Design of heat points: norms, rules and requirements. Individual heating point (ITP): scheme, principle of operation, operation Supply and exhaust ventilation of a heating point

During any construction of a residential or industrial, private or public building, it is necessary to install a heat point that will automatically regulate the supply hot water, heat, as well as the outflow of air in the premises. In the article we will tell you how to design an individual heating point (ITP), and how it differs from a central or block one.

TP design functions during construction

The master plan of the chief engineer contains data on the location of the heating network. This is a large package of papers containing both graphic schemes, and project documentation, which will have to be approved by an energy-saving company in order to connect to power. Therefore, a prerequisite is the safety of the structure, as well as its ability to fully provide heat to the object.

Tasks of the heat station:

  • Correct distribution of heat throughout the system, taking into account the necessary needs of a particular room. Project for individual requirements heating point will contain indications of an increased number of heating elements in a particular room.
  • Control over the work of the TP, possible mistakes. This guarantees the economy of resource use and safety in case of possible emergencies. The sensors are set to the slightest change in the level of heat exchange.
  • Accounting for energy consumption. Accurate data that is calculated automatically, will be summarized in tables during the operation of the facility to analyze the efficiency of the heating unit. During its design, engineers make predictions that allow you to determine in advance the most profitable type of installation.
  • Adjustment of fluid circulation in the system. Hot water should flow evenly, this is also taken into account when drawing up a plan in order to select the correct structural elements. TP shows any failure in the volume or location of the filling of the pipes.
  • Distribution of heat by sources of consumption. Depending on the planned heat transfer points, an individual scheme will be developed taking into account all connections.

Design guide for different types of substations

The engineer, together with the customer, determines the feasibility of mounting one of the types of installations. In doing so, several factors must be taken into account:

  • building volume;
  • economy;
  • security;
  • autonomy;
  • the timing and cost of the work.

In accordance with this, you must select the type of installation:

  • Individual - ITP;
  • Central - TsTP;
  • Block, or modular, - BTP.

First you need to design a branched heat supply to several carriers or even buildings from one center of an energy saving company. Such a heat point is responsible for the distribution of energy to a number of objects without loss of resource. Therefore, when designing, it is important to take into account the state of the central heating substation, if it is already installed in the building. If this is a new facility, then a connectivity plan will need to be developed. It can be of two types:

  • Thread from already operating system. Then you need to calculate maximum power operating equipment, whether it is able to provide new space the right amount heat, as well as provide a developed safety plan to an energy-saving company so as not to disrupt the power of other nearby sites.
  • Carrying out a new line. Typically, this decision is made for large buildings, which will contain a number of energy-intensive premises - a large shopping center, factory with various workshops. The design will depend on the initial amount of space, as well as on their heating needs.

After the development of the central heating station for individual enterprises that are under construction, it is necessary to carry out an individual heating point. These can be shops, cafes, parking and any fairly large, but autonomous objects. The peculiarity of such projects is that the configuration of the premises is taken into account and required level heat. For parking, for example, it can be much lower than for other points.

During the construction of buildings for one production, the installation can be single. For example, for apartment building or other housing estate.

BTPs are rarely used, mainly in small spaces. Their advantage is small size and economy. But the power is also below average.

Pre-project preparation

At the stage of preparation for the design of heat points (using the example of ITP), the rules, requirements and norms for construction prescribed in the relevant SNiP 2.04.07-86 * are taken into account. Here are described technical advice on the design of the system, in particular - the choice of the amount of specific power.

There are two types of individual heat points:

  • Small - up to 50 kW.
  • Large - up to 2 MW.

The first is suitable for small heat transfer points - residential buildings for one owner or a store. The second is used to provide energy to multi-apartment buildings, business centers and industrial enterprises.

The pre-project preparation also includes:

  • analysis of the structure of the building;
  • possible batteries;
  • connection to water, heat and power supply systems;
  • data on operating conditions and possible emergency situations;
  • list of equipment used with the calculation of the amount of energy consumption for each.

Then comes milestone– submission of an application for connection of the building to the central heating station of an energy saving company. The organization issues a contract for connection and technical conditions (TS). If they are not met, then the connection will not take place until the inaccuracies are corrected, therefore it is extremely important to hire specialists with experience and accurate computer technology. It depends on how quickly the project will be agreed upon, and when it will be possible to make the connection.

After that, you can negotiate with the development company to start designing.

Development of project documentation - the composition of the project

The package of documents includes:

  • Thermal calculation. This is the main analytical part, which contains all the data on the amount of energy consumption and heat loss. It is from this figure that the installation specialists will start, offering options for the installation power.
  • Title page. Correct forms fillings are contained in the set of rules for the design of heat points 41-101-95. Constantly updated design regulations can also be found in specialized software from ZVSOFT - the programs are constantly updated to offer new requirements approved by the standards of the inspection bodies.
  • Explanatory note. It contains:
    • data on the objectives and goals of the project;
    • all initial values;
    • summary of heat losses;
    • list of energy-consuming installations;
    • installation equipment;
    • terms of Use;
    • safety regulations.
  • Master plan with floor drawings indicating the points of connection of devices. Here is the trace of all engineering networks associated with water, heat and energy intensity. All intersections of communication lines are marked on the diagram to eliminate possible heat losses and prevent emergencies. Near each element, the diameters of pipes, wires and their sections, length should be indicated.

  • Axonometric (parallel) projections of systems for clarity and detailed design instructions.
  • Detailed diagrams for individual nodes of the heat point - drawings for connecting objects, installation features of the collector, complex line decoupling.
  • Recommendations for the installation of ITP and its individual parts.
  • Separate specifications for a number of works - according to the materials and equipment used.
  • Evidence of the organization of competence in the field of design and construction of engineering systems.

All these types of work must comply with the task issued by the energy-saving company - TU.

Composition and compliance with specifications

All requirements comply with the legislative document that controls the construction and installation work according to ITP - SP 41-101-95 "Design of individual heating points". The specifications state:

  • Connection point to the central heating source.
  • Schemes of entry into the equipment system and the maximum hourly load on the batteries - heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems, water supply.
  • Calculation of heat costs for each section.
  • Average allowable values ​​of temperature and pressure in devices, taking into account overloads.
  • Return heat treatment data.
  • The presence of secondary, autonomous heat energy generators and their percentage of work, recommendations for use.
  • Conditions for the installation of heat pipes and their insulation.
  • Organization of control points: automated and manual checks.
  • Availability of an emergency protection system.

When these specifications are met and the project is developed, the final stage begins - coordination project documentation, after which you can install the equipment and connect.

Software for drawings and accompanying documentation ITP


ZVSOFT offers innovative computer-aided design systems. ZWCAD programs have basic wide opportunities, and add-ons to them are designed for specialized work with engineering systems. ZWSOFT offers a similar product from Autodesk, but with a more flexible licensing system and reasonable price. All software is translated into Russian and adapted for the Russian-speaking user. Software packages from the developer:

2018 Professional - CAD with a wide range of features. It contains a large number of standard elements that are in the library. It can also be replenished individually to facilitate the work of engineers. In this environment, you can work with both drawings and text formats, especially since the program has high level integration with files of most permissions. This facilitates all the processes of approvals and amendments. You can design in both 2D and 3D. The resulting project can be shown in the smallest details using the 3D visualization function.

The following modules can be installed on CAD:

  • - an environment for engineering networks, their intersections, features. Facilitated tracing and a large number of template sketches. There is the possibility of an isolated callout drawing for complex nodes.
  • – Facilitates designing to specified standards. The standards of the inspection bodies are updated, and at the same time, new layouts in the program.
  • - with its help, you can plan the placement of the TP, depending on the objects located nearby. The analytical capabilities of the add-on allow you to calculate the optimal location of the structure.

- software aimed at 3D visualization and complex objects that require three-dimensional construction. With its help, you can quickly and conveniently create ITP equipment in accordance with the drawings of manufacturers, as well as develop a 3D diagram of their connection by drawing up drawings in ZWCAD using modules.

Only install substations using the correct software.

As a rule, an ITP project consists of 4 sections:

- Thermal mechanics. This section selects circuit diagram and its calculation, selection of heat exchangers, pumps, expansion tanks or pressure maintenance installations, selection of pipeline diameters, selection of shut-off and control valves;
- Thermal energy metering unit. The choice of the metering scheme, the selection of the heat meter and the description of its installation are made.
- Automation and dispatching. Based on the schematic diagram developed in the "Thermal mechanics" section, a functional diagram automation, selection is underway executive devices automation, temperature sensors, relays, differential pressure relays.
- Power supply. This section consists of two parts: Electric lighting and power equipment. In some cases, the "Electric lighting" part is not required. In the volume "power electrical equipment" power supply of pantographs is performed ( pumping equipment, AUPD, automation and metering cabinets), potential equalization system.

The initial data for design are:

1. Specifications for connection to heating networks (hereinafter referred to as TU). Specifications are issued by the heat supply organization. In Moscow, the technical specifications are issued by PAO MIPC. In the Moscow region, these are local heating network. The specifications reflect the fundamental requirements for a heat point: the type of connection of heat consumers, the maximum total load and the types of consumption (heating, ventilation, thermal curtains, hot water supply), temperature charts at the input in winter and summer periods, available pressure at the input of the heating network, maximum operating pressure.

2. Technical task(TOR) for the design of ITP. As a rule, the TOR reflects General requirements to the design object Additional requirements Customer (types and brands of equipment used, the availability of a reserve of equipment, the location of the drainage pit, etc.)

3. Architectural and construction plans in which the heat point with cuts will be located.

4. The project of external heat networks or the binding of the input of heat networks to the ITP room with a section.

5. Bindings of inputs of pipelines of heat consumers(heating, ventilation, hot water, cold water systems, etc.).

6. Passports of heating, ventilation, hot water systems(during reconstruction) or Projects of HVAC sections (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), VK (water supply and sewerage) during new construction. The main parameters to pay attention to: thermal load, temperature chart, hydraulic resistance of the system, maximum working pressure.

7. Specifications for thermal energy metering units. In Moscow, specifications are issued at branch No. 11 Gorenergosbyt of PJSC MOEK.

8. Technical conditions for the implementation of automation and dispatching of ITP.

According to SP 41-101-95

  • 2.8 Individual heating points should be built into the buildings they serve and located in separate rooms on the ground floor at the outer walls of the building. It is allowed to place ITP in technical undergrounds or in the basements of buildings and structures.
  • 2.9 Central heating points (CHP) should, as a rule, be provided separately. It is recommended to block them with other production facilities.
    It is allowed to provide central heating stations attached to buildings or built into public, administrative or industrial buildings and structures.
  • 2.10 When placing heating points equipped with pumps inside residential, public, administrative buildings, as well as in industrial buildings, which are subject to increased requirements for acceptable levels noise and vibration in rooms and workplaces, the requirements of Sec. ten.
  • 2.11 Buildings of detached and attached heating points should be provided as one-story, it is allowed to build basements in them to accommodate equipment, collect, cool and pump condensate and sewerage facilities.
      free-standing heat points may be provided underground, provided:
    • absence ground water in the area of ​​construction and sealing of inputs engineering communications into the building of the heating point, which excludes the possibility of flooding the heating point with sewer, flood and other waters;
    • ensuring gravity drainage of water from the pipelines of the heating point;
    • ensuring automated operation of the equipment of the heating point without constant service personnel with alarm and partial remote control from the control room.
  • 2.12 For explosion and fire fire hazard premises of heat points should be classified as category D.
  • 2.13 Heating points may be placed in industrial premises of categories D and D, as well as in technical basements and undergrounds of residential and public buildings. At the same time, the premises of heat points should be separated from these rooms by fences (partitions) that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the heat point.
  • 2.14 When developing space-planning and constructive solutions detached and attached buildings of heating points intended for industrial and agricultural enterprises, it is recommended to provide for the possibility of their subsequent expansion.
  • 2.15 Heat points built into buildings should be placed at the outer walls of buildings at a distance of no more than 12 m from the exit from these buildings.
  • 2.16 From the heat points built into buildings, exits should be provided:
    • if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less and its location is less than 12 m from the exit from the building to the outside - one exit to the outside through the corridor or stairwell;
    • with the length of the premises of the heating point of 12 m or less and its location at a distance of more than 12 m from the exit from the building - one independent exit to the outside;
    • with a heating point room length of more than 12 m - two exits, one of which should be directly outside, the second - through a corridor or stairwell.
    • Premises of heat points with a heat carrier with a steam pressure of more than 1.0 MPa must have at least two outlets, regardless of the size of the room.
  • 2.17 In underground detached or attached heat points, it is allowed to provide a second exit through an attached shaft with a hatch or through a hatch in the ceiling, and in heat points located in technical undergrounds or basements of buildings - through a hatch in the wall.
  • 2.18 Doors and gates from the heat point should be opened from the room or building of the heat point away from you.
  • 2.19 It is recommended to use heat point equipment in block design, for which it is necessary:
    • accept water heaters, pumps and other equipment in prefabricated units;
    • accept enlarged mounting blocks of pipelines;
    • to consolidate technologically interconnected equipment into transportable units with pipelines, fittings, instrumentation, electrical equipment and thermal insulation.
  • 2.20 Minimum distances in the light from building structures to pipelines, equipment, fittings, between the surfaces of heat-insulating structures of adjacent pipelines, as well as the width of the passages between building structures and equipment (in the light) should be taken according to adj. one.
  • 2.21 The height of the premises from the mark of the finished floor to the bottom of the protruding floor structures (in the light) is recommended to be taken at least, m:
    • for ground central heating stations - 4.2;
    • for underground - 3.6;
    • for ITP - 2.2.
    ITP design
    Requirements for heat points in accordance with SP 41-101-95

    At placement of ITP in the basement and basement rooms, as well as in the technical undergrounds of buildings, it is allowed to take the height of the rooms and free passages to them at least 1.8 m.

  • 2.22 In the central heating point, an installation (repair) site should be provided.
    The dimensions of the installation site in the plan should be determined by the dimensions of the largest piece of equipment (except for tanks with a capacity of more than 3 m3) or a block of equipment and pipelines supplied for installation in assembled, with a passage around it of at least 0.7 m.
    For production minor repairs equipment, appliances and fittings, a place for installing a workbench should be provided.
  • 2.23 Condensate tanks and storage tanks with a capacity of more than 3 m3 should be installed outside the premises of heat points in open areas. At the same time, it should provide thermal insulation tanks, the installation of water seals built directly into the tank, as well as the installation of fences with a height of at least 1.6 m at a distance of not more than 1.5 m from the surface of the tanks, preventing unauthorized persons from accessing the tanks.
  • 2.24 For the installation of equipment, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the doors, in ground heating points, installation openings or gates in the walls should be provided. At the same time, the dimensions of the mounting opening and the gate must be 0.2 m larger than the dimensions of the largest equipment or pipeline block.
  • 2.25 Provide openings for natural light heat points are not required.
  • 2.26 Inventory lifting and transport devices should be provided for moving equipment and fittings or integral parts of equipment blocks.
      Stationary lifting and transport devices should be provided for:
    • with a mass of transported cargo from 150 kg to 1 t - monorails with manual hoists and crampons or manual single-beam overhead cranes;
    • the same, more than 1 to 2 t - single-girder manual overhead cranes;
    • the same, more than 2 tons - single-girder electric overhead cranes.

    It is allowed to provide for the possibility of using mobile small-sized lifting Vehicle provided that the entry and movement of vehicles through the heating point is ensured.
    Means of mechanization can be specified by the design organization when developing a project for specific conditions.

  • 2.27 For water runoff, floors should be designed with a slope of 0.01 towards the drain or catchment pit. Minimum dimensions the catchment pit should, as a rule, be at least 0.5 x 0.5 m in plan and at least 0.8 m deep. The pit should be covered with a removable grate.
  • 2.28 In the premises of heat points, it is necessary to provide for the finishing of fences with durable, moisture-resistant materials that allow easy cleaning, you need to do the following:
    • plastering of the ground part of brick walls;
    • grout cement mortar recessed part of concrete walls;
    • jointing of panel walls;
    • whitewashing of ceilings;
    • concrete or tile flooring floors.
    • The walls of heating points are covered with tiles or painted to a height of 1.5 m from the floor with oil or other waterproof paint, above 1.5 m from the floor - with adhesive or other similar paint.
  • 2.29 In heating points, open laying of pipes should be provided. It is allowed to lay pipes in channels, the top of the overlap of which is combined with the level of the finished floor, if these channels do not allow explosive or combustible gases and liquids to enter the heating point.
    • Channels must have removable covers with a unit weight of not more than 30 kg.
    • The bottom of the channels should have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.02 towards the catchment pit.
  • 2.30 For maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the floor, mobile or portable structures (platforms) should be provided. In cases where it is impossible to create passages for mobile platforms, as well as for servicing equipment and fittings located at a height of 2.5 m or more, it is necessary to provide stationary platforms 0.6 m wide with fences and permanent stairs. The distance from the level of the stationary platform to the ceiling must be at least 1.8 m.
  • 2.31 In the premises of heat points it is allowed to place equipment for the systems of domestic drinking and fire-fighting water supply of the building, including pumping units, and in the premises of attached and built-in heat points - also equipment for supply air ventilation systems serving industrial premises categories C, D, D in terms of explosion and fire hazard and administrative and amenity premises.
According to SNiP 23-03-2003 "PROTECTION FROM NOISE":
  • 11.6 To prevent the penetration of increased noise from engineering equipment in other areas of the building:
    • ... to use in ITP floors on an elastic basis (floating floors);
    • apply enclosing structures of rooms with noisy equipment with the required sound insulation.
  • 11.7 Floors on an elastic foundation (floating floors) should be made over the entire area of ​​the room in the form reinforced concrete slab not less than 60 - 80 mm thick. As an elastic layer, it is recommended to use fiberglass or mineral wool boards or mats with a density of 50 - 100 kg/m3. With a material density of 50 kg / m3, the total load (weight of the plate and unit) should not exceed 10 kPa, with a density of 100 kg / m3 - 20 kPa;
  • 9.13 The floor on the soundproof layer (pads) should not have rigid connections (sound bridges) with the bearing part of the ceiling, walls and other building structures, i.e. must be floating. Wooden floor or floating concrete base floors (screed) must be separated along the contour from the walls and other structures of the building by gaps 1–2 cm wide, filled soundproof material or an article, such as a soft fiber board, foam polyethylene moldings, and the like;

Heating and water supply of infrastructure, residential and industrial facilities is provided complex system engineering communications. It consists of generating enterprises, central and individual heating points (CHP and ITP), as well as consumers. ITP ventilation provides standard parameters for temperature and air exchange rate. This is especially important when an individual heating point is located in a serviced building, and not a separate building.

ITP - a room isolated from the main areas of the object in question. It contains connecting elements of thermal power plants, which assemble the "boiler-consumer" system into one whole. Also, the controls for operating modes and nodes for distributing the heat carrier to consumers. individual item designed to serve one building or part of it. More often located in the basement of the house, less often as an extension.

Composition of a standard substation:

  1. Hot water and cold water system. Provides hot/cold water supply to the consumer.
  2. Heating. Provides standard temperature parameters.
  3. Ventilation. cold heating system supply air. including recycling.

The typical scheme of ITP operation depends on technical parameters consumer and producer. The most common is a separate DHW system, an independent heating and ventilation system.

Each element connecting system power plants emit a certain amount of heat. It must be removed in order not to go beyond the maximum permissible values ​​for this type of premises and to ensure an acceptable air exchange rate.

Ventilation

The calculation of air exchange in individual heat points is carried out in accordance with the regulatory data and requirements specified in: SP 41-101-95 "Design of heat points"; SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" and GOST 30494-96 "Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters.

Initial data

The design of ITP air exchange systems begins with an analysis provided by the customer or from an additional calculation.

  • Thermal emissions from equipment. This is the most important parameter, since the power, type and performance of the ventilation system depends on it. Most often, heat dissipation data is provided by equipment manufacturers. You can also perform additional calculations.
  • Type of fuel. It is relevant when the power supply is not carried out from the central heating system.
  • Geometric characteristics of the room.
  • climate zone.

Norms and rules

Individual heating points can be part of the building or located separately. In both cases, ventilation is calculated the same way. The supply and exhaust system with natural impulse is mainly used.

Heating points with a capacity of less than 0.7 MW can be designed without a natural supply and exhaust ventilation system. This rule applies to free-standing or built-in premises equipped with mesh or steel wire fencing.


The ventilation power is determined by the maximum total heat release from the equipment. The air exchange rate is taken equal to 1-3 times per hour, it depends on the area, the height of the ceilings.

It is important to choose the right design temperature air: winter for working area it is + 28 ° С; in summer - no higher than 5 ° C from the outside air.

When the IHS is part of the building, then the heat flows from the considered room to the adjacent ones are checked. If the air temperature in adjacent rooms rises, then measures are taken to additionally insulate the separating partitions. Standard way thermal insulation consists in pasting the walls with foam plastic, followed by plastering.

Often, designers resort to such tricks: if there is a general house mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation, then changes are made to the project by making a tie-in existing system forced ventilation in ITP. This improves the quality of ventilation.

Summing up

Design flaws and errors can cause rapid wear of system components and the development of corrosion. For example, two residential buildings are considered, with the same schemes of individual heating points. In the first, hot water is prepared, in the second - no. ITP without hot water preparation can function normally without ventilation. If you do not design ventilation for the first option, then constant condensate and high humidity quickly destroy the equipment.

It is desirable to equip heat supply points with a simple supply and exhaust ventilation with a natural impulse, this will extend the life of building envelopes and equipment.


The Mega.ru company provides services for the calculation, selection and control over the implementation of ventilation systems. Highly qualified specialists are ready to answer all questions. Our phone numbers are listed on the page. We work in Moscow and neighboring regions, we have a positive experience of remote cooperation.

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