-mentioned means, the use of petroleum hydrocarbons (such as MLO, Almol MLO) is allowed. An exception is resort and recreational areas.

6. Monitoring the effectiveness of treatments

An entomologist evaluates the effectiveness of treatments. Efficiency is evaluated by comparing the number of larvae (adults) of mosquitoes before and after treatment for 3-5-7 days in the same objects, or by comparing the number of mosquitoes in the treated and control objects. The evaluation of the results obtained is carried out according to the formula:

, where

X - efficiency score in percent,

The number of larvae (adults) in the object before processing,

The number of larvae (adults) in the control object before processing,

The number of larvae (adults) after t days (hours) after treatment,

The number of larvae (adults) after t days (hours) in the control object.

Or the treatment efficiency is calculated as a percentage by the number of mosquitoes (larvae, adults) in comparison with their number before the treatment.

If in the treated reservoirs after 2 days (in the basement - after a week) they continue to register larvae or pupae, and on the walls of the basements and on the stairwells - winged mosquitoes, they find out the reason for the insufficient effectiveness of the treatment.

A satisfactory indicator of the quality of pest control is the absence of preimaginal stages in water bodies, the absence of adults or the presence of single mosquitoes in open habitats and less than 1 specimen. for 1 in the basement (p. 2.3, 2.11).

The most common signs of poor performance are:

Poor preparation of the object for disinfestation, incorrect calculation of insecticide dosages, incomplete disinfestation coverage of all necessary areas, intense mosquito influx from neighboring breeding centers. In basements, such areas may include untreated compartments, pools near buildings, and mosquito resistance to insecticides used. If necessary, they give an order to carry out repeated, selective processing of individual areas. Repeated surveys of open water bodies are carried out 1 time in 10-12 days until the end of mosquito activity. Basements are under observation for 1 year. The object is removed from the register if during the year there is no mosquito breeding in it, and the room is not flooded with new portions of water.

Based on the results of performance monitoring, an act is drawn up in triplicate and signed by all participants. The act must indicate the name of the specialist who conducted the survey, accounting methods, conclusion (processing efficiency).

7. Safety measures when working with insecticides

7.1. All persons working with insecticides must strictly observe the precautions.

7.2. Work related to the use of insecticides, as well as their transportation, acceptance, release, storage and destruction must be carried out in accordance with current rules labor protection, sanitary norms and rules. Persons over 18 years of age who have been instructed on precautionary measures when working with pesticides are allowed to work.

7.3. Before the start of the treatment, the work manager conducts a briefing on precautionary measures during work, first aid measures, as well as ways to prevent contamination of reservoirs, crops, etc. with the agent.

7.4. It is forbidden to use a product that does not have a passport indicating the name of the product, the date of manufacture, the content of the active substance.

7.5. Persons working with the product must be provided with personal protective equipment: overalls made of dense (tarpaulin, etc.) or water-repellent fabric, PVC hooded capes, oilcloth, rubberized or PVC aprons, rubber boots, technical rubber gloves(it is forbidden to use medical gloves), hermetic anti-dust goggles of the type "OP-3", "Monoblock", respirators RU-60M, RPG-67 with a cartridge of brand A or gas masks "GP-5". Respirators should fit tightly to the face, but not squeeze it. The smell of the agent under the respirator mask indicates that the gas mask cartridge has been exhausted and needs to be replaced.

7.6. The duration of the working day when working with the product is 4-6 hours with 10-15 minute breaks every 45 minutes in specially designated rest areas, which should be located no closer than 200 m from the treated areas, places for preparing solutions and loading sites. Before rest, you must take off your work clothes, wash your hands and face with soap and water.

7.7. Employees are required to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene; it is forbidden to eat, drink, smoke at work places. After finishing work, wash your hands, face and other open areas bodies that may have been splashed with emulsion. Take a shower at the end of your shift.

7.8. After work, overalls are removed and aired. Wash as it gets dirty, but at least once a week. Every day after work, the rubber front parts of the respirator must be thoroughly wiped with a cotton swab moistened with alcohol or 0.5% potassium permanganate solution or laundry soap, then clean water and dry.

7.9. Places where insecticide work is carried out are provided with water, soap, towels and a first aid kit.

7.10. The preparation of an aqueous emulsion and filling of containers is carried out at specially equipped filling stations.

7.11. In order to avoid possible poisoning and abuse, pesticides arriving at the address of the recipient must be accepted by the persons responsible for their storage (issued by order) of the organization to which the drugs were received.

7.12. Transportation of pesticides by road is allowed in serviceable containers, in closed vehicles, under a tarpaulin (oilcloth) and under the supervision of a person responsible for this.

7.13. The population using natural biotopes for grazing and walking animals, living near the cultivated area, must be informed through the press and radio by the administration of the municipality about the places and timing of the treatments 10 days before the start of work.

Information should include the following information: the danger of mosquito vectors, the need for processing, the safety of the product in the recommended mode of use for human health, the prohibition of livestock grazing, picking mushrooms in the treated area.

In order to protect apiaries from exposure to the agent, it is necessary to take them to another source of honey collection at a distance of at least 5 km from the treated areas and isolate them in any way up to 10 days after treatment.

7.14. In the event of the death of domestic animals in case of suspected poisoning with insecticides, the work manager must take all measures to establish the actual cause of death of the animals, in particular, a chemical analysis must be carried out for the content of pesticides in the digestive tract of the dead animals.

When the bees die, an analysis is also made for the content of the pesticide in them.

8. Regulatory references

8.1. Federal Law "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" No. 52-FZ of March 30, 1999

8.2. Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation dated October 22, 2004

8.3. Guide to medical disinsection. Management. R 3.5.2.2487-09.

8.4. Sanitary rules SP 3.5.1378-03 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization and implementation of disinfection activities.

8.5. SanPiN 1.2.1077-01 "Hygienic requirements for the storage, use and transportation of pesticides and agrochemicals".

8.6. SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and structures."

8.8. SanPiN 3.5.2.1376-03 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization and implementation of pest control measures against synanthropic arthropods."

8.9. Guidelines. MU 3.2.3974-00 "Malaria mosquitoes and their control on the territory of the Russian Federation".

8.10. Methodical instructions. MU 3.1.3.2600568-10 "Measures to combat West Nile fever in the Russian Federation."

8.11. Methodical instructions. MU 3.2.2568-09 “Control of the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the river. Culex, whose breeding sites are located in populated ggunkts.

8.12. Guidelines MU 3.1.3012-12 "Collection, accounting and preparation for laboratory research of blood-sucking arthropods in natural foci of dangerous infectious diseases."

8.13. SP 3.4.2318-08 "Sanitary protection of the territory of the Russian Federation".

8.14. SP 1.3.3118-13 "Safety of working with microorganisms of I-II groups of pathogenicity (danger)".

Appendix 1
(reference)

List
insecticides with imagocidal and larvicidal action recommended for mosquito control

Appendix 2
(reference)

Recommended agents for killing winged mosquitoes in residential areas

Annex 3
(reference)

Means intended for individual protection of people from mosquito attacks

Appendix 4
(reference)

Potts table: drift of droplets with a diameter of 100 µm

Appendix 5
(reference)

Settling rate of water mist particles in the air

Appendix 6
(reference)

Wind speed estimation table

Document overview

Since March 9, 2016, Guidelines MR 3.5.2.0110-16 "Organization and implementation of measures for entomological monitoring and regulation of the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus" come into effect.

They define algorithms for conducting entomological examinations and measures to reduce the number of blood-sucking mosquitoes - carriers of especially dangerous infections (dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika fever, etc.).

Given general information about mosquitoes - carriers. Also listed are measures for assessing epidemiological risks in natural biotopes and human settlements and extermination measures.

An epidemiological survey is a method of epidemiology used to study the causes of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, to identify the most effective measures to eliminate them.

Tasks epidemiological survey: identifying the source (sources) of infection and probable ways of its spread, determining the state of collective immunity, assessing the sanitary condition of an apartment, house, settlement, identifying social, natural and domestic factors that contributed to the emergence and spread of diseases, choosing the most effective measures to eliminate emerging diseases in this particular situation, as well as to prevent the spread of diseases from a given epidemic focus (see Epidemic focus).

An epidemiological examination is usually carried out by an epidemiologist or paramedic. In some cases, hygienists (evaluation of water, food), zoologists and entomologists (in the presence of natural focal diseases) may also be involved in the epidemiological examination.

Laboratory studies during an epidemiological examination make it possible to identify bacteria carriers, contamination, water, household items and kitchen utensils, and in case of zoonotic infections - infection of animals. Entomological studies make it possible to establish the types and prevalence of live carriers of infection (insects and mites). Finally, epizootological examination makes it possible to identify among animals (wild and domestic).

When conducting an epidemiological survey, an epidemiological survey card is filled out; the form of such cards is approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR. The passport part must be filled in the epidemiological survey card, where, in particular, the nature of the work should be noted if the disease can be linked to production. Great value acquires an epidemiological history in the map (where and under what circumstances infection could occur). Further, the map reflects the sanitary and epidemiological situation.

A correctly and thoughtfully conducted epidemiological survey allows not only to establish the sources and ways of spreading the infection in each specific case, but also to draw up a reasonable plan of measures to eliminate diseases, to prevent their further spread and prevent recurrence of diseases.

Epidemiological survey is the most important part of the scientific method of epidemiology; It is used in the study of the focus of an infectious disease in order to determine the source of infections, the factors of transmission of the infectious beginning in specific conditions, as well as the possibility of the emergence of new diseases.

The epidemiological examination of the focus of an infectious disease includes: a survey of the patient and all persons who can provide epidemiologically valuable information regarding the focus; laboratory examination of the patient, the persons around him and objects of the environment; sanitary examination of the outbreak; if necessary, ascertaining the presence and number of vectors; in case of zoonoses, clarification of the species composition and number of rodents; long-term follow-up.

When questioning the patient and the people around him, the following questions are asked: did the patient's relatives, workmates, those living in the same apartment or house have the same or similar diseases; did the patient have to travel somewhere before the disease; if the patient is a visitor, then from where and when did he arrive; his profession and other occupations; whether he participated in the slaughter of livestock, in caring for animals, in washing someone else's linen, etc.; did not visit the sick in the hospital or at home; where and how did you eat; whether he was injured, bitten by animals, etc. It is very important during the interview to find out the day of the onset of the disease. When conducting a survey, knowledge of the epidemic situation in the area, as well as awareness of the infectious incidence in neighboring districts and regions, helps.

Following the survey, depending on the nature of the disease, it is possible and advisable to conduct laboratory tests. Material for microbiological (or virological) studies can be taken from the patient, from healthy people (and sometimes animals) surrounding him, from environmental objects.

Mandatory microbiological examination of the patient is carried out in cases where the diagnosis is established solely on the basis of clinical data, in cases of a presumptive diagnosis (a disease suspected of being infectious), when the accuracy of the diagnosis is doubtful.

Persons who have been in contact with the patient are subjected to bacteriological examination in order to identify those infected from this patient or carriers of the infection.

The objects of laboratory examination are most often feces, urine, sputum, pus, blood, pharyngeal mucus, vomit, discharge from ulcerated surfaces of the skin or mucous membranes, etc. Sometimes material taken from a corpse can be examined (excision of a segment of the intestine with its contents, blood from the heart, pieces of the liver and spleen, lymph nodes, etc.).

The variety of research objects requires knowledge of the technique of taking material, the procedure for storing it and sending it. All this is described in special manuals on laboratory technology.

Laboratory research of objects external environment carried out in order to identify factors in the spread of infection.

So, in cases where the water nature of the outbreak is assumed, the water of the corresponding water source is examined. With food poisoning, food remains are subject to research. Often it is necessary to examine raw materials of animal origin (leather, wool) if diseases have arisen in the relevant industries.

Sometimes it is necessary to examine certain groups of the population or animals for infection (tuberculin test, mallein test) or for susceptibility (Schick skin tests, Dick skin test, Burne reaction, tularine skin test, etc.).

During a sanitary examination of the outbreak, first of all, attention is paid to the nature of the dwellings (a separate or communal apartment, hostel, etc.), population density, number of children, and their age. They assess the sanitary condition of housing, the content and nature of the latrines, and the sanitary skills of residents. Reveal character drinking water supply, assess the sanitary condition of water sources, nutritional conditions, etc. In case of intestinal infections, the presence of flies, their number, places of breeding, etc. are established; in case of malaria - mosquito breeding grounds, as well as their wintering and daytime places. In case of other transmissible diseases, the species composition of vectors (insects and ticks), their abundance, habitats are ascertained.

In case of zoonotic infectious diseases, an epizootological examination is also carried out. In this case, most often information about diseases among animals can be obtained from the veterinary service. In some cases, epidemiologists have to conduct laboratory examinations of animals themselves. With plague, tularemia, zoonotic encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, etc., the sanitary and epidemiological service studies the species composition of rodents, their numbers and the presence of epizootics.

In chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, venereal diseases, the epidemiological survey takes the form of clinical examination.

The ultimate task of an epidemiological survey is the synthesis of the information obtained and the development of measures aimed at eliminating the focus.

In case of epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases and the emergence of an epidemic, their causes are established with the help of an epidemiological survey and the most appropriate system of anti-epidemic measures is developed. During an epidemiological examination, they are usually guided by a map of the epidemiological examination of the focus (forms No. 171, 171a, 1716, approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR on 16/VII 1954).

At present, the term "epidemiological survey" is also used for some non-infectious widespread diseases (tumors, hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc.). At the same time, the task of an epidemiological survey is to study the nature of the spread of these diseases in different countries peace among different peoples. Much attention is paid to the spread of tumors (see Tumors, epidemiology).

Entomological examination of the territory is an important component of the process of extermination of ticks, which are carriers of dangerous diseases. The purpose of such a study is to assess the existing situations and determine the density of tick colonization of open spaces subject to acaricidal treatment.

Entomological survey of the territory

Most often to objects for which entomological examination is mandatory include:

• Children's health camps,
• park areas,
• Forest parks, especially the path network,
• Rest houses and sanatoriums and other open spaces where there is a risk of contracting tick-borne encephalitis.

You can also always contact the microbiological laboratory at the SES for laboratory research ticks found on clothing or on the body.

Why is an entomological examination necessary?

Sanitary and entomological research of territories is carried out by entomologists with the following goals:

• Evaluation of the object under study for the population of arthropods,
• Definition species diversity insects in the study area,
• Development of a set of measures for the destruction of ticks and other insects in this focus,
• Selection of the most effective preparations for acaricidal treatment,
• Implementation of the subsequent control of the population of the territory by ticks after the completion of pest control measures,
• Issuing recommendations for preventive measures.

Based on the results of the study of the object, the entomologist draws up an act of entomological examination of the territory , which contains all the necessary information about the ticking of the object.

When carrying out entomological control, the SES specialist, using various methods and methods, collects ticks in the area under study, counts their number and, using a number of formulas, calculates the population coefficient of the given territory by these dangerous insects. In addition, the detected ticks are then examined in the virological laboratory of the sanitary and environmental service for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus, followed by the preparation of a Laboratory Test Protocol.

Depending on the number of insects, the most effective drugs and methods of acaricidal treatment - as a rule, for large areas, hot fog generation has proven itself best.

Approximately 5-7 days after the acaricidal treatment, the specialists again conduct an entomological examination to verify the quality of the pest control, and draw up an expert opinion issued by an organization (SES) that is accredited in the prescribed manner.

You can order a complete entomological study of the territory in our sanitary and environmental service, which has official accreditation and conducts both inspection of a given object and its acaricidal treatment.

Entomological examination is special kind biological research, which is the analysis of insects, their fragments, as well as traces and waste products. In addition, entomological expertise studies the anatomical and morphological characteristics of insect tissues and their organs, taking into account the stages of insect development. Characteristic features of the life cycle of insects provide data that can be used in the course of the investigation. These data, obtained through the special knowledge of a specialist in the field of insect biology and due to the appropriate level professional competence, are the subject entomological expertise.

Entomological expertise is used in various fields of activity. A special place among all studies is occupied by forensic entomological examination. In the process of its implementation, information is extracted, which will subsequently be included in the evidence base of the initiated case. Most often, insect larvae found in the corpse of a person or animal are subject to research. The age of the larvae makes it possible to determine the prescription of death, since insects go through each stage of development in a strictly defined time. This time is subject to change under special circumstances. external influences, the presence of which must be taken into account in the analysis. Forensic entomological examination is primarily concerned with the study of insects belonging to the group of necrobionts (or necrophages), that is, insects whose diet is based on the corpses of animals and humans. In the process of decomposition of a corpse, stages clearly limited in time are distinguished. Each stage corresponds to a certain group of necrobiont organisms. The first stage is called early microbial decomposition, which is carried out by putrefactive bacteria present in the intestines of every person. The first stage, depending on environmental conditions, lasts from one to five days and ends with the appearance of egg-laying and blowfly larvae on the corpse. At the second stage, the larvae of flies are connected to the decomposition of the corpse. The second stage ends with the completion of the development of fly larvae, which by that time exterminate most of the soft tissues of the corpse. At the third stage, the decomposition of the corpse is carried out by beetle larvae, eating away the remnants of soft tissues. The fourth stage is called skeletonization, during which the corpse breaks up into separate bones of the skeleton. At the fifth stage, the bones of the skeleton break up into simple chemical compounds and individual chemicals. This stage is called the stage of mineralization. In the field of view of an expert entomologist are the second and third stages of the decomposition of a corpse, during which objects of an entomological nature are present in the body.

Entomological expertise can also be used in agriculture, industry or in case of emerging disputes regarding the rights of consumers. For example, an expert can determine the presence of entomological objects in the inoculum and give recommendations on its further use.

The objects of entomological examination may be the following extracted samples:

• adult insects.
• Larvae and pupae of insects.
• Insect eggs.
• Separate fragments of bodies, organs or tissues of insects.
• The corpses of animals or humans, as well as their parts, which are the environment for the development of insects or larvae.

Tasks that an expert performing an entomological examination solves in the course of his activity.

Research problems are determined by the circumstances of the case under investigation, as well as the goals pursued by the initiator of the analysis. Most often, specialists in the implementation of entomological examination are assigned the following tasks:

• Identification of insects, their parts, traces and waste products in the existing biological material.
• Establishment of taxonomic characteristics of detected insects (order, family, genus, species).
• Determination of the age of the studied insect and the stage of its life cycle.
• Identification of insect species found in the studied biomaterial.
• Determination of the period that has elapsed since the death of a person or animal in whose corpse objects of an entomological nature were found.
• Examination of tissues or parts of insects.

Legal basis for entomological examination

In the process of entomological examination, the specialist is guided by the following provisions of existing regulations governing this area of ​​activity:

• Article 80 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which prescribes the rules for the formation of an expert opinion and the giving of evidence by the specialist who conducted the study.
• Article 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which regulates the specifics of the storage of physical evidence.
• Article 310 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes responsibility for non-compliance with the confidentiality of information obtained during the preliminary investigation.
• Chapter 12 of the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation No. 114 dated May 14, 2003 (as amended on March 12, 2007), in particular Article 12.2, which regulates the examination of objects of animal origin.

Questions to Ask the Entomological Examiner

The most accurate list of questions to be answered by a specialist in the production of entomological examination is compiled at the time of concluding a contract for the study. This list depends on the circumstances of the case under investigation, as well as on the goals and objectives of the examination.

• Have objects of entomological nature (insects, their fragments, tissues, larvae, products and traces of vital activity) been identified in the biological material submitted for research?
• What are the taxonometric characteristics of the insects found in the biological material? What species, genus, order, family do they belong to?
• How much time has passed since the death of a person (or animal) in whose corpse insect larvae were found?
• At what stage of the life cycle is the insect presented for research?
• What is the age of this insect?
• What species of insects (or their larvae) were found in the biological material submitted for the study?
• Which insect tissues were found in the studied biological material?
• How many species of insects were found in the biological material submitted for the study? What are these types?
• Was the corpse, in which entomological objects were found, moved to another place?
• What chemicals (drugs, drugs, etc.) are contained in the larvae extracted from cadaveric material? Could these drugs cause death?
• When exactly did the death of a person (animal) occur, whose corpse is to be examined?
• Are beetle larvae and beetles themselves present in the cadaveric material?
• At what stage of decomposition is the body submitted for examination?
• Is the inoculum contaminated with entomological objects? What measures can be taken to free the material from insects and their larvae?