Cold water systems: examples, types, principle of operation. The cold water supply system of an apartment building: device and typical problems What is an open cold water supply scheme

In order for any residential building to function normally, it is necessary to install a water supply system. Its competent device will ensure timely supply and sufficient water pressure. This article will discuss in detail the hot water supply scheme, connection types and its features in an apartment building.

What is the peculiarity of the water supply of an apartment building?

Providing water to a building with a large number of storeys is very difficult. After all, the house consists of many apartments with separate bathrooms and plumbing fixtures. In other words, water supply schemes in apartment buildings- this is a kind of complex with separate piping, pressure regulators, filters and accounting equipment.

Most often, residents of high-rise buildings use water from the central water supply. With the help of a water pipe, it is supplied to individual plumbing fixtures under a certain pressure. Water is often treated with chlorination.

The composition of the central water supply system

Centralized water supply schemes in high-rise buildings consist of a distribution network, water intake facilities and treatment plants. Before getting into the apartment, water travels a long way from pumping station to the reservoir. Only after cleaning and disinfection is water sent to the distribution network. With the help of the latter, water is supplied to appliances and equipment. The pipes of the central hot water supply scheme of a multi-storey building can be made of copper, metal-plastic and steel.

The latter type of material is practically not used in modern buildings.

Types of water supply schemes

The water supply system is of three types:

• collector;
• consistent;
• combined (mixed).

Recently, when it is increasingly common in apartments a large number of sanitary equipment, use collector wiring diagram . She is the best option normal operation of all devices. The collector-type hot water supply circuit eliminates pressure drops at different connection points. This is the main advantage of this system.

If we consider the scheme in more detail, we can conclude that there will be no problems with the use of plumbing equipment for its intended purpose at the same time. The essence of the connection is such that each individual water consumer is connected to the collectors of the cold and hot water supply riser in isolation. Pipes do not have many branches, so the likelihood of leakage is very small. Such water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings are easy to maintain, but the cost of equipment is quite high.

According to experts, collector circuit hot water supply requires the installation of a more complex installation of plumbing fixtures. However, these negative sides are not so critical, especially considering the fact that the collector circuit has many advantages, for example - concealed installation pipes and accounting individual features equipment.

Series circuit hot water supply multi-storey building - this is the easiest way to wire. Such a system has been tested by time, it was put into operation in the days of the USSR. The essence of its device is that the pipeline of cold and hot water supply is carried out parallel to each other. Engineers advise using this system in apartments with one bathroom and a small amount of sanitary equipment.

In the people, such a hot water supply scheme for a multi-storey building is called a tee. That is, branches come from the main highways, which are connected to each other by tees. Despite the ease of installation and cost savings consumable, this scheme has several major drawbacks:

1. In the event of a leak, it is difficult to find damaged areas.
2. The impossibility of supplying water to a separate plumbing fixture.
3. Difficulty of access to pipes in case of breakage.

Hot water supply of an apartment building. Scheme

Pipe layouts are divided into two types: to the riser of hot and cold water supply. Briefly they are called HVS and DHW. The hot water system deserves special attention. apartment building. The scheme of DHW networks consists of two types of wiring - lower and upper. Looped wires are often used to maintain high temperature in the pipeline. The gravitational pressure forces the water to circulate in the ring, despite the lack of water intake. In the riser, it cools and enters the heater. Water with a higher temperature is supplied to the pipes. So there is a continuous circulation of the coolant.

Dead-end highways are also not uncommon, but most often they can be found in the utility rooms of industrial facilities and in small residential buildings with low floors. If the water intake is planned intermittently, then a circulation pipeline is used. Engineers advise using hot water supply in apartment buildings (the diagram was discussed above) with a number of floors no more than 4. A pipeline with a dead-end riser is also found in hostels, sanatoriums and hotels. Pipes of a dead-end network have a lower metal consumption, therefore they cool down faster.

DHW networks in their composition have a horizontal main pipeline and distribution stands. The latter provide piping for individual objects - apartments. DHW is installed as close as possible to plumbing equipment.

For buildings with a long length of main pipes, schemes with circulation and looped supply pipelines are used. A prerequisite is the installation of a pump to maintain circulation and constant water exchange.

Two-pipe DHW scheme - Photo 07

Modern builders and engineers are increasingly resorting to the use of two-pipe hot water systems. The principle of operation is that the pump takes water from the return line and supplies it to the heater. Such a pipeline has a higher metal content and is considered the most reliable for consumers.

Systems internal water supply serve for uninterrupted supply of water from the external water supply network and its distribution inside buildings among consumers. Consumers are residents technological equipment, visitors to baths, laundries, moviegoers, etc. Depending on the temperature of the supplied water, cold water supply systems or internal water supply systems and hot water supply systems (tw = 30-75 ° C) are distinguished. On fig. 1 shows the internal water supply systems of the building.

Rice. 1. Domestic water supply systems

VO - general; B1 - household and drinking; B2 - fire fighting; B9 - production; B10 - watering; TK - hot water supply

Cold internal plumbing consists of the following elements:

Input - a pipeline for supplying water from an external water supply network through a water metering unit to the building;

Water meter unit - to account for the amount of water supplied; consists of a water meter (water meter) and fittings;

Internal networks - for supplying water to water points inside the building;

Water folding, shut-off and control valves - for supplying water to the consumer and controlling the flow;

Pressure-regulating tanks - water tanks installed for uninterrupted water supply in case of insufficient pressure in the external network and to create a water reserve;

Installations for increasing pressure - in case of insufficient pressure in the external network to increase and maintain pressure in the internal network.

Internal plumbing systems are classified:

By appointment: household and drinking, industrial, fire-fighting.

1. Household and drinking water pipelines are intended in residential, public and industrial buildings for supply to consumers drinking water necessary for drinking, washing, washing, sewerage, mopping and other household needs. Such water must meet the requirements of GOST 2874-82 "Drinking Water".

2. Industrial water pipes are designed to supply water to production targets. Quality requirements process water, are determined technological requirements for a given type of production (chilled, softened, etc.). Domestic and drinking water supply can also be used for industrial needs, for example, in the food industry.

3. Fire-fighting water pipelines are designed to extinguish fire, the quality of water can be non-potable.

By service sector:

Separate system- supply of water for domestic and drinking, industrial needs and fire fighting separately.

United system - economic and production ( food industry), economic and fire-fighting.

one system- simultaneous supply of water for household and drinking needs, industrial and fire fighting (food industry).

By way of use:

Direct-flow - with a single use of water.

Direct-flow with reuse water and with the subsequent direction of the waste water into the sewer.

Circulating - circulating (repeated use after the necessary post-treatment or cooling, depending on the technological process).

Rice. 2. Schemes of internal water pipes

a - at a constant sufficient pressure; b - with periodic sufficient pressure, with a tank and without a pump; c - with periodic insufficient pressure, with a pump without a tank; g - with a constant insufficient pressure, with a pump and a tank; e - with a constant insufficient pressure with a pneumatic installation; e - zone for multi-storey buildings with sequential water supply; g - with parallel water supply; h - the same, when supplied by one pump to all zones: 1 - risers with branches to water intakes; 2 - stopcocks and valves; 3- main pipes; 4 - drain valve; 5 - water meter; 6 - pump; 7 - check valve; 8 - water tanks; 9 - air tank; 10 - air valve; 11 - safety valve; 12 - compressed air(from the compressor); 13 - gauge glass

Building plumbing concept. The main task of the internal water supply was considered to be the supply of a sufficient flow of water to a water-folding device located in unfavorable conditions, i.e. as mentioned in the literature - more is better than less. This principle was also observed in relation to the quality of the supplied water. It turns out that drinking water is still supplied to the cold water supply system, although non-potable water can be supplied to some sanitary facilities. When using water, consumers no longer use the services of workers of the city water pipeline. With various openings of the valves, the living sections of the flow change, which in total greatly exceed the area of ​​​​all water pipes. Therefore, when studying water supply, real needs and rational water consumption should be taken into account. It is necessary that each water folding device, regardless of the height of its location, operates at equal free pressures. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly choose the schemes of the internal water supply and the operating modes of booster installations. It is possible to use pipes with a diameter of 8-10 mm for apartment wiring to water fittings.

The internal water supply system consists of the following elements: the entry of the water supply system into the building, the distributing networks of pipelines, booster installations, which include booster pumps, water tanks and tanks located inside the building. Depending on the scheme for supplying water to water points inside the building, the following internal water supply systems (Fig. 8) are arranged: without booster pumps, in this case, the water supply is provided by pressure in the external water supply network and with a booster pump (hydroaccumulator tank), in case autonomous water supply.

Rice. 8. An example of internal plumbing schemes

Cold water supply systems without booster pumps are used in cases where the water supply network is under constant pressure sufficient to provide uninterrupted water supply to the highest and most remote draw-off point of the building. Such an internal water supply system, which does not have any devices other than a pipeline network, is the simplest and most common. The installation of booster pumps in country houses connected to the village (rural or urban) mains must be agreed with the local water utility service. Otherwise, with your immoderate ambitions, you can leave all your neighbors without water.

The scheme for connecting plumbing fixtures to plumbing risers can be done using traditional tee wiring or using manifolds. The use of collectors (parallel wiring), in contrast to the tee scheme, equalizes the water pressure within the riser. The pressure and temperature of the water, for example, in the shower will not change if the water in the washbasin is turned on nearby. In a tee cold water supply system, the inclusion of successively located devices, as a rule, leads to a loss of pressure in the water fittings. For example, if a faucet is used in the shower with mixing hot and cold water, then turning on the nearby faucet with cold water leads to a loss of pressure in the cold mains and, as a result, to an increase in the temperature of the water in the shower faucet. Nothing like this happens in the collector system, all water fittings are connected in parallel to the collector and the inclusion of water in one water tap does not affect the pressure in the other tap. However, this statement is true only for cold water supply systems with normal operating pressure. If the pressure in the water supply network is below normal, the creation of a more expensive collector system does not have a positive effect: when the water intake is turned on simultaneously at two points, the water pressure will drop, as with a tee (serial) wiring, however, not so noticeable.

One of the solutions to compensate for pressure loss in the tee distribution can be a ring connection of consumers. Water is supplied to each draw-off point from two sides at once (Fig. 9). This equalizes the water pressure.

Rice. 9. Ring connection of water consumers

A well-designed water supply system with properly selected pipe diameters and suction pump power can be done both in a tee and in a manifold scheme. Of course, there will be a pressure drop in a series tee scheme, but it will not be very noticeable. An example of this is houses built in Soviet time, in which only tee wiring is used. With normal water pressure in the pipeline, residents at the end of the pipeline do not feel deprived of water in the same way as residents “sitting” at its beginning. However, when the pressure in the network drops, end users are the first to experience water shortages.

A cold water supply system with tee wiring is the simplest and cheapest piping scheme. With this scheme, most often, open laying and any methods of connecting pipes are used (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Schemes for connecting water fittings (plumbing fixtures)

A large number of pipes are used in the cold water collector system; their open laying will, to put it mildly, unaesthetic. Therefore, the “pipe in pipe” scheme and / or laying of pipelines in the wall, niches or floor screed is used. In any case, all pipe connections to the collector remain accessible, as they are connected to it in the switch cabinet. The other end of the pipes is connected to a water fitting and can be laid openly or hidden in the wall. With an open connection to plumbing fixtures, you can use any connection of pipes, with a closed connection, compression and push-on fittings, soldering, welding and gluing pipes are used.

Pipes laid according to the "pipe in pipe" principle (in a protective casing) can be replaced, in some cases without damaging tile, wall or floor. To do this, dismantle the connection on plumbing fixture and collector. Using a fitting-coupling, connect the damaged pipe to the new one and, at the same time pulling out one, drag the second into protective tube. Then cut off new pipe and connect the ends to the plumbing fixture and manifold. However, such a substitution is possible only for metal-plastic pipes and then, if the pipes are laid with a small number of turns and with a large bend radius. It is clear that polypropylene, copper or thin-walled steel pipe in protective cover you won't last. Although they also need to be mounted in insulated protective casings.

Collectors (Fig. 11) come with two, three or four leads, they can be connected in series (end to end) with each other. However, it is not recommended to connect more than 10 consumers to one prefabricated manifold.

Rice. 11. Location of collectors for cold and hot water supply in the cabinet

The collector scheme for connecting to plumbing fixtures is more convenient to maintain with hidden laying of pipelines, since all stopcocks are located in one place - the manifold cabinet. Having placed the locker in a place convenient for you, you can safely turn off the malfunctioning device and repair it, while other water fittings will work as before. In addition, on any "nipple" of the collector, you can install automatic water pressure regulators and individually adjust the pressure on each plumbing fixture, which is impossible or difficult to implement with a tee scheme.

In individual country house a mixed plumbing scheme can also be used. For example, a main pipeline runs through the basement (which, by the way, plumbers also call a collector), risers rise from it, and on the floors collectors are connected to the risers, from which plumbing fixtures are powered. Thus, in the lower wiring and along the risers, tee scheme, On The Floors - Collector. And the collector circuit in its purest form looks like installing one for the whole house or several, by the number of floors, collectors right in the basement, and from them power is supplied to the appliances. Or one common collector in the basement and storey collectors connected to it by pipes.

Having decided on the source of water, it is necessary to choose a cold water supply system. This article will tell you how to do it correctly. Depending on the method of water supply, there are various schemes for internal cold water supply of buildings in summer cottages or other suburban areas. Let's take a closer look at what they are.

As mentioned in the article about, for the water supply of the bath, you can use the central water supply or make an autonomous water intake system, for example, from or a well. In accordance with this, the connection schemes will be different - without creating additional water pressure or using pumps that increase pressure in the internal water supply network.

Water supply without pressurization

When the internal water supply is connected to the central water supply network, then, as a rule, special hydraulic equipment is not required: booster pumps, hydraulic accumulators, check valves, pressure switch, etc. This is the easiest way to organize an internal water supply in a private house or bath. Of course, if the water supplier (water utility) meets all the requirements for its quality and constant pressure (about 4 bar), and at the most remote point of the water supply there is sufficient pressure for its normal operation.

The scheme of such a water supply system consists of pipelines, risers, plumbing fittings and branch lines to plumbing equipment. If the water pressure in the water supply is much lower than normal or falls sharply from time to time, a booster pump with a hydraulic accumulator can be installed. But only with agreement with the water utility, otherwise you can leave the neighbors without water.

Autonomous water supply system with booster pump

Autonomous cold water supply with water intake from external sources requires the installation of additional hydraulic equipment. To create the necessary pressure in the water supply network, pressure-increasing pumps and accumulators are used. The hydraulic accumulator plays the role of storing a certain supply of water - on the one hand, and a device for maintaining pressure in the water supply network - on the other.

Operating principle autonomous system water supply with a hydraulic accumulator is as follows: water is supplied to the accumulator by means of a pump and pumped there until the required pressure is reached, at which the pressure switch disconnects the pump from the mains. As soon as the consumer turns on the water, it flows from the battery to the destination. When the pressure in the accumulator drops to the lowest value, the pump turns on again, feeding the accumulator and the point of consumption with water.
If the water pressure in the accumulator reaches the upper limit value, the pump switches off again. So the cycles are repeated every time the consumption point is turned on.

And what will happen in the absence of a hydraulic accumulator? Everything is very simple. The pump will run for the duration of the water consumption. In a word, water flows, the pump works, money drips! The battery, in addition, also stabilizes the pressure of water in the water supply, and there are no pressure surges when the pump is turned on.

Water supply schemes in a bathhouse or a country house

When installing a cold water supply network, two schemes can be used - tee or collector. Each of these schemes can be used both separately and together with each other.

Tee water distribution system

Serial wiring or, as it is also called - tee, provides serial connection plumbing on one supply pipe or riser. If the pressure in the water supply network is insufficient, then it may turn out that at the most remote point the water pressure will be too small or even absent. Or, for example, such a situation is possible when water flows with all its might in the washing department of the bath, and there is not enough water in the toilet.

If the water pressure in the cold water supply system is normal, then this will not bring much inconvenience. Otherwise, you can combine all water points into one ring pipeline. With such a scheme, all points of consumption will have the same water pressure. For example, if you turn on when the shower is running cold water in the toilet or dressing room, then in the shower faucet the temperature warm water will not change or, if it does, it will not change at all. Unlike when plumbing fixtures are connected in series.

Collector water connection diagram

A more advanced cold water supply system is a collector scheme for distributing water to the water points of a private house, bathhouse or utility buildings. The advantage of this system is the constant pressure of water within one riser, usually carried out to only one draw-off point.

By turning on the water in the dressing room, supplied from one riser (exit from the collector), the pressure of water in the shower, supplied from another riser (another exit from the collector), cannot change by definition. In other words, opening a faucet in any plumbing fixture cannot affect the water pressure at any other draw-off point.

It is important to take into account the fact that these statements are valid only at normal operating pressure in the water supply. If it is not normal, then no matter what the system is, the pressure will drop when two or more plumbing fixtures are turned on, sometimes even so that it will be impossible to wash in the shower. In this case, an expensive collector system will not help, just like a tee. But there is no need to despair - we can always install a pressure-boosting pump and a hydraulic accumulator.

Same as in heating systems warm floors, collectors for distribution of cold or hot water allow you to independently regulate the water pressure at each draw-off point. They may have two, three or four outlets with valves each, and one main entrance. If more outputs are required, then several collectors are spliced ​​along the length. Doing more than 10 exits is not recommended.

The advantages of a collector water supply system are obvious:

• Ease of use and repair. No need to run around in search of a valve to block the access of water. All valves will be in one and convenient place.
• Possibility to use metal-plastic flexible pipes without tees, angles and other connecting fittings, greatly simplifying the process of laying pipelines.
• Independent adjustment of water pressure. If desired, you can always adjust the water pressure in each plumbing fixture. For example, to increase the water supply in a shower bath, you can reduce it in a washbasin or other draw-off point that does not require a large flow of water.
• When repairing or replacing plumbing fittings, it is enough to close the corresponding valve in the collector without disturbing the operation of other draw-off points.

However, with a collector system for hot or cold water supply, the number and length of pipelines increase, but this is more than offset by the cheapness of metal-plastic pipes (usually 16 mm) and the absence of hidden tee and corner connections. This fact is especially important from the point of view of the absence of unpredictable leaks with a poor-quality connection.

Collectors are installed in a place convenient for maintenance. If the house has a basement, then best place not found for him.

Application possible combined system water supply - both tee and collector. For example, in the basement of a bathhouse with an attic, a tee system is laid, and in the risers from it there are collectors on each floor. The tee system in the basement will play the role of the main pipeline.

Water and heating of a country house:

From all that has been said, it is not difficult to conclude that the collector water supply scheme is the best option for laying internal water supply for individual construction. Perhaps it will be more expensive and more laborious, but the quality of the supplied water will be guaranteed.

We, and we also have to do it with our own hands normal cold water system. It will allow several visitors to comfortably wash in the shower at the same time. After all, we so often meet that the water from the shower goes either cold or hot, without adding to our pleasure from this important one. The choice is yours!

The internal cold water supply system consists of the following main units (Fig. 1): inlet, water metering unit, pressure booster, spare and control tanks, internal water supply network, pipeline and water fittings. The hot water supply system additionally has a device for heating water. In industrial and hot water supply systems, sometimes local treatment facilities(filters, deaerators, etc.).

Figure 1. Elements of internal (cold) water supply: 1 - input; 2 - water meter unit; 3 - installation for increasing pressure; 4 - spare and control tanks (4a - water pressure tank; 4b - hydropneumatic tank); 5 - quarter network; 6 - internal network; 7- pipeline accessories; 8 - water fittings

An input is a pipeline connecting an external water supply network with a water metering unit installed in a building or a special room (central heating point, boiler room, pump room, etc.).

The water meter unit is used to measure the amount of water supplied to the building, and consists of a water meter and fittings necessary to turn it off.

Pressure boosting installations increase the pressure in the internal network when the guaranteed pressure (the lowest pressure in the city network at the input connection point) P gar in the city network is not enough to supply water to all high-lying consumers of the internal water supply system.

Spare control tanks create a supply of water in the system, necessary for uninterrupted supply of consumers, in case of an accident or in case of a discrepancy between the water supply regime outdoor network water consumption in the building. Tanks are made in the form of water tanks installed at the highest point of the building, or hydropneumatic tanks located in the lower part of the building at or below ground level.

The water supply network distributes water between consumers.

When supplying water to a group of buildings powered by a single input (see Fig. 1), the water supply networks of the internal water supply system are divided into internal and quarterly (on-site) networks. Internal networks distribute water to each consumer located inside the building. Quarterly networks supply water from the water metering unit to the internal networks of individual buildings.

Pipe fittings control the flow of water.

Water fittings regulate the supply of water to consumers.

The number of elements in each particular system, as well as their mutual arrangement(internal water supply scheme) are determined by the requirements for uninterrupted water supply, the ratio of pressure in the external network and the pressure required for reliable operation internal plumbing of the building.

Figure 2. Schemes of internal water supply: a - simple; b - with a regulating capacity; c - with a pressure booster; g - with a tank and a pressure booster; 1 - input; 2 - water meter unit; 3 - installation for increasing pressure; 4 - spare and control tanks; 5 - quarter network; 6 - internal network; 7 - pipeline fittings; 8 - water fittings

simple circuit(input - water meter - network and fittings) is used if the pressure in the external network is always greater than the pressure required to raise water to the highest and most remote consumer in the building, overcome the resistance to the movement of water in the pipelines and create the pressure in front of the water folding fittings necessary for its normal work. Due to its simplicity, this scheme is the most common for buildings up to 5-6 floors high.

Scheme with regulating capacitance it is used when the pressure in the external network is less than required for several hours a day (usually during the period of greatest water consumption). During the period high blood pressure in the external network, water accumulates in the tank and during the hours when the pressure drops below the required one, the system is powered from the tank.

This scheme is also used to create a supply of water necessary for uninterrupted operation internal water supply, for example, if the external network does not supply water in a given amount, in fire water pipelines for storing untouchable supplies, as well as in baths, laundries and a number of local industries.

When used as a regulating capacity of a water tank, the pressure in the internal network, determined by the height of the water level in the tank, is almost constant throughout the day. Therefore, this scheme is used in buildings with increased requirements for pressure stability in the network and in front of fittings, for example, baths, shower pavilions, in a number industrial buildings in front of technological equipment.

The disadvantages of the scheme with a water tank are the possibility of contamination and stagnation of water, the need for periodic cleaning of tanks, significant loads on building construction, heat water in summer. Therefore, schemes with hydropneumatic tanks are used. Most often, this scheme is used in fire fighting and integrated fire fighting systems. multi-storey buildings for storage of regulating or fire-fighting water supply. As a rule, hydropneumatic tanks work in conjunction with a water booster.

Several tanks can be installed in the system, for example, two separating tanks for storing a separate control volume and a spare fire volume.

Scheme with a pressure booster It is used in case of constant or prolonged lack of pressure in the external water supply network and slight uneven water consumption. This scheme can also be used in case of periodic lack of pressure in the external network. In this case, the pumps are switched on automatically or manually during periods when the pressure in the external network drops below the required one.

The question of what is more appropriate to use with a periodic lack of pressure - a system with a water-boosting installation or with a control tank, is decided on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account operating costs.

Scheme with tank and pressure booster used in case of large uneven water consumption, the need to have a supply of water in the system with a long or constant lack of pressure in the external network. The joint use of a water booster and a control tank allows you to get minimum dimensions tanks even with a large uneven water consumption. This allows you to use this scheme if it is difficult to install a tank in a building. large sizes. In most cases, the container is placed after the installation to increase the pressure. At a pressure in the external network of less than 0.05 MPa and in the industrial water supply, containers are installed in front of it.

The water supply scheme is chosen based on the requirements for uninterrupted water supply, the operating mode of the external network, the need for economical and rational use water in the building, technical and economic indicators.

Initially accept a simple circuit water supply and determine the approximate required pressure P tr, MPa, in the system.

Based on the comparison of P t and P gar, we accept: at P tr P gar - a scheme with a pressure increase installation.

If the reliability of the water supply by the water feeder - the external network - is insufficient, there are temporary interruptions in the water supply or a decrease in pressure, for uninterrupted water supply it is necessary to apply a scheme with a shut-off and control tank. The need for such a scheme is determined based on the analysis of graphs of pressure and flow changes in the external network.