What is a borehole pump made of? Device and types of centrifugal pumps for a well. Distinctive features of Grundfos centrifugal electric pumps

In order to implement the water intake from the well, you will need special equipment, one of which is submersible pump also called deep. The submersible pump is capable of pumping water from both sandy and limestone aquifers. In this article, we will get acquainted with the principles of operation of such equipment, its strength and weaknesses, and also tell you what to look for when choosing.

Types of submersible pumps for working in a well

Each submersible pump is capable of lifting water from depth and delivering it to the surface to the user. Devices differ from each other not only in how powerful they are. A distinctive feature of each model is whether it is required to immerse the equipment in water completely or partially. The principle of their action is also different. There are devices equipped with automation and without it. So, the pump can be:

• vibrational. Its main working element is a movable piston, the task of which is to create water pressure through reciprocating movements. The movement is carried out due to the electromotive force of the inductor. A voltage of 220V is applied to the coil, as a result of which a magnetic field is created, which is the reason for the start of the movement of the core and piston. When the piston retracts, water begins to flow into the working chamber.

When the limit point is reached, the piston will automatically open the contacts, resulting in shutdown magnetic field. Pressure is created due to the fact that the piston is constantly lowered into the water. The process will be repeated until the required amount of water is on the surface. special power this species pumps cannot boast, however, he can work with muddy water, and small stones do not affect the efficiency of its work. At the same time, they are characterized by low cost and maintainability, for example, if the piston fails;

• centrifugal. In this case, the water flow is realized due to the action of the impeller, which is connected to the shaft of the electric motor. The rotor of the electric motor generates a magnetic field, leading to the movement of the impeller. The main advantage of this equipment is high power, so they are relevant for providing water as country houses and large enterprises. Among the shortcomings can only be called sensitivity to polluted water. Even if we are talking about small pebbles, ranging in size from 1 to 2 mm, they can significantly reduce the life of the equipment. And repairing the device is an expensive procedure.

Each type of pump can be equipped with an automatic control system. That is, the unit itself will start to turn on as soon as the water tap is opened.

Experts advise that if the well is characterized by muddy water or the presence of small pebbles, then it is best to install a vibration pump model. However, in terms of power, they are inferior to centrifugal equipment, which should also be taken into account.

In addition, there are two types of pumps for pumps:

• surface - installed outside the well, and a hose is used to supply water. Their feature is good pressure, ease of installation and maintenance. There is also a minus - not the best power, which is only enough to pump water from a well no more than 9 meters deep;
• submersible - installed directly in the water. Through simple and robust design such equipment serves long years, but it can be mounted at a sufficient depth. In addition, these pumps also have the following positive traits: they are more adapted to winter, differ high efficiency, practically do not make noise and favorably affect the stable operation of the plumbing system.

Automation for pumps

At the moment, automation means the following: sensors that monitor pressure and water level, “dry running”, temperature sensors, control units and entire combined systems providing the complex.

• dry run protection. It must be understood that the centrifugal pump is powered by electricity. Its consumption depends on the density of the liquid being pumped. It happens that not water, but air enters the pump, as a result of which the current consumption is reduced. If the sensor detects a drop in current, it will automatically send a signal to the pump to turn it off.

There are also alternative way, based on the electrical conductivity parameters of air and water. To do this, it is necessary to lower the electrodes into the well, just above the mark. In this case, the automation will turn off the pump before it overheats, which significantly extends its service life;

• pressure meter. The pressure begins to drop if there is no water left in the well, and the pump continues to “pump”, but not liquid, but air, that is, at idle. If the pressure parameter falls below the indicated level, the sensor will turn off the pump. This type of automation is relevant for any type of pump;
• temperature sensor. A similar element is typical for some submersible pumps. Again, if allowable rate heating equipment will be exceeded, it will automatically turn off the power;
• mechanical protection for lowering the water level. For this purpose, a special float must be placed on the water and connected to the sensor using a thin cord. The submersible pump will be switched off if the water level falls below the set value. As soon as water is collected, the sensor will give a signal to turn on. Such automation is inherent only in a centrifugal pump.

How to choose the right pump

As mentioned above, the most popular models that take water from wells and wells are vibration and centrifugal. Based on the following aspects, you can give preference to a certain type of equipment:

• how far the well or wells are equipped in relation to the structure. In the case when the tank is nearby, that is, no further than 10 - 20 meters, then any type of pump can handle the water intake. If the distance is greater, then it is necessary to build on the parameter of the height of the rise of water, which is recorded in the documentation for the equipment. For example, if the distance is 20 - 50 meters, then the lifting power should be at least 20 meters (you should also take into account the height of the water supply to the tap in the house);
• how good is the water in the tank. If there are no foreign particles, suspensions and other mechanical impurities in the water, then you can choose any type of pump. If the user has dirty and low-quality water, then it is best to opt for a vibration device;
• how the water will be collected. equipping autonomous system or sewerage on the territory of a country house, it is best to choose a pump model with an upper water intake. First of all, the choice is characterized by the fact that the engine of the device will cool naturally. And if the water level in the well falls, then due to the automation, the pump will not start to overheat, working at idle. But, it should be noted that surface models are less powerful than their bottom counterparts.

Outcome

An automatic well pump, as a rule, is paired with hydropneumatics or electronic system water supply. Automation has the form of an external relay that is connected to the pump, or it can be an electrical unit installed in the pump itself.

There are two types of well pump: surface and submersible. The first in their design have a hydraulic accumulator and a pressure switch. Such models are distributed individually or as a whole block, that is pumping station. Submersible devices, in turn, are distinguished by the presence of built-in sensors and electromechanical control.

When choosing a specific model, you should build on the technical characteristics of a particular model. We are talking about performance, delivery height and maximum head.

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AT country houses the water supply system often depends on a well or well, which is equipped at a depth of 8-10 meters. It is not possible to get water from such a depth on your own. Moreover, it is inconvenient every time you need fresh drinking water to go outside. Therefore, owners of summer cottages and suburban housing should pay special attention to models submersible devices. They will ensure uninterrupted water supply to the home. Let's look at how to choose submersible pumps for wells and the principle of operation of the mechanism.

What does a submersible pump look like?

The submersible pump works in water. It lifts liquid even from very deep wells and wells to the surface. It is worth distinguishing between well and downhole devices. Downhole, as a rule, have a more oblong shape for working in narrow wells and a higher head for lifting water from great depths.

These species have minor differences in the device. Basically, all units consist of the following parts:

• The impeller, which is the main structural element. It sets in motion all the other details of the structure;

Instrument impeller

• Wheel blades. They develop centrifugal force, which is necessary for the rapid absorption of water;
• Suction area;
• Impeller housing. He protects him from negative impact environment;
• Valve - retain water in the pump and prevent its return to the well;
• Protective mesh - necessary for protection drinking water from harmful impurities, which can adversely affect the health of the residents of the house.

The design of the submersible unit

Sectional device

A submersible blower is powered by electricity. It causes the impeller to rotate. Thus, the liquid flows from the well or well into the pipeline, which, in turn, conducts water to the plumbing system.

As we can see, the principle of operation, as well as the design of the supercharger itself, are elementary. And now let's find out what types of these devices exist and how to choose a submersible pump for a well.

Video: principle of operation and design of a submersible pump

Submersible unit classification

According to the design, the following types are distinguished:

• vibratory- is a design of a vibrator, an electromagnet and a housing. Widely used on summer cottages not only for pumping and delivering water to the house, but also for watering the garden and garden. Vibrating devices show good performance in terms of pressure and power. At the same time, their price is low;

• Vortex- consists of a discharge area and an electric motor. The first element is used to pump liquid, the second - to supply water to the house. This type is able to lift water from a depth of 12 meters. In this case, the process occurs quite quickly;

The principle of operation of the vortex type device

Vortex unit

• Centrifugal- a complex of two blocks: a working chamber and an engine. They pump out up to several hundred liters per hour due to the presence of a special centrifugal shaft. However, such devices have one significant drawback: they consume too much.

centrifugal unit

Submersible Device Selection Criteria

To make the device suitable for your home, you should decide on the following parameters:

• The distance from the well to the dwelling. The greater the distance, the more powerful model pump should be selected;
• The volume of water consumed. As practice shows, for ordinary families consisting of 4-5 people, the most common medium-power blower is suitable. But if the house is inhabited large quantity people, it is worth choosing a stronger model;
• Performance. This parameter is measured in liters of fluid that the pump can lift per unit of time. On average, productivity reaches 4.2÷4.5 cubic meters. However, if the device is necessary not only for the usual water supply of the dwelling, but also for irrigating a spacious personal plot, then you should pay attention to models with a capacity of 4.8 cubic meters and above;
• Power. Denoted in kilowatts. This indicator indicates the volume of water supplied per unit of time. But you should not buy a device on the principle of "the more power, the better." If your family does not need too much water, then take a blower with a medium power, as a device that is too powerful consumes a lot of energy.

Focusing on these indicators, you will choose the best unit for your home, which will serve you for many years in a row.

How to choose a pump for a well: an overview of popular models

Video: Grundfoss well pumps

If you do not know which submersible pump to choose for a well, read the plate below:

Many owners of summer cottages and private households that are not connected to a centralized water supply are familiar with the problem of supplying water to their homes and gardens.

The “Kid” submersible pump will help to partially solve it, which, although not a powerful device capable of pumping water from artesian wells, will quite cope with the supply of water from wells, shallow wells and open water bodies.

For those who are just about to equip autonomous water supply, as well as users pumping equipment it will be useful to learn about the device, the principle of operation and the rules for operating the unit. We will describe in detail how to install the "Baby" in the well and ensure its smooth operation.

Submersible pumps of the “Kid” series are produced Russian enterprise Livgidromash, whose history spans almost seventy years. During this time, more than three million copies of various pumping equipment have rolled off the assembly line of the plant.

Technical parameters of models

The pumps operate from a conventional 220 V network and can be submerged to a depth of up to three meters. When working in marginal wells (with a small volume of water), deeper lowering is possible.

The performance of all models is 430 l / h, while "Baby" and "Kid-M" have a head of 40 m (maximum - 60 m), “Kid-3”- 20 m (maximum - 25 m). When working without pressure, productivity increases to 1500 liters.

The dimensions and power of the devices also have different indicators. So, the power of the basic model and modification with the letter “M” is 240 W, length - 25.5 cm, weight - 3.4 kg.

The power of the Malysh-3 pump is only 185 W, its length does not exceed 24 cm, and its weight is 2 kg, so it is usually used to draw water from shallow wells and wells with an internal diameter of 8 cm or more.

When buying a pump, you must first familiarize yourself with its technical characteristics and choose a model in accordance with the diameter and depth of the well (+)

Another parameter that you should know when buying a device is this. By default, all pumps that do not have this indicator have protection class 2.

The first class is indicated by the Roman numeral I. At the same time, class 2 devices are equipped with reinforced insulation, they include a cord with two cores. Class 1 devices are additionally equipped with a three-core cable with grounding.

The device and principle of operation of the pump

The device of the “Kid” pump is quite simple, it consists of a durable sealed housing that prevents liquid from entering, inside which there is an electric drive, including a core, two coils, an electric wire, and a vibrator.

In the upper (for pumps with an upper water intake) or lower (for devices with a lower water intake) part of the housing there is a valve that closes the inlets and provides free outflow or inflow of water in the absence of pressure.

Vibratory submersible electric pumps with an upper water intake last longer and break less, because they are less likely to become clogged with sand and clay suspension in the produced water

The operation of the pump is based on the use of force alternating current, which, under the influence of a shock absorber, actuates the anchor and the piston, causing them to perform mechanical oscillatory movements, while simultaneously pushing water into the pressure pipe.

Use and rules of operation of the device

Before operating the “Kid” pump, you must familiarize yourself with the rules for its operation. safe operation. There are a number of restrictions under which the use of the device is strictly prohibited.

Safe Use Rules:

• the device must not be used with a damaged cord and with increased mains voltage;
• when the pump is on, it is forbidden to shut off the water supply;
• the unit should work no more than twelve hours a day;
• continuous operation should be no more than two hours with a periodic shutdown for twenty minutes.

All restrictions are described in detail in the instructions for the device, which must be read in order to avoid unforeseen consequences.

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The process of preparing the pump for operation

For work, you will need a flexible rubber or similar elastomeric hose with an internal diameter of at least 18 mm. Smaller hoses are not recommended as they put extra stress on the appliance.

It is possible to use plastic or metal pipes for water supply, but in any case they must be connected to the pump only through a hose with a minimum length of 2 m.

Vibratory submersible pumps are attached to two eyelets using a nylon cord (1). The hose is connected to the outlet with an elastic band (2)

The hose is connected to the outlet of the device with a clamp. If the vibration pump is supposed to be used in winter, then to prevent freezing and ensure free outflow of liquid, it is necessary to make a small hole of 1.5 mm in the hose next to the housing. On the summer time The hole can be covered with electrical tape.

Then, a nylon cord 10 m long, which is included in the delivery set, is fixed on the lugs of the pump. To increase the length, you can use a wire by attaching it to a nylon cord.

However, you cannot attach a wire or metal cable directly to submersible unit- this is fraught with breakage of the mounting holes.

It is necessary to calculate in advance the distance from the outlet to the water source. It depends on how long the cable is needed to connect the vibration pump. The kid is completed with a power cord 6-40 m long, its exact length is indicated in the instructions.

Thus, three cords should go from the pump: an electric wire, a rubber hose and a nylon cable. They must be connected to each other in several places with adhesive tape at intervals of 100-200 cm. Moreover, the first connection should be no further than 20 cm from the device body.

Flexible hoses are recommended for connecting the pump to the water supply. In the absence of acceptable use of polymeric and steel pipes. In order to accurately mark the depth of immersion of the pump into the source, you can mark it on the hose with tape or colored tape

The specifics of installing the device in the well

During operation, the pump vibrates. It is possible that it will come into contact with the walls of the casing pipe or a narrow well, which will inevitably lead to damage to the casing and equipment failure.

To avoid this, before immersing the unit in water, it is necessary to put on a rubber ring on it, which will absorb possible shocks and serve as additional protection for the case.

The pump must be lowered into the water and set correctly, it must hang evenly, without touching the walls. A bar is installed on top of the well, to which a suspension made of durable elastic material is attached. Suspension is necessary to reduce vibration during operation of the device.

A piece can be used as a material rubber hose or medical tourniquet. The upper end of the cable is connected to the suspension, creating a good tension. But for an electric wire, excessive tension is absolutely not necessary, it should lie freely on the bar.

The pump is suspended in water to a depth not exceeding three meters from the highest point of its body (+)

The new pump "Kid" is completely ready for operation, it does not need to be filled with water and lubricated before use. If the device you are using has protection class 1, . The device can be turned on immediately after immersion in a well or reservoir.

The distance from the bottom to the housing for devices with a lower water intake must be at least one meter. A submersible pump with an upper suction port can be lowered much lower, but in any case, its body must not touch the bottom to avoid damage during operation.

The diagram shows the options for installing the pump in casing pipe and open water source. In the second case, you can do without a spring suspension (+)

In the event that water is pumped from shallow reservoirs, as well as when pumping flooded basements, the pump can be lowered to the bottom. The body must first be wrapped with a thick cloth or a sheet of rubber placed under the unit.

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Ensuring uninterrupted operation

In order for the “Baby” to work without interruption and for as long as possible, it is necessary to monitor the mains voltage. In case of power surges, the device must be immediately turned off. It is also necessary because common cause equipment failure is the ingress of sand and debris into the mechanism.

Many people think that this problem can be solved by installing a pump with an upper water intake. However, clogging of the device often occurs not only due to the ingress of bottom sediments into it, dirty water can also cause damage.

To protect the submersible pump, it is advisable to install a filter that traps the smallest particles and prevents them from entering the tank. A simple filtering device is possible.

The use of a filter will not only extend the life of the unit, but also ensure the supply of better quality water, purified from any impurities.

The figure shows how the filter is installed on the Malysh pump with a lower water intake. For domestic devices the EFPS-St-38-125 filter is suitable, which traps particles up to 150 microns in size

Pump Maintenance Malysh

In order for the pump to serve for a long time and properly, it is necessary to observe the operating and storage conditions recommended by the manufacturer. In this case, the manufacturer guarantees its normal operation for two years. The pump does not require complex maintenance and care, and simple rules it won't be too hard to do.

After the first installation of the device in the well, you need to let it work for one to two hours, and then take it out and carefully inspect the body and components for faults. If everything is fine, then the vibration pump can be put in place and used further, leaving it submerged in water for long time.

Periodically, at least once every three months, and if possible, then every hundred hours of operation, it is also necessary to inspect the unit. If at the same time traces of friction are found on the body, it means that it was installed incorrectly and, during operation, came into contact with the walls of the water intake.

To avoid this, it is necessary to set it evenly and put an additional rubber ring on the body.

If the inlet holes are clogged, they must be carefully cleaned without damaging the rubber valve. For cleaning, it is best to use a tool with a blunt end.

If the pump is not used in winter, it must be pulled out of the well, washed and dried well. During storage, the unit should be placed away from heating devices, as well as protected from direct sun rays.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

How to choose a submersible pump "Kid", and what points to pay attention to when buying, you will learn from this video:

The following video tells how you can improve the pump:

How to perform preventive inspection and maintenance of the device, you can see here:

Submersible pump "Kid" is a convenient and inexpensive household appliance, easy to use and easy to maintain. Of course, due to its low power, it is not able to provide a full-fledged water supply to a private house, and, in fact, no one sets such tasks for it.

An inexpensive vibrator is perfect for seasonal use. He will become a real assistant in summer cottages. So, with the help of "Kid" you can organize watering plants and water supply from wells, wells or open reservoirs.

Have experience installing or using a Baby pump? Please share information with our readers, tell us about the specifics of the unit. You can leave comments and ask questions in the form below.

In this article, we tried to collect all the possible principles of operation of pumps. Often, in a wide variety of brands and types of pumps, it is quite difficult to understand without knowing how this or that unit works. We tried to make it clear, because it is better to see once than hear a hundred times.
In most descriptions of the operation of pumps on the Internet, there are only sections of the flow part (in best case phase diagrams). This does not always help to understand exactly how the pump functions. Moreover, not everyone has an engineering education.
We hope that this section of our site will not only help you in right choice equipment, but also broaden your horizons.

Since ancient times, the task was to lift and transport water. The very first devices of this type were water-lifting wheels. It is believed that they were invented by the Egyptians.
The water-lifting machine was a wheel, along the circumference of which jugs were attached. The bottom edge of the wheel was lowered into the water. When the wheel rotated around the axis, the jugs scooped up water from the reservoir, and then into top point wheels, water was poured from jugs into a special receiving tray. to rotate the device, use the muscular strength of a person or animals.

Archimedes (287-212 BC), the great scientist of antiquity, invented the screw water-lifting device, later named after him. This device lifted water with a screw rotating inside the pipe, but some water always flowed back, because effective seals were not known at that time. As a result, the relationship between the inclination of the screw and the feed was derived. When working, it was possible to choose between a large volume of lifted water or a higher lift height. The greater the inclination of the screw, the greater the feed height with a decrease in productivity.

The first piston pump for extinguishing fires, invented by the ancient Greek mechanic Ctesibius, was described as early as the 1st century BC. e. These pumps, by right, can be considered the very first pumps. Until the beginning of the 18th century, pumps of this type were used quite rarely, because. made of wood, they often broke. These pumps were developed after they began to be made of metal.
With the advent of the industrial revolution and the advent of steam engines, piston pumps began to be used for pumping water from mines and mines.
Currently, piston pumps are used in everyday life for lifting water from wells and wells, in industry - in dosing pumps and high pressure pumps.

There are also piston pumps combined into groups: two-plunger, three-plunger, five-plunger, etc.
They fundamentally differ in the number of pumps and their mutual arrangement relative to the drive.
In the picture you can see a three-piston pump.

Vane pumps are a kind piston pumps. Pumps of this type were invented in the middle of the 19th century.
The pumps are two-way, that is, they supply water without idling.
They are mainly used as hand pumps for supplying fuel, oils and water from wells and wells.

Design:
Inside the cast-iron casing, the working bodies of the pump are located: an impeller that performs reciprocating movements and two pairs of valves (inlet and outlet). When the impeller moves, the pumped liquid moves from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity. Valve system prevents fluid from flowing in the opposite direction

Pumps of this type have in their design a bellows ("accordion"), by compressing which they pump liquid. The design of the pump is very simple and consists of only a few parts.
Usually, such pumps are made of plastic (polyethylene or polypropylene).
The main application is pumping out chemically active liquids from barrels, canisters, bottles, etc.

The low price of the pump allows it to be used as a disposable pump for pumping caustic and dangerous liquids with subsequent disposal of this pump.

Rotary vane (or vane) pumps are self-priming positive displacement pumps. Designed for pumping liquids. lubricating (oils. diesel fuel etc.). Pumps can suck liquid "dry", i.e. do not require preliminary filling of the body with a working fluid.

Principle of operation: The working body of the pump is made in the form of an eccentrically located rotor with longitudinal radial grooves in which flat plates (gates) slide, pressed against the stator by centrifugal force.
Since the rotor is located eccentrically, when it rotates, the plates, being continuously in contact with the housing wall, then enter the rotor, then move out of it.
During operation of the pump, a vacuum is formed on the suction side and the pumped mass fills the space between the plates and is then forced out into the discharge pipe.

External gear pumps are designed for pumping viscous liquids with lubricity.
Pumps are self-priming (usually no more than 4-5 meters).

Operating principle:
The drive gear is in constant engagement with the driven gear and sets it in rotational motion. When the pump gears rotate in opposite directions in the suction cavity, the teeth, disengaging, form a rarefaction (vacuum). Due to this, liquid enters the suction cavity, which, filling the cavities between the teeth of both gears, moves with the teeth along the cylindrical walls in the housing and is transferred from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity, where the teeth of the gears, engaging, push the liquid out of the cavities into the discharge pipeline. In this case, a tight contact is formed between the teeth, as a result of which the reverse transfer of liquid from the injection cavity to the suction cavity is impossible.

The pumps are similar in principle to a conventional gear pump, but are more compact in size. Of the minuses can be called the complexity of manufacturing.

Operating principle:
The drive gear is driven by the motor shaft. By engaging the pinion gear teeth, the outer gear also rotates.
During rotation, the openings between the teeth are freed, the volume increases and a vacuum is created at the inlet, ensuring the suction of the liquid.
The medium moves in the interdental spaces to the discharge side. The sickle, in this case, serves as a seal between the suction and discharge compartments.
With the introduction of a tooth into the interdental space, the volume decreases and the medium is displaced to the outlet of the pump.

Lobe (rotary or rotary) pumps are designed for gentle pumping of high products containing particles.
The different shape of the rotors installed in these pumps allows pumping liquids with large inclusions (for example, chocolate with whole nuts, etc.)
The rotation frequency of the rotors usually does not exceed 200...400 revolutions, which allows pumping products without destroying their structure.
They are used in the food and chemical industries.

In the picture you can see a rotary pump with three-lobe rotors.
These pumps are used in food production for gentle pumping of cream, sour cream, mayonnaise and similar liquids, which, when pumped by other types of pumps, can damage their structure.
For example, when pumping cream with a centrifugal pump (which has a wheel speed of 2900 rpm), they are whipped into butter.

The impeller pump (lamella, soft rotor pump) is a kind of rotary vane pump.
The working body of the pump is a soft impeller, planted with an eccentricity relative to the center of the pump housing. Due to this, when the impeller rotates, the volume between the blades changes and a suction vacuum is created.
What happens next can be seen in the picture.
The pumps are self-priming (up to 5 meters).
The advantage is the simplicity of the design.

The name of this pump comes from the shape of the working body - a disk curved along a sinusoid. A distinctive feature of sinus pumps is the ability to gently pump products containing large inclusions without damaging them.
For example, peach compote with peach halves can be easily pumped (naturally, the size of particles pumped without damage depends on the volume of the working chamber. When choosing a pump, you need to pay attention to this).

The size of the pumped particles depends on the volume of the cavity between the disc and the pump housing.
The pump has no valves. It is structurally arranged very simply, which guarantees long and trouble-free operation.

Principle of operation:

On the pump shaft, in the working chamber, a sinusoidal disk is installed. The chamber is divided from above into 2 parts by gates (up to the middle of the disk), which can freely move in a plane perpendicular to the disk and seal this part of the chamber, preventing liquid from flowing from the pump inlet to the outlet (see figure).
When the disk rotates, it creates a wave-like movement in the working chamber, due to which the liquid moves from the suction pipe to the discharge pipe. Due to the fact that the chamber is half divided by gates, the liquid is squeezed out into the discharge pipe.

The main working part of an eccentric screw pump is a screw (gerotor) pair, which determines both the principle of operation and everything basic characteristics pump unit. The screw pair consists of a fixed part - the stator, and a movable part - the rotor.

The stator is an internal n + 1-lead spiral, made, as a rule, from an elastomer (rubber), inseparably (or separately) connected to a metal cage (sleeve).

The rotor is an external n-lead helix, which is usually made of steel with or without subsequent coating.

It is worth pointing out that units with a 2-start stator and a 1-start rotor are currently the most common, such a scheme is a classic for almost all manufacturers of screw equipment.

An important point is that the centers of rotation of the spirals, both the stator and the rotor, are displaced by the amount of eccentricity, which makes it possible to create a friction pair in which, when the rotor rotates, closed sealed cavities are created inside the stator along the entire axis of rotation. At the same time, the number of such closed cavities per unit length of the screw pair determines the final pressure of the unit, and the volume of each cavity determines its performance.

Screw pumps are positive displacement pumps. These types of pumps can handle highly viscous liquids, including those containing a large number abrasive particles.
Advantages of screw pumps:
- self-priming (up to 7...9 meters),
- gentle pumping of liquid that does not destroy the structure of the product,
- the possibility of pumping highly viscous liquids, including those containing particles,
- the possibility of manufacturing the pump housing and stator from various materials which allows to pump aggressive liquids.

Pumps of this type are widely used in the food and petrochemical industries.

Pumps of this type are designed for pumping viscous products with solid particles. The working body is a hose.
Advantage: simple structure, high reliability, self-priming.

Principle of operation:
When the rotor rotates in glycerine, the shoe completely compresses the hose (the working body of the pump), located around the circumference inside the housing, and squeezes the pumped liquid into the line. Behind the shoe, the hose regains its shape and sucks up the liquid. Abrasive particles are pressed into the elastic inner layer of the hose, then pushed into the stream without damaging the hose.

Vortex pumps are designed for pumping various liquid media. pumps are self-priming (after filling the pump housing with liquid).
Advantages: simple design, high pressure, small size.

Operating principle:
The impeller of a vortex pump is a flat disk with short radial straight blades located on the periphery of the impeller. The body has an annular cavity. The inner sealing protrusion, tightly adjacent to the outer ends and side surfaces of the blades, separates the suction and discharge pipes connected to the annular cavity.

When the wheel rotates, the liquid is carried away by the blades and simultaneously twists under the influence of centrifugal force. Thus, in the annular cavity of the operating pump, a kind of paired annular vortex motion is formed, which is why the pump is called vortex. A distinctive feature of the vortex pump is that the same volume of fluid moving along a helical trajectory, in the area from the entrance to the annular cavity to the exit from it, repeatedly enters the interblade space of the impeller, where each time it receives an additional increment of energy, and therefore, and pressure.

Gas lift (from gas and English lift - to raise), a device for lifting a droplet liquid due to the energy contained in the compressed gas mixed with it. Gas lift is mainly used to lift oil from boreholes using gas coming out of oil-bearing formations. Elevators are known, in which for supplying a liquid, mainly water, use atmospheric air. Such lifts are called airlifts or mamut pumps.

In a gas lift, or airlift, compressed gas or air from a compressor is supplied through a pipeline, mixed with a liquid, forming a gas-liquid or water-air emulsion that rises through the pipe. The mixing of gas with liquid occurs at the bottom of the pipe. The action of the gas lift is based on balancing the column of gas-liquid emulsion with a column of dropping liquid based on the law of communicating vessels. One of them is a borehole or reservoir, and the other is a pipe that contains a gas-liquid mixture.

Diaphragm pumps are positive displacement pumps. There are one and two diaphragm pumps. Double-membrane, usually produced with a drive from compressed air. Our drawing shows just such a pump.
The pumps are simple in design, self-priming (up to 9 meters), can pump chemically aggressive liquids and liquids with a high content of particles.

Principle of operation:
The two membranes connected by a shaft move back and forth by alternately forcing air into the chambers behind the membranes using an automatic air valve.

Suction: The first diaphragm creates a vacuum as it moves away from the housing wall.
Injection: The second diaphragm simultaneously transfers air pressure to the liquid in the housing, pushing it towards the outlet. During each cycle, the air pressure on back wall the outlet membrane is equal to the pressure, the pressure from the liquid side. Therefore, diaphragm pumps can also be operated with the outlet valve closed without compromising the service life of the diaphragm.

Screw pumps are often confused with screw pumps. But it's completely different pumps as you can see in our description. The working body is the screw.
Pumps of this type can pump liquids of medium viscosity (up to 800 cSt), have good suction capacity (up to 9 meters), and can pump liquids with large particles (the size is determined by the screw pitch).
They are used for pumping oil sludge, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.

Attention! The pumps are NON-SELF-PRIMING. Priming of the pump housing and the entire suction hose is required for suction operation)

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps are the most common pumps. The name comes from the principle of operation: the pump works due to centrifugal force.
The pump consists of a housing (snail) and an impeller with radial curved blades located inside. The liquid enters the center of the wheel and, under the action of centrifugal force, is thrown to its periphery and then thrown out through the pressure pipe.

Pumps are used for pumping liquid media. There are models for reactive liquids, sand and slurry. They differ in case materials: different grades are used for chemical liquids stainless steels and plastics, for sludges - wear-resistant cast iron or rubber-coated pumps.
The mass use of centrifugal pumps is due to the simplicity of design and low cost of manufacture.

Multisection pump

Multisectional pumps are pumps with several impellers arranged in series. This arrangement is needed when high outlet pressure is required.

The fact is that a conventional centrifugal wheel produces a maximum pressure of 2-3 atm.

Therefore, to obtain higher pressure values, several centrifugal wheels installed in series are used.
(in fact, these are several centrifugal pumps connected in series).

These types of pumps are used as submersible well pumps and as high pressure network pumps.

Three screw pump

Three-screw pumps are designed for pumping liquids with lubricity without abrasive mechanical impurities. Product viscosity - up to 1500 cSt. Volume pump type.
The principle of operation of a three-screw pump is clear from the figure.

Pumps of this type are used:
- on ships of the sea and river fleet, in engine rooms,
- in hydraulic systems,
- in technological lines for supplying fuel and pumping oil products.

jet pump

The jet pump is designed to move (pump out) liquids or gases using compressed air (or liquid and steam) supplied through the ejector. The principle of operation of the pump is based on Bernoulli's law (the higher the fluid flow rate in the pipe, the lower the pressure of this fluid). This is due to the shape of the pump.

The design of the pump is extremely simple and has no moving parts.
Pumps of this type can be used as vacuum pumps or pumps for pumping liquids (including those containing inclusions).
The pump requires compressed air or steam to operate.

Steam powered jet pumps are called steam jet pumps, water powered jet pumps are called water jet pumps.
Pumps that suck out the substance and create a vacuum are called ejectors. Pumps forcing a substance under pressure - injectors.

This pump works without power supply, compressed air, etc. The operation of this type of pump is based on the energy of water flowing by gravity and the water hammer that occurs when it is abruptly braked.

The principle of operation of the hydraulic ram pump:
The water accelerates along the suction inclined pipe to a certain speed, at which the spring-loaded baffle valve (on the right) overcomes the spring force and closes, blocking the flow of water. The inertia of the abruptly stopped water in the suction pipe creates a water hammer (i.e., the water pressure in the supply pipe increases sharply for a short time). The value of this pressure depends on the length of the supply pipe and the speed of the water flow.
The increased water pressure opens the top valve of the pump and part of the water from the pipe passes into the air cap (rectangle on top) and the outlet pipe (to the left of the cap). The air in the bell is compressed, accumulating energy.
Because the water in the supply pipe is stopped, the pressure in it drops, which leads to the opening of the baffle valve and the closing of the upper valve. After that, the water from the air cap is pushed out by the pressure of compressed air into the discharge pipe. Since the stop valve has opened, the water accelerates again and the pump cycle is repeated.

Scroll vacuum pump

Scroll vacuum pump is a positive displacement pump for internal compression and displacement of gas.
Each pump consists of two high-precision Archimedes spirals (sickle-shaped cavities) located at a 180° offset from each other. One spiral is stationary, while the other is rotated by the engine.
The movable spiral performs orbital rotation, which leads to a successive decrease in gas cavities, compressing and moving the gas along the chain from the periphery to the center.
Spiral vacuum pumps are classified as "dry" foreline pumps that do not use vacuum oils to seal mating parts (no friction - no oil needed).
One of the areas of application of this type of pumps are particle accelerators and synchrotrons, which in itself already speaks of the quality of the vacuum created.

Laminar (disc) pump

The laminar (disc) pump is a kind of centrifugal pump, but can perform the work of not only centrifugal, but also progressive cavity pumps, vane and gear pumps, i.e. pump viscous liquids.
The laminar pump impeller consists of two or more parallel discs. The greater the distance between the discs, the more viscous liquid the pump can pump. Theory of physics of the process: under conditions of laminar flow, layers of liquid move at different speeds through the pipe: the layer closest to fixed pipe(the so-called boundary layer), flows more slowly than the deeper (closer to the center of the pipe) layers of the current medium.
Similarly, when fluid enters a disc pump, a boundary layer forms on the rotating surfaces of the parallel discs of the impeller. As the discs rotate, energy is transferred to successive layers of molecules in the fluid between the discs, creating velocity and pressure gradients across the orifice. This combination of boundary layer and viscous drag results in a pumping moment that "pulls" the product through the pump in a smooth, almost non-pulsating flow.

*Information taken from open sources.

The submersible pump is a powerful unit capable of regularly pumping water from the deepest sources. In everyday life, such a unit can be used both for a well and for a well. Below we will consider in detail the device and the principle of operation of the device, as well as the features of its selection and connection.

Downhole pump device for a well - design features of the unit

The design of domestic deep pumps may be different. It all depends on the type of motor, the principle of operation and the parameters of the units. Each submersible submersible pump consists of two main parts - a built-in or external motor, and a multi-stage pump assembly.

The built-in motor is usually located at the bottom of the pump - this protects the motor from contact with water. Above the engine is the drive shaft of the unit, wheel guides and special bends in the form of blades.


Depending on the type of downhole pump, it can be equipped with additional spare parts. In device vibration pump, in addition to the motor and shaft, also includes a special glass and a vibrator that creates the necessary for work high pressure. The vibrator itself consists of an anchor, control washers and a rubber shock absorber. The latter is compressed during operation of the pump, thereby creating the conditions necessary for water intake. All elements of the vibration pump are located in a robust housing.

Another type of deep water pumps is centrifugal units, which are slightly more complex in design and more durable in operation. It is because of this that most buyers prefer this particular downhole pumping equipment. The main role in such a device is played by a scapular outlet mounted on the engine of the unit. Pumps of this type almost do not overheat due to the fact that the bearings inside its design are cooled by contact with the pumped water. Most centrifugal pumps are equipped with built-in automation that protects equipment from running dry and power surges at home.


All elements of the centrifugal pump are located in a durable sealed stainless steel housing.

Each type of equipment works differently. The principle of operation is largely influenced by the elements that complete the deep pump. Vibrating unit performs its functions by moving the piston. In the process of supplying electricity, an electromagnetic field is created inside the device, which attracts the vibrator - this drives the pump piston. At the same time, a discharged pressure is generated in the working chambers of the unit, which pushes water into free space cameras. By the same principle, water passes through the channels into the pipeline.

The principle of operation of a centrifugal deep water pump is based on the rotation of the impeller. In this case, a centrifugal force is created along the perimeter of the working blades, pushing water from the suction pipe into the pressure channel, and then into the pipeline. Another type of equipment works according to the same principle - a screw pump.

How to choose a deep well pump for a well - we decide for ourselves

To choose a pump that can lift water from a depth, you must adhere to certain rules. Among other things, you will need to study the technical characteristics of the unit. To the most important parameters applies to:

• Pump power - deep-seated devices are already quite powerful devices in themselves. As a rule, this indicator of equipment does not fall below the mark of 1.5 kW. This is quite enough for pumping water from sources up to 30 m deep;
• Productivity - when calculating this indicator, you need to take into account that a family of 4 people consumes on average about 200 liters. water per day. Therefore, it is better to buy a pump capable of pumping at least 50 l/min. Such productivity will allow stocking up water for various household needs and watering the garden;
• The presence of built-in protection - the pump must have a float switch, pressure switch or water flow switch. These devices will significantly extend the life of the unit;
• The size of the water source - each deep water pump has its own dimensions and weight. If the diameter of the well is not large, then the unit must be of the appropriate size so that the owner can safely immerse it in water;
• Pump head - when calculating, it must be taken into account that 1 meter vertically is equal to 10 meters horizontally. To the pressure indicators indicated in the pump passport, another 30 meters must be added. Thus, if the depth of the well is 40 meters, then the pressure created by the unit should be at least 70–80 m.

The method of cooling the device is also of great importance. It is best to buy pumps whose motors are cooled by the working fluid. Such devices do not require special care and frequent checks, as they work almost completely autonomously.

Having bought a suitable pump, you can begin to arrange water supply from a water source. This will require pipes through which water from the well will flow into the house. The diameter of the pipes should be 25–32 mm. Experts advise buying polymer products, as they do not corrode and are easy to bend. Further, in the process of operation, the pipes will be installed in the soil to a depth of 30–50 cm. To arrange water with your own hands, you will also need a septic tank. To make it easier to maintain, you will need to purchase a drainage pump.

Having prepared everything you need, you can get to work. The algorithm of actions is as follows:

1. First of all, it is necessary to equip the pipe leaving the well with a head;
2. Next, you need to install the caisson. To do this, you will need to dig a hole next to the well and place a plastic container inside it;
3. After that, you need to install the pump in the well. To do this, it is necessary to pull the hose onto its branch pipe and securely fasten it with a metal clamp. After that, the hose, cable and safety cable are tied with electrical tape in increments of 1.2 m. Then the pump housing is tied with a steel cable, and the unit itself is lowered into the water. During installation, the device should not sway, otherwise hitting the wall will cause pump malfunctions;
4. Next, you need to connect the hose to the pipes laid underground. All joints must be treated with sealant and tied with FUM tape;
5. Before burying dug trenches, the water supply should be checked. To do this, you need to start the engine for a while and observe the amount of water flowing from the pipes. If the pump performance does not drop, trenches can be dug in.

It is very important not to damage the unit in the process of lowering it into the well. This must be done very slowly and carefully. Otherwise, costly device repairs may be required, or complete replacement deep pump.

Owners of cottages and private houses are often interested in how to properly connect a pump and a hydraulic accumulator into one whole system. First of all, for this you need to carefully study the equipment connection diagram.


The principle of "pump-check valve-accumulator-pressure sensor" is the simplest and most durable. Such a circuit rarely requires repair, it does not need maintenance and frequent checks, and it works completely autonomously. The essence of this scheme is that the pump pumps water to a system that is connected to a hydraulic accumulator. The pressure sensor in the design is responsible for the correct operation of the pump.

If most beginners do not have questions about the principle of operation of a hydraulic accumulator, then in practice everything turns out to be much more difficult with the installation and connection to the water supply system.

In fact, the accumulator is a reservoir filled with water. Despite the simple design, it plays a rather important role in the water supply system of a private house. In this regard, it is necessary to mount the device very carefully, trying to exclude any possibility of extraneous noise and vibration.

For reliable fastening of the tank on the floor surface, a special rod mechanism should be used, which is equipped with thick vibration-damping rubber gaskets. The hydraulic accumulator is connected to the pipeline by means of rubber adapters.

You need to be especially careful with the new tank. Water must enter under weak pressure so that the membrane, which has compacted during storage, slowly returns to its normal working condition. A hydraulic accumulator connected and filled with water is first tested by working under low pressure. Further, the pressure must be gradually increased until the water supply system begins to operate normally.