Why is there a lawn between the road and the sidewalk. Methodical album on improvement and cleaning of sidewalks with examples. Road shampoos and vacuum cleaners are not able to collect dust if nearby is its inexhaustible deposit in the form of open soil

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✔ Let's assume that you are designing a store or a residential building. How can you be sure that you have provided everything for the free and safe movement of a disabled person in a wheelchair in all possible directions in terms of the improvement of the adjacent territory?
Very simple. We must remember the children's game.
Pick up a pencil, choose a route and try to get from point A to point B using as board game your project.
If you didn't meet on the way:
– ladders or other obstacles,
- drops, curbs, etc. more than 4 cm high,
– steep descents and insurmountable climbs,
– the wheel of the stroller did not slip in the seams between concrete slabs and did not get stuck between the ribs of the grid installed on the traffic paths,
- you did not get injured and remained alive, then the game - Won.
Now choose another possible route and get to the same point B again, but from point C.
The surface of pedestrian paths intended for the movement of disabled people must be smooth, without seams and non-slip, including when wet. Small level differences on the way must be smoothed out.
The coating of concrete slabs should be even, and the thickness of the joints between the slabs should not exceed 1.5 cm.
The surface runoff of water on pedestrian paths must be arranged so that water inlets and gratings do not go out onto the pedestrian paths.
The ribs of the gratings installed on the paths of movement of the disabled must be located perpendicular to the direction of movement and at a distance of no more than 1.3 cm from each other.
The slopes of footpaths and sidewalks, which are intended for use by disabled people in wheelchairs and the elderly, should not exceed: longitudinal - 5%, transverse - 1-2%.

For the movement of people with limited mobility on difficult terrain, it is necessary to provide for the construction of serpentine routes with slopes within the normal range.
In cases where it is impossible to ensure the specified limits due to the terrain conditions, it is allowed to increase the longitudinal slope to 10% for no more than 12 m of the track with the installation of horizontal intermediate platforms along the descent with a length of at least 1.5 m each.
The crossing of footpaths is carried out in one level.
Today, pay attention, if you want to turn off the sidewalk onto the footpath leading to the parking lot or the store, then between the sidewalk and the path you will come across a 15 cm high curb separating them (Fig. 14.2 - left entrance). This is the most common mistake. Very often, this level difference occurs when the Behaton paving stone is laid in front of the store. The level difference between the pavement asphalt and the “behaton” in this case is equal to the height paving stone.
On fig. 14.2 approaches to the right magazine are executed correctly. But there are two more typical errors in the figure.
A call button is installed on the wall near the entrance to the store at the required height, designed for wheelchair users.
The first mistake - the designer forgot to provide for the possibility of access to the call button for a disabled person in a wheelchair. It was necessary either to make the entire pavement path wider, or to expand the path in the area of ​​​​approach to the button in the form of a “pocket”.
The second mistake - there was no point in installing a call button, since this store is accessible for the free movement of a disabled person in a wheelchair.
Warning information for people with complete and partial loss of vision about approaching obstacles (stairs, pedestrian crossing, the end of the safety island, etc.) should be provided by changing the texture of the surface layer of the pavement of paths and sidewalks, guiding relief stripes and bright contrasting colors.
The best colors for marking are bright yellow, bright orange and bright red.
To warn people with complete and partial loss of vision about approaching a pedestrian crossing, it is necessary to change the texture of the pavement immediately in front of it.
To do this, 0.6–0.9 m before the start of the transition, warning tactile (tactile) strips with a pronounced corrugation of the surface are laid (Fig. 14.4 and 14.5). The tactile strip is perceived by a cane or a direct touch of the walker's feet.
Unlike Russia, in Great Britain (and in many other countries) to the tactile strip made before the crossing (Fig. 14.4), another tactile strip adjoins at an angle of 90 °, which stretches across the entire sidewalk and warns people with visual impairments in advance about a place where you can turn to the transition.
On fig. 14.3 shows an example of one of the relief information plates pavement(for the blind) with dimensions in mm.
Since the industry today does not produce embossed information plates, in Yekaterinburg a tactile strip on an asphalt sidewalk is usually performed using Behaton paving stone.
At the intersection of footpaths with carriageway streets and roads, the height of sidewalk stones should be at least 2.5 cm and not exceed 4 cm (Fig. 14.4). The minimum width of the reduced curb, based on the dimensions of the wheelchair, must be at least 900 mm.

The lowered side stone is painted with bright yellow (or white) paint. Contrasting coloring helps disabled people with visual impairments navigate and at the same time indicates to disabled people of the musculoskeletal system (moving on crutches, in wheelchairs) the places of a possible exit-entry onto the sidewalk.
It should be noted that in world practice, as a rule, the curb is reduced not to 2.5-4 cm, but to zero, in order to eliminate all obstacles in the way of people's movement.
In Yekaterinburg, the first intersection reconstructed in 1998, taking into account the needs of the disabled, at the intersection of Malyshev-Bazhov streets was made in this way. The curb was leveled with the roadway. Wheelchair users and parents with prams were pleased. But the Land Improvement Department didn’t like it – when the sweeper comes, all the garbage ends up on the sidewalk. A grader that clears snow along the curb in these places cannot determine the boundary between the sidewalk and the curb, which is fraught with damage to either the grader or the regular curb along the road. The visually impaired also spoke out. In the absence of special embossed information plates, nothing warned the visually impaired about entering the carriageway. Traffic police officers were also not satisfied, as there was a danger of cars colliding with pedestrians. They insisted that in Yekaterinburg a minimum height of a lowered curb be set at 4 cm.

In my opinion, it is necessary to change the psychology of Russian drivers and adhere to at least the established Russian standard, which determines the maximum height of a lowered curb, taking into account changes in the relief from 2.5 to 4 cm. within 3–5 cm. Part of the disabled, especially those in electric wheelchairs, cannot overcome the curb even 2–3 cm (!). A 5 cm border will not overcome most.
In international practice, the maximum allowable height level difference is no more than 1.3–1.5 cm (!), and to separate the carriageway and the pedestrian zone, which are on the same level, special columns with marking color (“bollards”) are installed at a distance of 1.2 m from each other. friend. These bollards block vehicular traffic in the pedestrian zone.
Sidewalk exits should have a slope of no more than 1:10.
On fig. 14.5:
1 - exit from the sidewalk;
2 - warning tactile (tactile) strip.
In places of crossings, it is not allowed to use side stones with a beveled upper edge or ramps that narrow the width of the carriageway.
If a car that is moving along the roadway at high speed drives its wheels onto such a ramp that faces the road (Fig. 14.6), it will simply roll over. Cleaning equipment that cleans the road along the curbs can also be damaged, accidentally catching such a ledge.
In practice, very often, when reconstructing a small section of the road, a high curb is simply rolled up with asphalt in the form of a roller. For example, in order for a car with goods to be able to drive onto the asphalt and drive close to the loading door of the store. It is important to ensure that such rollers near sidewalks do not appear on major highways with heavy traffic.

What would you like to draw your special attention to? In the regulatory literature, it is not entirely clear in which places it is necessary to lower the curb, and in which not. On fig. 14.7 schematically shows the places where the curb is lowered. As we can see, lowered curbs are not carried out at all intersections of the sidewalk with the carriageway, but in places where pedestrian traffic is allowed: 1 - at regulated intersections where there are traffic lights or a “Pedestrian crossing” sign is installed; 2 - in places where car entrances to yards cross pedestrian paths. A woman with a baby stroller walking along the street along the road (in Fig. 14.7 - arrows) should move freely, and not drag the stroller endlessly over the curbs. In the figure, as an example, a place is also crossed out with a cross where curbs cannot be lowered, since people are prohibited from crossing the road in this direction.
In order for people standing at the exit from the sidewalk with a slope of 10% not to slip and not fall under the wheels of the car, it is recommended to install a handrail flag (a column with an end in the form of a loop) within the tactile strip, to the right in the direction of travel.
The width of the pedestrian path through the island of safety at the points of crossing the carriageway of the streets must be at least 3 m, the length - at least 2 m.
In places where the level difference exceeds 4 cm, between horizontal sections of pedestrian paths or floors in buildings and structures, ramps and stairs should be provided.
All stairs in the way of wheelchair users must be duplicated by ramps or lifts. Stairs and ramps are fenced with railings.

All stairs of an underground or overground passage must be duplicated by ramps. Near underground passages, clearly visible information signs should be placed (Fig. 14.8). Crossings at large and complex transport interchanges should be provided with protective fences.
Areas and spaces that are dangerous for the disabled should be fenced off with a side stone at least 5 cm high. A fence should be installed at obstacles.
In residential areas and microdistricts along footpaths and sidewalks intended for the movement of disabled people, rest places with benches should be provided at least every 300 m.

SNiP 35-01-2001 and GOST 6665-91

Interestingly, the document building codes and rules), which should help cyclists to overcome the curb and easily enter the sidewalks, is intended for the design, construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures accessible to all people with limited mobility. Here the interests of cyclists coincide with the interests of wheelchair users. And since Russia signed the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the General Assembly in 1975, there are articles in the legislation that are useful to us, cyclists.

Quote from current SNiP 35-01-2001:

3.4 The height of the curbs along the edges of the pedestrian paths on the site is recommended to be at least 0.05 m. should not exceed 0.04 m.

This "snip" (building codes and regulations) is included in international classifier ISO 91.040.01 enabling people with disabilities to lead an active lifestyle. "Snip" replaced VSN 62-91 * of 1994, in which a similar paragraph was as follows:
"... 2.2.2. At the intersection of pedestrian paths with the carriageway of streets and roads, the height of sidewalk stones should be at least 2.5 cm and not exceed 4 cm. It is not allowed to use side stones with a beveled upper edge or ramps at crossing points, narrowing the width of the carriageway ... "

Thus, as I understand it, there is an organization Rostekhnadzor, which should monitor compliance with the above-mentioned SNiP included in the Classifier ISO 91.040.01 (Construction in general).

"The Moscow MTU of Rostekhnadzor faces the main tasks of exercising the powers aimed at implementing the legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation in the field of ... construction supervision ...

Legal "sclerosis" activist. Height of curbs on streets and roads

in order to prevent accidents, injuries and reduce the likelihood of a negative impact on a person ... "

Side stone BR 100.30.15, for separating the carriageway of intra-block passages from sidewalks and lawns

Side stone BR 100.20.8, for separating footpaths and sidewalks from lawns GOST 6665-91

And here is the main stone for us cyclists - APPAREL
Description according to GOST 6665-91
Ramp stone, reference mass - according to the project (i.e. there are no sizes, they do it as it will be on the spot), purpose - for pairing the coatings of bicycle paths and sidewalks with heavy traffic of children's and wheelchairs, etc. with pavement of the carriageways of streets and roads at intersections

Note. The length of the ramp (la) for sidewalk pavements made of prefabricated slabs is taken as a multiple of the size of the slabs, and other dimensions - depending on the brand of stone.

How to protect the sidewalks from the arrival of vehicles?

« Fire lane width | Home | The value of the longitudinal slope of the road »

The height of the side stone above the carriageway

The height of the excess of the side stone, which provides drainage, above the carriageway is usually taken as 0.12 - 0.18 m, with possible fluctuations in the range of 0.08 - 0.20 m. without interrupting the pavement on the street, the height of the side stone is reduced to 0.04 m

Intra-block passages are bordered on both sides with curbs 0.15 - 0.18 m high, for single-slope passages - 0.08 - 0.10 m is allowed.

Source - N.M. Kleimenov and N.D. Dudina “Vertical layout » pages 73, 110

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Lawn care

The lawn, like any other plant, requires maintenance. Lawn care includes regular mowing, fertilizing, cleaning, etc.

It is especially important to carefully care for the lawn in the first year of its creation: periodically water, control the appearance of weeds and diseases. The lawn requires extremely careful and accurate attitude in winter time. Lawn grasses suffer more from the cold than other plants, so in winter there is a danger of freezing the lawn. With the onset of frost, the grass enters a dormant period, and the lawn should not experience any stress at this time, otherwise “bald spots”, brown spots will inevitably appear in the spring, and natural recovery lasts quite a long time. In addition, damage to plant tissues weakens plants and can become a source of various diseases.

Walking on the lawn in winter is not recommended until a snow cover of sufficient thickness (20-25 cm) forms on it. If a thinner snow cover is formed (when strong wind and low air temperatures), experts advise, while caring for the lawn, to artificially increase the thickness of the snow cover. To do this, special shields are installed on the lawn to ensure snow retention.

In winter and early spring, an ice crust can form on the surface of the snow cover, preventing the air exchange of plants, which in turn inhibits the development of the lawn. ice crust must be destroyed (for example, with a rake), otherwise root system lawn grasses may partially die.

When winter comes into its own and a stable snow cover forms on the lawn, you can begin preparing lawn equipment and tools for spring care.

It is especially important to check the condition of the lawn mower, with which the lawn is mowed, because a well-timed haircut is one of essential requirements for creating beautiful lawn. The condition of the rest of the tools also needs to be carefully checked - after all, the better the tools are prepared, the less hassle-sweat lawn care will require with the onset of spring.

When the snow begins to melt, you need to make sure that puddles do not form on the lawn. For this, the soil in damp areas is pierced (for example, with a pitchfork). To prevent spring waterlogging of the lawn, drainage work can be carried out in the fall. In any case, in the spring, experts advise you to move as little as possible on a damp lawn in order to avoid the formation of marks and potholes.

With the onset of warm temperature conditions, starting lawn care, you can carry out its top dressing, complex fertilizers, to accelerate the growth of grass and the restoration of the lawn after the winter. Top dressing can be made a little later, after spring processing lawn. It should be remembered that at the beginning of spring, plants especially need nitrogen and phosphorus, and after mowing they need almost all the nutrients.

The use of fertilizers contributes to the development of the root system of grasses, its thickening, revitalization of green color, increased resistance to trampling and diseases, and helps the lawn to recover faster after loads.

In arid regions, in spring, in order to stimulate the root system, in addition to applying phosphate fertilizers to the soil, mulching is carried out. Mulching is an even distribution over the surface of the lawn, fertile soil. The surface of the lawn is mulched, sprinkled with a mixture of peat, sand and finely sifted light loam. The composition of the mixture depends on the nature of the soil: on heavy soils, a large proportion of sand should be present in the mixture; on sandy soils, fine loam or soddy soil is added.

Mulching reduces the evaporation of moisture and helps to protect the surface of the earth from the formation of a crust, and also stimulates the formation of shoots, increasing the fertile layer. Mulching helps to increase the grass stand as the grass begins to form new side shoots.

After the spring “feeding” of the lawn, after waiting for the fertilizer granules to completely dissolve, the earth thaws and its surface dries up, a “general cleaning” of the lawn is carried out.

In autumn- winter period the so-called felt is formed on the soil. Felt and plant residues are often the cause of disease of grasses, and the appearance of insects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the so-called verticulation and scarification of the lawn (that is, remove the felt and loosen the soil surface). This allows you to create favorable conditions for air exchange, soil and carry out the prevention of possible diseases.

Before the soil dries up, verticulation and combing of the lawn is not recommended, so as not to pull out the grass with roots and damage the surface of the lawn.

It is necessary to clean the lawn regularly - at least three times per season.

For lawn treatment, special units are used - a verticutter (verticulator) and a garden vacuum cleaner. You can also use ordinary fan or twisted rake. The main task is to remove debris as thoroughly as possible, remove all dry rotten leaves and shoots and slightly loosen the surface of the lawn. With pitchforks and fan rakes, the lawn is combed up and down several times. garden vacuum cleaner remove the smallest plant residues.

Lawn care also includes such an event as aeration - artificial saturation of the soil with air. Since after winter the soil is compacted, and the turf accumulates carbon dioxide, as a result, grass roots have nothing to breathe, grass growth slows down or even completely stops. In addition, on the compacted and flat surface lawn, the grasses of which are tightly intertwined with their roots, moss can spread, for which the accumulated moisture residues create favorable environment. If the root layer is damaged in some places, this will deprive the moss favorable conditions for development.

For work, special equipment is used - aerators and cultivators. You can also use regular forks. The earth is pierced to a depth of at least 5 cm. It is especially important to pay attention to areas with highly compacted soil, overgrown with moss or having stagnant water.

If cavities or large bald spots open under rotten leaves and grass residues, these places will need to be “repaired”: pour the earth, level it and sow the seeds from the same mixture that was used when laying the lawn so as not to change the color and nature of the herbage. Small areas can be left - after a while they will be covered with grass themselves.

Usually the seeds are evenly distributed over the surface of the lawn, but it is especially important to carefully overseeding on damaged areas exposed freezing or wetting. To do this, remove all plant residues from the damaged surface and level the ground, filling and compacting the ground. The place of sowing is loosened with a verticutter (you can also do it manually, with a conventional rake) and the same grass mixture is sown that was used for the entire lawn. Specialists recommend compacting the overseeding area and watering the entire lawn in the evening of the same day.

Weed control. Toward the end of spring, a problem with weeds appears. They fight weeds in two ways - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical - weeding the lawn with your hands. With this method, with a shovel or root extractor, the roots weeds are pulled out.

The chemical method of weed control is based on the use of special preparations - herbicides, designed to remove unwanted vegetation. Preparations differ in the type of action: some affect plants (solid action), others - only one kind (selective action). Chemical preparations can be in the form of a powder or liquid, applied with a sprayer, syringe or brush to the surface of plant leaves. Getting on the plant, the drug disrupts metabolism (metabolism), as a result of which the plant dies.

Usage chemicals can significantly facilitate weed control, however, experts consider their use as an extreme, forced measure, which can only be resorted to when all other means of weed control have been exhausted. When using any chemicals, one should not forget about their high toxicity. It is necessary to strictly follow the instructions that are necessarily attached to the preparation. When working, you must use all means personal protection- goggles, respirator, rubberized gloves, rubber boots; wear thick clothing. Chemicals must be handled with extreme caution - keep them away from children, pets, strictly ensure that drops of the drug do not accidentally fall on vegetables and fruits.

Disease control. During spring care disease damage to the lawn can be detected. In this case, it is urgent to take the necessary measures to improve the lawn and stop the spread of the disease. Sometimes it is enough to carry out verticulation, feed the lawn with fertilizers and mow the first grass. If, after these measures, the grass remains affected, more radical healing measures are required. In this case, according to experts, the affected area should be mowed as low as possible and dug deep. upper layer soil (to a depth of 20 cm, with a reservoir turnover). After that, after waiting at least a week (so that the soil "rests"), you should sow the desired mixture of herbs.

Experts recommend mowing the lawn to a height of 8-10 cm, leaving the plants at a level of 5-6 cm. They also advise using a lawn mower with a grass catcher so as not to leave plant residues on the surface of the lawn.

“Combing” the lawn with a garden or fan rake is recommended every time the lawn is subjected to intense stress, such as trampling, and also before mowing. When combing, the crushed grass is lifted with a garden tool.

Experts advise mowing the lawn with a lawn mower with a grass collector and a sharp knife. The sharpness of the knife is very important only so you can get a quality cut. A poor-quality cut made with a dull knife provokes the death of the upper parts of the herbage, after which the lawn becomes brown. In hard-to-reach places it is recommended to use a trimmer.

The lawn is mowed to a height of at least 4 cm. If mowing too low, there is a risk of damaging the density of the herbage, and besides, this allows weeds to develop faster. If the grass has grown to a considerable height, mowing the lawn it is recommended to carry out several times a week, while cutting off no more than a third of the plants.

If necessary, immediately after mowing the lawn, you can trim its edges - horizontal and vertical. If you want to give the lawn a certain shape or prevent the growth of rhizomes, perform horizontal trimming. If you need to arrange a hard-to-reach area, for example, along a curb or around a tree trunk, apply vertical trimming of the edges of the lawn.

Water the lawn after each mowing, and in hot weather - between mowing. Watering should be carried out abundantly, but avoiding the appearance of puddles. Water is one of the most important factors influencing the growth and development of the lawn. It is believed that the optimal number of lawn waterings per season is 20-30 times. To reduce moisture loss, watering is best done in the evening or early in the morning. Evening watering is most effective also because during the night the topsoil has time to completely soak in moisture. Conversely, daytime watering, especially in hot summers, only leads to strong evaporation of moisture, and it can even harm plants, water drops act as a lens and plants can get burned.

It should be especially emphasized that it is necessary to water the lawn not with a jet, since this can lead to the formation of gullies, but with a drip method (irrigation). To do this, you can install an automated irrigation system (or use a conventional watering can).

At the height of summer, the lawn is strongly influenced by the wind and the scorching rays of the sun, and suffers from a lack of moisture. At this time, the plant may die, begin to wither, dry, etc. To prevent this phenomenon, regular, but not daily lawn irrigation is required.

Daily watering, according to experts, leads to a delay in the growth of lateral roots and the development of the root system in depth. So the best option- to carry out watering with an interval of several days or immediately after the first signs of lack of moisture appear.

Over time, the soil on the lawn becomes more and more dense. This leads to the fact that the flow of oxygen to the root system is hindered, and as a result, carbon dioxide accumulates. As a result, grass growth slows down. In order to achieve optimal gas exchange, a special tillage is carried out - aeration. The soil is treated with an aerator.

Lawn care also depends on the type of lawn. For example, at the end of summer, flowering (Moorish) lawns require special attention. Many annual plants fade, and the period of flowering of perennial plants has not yet come. At this time, you can mow the lawn, but not lower than 8 cm.

In autumn, the lawn also needs top dressing. You can also fertilize a flowering lawn immediately after mowing it, as this stimulates the development of the lawn in the fall.

The Landscaper Stroy company offers lawn care services from professional agronomists. Departure of specialists throughout Moscow and the Moscow region.

Call and order services with a guarantee of quality!

Moscow roads are vacuumed and shampooed, but the summer dust, the heiress of winter dirt, does not disappear. This is because it is clean not where they clean it, but where there are normal lawns and drainage. However, the world-famous rules for maintaining street cleanliness in the capital are still often neglected.

ANASTASIA NAPALKOVA

Muscovites, it seems, have finally seriously thought about whether they are destined to live in the mud, or something can still be done about it. In March, designer and top blogger Artemy Lebedev published a highly resonant post "Russian Drist" in which he wrote about dirt. According to his version, we owe the winter slush and the winter dust generated by it not to the forces of nature and not to the peculiarities of the Russian land, but to the fact that we neglect "insignificant" details in the improvement of the city. Dirt on the roads is nothing more than soil that has drained from the surrounding areas - lawns that crawl out of the frame curb stone, and just open areas. In the summer, of course, it turns into dust and settles everywhere. The most surprising thing is that the problem is solved by banal means. “The art of drainage, mastered by the ancient Romans, is still unknown to us,” Artemy Lebedev sums up his post, which is very convincing thanks to the many photo illustrations: it is clear that a lot of money was spent on both the lawn and asphalt, but the builders they did not take care that the first in the rain did not swim on the last.

It is not known whether the chief architect of Moscow, Sergey Kuznetsov, read Lebedev, but soon he spoke on the same topic, saying that, as part of the fight against dirty cars and streets, the Moscow Committee for Architecture was preparing an album of proposals for the improvement of the road and street network. If the proposal of the Moscow Committee for Architecture is approved by the mayor, then the measures may become mandatory, and they will be tested on outbound highways, which are currently being reconstructed. Little is known about exactly what will be done. They plan to get rid of open areas of soil, they will be sown, covered with gravel or laid on them paving slabs. Where the soil is located close to the roadway, they want to install protective screens sloped so that they stop the flowing stream of rain and dirt. There will also be trays to drain rainwater and dirt. Now building codes provide for them only for roads, and trays on sidewalks are generally an act of goodwill of designers. "Trays are built if there is a high slope next to the sidewalk, and good kind people understand that there will be a lot of water. But this is not spelled out anywhere,” says Alexander Khabarov, chief engineer of the DorogaPro project company.

It turns out that Lebedev's conclusions and the proposals of the Moscow Committee for Architecture are not a revelation for specialists. Everyone knows everything. "There should not be a single centimeter of open land in the city: either a lawn or a tile!" - Mikhail Blinkin, scientific director of the Research Institute of Transport, is sure. Dmitry Lyanguzov, chief engineer of the Russian Lawns company, echoes him: "In the USA and Canada, every square centimeter is either covered with a lawn or concreted, so there is no dirt there." And in the ARKS company, which won the tender for the reconstruction of the Kashirskoye Highway, the outbound highway, Dengam commented: “We don’t have something so innovative that would prevent dirt from getting on the roads. The solutions that we use have been implemented for decades. a side stone is always provided at the junction of the carriageway and the lawn, which is several centimeters higher than the lawn, that is, it is a kind of barrier, as well as the restoration or arrangement of the lawn along the carriageway. As for the screens, their company installed them, in particular, on a flyover on Dmitrov highway so that dirt does not fly from the upper parts of the flyover to the lower ones. And the administration of Yekaterinburg did not find anything new in Lebedev's post. “I carefully read this post, even sent it to my colleagues for review. Lebedev is right in principle. But indiscriminately blaming everyone is also wrong. Firstly, on all the lawns that we are reconstructing, the ground level is below the curb stone. Secondly , along the roadways, we cut the lawn by half a meter. Thirdly, if we repair lawns, we lay paving slabs, creating the so-called technical sidewalk. So, in principle, Lebedev wrote banal things that we already carry out, "quotes the deputy chairman of the committee for the improvement of the city of Yegor Svalov, the agency "New Region - Yekaterinburg".

If everyone knows everything, why is it so dirty here?

Land without special signs

Winter liquid mud is not measurable, so here when comparing Russian cities with foreign ones, one will have to rely on empirical observations. Those who have traveled know how dramatically the landscape changes after crossing the border between Russia and Finland: muddy roads turn into highways drawn with a black marker, surrounded by snow-white roadsides. An acquaintance of the Deneg correspondent, a resident of Toronto who visited Moscow, says that he actually observes snowmelt every year, but he only saw mud flows here. The most popular service at a car wash in winter is to remove dirt, and not a full-fledged car wash with car cosmetics. In winter, many people generally just wipe the splattered numbers: for driving with unreadable ones - a fine of 500 rubles. The Business Taxi company, which works with VIP clients, says that in winter they wash cars twice a day, and sometimes before each order, and even in summer every day: they collect dust.

But when the dirt in the form of dust enters the atmosphere in summer, it can be measured. The dirtiest cities in the world, according to WHO, are in Asia; Beijing leads in most ratings, where, due to smog, the mask has become a familiar attribute of clothing. Moscow is between Europe and Asia, closer to Europe, and Paris even overtakes us in terms of air pollution. Land that turns into dirt in winter contributes to air pollution in summer, along with car exhausts and emissions. industrial enterprises. But since the dustiness in Russia in summer is almost twice as high as in winter, we can judge its sources. "Mosecomonitoring" measures, in particular, the content of respirable fractions in the air (PM10 - less than 10 microns in size). "The maximum concentration of suspended particles PM10 occurs in the spring-summer period, which is due to an increase in dusting from the underlying surface due to drier conditions, as well as dry grass burning in the spring. For example, in April 2013, the average monthly concentration of PM10 reached an average of city ​​of 0.053 mg per cubic meter The minimum average monthly concentrations were observed in January, September and December at the level of 0.020-0.024 mg per cubic meter,” said Mosecomonitoring. It turns out, open land almost half is responsible for air pollution.

It is widely believed that in Russia there are many features that contribute to slush. Indeed, in Moscow the temperature passes through zero more than 20 times during the winter. On the Far East, where stable frosts are much cleaner. “In Yakutia, for example, where temperatures of -50 are not uncommon, you can wash your car once at the beginning of winter and don’t think about cleanliness again until spring. Water does not melt, therefore, shit is not diluted and does not enter the road,” says Lebedev.

But it is wrong to blame some features of our soils for the appearance of dirt. Yes, of course, in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, tanks sank in the mud. But in France, German tanks went into the ground along the tower during the First World War. Before the first streets in Paris were paved with stones by King Philip Augustus, it was wildly dirty there. Only this decree was issued in the 12th century, and in Moscow they lagged behind a little: they began to build stone pavements, and not just wooden ones, only under Peter I.

“Soils are universal for all countries in terms of dusting properties,” sums up Andrey Smagin, head of the laboratory, leading researcher, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow State University. Bottom line: Artemy Lebedev is right.

stumbling block

It is customary for us to plant lawns with grass, and rubble, gravel and wood chips are rarely used. Near the building of the council of the Sokol district, the lawns are generously lined with gravel: the security guard says that the team would prefer greenery instead of " Japanese garden stones", but nothing flows from the stone lawn. "Crushed stone is used for rough construction. On the slopes above the federal highways, its structure and weight restrains the movement of the soil," the Mosshcheben company said.

Real lawns in Moscow do not cope with dirt-retaining functions, despite the annual well-paid work on planting greenery in the city. In 2012, the authorities identified a problem: it turns out that new portions of soil are regularly brought to the lawns, so that it begins to spill over the curb. Launched a program to lower the level of lawns to 10 cm below the curbstone: remove the top layer to re-sow. In 2012, 1.8 billion rubles were allocated for this. “They are skinning the lawns. On the even side of Paustovsky Street, the lawn is being changed. The excavator bites into the ground, breaking the roots of trees,” a member of the community of residents and managers “Territory of Life” publishes a video from Yasenevo. When the grass was sown after the "skinning", in some places it never sprouted. It turned out the same open soil, a source of dust. In other places, meanwhile, the soil continues to be brought up, often forgetting about the curbstones altogether. Even Muscovites are accustomed to parking anywhere. “They bring kids to the circus and park right on the lawn. greasy greasy dirt. And there are many such places in Moscow,” Mikhail Blinkin gives an example. Therefore, lawns have to be fenced off, which, we note, does not let cars on the lawn, but does not prevent land from flowing onto asphalt. SDA, and in some cases it is not clear whether this heap of earth under the wheels of a car is a lawn. Snow heaps that have fallen along the perimeter of lawns, which, according to the rules, must be taken out and not stored, also do not contribute to the friendly spring shoot of grass. Many blame the reagents. "We did not find a strong influence of the reagents. The lawn dies or due to the fact that it forms thick layer mud, or suffocated by compacted snow or ice formed when roads are cleared. To prevent this from happening, you can provide a special blind area around the perimeter, "says Dmitry Lyanguzov. But have you seen someone provide us with this blind area or neat grooves with decorative gratings?

Lawn mowers are also involved in the death of the lawn, who shave it to zero, although it is necessary to leave at least a third of the height of the plant. On May 16 last year, the head of the department of housing and communal services sent a fax message to the heads of prefectures with a reminder: "It is forbidden to use trimmers when mowing lawns (except for inconvenient places)." Now the main tool is lawn mowers. Andrei Smagin from Moscow State University points out another problem - the drying of the lawn in the spring, while the vegetation has not yet taken root, or during the summer drought. "You can spend a lot of effort and money on urban landscaping, the quality of the soil, but if you don’t water it, everything will be useless,” he concludes. It turns out that inattention to basic things turns into dust the billion-dollar work of greening the city.

Road shampoos and vacuum cleaners are not able to collect dust if nearby is its inexhaustible deposit in the form of open soil

In addition to grass and gravel, fallen leaves could hold and fertilize the soil, but the janitors clean it. It is supposed to clean it along the roads: it accumulates poisons, and it is forbidden from lawns in yards. There was a lot of noise about this in 2010. Greenpeace warned: "If you see that leaves are being removed in your yard, call the hotline at the Department of Natural Resources or write about the facts of the collection and removal of leaves to the prosecutor's office." But the problem is still relevant. “Wipers carefully rake the ground every day so as not to leave the trees a single chance to get nutrients from the fallen leaves. So that in winter the roots of the trees, not covered with a thermal cushion, freeze out, and the dried trees could be cut down for construction or parking,” writes Learn blogger stilett-1.

And at the heart of everything is poor-quality construction and operation of roads. "The projects provide for both flumes and storm drains. But they are abandoned during construction," Alexey Vorontsov, chief architect of the Moscow Region, comments to Dengam. Not only the roadway should be solid, but also the curb so that the car does not dirty the wheels. But they often use thin layer asphalt, in order to save money, it quickly becomes unusable, they add in one of the design companies.

There are many dirt roads in Russia, from where cars bring dirt. However, gravel and dirt roads exist all over the world. They are also called dry weather roads. It's about the wash. "In Europe, car wash complexes are located near the entrances to major highways, immediately before the entrances to big cities. Thanks to a wide network of car washes and a high speed of service, the car is often cleaned, the city is less polluted," Dmitry Ryzhkov, chief chemical engineer of the Avtobanya company, which produces car shampoos, shares his observation.

And of course, potholes in the road are another source of dirt.

There is also a lot of construction going on in Russia. Near the metro station "Dinamo", for example, there is an uncovered pile of sand the size of the station itself, in the same area in the middle of the road there are gaping construction pits. Drivers leave construction sites with dirty wheels. As the Department of Construction informed Dengam, all construction sites are equipped with equipment for washing wheels. But their use is on the conscience of drivers and builders.

Since, as in other areas, everything turns out to be not so hot with the conscience of our employees, the main emphasis is on cleaning. "Mechanized work is carried out with the help of pavement cleaning, watering, sweeping and harvesting equipment, including vacuum humidification," the department of housing and communal services reported to "Money". And they explained that over time, the level of lawns along roads and highways rises due to gradually accumulating snow from the roadway. In spring and autumn, streets, sidewalks, stops and yards are washed with shampoo. And the streets are watered with plain water every day from 23:00 to 7:00. And during the day, a "patrol wash" is carried out - just against the dust. When it is hotter than 25°C, the roadway is also watered during the day. Cleaning the road and street network costs Moscow 21 billion rubles. per year, of which 60% is spent in winter.

At the same time, little attention is paid to watering lawns. The Citiboom publication quotes Anton Velikhovsky, Deputy Head of the Department of Housing and Public Utilities and Improvement, speaking at a meeting with a group of environmentalists dedicated to the problems of lawns: others are not carried out."

What to do if in your yard the soil from the lawn flows onto the asphalt? For 15 minutes, the correspondent of "Money" left two applications at once for the installation of a curb stone, which is missing on the lawn in front of the house N13 on Volokolamsk Highway, not far from the editorial office. Last year, a lot of chernozem was brought there and planted with grass, even covering it with a translucent fabric using modern technologies, but without a border, the adjacent sidewalks soon turned into a chernozem zone. One application was left on the site gorod.mos.ru, designed to notify the mayor's office of problems. There she added to the list of many similar appeals: "Please plant a bush in the indicated area" (Marino), "Please put the lawn in order after the winter: sow grass" (Falcon Mountain). Another application is on the hotline of the Association of Administrative and Technical Inspections of Moscow. By the way, we were not the only ones there. "Did you call today?" — said the operator. And he promised that the inspector would call within seven days and the problem would be solved.

Goods (materials) used in the performance of work to lower the level of lawns below the side stone:

Plant land (prefabricated soils (multicomponent);

Seeds (universal mix) of lawn grasses.

When performing work to lower the level of lawns below the side stone, the following is required:

Vegetable land (thickness not less than 0.15 m and not more than 0.20 m);

Seeds (universal mix) of lawn grasses (consumption rate not less than 40 g/m2 and not more than 80 g/m2).

Technical characteristics of works.

Lawns should be laid out on a fully prepared and leveled foundation of factory-made multi-component artificial soil, observing the slope of the base and after ensuring separate water flow from flat structures and subsurface runoff. Grass slope for runoff surface water, should be 2-3 degrees. During the delivery and filling of the soil layer, the movement of transport, construction machines and mechanisms, except for leveling and compacting, should be allowed only along the subsoil after its compaction without irrigation by one pass of the rollers. Before applying the fertile soil layer, the tracks and traces of the passages of machines and mechanisms on the subsoil must be profiled and rolled. The movement of vehicles and construction machines on the fertile soil layer is not allowed. The surface of the settled soil should be 1-2 cm below the side. When performing work, water should be used with the following characteristics: ten mg-eq / l, the content of H2S in water is not allowed, the content of iron is not more than zero point three mg, the content of nitrates is not more than ten mg / l, the maximum allowable content of sulfates in water is five hundred mg / l, chlorides are three hundred and fifty mg / l , the fluorine content should be in the range from zero point seven to one point two tenths mg / l, dry residue not more than a thousand mg / l, PH not less than six point five tenths not more than nine point five tenths, not more than zero point five hundredths mg/l arsenic, one mg/l copper, five mg/l zinc, zero point one tenth mg/l lead. It is not allowed to use peat as plant soil with capital and current repair lawns. The use of peat as the top layer on vegetable land is also unacceptable. As a fertile layer for creating a lawn, it is recommended to use specially prepared soils containing sandy and clay fractions - factory-made multicomponent artificial soils. To improve their structure, peat is included in their composition. Peat must be with a degree of decomposition; percent - not less than twenty five; mass fraction water, percent - no more than sixty. Multi-component artificial soil must be well mixed and free from large inclusions (stones, pieces of clay, etc.) and rhizomes of unwanted vegetation. The quality of factory-made multicomponent artificial soils must be confirmed by a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion. When arranging lawns on highly filtering rocks (crushed stone, gravel, washed with a thick layer of sand), it is better to use multi-component artificial soils of factory-made medium loamy composition, which have a greater water-holding capacity, as a fertile layer. Normative indicators (technical characteristics) of the chemical and sanitary-epidemiological state of factory-made multicomponent artificial soils that should be used when performing work: chloride content, mg/kg s. c., not more than one thousand six hundred and eighty; Electrical conductivity (EC) mSm/cm twenty-five °С, not more than ten; Content of heavy metals: Arsenic (As), mg/kg, no more than ten; content of heavy metals: Zinc (Zn), mg/kg, no more than two hundred and twenty; pesticides: aldrin, mg/kg, not allowed; specific activity of technogenic radionuclides, ACs/45 + ASr/30 , rel. units, not more than one; oil products, mg/kg, no more than three hundred; heavy metal content: Copper (Cu), mg/kg, not more than one hundred and thirty two; heavy metal content: Mercury (Hg), mg/kg, no more than two; content of heavy metals: Lead (Pb), mg/kg, no more than one hundred and thirty. When creating a lawn on a site with a layer of factory-made multicomponent artificial soil more than 15 cm, it is necessary to loosen the top layer to a depth of 8-10 cm before sowing lawn grass mixtures. Lawns can be created by sowing, hydroseeding, laying out the finished lawn turf, planting ground cover plants. When creating a mixed-grass lawn from wild plants flora near Moscow use the fertile layer and turf, containing a large number of seeds and rhizomes of various herbaceous wild plants. For quick grassing, ordinary clover-grass or grass lawn mixtures are sown on top of the layer of preserved soil. After the emergence of seedlings of wild plants from the seeds and rhizomes stored in the original soil, the herbage is formed using different frequency and timing of mowing. In the future, the herbage is enriched. It is better to create lawns at the beginning of the growing season (first half of May) or in August. With systematic watering, sowing can be done throughout the spring-summer period. Creating a lawn by laying ready-made lawn turf is possible from May 1 until frost. Mineral fertilizers should be used in the basic preparation of the soil for lawns. During the main preparation of the soil for lawns, mineral fertilizers should be evenly applied (according to the active substance): on infertile soils, loamy and heavy loamy soils: N - 40-50, P - 60-90, K - 40-60 kg / ha; on slightly podzolic and light loamy soils: N - 20-30, P - 40-60, K - 30-40 kg/ha. Indicators mineral fertilizers: static strength of granules, MPa (kgf/cm2) - 1.2(12)-30.0(300). It is advisable to use dry granular fertilizers. The applied fertilizers should be covered with rakes or light harrows to a depth of 3-4 cm. large territories should be done with seeders for sowing lawn grasses on a rolled surface. Compaction of the subsoil and soil layers is carried out by 1-2 passes (along and across the field) of rollers weighing 1.2 tons with smooth rollers with a preliminary watering 10-15 hours before the start of laying at the rate of 10-12 l/sq. m. Places of subsidence must be filled up, profiled and re-compacted. The presence of subsidence on the surface of the layer under the control 3-meter rail is not allowed. Seeds smaller than 1 mm should be sown in a mixture with dry sand in a ratio of 1:1 by volume, seeds larger than 1 mm - in pure form. When sowing a lawn, the seeds should be planted to a depth of 1 cm. Light harrows or rollers with spikes and brushes should be used to plant the seeds. After planting the seeds, the lawn should be rolled with a roller weighing 75-100 kg. To create stable, durable and decorative lawns, it is recommended to use grass mixtures based on loose-shrub rhizomatous grasses of the grassroots type, recommended for this climatic zone. The use of other grasses (in particular, fodder ones) leads to a rapid loss of decorative and functional properties of the lawn, therefore, it is permissible only when creating temporary lawns that are annually redone. The seeding rate of a mixture of fresh seeds per 1 square. m of sown area is determined by the germination of seeds (average 40 g). When using a ready-made grass mixture, the seeding rate must comply with the attached recommendations. The sowing rate of seeds in a grass mixture is determined in accordance with the recommendations in relation to the species composition of grasses and based on an assessment of their germination. Normative indicators of prefabricated multicomponent artificial soils that should be used during the work: organic matter content,%, not less than ten and not more than twenty; pH value (pH (KCl)), units pH, five to seven and a half. The physical-mechanical, agrochemical properties of soils when used at landscaping and urban improvement facilities should be determined in a laboratory way and be optimal. Soil indicators should be: gross content of heavy metals, mg / kg: copper - no more than one hundred and seventeen, cadmium no more than two, selenium no more than three.

When performing work, use raw materials, materials and equipment that have the appropriate certificates, technical passports and other documentation certifying their quality.

The technical characteristics of works and goods are also indicated in the state contract (draft state contract) and annexes to it, which are an integral part of the state contract.

"Islands of greenery" of the capital should not become

sources of pollution

Moscow is known to be one of the greenest cities in the world. And one of the most important components of the “green wealth” of the city is the millions of square meters its territory numerous lawns.

Public utilities in Moscow pay special attention to the creation and maintenance of lawns. This process, like the whole complex of works on planting greenery in the capital, is quite laborious and requires a differentiated approach. The maintenance of lawns located, for example, in the territory of parks and squares, differs from the maintenance of lawns located along the carriageway of roads and highways. The latter, due to the specifics big city, are subjected to much greater anthropogenic impact and, as a result, care for them requires much more effort.

At the same time, the upper (contaminated) layer of earth was removed to a depth of up to 15 cm and a width of up to 4 meters from the roadway, which has a weakened grass cover and lies above the level of the side stone. Then a new, tested and certified soil was added to a level below the side stone from 2 to 10 cm, as required by the Rules for the Creation, Maintenance and Protection of Green Plantations in the City of Moscow. At the end of the work, seeds of lawn grasses were sown, or rolled lawns were covered.

The territory for carrying out this type of work in the whole city amounted to 4.5 million sq.m. And yet, it is impossible to say that the problem of washing soil onto the roadway due to the raised surface of lawns in Moscow has been solved, of course. The resulting dirt on the roads, which, when dried, contributes to intense dusting, causes well-deserved criticism from the inhabitants of the city.

In addition to the constant monitoring of the traditional set of works carried out by balance holders to lower the level of lawns under their jurisdiction, repair and replace curbstones, etc., options for introducing new lawn maintenance methods are being studied and considered to minimize the ingress of soil from their surface onto the roadway.