GOST 8736 is a standard that is supported and defined in most CIS countries. This standard is applicable only to material of natural, natural origin and one that is obtained as a result of sand screening during grinding of solid, rocks.

In the latter case, the true density is in the range of 2.0-2.8 g/cm. The purpose is to be used as a filler for heavy, light and other types of concrete. Used as a filler highways, construction of structures.

Links to Sand Standards

As part of the decision some references to other GOSTs are used:

• GOST number 8267 93 - it contains standards for dense rocks of mountains and work with crushed stone, gravel obtained in this way. whitepaper;
• GOST number 8269.0 97 - Crushed stone, which is obtained when working with hard rocks and secondary raw materials obtained from construction. Test calculations;
• GOST number 8735 88 - the use of sand in production, methods of its testing;
• GOST number 30108 94 - the document defines the conditions for the specific type of radionuclides.

Definitions

Sand happens several types, for a qualitative understanding of the essence of the issue, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the main differences:

• natural sand. A material that has a free-flowing state, while it is inorganic. Grains reach a size of 5 mm. Sand is obtained as a result of the natural crushing of rocks. It is obtained by mining from sandy deposits or mixed with gravel;

• special enrichment equipment may be used;
• crushed. The grain size does not differ and is less than 5 mm. It is made by a person using special equipment of a crushing and grinding type. Obtained as a result of crushing rocks;

• fractional. This is homogeneous sand, which was previously divided into 2 or more fractions. For this, special screening equipment is used;

• screenings from crushing. Product of inorganic origin, grain size up to 5 mm. Obtained by sifting the destroyed rocks of the mountains. It is a secondary product in the production of crushed stone and some types of metals. Also obtained from some non-metallic minerals.

Technical requirements

Production is carried out in accordance with the standards of technical documentation, which are agreed with the enterprise and the norms of technical legislation.

Sand is divided into 2 classes depending on the quality of the material. The main indicators for dividing into categories are: the grain of the material and the amount of impurities of dust and clay.

Grain composition is divided into 2 categories:

1. I class - high quality material , the fraction ranges from large to small;
2. II class - sand, which are somewhat the worst quality, but it has a greater variety of fractions, down to the smallest. In this case, the thickness of the grain is also determined, the class includes thin and very thin.

Size modulus

The document regulates the difference in sand by size modulus (Mk), also regulates the residual amounts of residues after filtering, it can take the following indicators:

Prior agreement with the manufacturer may indicate that in class II sand, deviations from the normative data are permissible but within 5%.

The document also determines the number of large grains and small, dusty ones. So, to meet the standard you need:

Specifications

The document strictly regulates the partial proportion of dusty pieces in the sand. Also determined percentage clay.

Strength grade

Deviation in fine-grained material of the second class is allowed, but by prior agreement with the manufacturer and within 7%. sand has a dependence, especially for the screening type, on the resistance of the material.

The rocks of the metamorphic type are significantly different from the igneous ones. The minimum tensile strength for such types is 60 MPa, and for sedimentary types more than 40 MPa.

Regulatory characteristics are presented in the table:

With prior agreement of both parties to the contract, it is possible that the sand GOST 8736 will have differences (screening out when breaking) strength. Instead of a minimum threshold of 40 MPa, a decrease in this indicator is allowed, but still not lower than 20 MPa.

Sand, which is intended for filling, in addition to other characteristics, must be resistant to chemical reaction on alkali. This is influenced by the composition of the screening sand.

Sand is also a necessary indicator, which allows you to evaluate the penetrating ability of the material.

The higher the value, the more quality characteristics possesses. The lowest throughput brings the value closer to 0. A low indicator indicates a clay component, which may narrow the scope of sand use.

Sand resistance is determined by mineral composition taking into account substances that harm the quality of the material.

In position A sand GOST 8736 there are indications of the types and possible components, impurities that are considered harmful. and true density, filtration coefficient, grain components - sand made taking into account GOST 8736 93, must be contained individually by the manufacturer and indicated in the documents.

Natural quarry or mountain

Sand and from screenings, which has a grain size above 2.8 g / cm3 or contains rocks, impurities with a negative impact may have a limited number of applications.

When there are any deviations from the standards, then such sand has a narrow focus on undemanding areas of production. This is preliminarily regulated with specialized research centers.

Coarse-grained for construction work

Building sand that passed GOST 8736 93 is allowed to mix with each other natural type and cutoff. The mass fraction of the second type is not more than 20%.

The manufacturer must provide the buyer full information on geological exploration, where it is indicated: the petrographic and mineral structure of the rock, the amount and type of organic matter, grain compaction, voidness.

medium-grained river

River natural sand should have a reference color even when the material is treated with sodium. Radiation-hygienic assessment is carried out in special laboratories, where the level of natural radionuclides is determined.

Based on the estimated data, it is concluded about the scope of use sand:

• content less than 370 Bq / kg - the material is applicable for the construction of new buildings;
• the amount from 370 to 740 Bq/kg allows the use of sand as filling for roads that are within populated areas. Also allowed for use in the construction of enterprises;
• if the assessment showed 740-1500 Bq / kg - this is the least valuable type, It is used only for laying roads outside cities.

Sand GOST 8736 93 is cleaned of debris, if possible, otherwise it is excluded from production.

For more information about the use of sand, see the video:

Rules for the acceptance of quartz, river and alluvial sand

River, alluvial sand and screenings during crushing must be evaluated before being sent to the consumer and additional samples are taken upon delivery of the cargo. For this, special tests are made, the technical control service is responsible for the reception.

To maintain quality, acceptance control is carried out, as well as periodic tests and verification of the condition of the rocks. Control is carried out within the enterprise once a day.

This is how samples are taken from each production line, then it is stated whether the sand is suitable for construction or whether it is suitable or there are any deviations from the norm.

When conducting control comes to light:

• grain composition;
• the presence of clay and its quantity in pieces;
• the amount of dusty residues and clay components;
• absence of third-party impurities and debris.

Periodic control is carried out in order to determine changes in rocks over a certain period of time:

• once every 3 months - the density of the embankment is determined, if necessary, testing is possible certain conditions humidity. The presence of harmful, organic additives and their quantity are revealed;
• once a year or with a changing composition of the rock, it is necessary to check the density of the grains, the amount of minerals contained, mostly harmful. The strength grade and effectiveness of radionuclides are determined.

Radionuclide studies cannot be performed within the enterprise, so samples are taken to specialized research institutions. They must be accredited by the regulatory authorities.

During the construction works it is necessary to carry out various calculations associated with the expense various materials. Going by, get acquainted with how many bags of cement in 1 m3.

Plasterboard surface sheathing is the most common type of rough finish today. about how to glue drywall.

Currently, many people use foam plastic, which is a type of foam plastic, to insulate their structure. all information about applying plaster on penoplex.

If geological analysis data are not available, then an assessment of radioactivity can be made immediately after mining. An expressive variant is used, based on the alluvium map. Preparation for samples for examination is carried out on the basis of GOST 8735.

The material is sold in batches, so the acceptance and delivery is made for all the material included in the batch.

In the case of rail or sea delivery, a consignment is a simultaneous quantity of directed cargo. When delivering, all material brought per day is taken into account.

Why do we need a passport for sand GOST 8736 93

The consumer may require passport for sand GOST 8736 93 issued to the enterprise and technical documentation for the batch. To obtain information about the quality of the goods, samples should be taken, their number depends on the order:

• for batches up to 350 m3, the number of samples is 10;
• orders with a volume of 350 - 700 m3 can be subjected to 15 samples;
• above 700 m3 samples should be taken from 20 different locations.

The price per m3 of sand GOST 8736 93 is approximately 500 rubles, but the cost varies greatly in accordance with the quality of the product, the remoteness of the quarry and the allowance of the manufacturer, intermediary. So river sand GOST 8736 93 is somewhat more expensive than screening after crushing.

Also sand coarse-grained is slightly cheaper, than a fine fraction and not every manufacturer shares a fraction.

Transport and storage

Sand can be transported in trains and ships, and does not need to be coated. In cars, transportation is carried out according to the approved standards of the enterprise itself.

The main condition for the storage of sand is the presence of a warehouse with sufficient level hygiene, so that the sand is not contaminated.

Most of the transportation rules are standardized in the relevant requirements for railway transport and traffic rules.

AT winter period time must be stored in a place that will prevent the material from freezing. The room is rarely heated due to large, so the material is sometimes shoveled or processed with solutions that do not spoil the quality of the sand.

Conclusion

Sand natural, alluvial, construction or screenings from rocks GOST 8736 93 regulates compliance with technical standards for use in construction. The main points of the ruling are technical standards and product quality control.

Sand- a loose mixture of grains of various minerals (quartz, feldspar, mica, etc.) with sizes of 0.14 - 5 mm, formed as a result of weathering of rocks.
Sands distinguished by deposit and mineralogical composition. Depending on the place of occurrence, mountain, river, sea, dune, dune sands as well as career.
By mineralogical composition sands subdivided into quartz, feldspar, limestone and dolomite.
From the quality of applied sands depends on the strength of many building materials obtained on the basis of cement. For their manufacture, enriched sands, i.e. washed, sorted both by grain size and mineralogical composition. Sand used as a ferrous supplement on cement plants, production of heavy, light, fine-grained, cellular and silicate concretes, in the preparation mortars, dry mixes, for the device of the bases and coverings of highways, airfields, at full cycle construction and many other types of construction work.

river sand

river sand is mined from the bottom of the rivers in a hydromechanized way. It is a universal building material, as it practically does not contain stones and clay particles. river sand usually has a grain size modulus of 1.6 to 1.8 mm.
river sand Widely used in the following construction fields:
- in concrete production,
- in housing and road construction- for laying roads and preparing asphalt concrete mixtures,
- for decorative purposes,
- in the glass industry.
river sand suitable for all types of construction work, but since its cost is relatively more expensive than the cost quarry sand, the latter is usually often used instead of river sand.

Quarry sand

Quarry sand mined in open pit mines. It is formed during the destruction of hard rocks and has a grain size modulus from 0.15 to 4.5 mm.
Quarry sand It has a low cost compared to other types of sand due to the content of clay and dust particles in it, and therefore, it is widely used in zero-cycle works, road and housing construction, as well as in many other types of construction work.

Natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings with true grain density from 2.0 to 2.8 g/cm 3 , intended for use as a filler for heavy, light, fine-grained, cellular and silicate concretes, mortars, preparation of dry mixes, for the construction of bases and coatings, roads and airfields, are manufactured in accordance with GOST 8736-93. GOST 8736-93 does not apply to graded and crushed sands.

Depending on the grain composition sand subdivided into groups according to size:

I class - very coarse (sand from crushing screenings), increased size, large, medium and small;

II class - very coarse (sand from screenings of crushing), increased size, large, medium, small, very small, thin and very thin.

Table 1. Size modulus values ​​for each group of sand (GOST 8736-93)

Each group of sand is characterized by the value of the fineness modulus indicated in table 1.

Table 2. Total residue on a sieve with mesh No. 063 for each group of sand (GOST 8736-93)

Note.

By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer in class II sand, the deviation of the total residue on sieve No. 063 from the above is allowed, but not more than ± 5%.

The total sand residue on the sieve with mesh No. 063 must correspond to the values ​​\u200b\u200bspecified in table 2.

Table 3. Grain size for each group of sand (in percent by weight, no more) (GOST 8736-93)

Class and group of sand	Grain size content
	St. 10 mm	St. 5 mm	less than 0.16 mm
I class
II class
Very large and oversized
Large and medium
Small and very small
Slim and very thin	Not allowed		Not standardized

Specifications Table 4. The content of dust and clay particles in the sand (in percent by weight, not more) (GOST 8736-93)

Class and group of sand	The content of dust and clay particles		Clay content in lumps
	in natural sand	in sand from crushing screenings	in natural sand	in sand from crushing screenings
I class
Very large
Extra large, large and medium
II class
Very large
Extra large, large and medium
Small and very small
Slim and very thin		Not standardized

Sands from crushing screenings, depending on the strength of the rock and gravel, they are divided into grades. Igneous and metamorphic rocks must have a compressive strength of at least 60 MPa, sedimentary rocks - at least 40 MPa.

Sand grade from crushing screenings, the strength should correspond to that specified in Table 5.

Table 5. Brand of sand from crushing screenings by strength (GOST 8736-93)

Strength grade from crushing screenings	Ultimate compressive strength of rock in water-saturated state, MPa, not less than	Gravel crushability in the cylinder

Note.

It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, the supply class II sand from sedimentary rocks with a compressive strength of less than 40 MPa, but not less than 20 MPa.

Sand intended for use as aggregate for concrete, must be resistant to the chemical attack of cement alkalis.

Sand durability determined by the mineralogical and petrographic composition and the content of harmful components and impurities.

Sand from rock crushing screenings, having a true grain density of more than 2.8 g / cm 3 or containing grains of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components in an amount exceeding their permissible content, or containing several different harmful components, is produced for specific types of construction work on technical documents developed in accordance with the established procedure and coordinated with laboratories specialized in the field of corrosion.

It is allowed to supply a mixture natural sand and sand from screenings crushing when the content of the latter is not less than 20% by weight, while the quality of the mixture must meet the requirements of this standard for sand quality from screenings of crushing,

natural sand when treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide (colorimetric test for organic impurities according to GOST 8735), it should not give the solution a color corresponding to or darker than the color of the standard.

Sand a radiation-hygienic assessment should be given, the results of which determine the scope of its application. Sand depending on the values ​​of the specific effective activity natural radionuclides And the EFF is used:

at A EFF up to 370 B K / kg - in newly built residential and public buildings;

at A EFF St. 370 to 740 BK/kg - for road construction within the territory settlements and zones of promising development, as well as during the construction industrial buildings and structures;

at A EFF St. 740 to 2800 BK/kg - in road construction outside settlements.

Sand must not contain foreign contaminants.

The manufacturer is obliged to accompany each batch of supplied sand with a document on its quality in the established form, which must indicate:

name of the manufacturer and his address;

number and date of issue of the document;

batch number and amount of sand;

wagon numbers and vessel number, invoice numbers;

class, particle size module, total residue on sieve No. 063;

specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in sand;

designation of this standard.

Permissible content of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components and impurities in the sand used as a filler for concretes and mortars, should not exceed the following values:

amorphous varieties of silicon dioxide, soluble in alkalis (chalcedony, opal, flint, etc.) - no more than 50 mmol / l;

sulfur, sulfides, except for pyrite (marcasite, pyrrhotite, etc.) and sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.), in terms of SO 3 - no more than 1.0%; pyrite in terms of SO 3 - no more than 4% by weight;

mica - no more than 2% by weight;

halide compounds (halite, sylvin, etc.), including water-soluble chlorides, in terms of chloride ion - not more than 0.15% by weight;

coal - no more than 1% by weight.

According to the materials of the site: http://www.baurum.ru/

Looking at a pile of sand brought to the site, two builders will behave differently.

The newcomer will cast an indifferent glance at her and take up the shovel.

An experienced builder will first pick up a handful of sand, look at it carefully and rub it in his palms. After that, he will issue a verdict: it is suitable for concrete, but it will not work for plaster and masonry.

What is the secret building sand requiring such careful evaluation? We will analyze this issue in more detail.

Physical and mechanical characteristics

Volume weight

It shows the mass of 1 m3 of sand in its natural state (wet, with all impurities). Average volume weight this material is from 1500 to 1800 kg.

The composition of building sand is evaluated according to the following parameters:

1. Granulometric;
2. Mineral;
3. Chemical.

Granulometric shows the percentage of grains of different sizes. To determine it, the sand is sieved through calibrated sieves (from 0.16 mm to 10 mm).

A sieve with a hole size of 5 and 10 mm reveals gravel granules. GOST allows the presence of grains 1 cm in size. At the same time, their number should be no more than 0.5% of the total mass of sand.

Granules larger than 5 mm are normalized in this way:

1. The maximum content is up to 10% in natural;
2. up to 15% in crushed;
3. up to 5% in enriched sand.

Mineral composition

Chemical composition

He plays important role to determine the suitability of bulk material in various areas of construction. Red, yellow, and orange shades indicate the presence of oxidized metals. Green and blue colors characteristic of river sand, which contains aluminum salts.

Types of building sand

The classical definition says that sand is a mixture of mineral particles (quartz, mica, limestone) formed as a result of natural or artificial destruction of rocks.

"On the shelves" the most important properties sand lays out GOST 8736-93. According to this standard, sand is divided into two classes:

• I class - very large, then comes sand of increased size, large, medium and fine;
• Class II - very large, oversized, large, medium, small, very small, thin and very thin.

The main difference between these classes is that lower quality sand (second class) includes three additional fractions. Fine dusty particles are an undesirable component of mortars. They impair the bond between the large sand granules that the cement binds.

In real production there is no such fine gradation.

Here, the extracted sand is conditionally divided into three fractions:

• 0.5-1 mm - small;
• 1.5-2 mm - medium;
• 2.5-3.5 mm - large.

Sands with a fineness modulus of 2-2.5 mm are used for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Bulk material with a size of 1.5-2 mm is used for the manufacture of bricks. The finest sand is used for the preparation of dry building mixtures.

Having taken into account the GOST classification, let's move on to the practical aspects of the origin and use of building sand.

According to the type of production, they distinguish:

• Career;
• River;
• Nautical;
• Quartz (artificial) sand.

Career

The name clearly indicates the origin of the sand. Clay and stones are found in it, so quarry material is used to a limited extent: for planning the site, adding under concrete screeds or foundations.

To improve the properties, quarry sand is washed with water right at the place of extraction, freeing it from dust particles and clay. This is how alluvial (washed) sand is obtained. It is suitable for plastering and masonry mortars. In addition, sieving can be used to remove clay.

Important practical conclusion: if you are offered to buy quarry (ravine) sand, do not forget to clarify whether it has been cleaned (washed, screened) or not.

Areas of application for washed (sifted) quarry sand:

• cement screed, masonry and plaster mortars;
• Finishing work;
• brick production;
• foundation device;
• concrete preparation.

river sand

This building material is mined by a dredger from the bottom of the river. River sand contains no clay particles and very few stones. This allows you to use it without restrictions for concrete work.

It is very valuable that river sand of medium size (1.8-2.2 mm) practically does not shrink. Therefore, it is optimally suited for masonry and plastering.

Quarry sand is more difficult to use in this capacity. In the solution, it sits on the bottom and has to be periodically mixed.

Areas of application for river sand:

• concrete production;
• brick production;
• masonry work and cement screed;
• preparation of asphalt concrete;
• drainage device;
• filler for paints and grouts.

Sea sand is similar in properties to river sand. It is also highly valued in the construction industry for its high purity and uniform particle size distribution.

Quartz sand

This material is obtained as a result of mechanical crushing of quartz-containing rocks. It is homogeneous in structure, chemically inert and pure.

The main field of application of this type of sand is the building materials industry. He goes to dry building mixtures, silicate brick, blocks and concrete, used for the preparation of grinding compounds. landscape design, expensive interior and facade plasters also not without quartz sand.

It is impossible to unequivocally answer the question which sand is better, since each material is designed for certain types of work.

Nevertheless, the main conclusions are already clear:

• for brick and large-block masonry, it is better to take river sand. If you mix it with a small amount of unwashed quarry sand, the solution will become more plastic (due to clay particles);
• coarse or medium river sand is better suited for concrete (you can add a little fine washed quarry sand to it);
• for plaster better fit washed quarry sand with a small addition of river sand or without it.

Estimated prices

Obviously, the cost of sand is the higher, the more manipulations had to be done with it during extraction and cleaning.

The cheapest is quarry unwashed and not seeded. Its price per cube is from 300 to 400 rubles. Quarry sand cleaned with water or sifted for construction work will cost from 550 to 700 rubles per 1 m3 with delivery.

River sand is significantly more expensive than quarry sand. Its price starts from 750 rubles and ends at 950 rubles/m3.

Fractionated quartz sand dearest. When buying from 10 tons (1 KAMAZ), its price with delivery is from 4,500 rubles per cubic meter.

Sand of medium size, depending on the method of extraction, is natural, crushed and fractionated, and according to the method of extraction: quarry, alluvial and sea, its fineness determines the size of the grains of sand. For medium sand, this is 2.0 - 2.5 mm.

In accordance with Interstate standard GOST 8736-2014 “Sand for construction work. Specifications”, the category of “medium size” includes sand, with a size modulus (MK) ranging from 2.0 to 2.5 units.

Medium sand is class I and II, as a percentage of the content of grains of various sizes, to the value of the main size of the party. For various classes, it looks like this:

When separating by fineness, sifting is performed, during which the total residue is determined, characterized by the filtration coefficient. For medium sand, the total residue, when screened on a No. 063 sieve, should be between 30.0 and 40.0%.

The composition of sand is regulated by the content of clay, dust and clay particles. For different classes, this ratio, in percentage terms, should correspond to the following parameters:

Material characteristics

All the main characteristics of sand are regulated by GOST and are given above, these are:

• Size module.
• grain composition.
• The content of clay, dust and clay particles.

In addition to the characteristics regulated by GOST, important indicators of properties are:

• Density, measured in kg per m3, depends on:

• the degree of compaction, characterized by the method of extraction and storage;
• humidity, which varies depending on the method of extraction and storage conditions;

• porosity and structure of the material;
• the presence of impurities.

The density is 1300 - 1800 kg/m3.

• Specific gravity characterizes the amount of material in dry form per unit volume, and is also measured in kg per m3.

The specific gravity is 2.55 - 2.65 kg/m3.

• Volumetric weight, characterizes the material in its natural state and differs from indicators specific gravity. Depends on:

• specific gravity of a particular batch of material;
• the presence and number of voids in the batch of material;
• humidity in each individual batch of material.

The volumetric weight is 1.5 - 1.8 kg/m3.

• Bulk density - characterizes the parameters of sand in a bulk state and is measured in kg per m3.

Bulk density - 1500 - 1700 kg / m3.

• Porosity coefficient - subdivides sand according to the degree of porosity into: dense, medium density and loose, which correspond to the following values:

• Dense - K, less than 0.55;
• Medium density - K, is in the range from 0.55 to 0.65;
• Loose - K, more than 0.65.

• Deformation modulus - characterizes the ability of sand to compress under the influence of external loads. This indicator depends on the porosity of the material and corresponds to the following parameters:

• Modulus of elasticity - characterizes the strength and ability to restore the previous volume, after the application of an external load and its removal.

Modulus of elasticity - 120 MPa.

• The compaction coefficient is an important indicator in the performance of construction and installation works.

The compaction factor is 0.95 - 0.98.

• Specific adhesion - characterizes the strength to move under the influence external force, measured in Newtons per m2. The specific cohesion of medium sand depends on its porosity and corresponds to the following parameters:

Mining methods

Under natural conditions, the most common sand is of medium size without significant inclusions of clay and other impurities.

There are several methods of extraction, these are:

• Open way.

With this method, mining is carried out in quarries located above sea level, in areas with deep occurrence ground water. To perform the work, heavy equipment is used (excavators, bulldozers, dump trucks, etc.), as well as special equipment, through which the extracted raw materials are cleaned and divided into fractions and classes.

• Underwater way.

When organizing production from the bottom of water bodies (seas, lakes, rivers and other large water bodies), special means, dredgers (dredge pumps), which are installed on watercraft or pontoons, where they are fixed in certain point water object. During operation, the soil (sand) is sucked in with water, after which it is crushed and fed to storage sites. The water pumped along with the raw material flows into the reservoir.

In addition to the two main methods, depending on technical capabilities mining companies, and natural conditions, a method can be applied when sand is washed in an open pit with special equipment, or the pit is filled with water, after which mining is carried out underwater.

At open method extraction, depending on the equipment used, the following types of sand are obtained:

• Seeded - when the production process is divided by grain size (separation into fractions):
• Alluvial - the most pure material, which is due to several degrees of flushing in the production process.
• Ground - obtained by direct shipment of the material, without processing. The most "dirty" material, the presence of various impurities, can reach 40.0% of the total volume of the extracted rock.

Control, rules of acceptance and shipment

Every sand mining operation must carry out acceptance inspections and periodic tests.

When conducting acceptance control the values ​​of the main characteristics and their compliance with the values ​​obtained as a result of the check are determined: grain composition, content of various impurities.

When conducting periodic tests, the bulk density and the presence of organic impurities are determined (once a quarter), and additionally, the density of grains and the effectiveness of radionuclides - once a year.

The check is performed for each specific batch of shipped material: train, cargo barge, etc. GOST requirements regulate the number of samples to be taken, in accordance with the volume of the shipped batch: up to 350 m3 - 10 samples, 350 - 700 m3 - 15 samples and more than 700 m3 - 20 samples.

The amount of shipped sand is measured by its volume and mass. When determining the volume, the volume of the body, hold or wagon is calculated vehicle, to determine the mass - use special scales, when shipped by road and rail, and according to the ship's draft - when shipped by water delivery vehicles.

Upon shipment, the organization selling the goods is obliged to provide documents indicating the manufacturer, the characteristics of the shipped product, the batch number and the quantity of the shipped products. If the product is certified, then a certificate of conformity of the established form is attached.

Transport and storage

Transportation is carried out by all modes of transport: road, rail and water, in accordance with the Rules of Transportation for these modes of transport. Sand of various fractions is transported separately.

Storage of different fractions is also carried out separately, if necessary, storage is carried out in special rooms or containers to prevent contamination and strong wetting of the material.

Use in industries

Depending on the method of extraction and the type of material obtained, its use also differs.

Ground sand is used for backfilling roads and other transport routes. AT agriculture it is used for drainage and soil improvement.

Clean, seeded sand, used in various scope construction, namely sand of medium size - is the main aggregate in the manufacture of concrete of all grades and reinforced concrete products. In addition, this fraction is used in the manufacture of masonry and plaster mixes, foundation device for various purposes and construction of concrete pavements.

GOST 8736-93

INTERSTATE STANDARD

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS

TECHNICAL CONDITIONS

INTERSTATE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMISSION
FOR STANDARDIZATION AND TECHNICAL REGULATION
IN CONSTRUCTION (MNTKS)
Moscow

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Institute VNIPIIstromsyre with the participation of SoyuzDorNII, NIIZHB, TsNIIOMTP of the Russian Federation

INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Construction of Russia

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization and Technical Regulation in Construction (MNTKS) on November 10, 1993

State name
The Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Armenia	State Architecture of the Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus	Gosstroy of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Ministry of Construction of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	Gosstroy of the Kyrgyz Republic
The Republic of Moldova	Ministry of Architecture of the Republic of Moldova
The Russian Federation	Gosstroy of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan
The Republic of Uzbekistan

Amendment No. 1 was adopted by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (MNTKS) on December 10, 1997.

State name	Body name government controlled construction
The Republic of Azerbaijan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Agency for Construction and Architectural and Urban Planning Control of the Ministry of Economy and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	Ministry of Architecture of the Kyrgyz Republic
The Russian Federation	Gosstroy of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Tajikistan

Amendment No. 2 was adopted by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (MNTKS) on May 17, 2000.

State name	Name of the public administration body for construction
The Republic of Azerbaijan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Armenia	Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus	Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Kazakhstan	Construction Committee of the Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	State Committee under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic for Architecture and Construction
The Republic of Moldova	Ministry environment and improvement of the territories of the Republic of Moldova
The Russian Federation	Gosstroy of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Gosstroy of the Republic of Tajikistan
The Republic of Uzbekistan	Goskomarchitektstroy of the Republic of Uzbekistan

3 ENTERED INTO FORCE July 1, 1995 as state standard of the Russian Federation by the Decree of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated November 28, 1994 No. 18-29

4 INSTEAD OF GOST 8736-85, GOST 26193-84

5 EDITION (July 2009) with Amendments No. 1, 2, adopted in February 1998, December 2000 (IUS 5-98, 5-2001)

INTERSTATE STANDARD

SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Technicalconditions

Sand for construction works. Specifications

the dateintroductions1995-07-01

1 AREA OF USE

This standard applies to natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings with a true grain density of 2.0 to 2.8 g / cm 3, intended for use as an aggregate for heavy, light, fine-grained, cellular and silicate concretes, mortars, preparation of dry mixes, for the device of the bases and coverings of highways and airfields.

The requirements of this standard do not apply to graded and crushed sands.

The requirements of this standard, set out in clauses, , , , sections and , are mandatory.

2 REGULATORY REFERENCES

This standard makes reference to the following standards.

Total residue on sieve No. 063

Very large

Increased size

Very small

Not standardized

Very thin

Note - By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, in class II sand, the deviation of the total residue on sieve No. 063 from the above is allowed, but not more than ± 5%.

4.3.4 The content of grains fineness St. 10, 5 and less than 0.16 mm should not exceed the values ​​indicated in the table.

Table 3

As a percentage by weight, no more

			Less than 0.15mm
Very large and oversized
Large and medium
Small and very small
Slim and very thin	Not allowed		Not standardized

4.4Characteristics

in natural sand

in sand from crushing screenings

in natural sand

in sand from crushing screenings

Very large

Increased size. large and medium

Very large

Extra large, large and medium

Small and very small

Slim and very thin

Not standardized

* For sands obtained during the enrichment of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and non-metallic minerals of other industries.

Note - In very fine natural sand of class II, in agreement with the consumer, the content of dust and clay particles is allowed up to 7% by weight.

4.4.2 Sands from screenings of crushing, depending on the strength of rock and gravel, are divided into grades. Igneous and metamorphic rocks must have a compressive strength of at least 60 MPa, sedimentary rocks - at least 40 MPa.

The grade of sand from the screenings of crushing should correspond in strength to that indicated in the table.

Table 5

	Ultimate compressive strength of rock in water-saturated state, MPa, not less than	Gravel crushability in the cylinder
Note - It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, the supply of sand II from sedimentary rocks with a compressive strength of less than 40 MPa, but not less than 20 MPa.

The resistance of sand is determined by the mineralogical and petrographic composition and the content of harmful components and impurities. The list of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components and impurities, and their maximum allowable content are given in the Appendix.

4.4.4 Sand from screenings of rock crushing, having a true grain density of more than 2.8 g / cm 3 or containing grains of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components in an amount exceeding their permissible content, or containing several different harmful components, is released for specific types of construction works according to technical documents developed in accordance with the established procedure and agreed with laboratories specialized in the field of corrosion.

4.4.5 It is allowed to supply a mixture of natural sand and sand from crushing screenings with the content of the latter not less than 20% by weight, while the amount of the mixture must meet the requirements of this standard for the quality of sands from crushing screenings.

4.4.6 The manufacturer must inform the consumer of the following characteristics established by geological exploration:

Mineralogical and petrographic composition indicating rocks and minerals classified as harmful components and impurities;

Void;

True density of sand grains.

At BUT eff up to 370 Bq/kg - in newly constructed residential and public buildings;

At BUT eff st. 370 to 740 Bq / kg - for road construction within the territory of settlements and zones of promising development, as well as during the construction of industrial buildings and structures;

At BUT eff st. 740 to 1500 Bq/kg - in road construction of the stump of settlements.

If necessary, in the national norms in force on the territory of the state, the value of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides can be changed within the limits indicated above.

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1, 2).

4.4.9 Sand should not contain any foreign contaminants.

5 ACCEPTANCE RULES

5.1 Sand must be accepted by the service technical control manufacturer.

5.2 To check the compliance of the sand quality with the requirements of this standard, acceptance and periodic tests are carried out.

5.3 Acceptance tests at the manufacturer are carried out daily by testing one replacement sample taken in accordance with GOST 8735 from each production line.

During acceptance control, determine:

Grain composition;

Once a quarter - bulk density (bulk density at moisture during shipment is determined as necessary), as well as the presence of organic impurities (humic substances) in natural sand;

Once a year and in each case changes in the properties of the mined rock - the true density of grains, the content of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components and impurities, the strength grade of sand from crushing screenings, the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides.

Periodic monitoring of the indicator of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides is carried out in specialized laboratories accredited in accordance with the established procedure for the right to conduct gamma spectrometric tests or in radiation metric laboratories of supervisory authorities.

In the absence of geological exploration data on the radiation and hygienic assessment of the deposit and the conclusion on the sand class, the manufacturer conducts a radiation and hygienic assessment of the developed rock sections using the express method directly in the face or in the warehouses of finished products (alluvium map) in accordance with the requirements of GOST 30108 .

5.5 Sampling and preparation of sand samples for quality control at the manufacturer is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8735.

5.6 Delivery and acceptance of sand is carried out in batches. A batch is considered to be the amount of material that is simultaneously supplied to one consumer in one train or in one vessel. On shipment by car the batch is the amount of sand shipped to one consumer during the day.

5.7 The consumer, when controlling the quality of sand, must apply the sampling procedure given in -. If the results of the control check on the grain composition and the content of dust and clay particles are unsatisfactory, the batch of sand is not accepted.

Lot sizeNumber of incremental samples

Up to 350 m ............................................... ...................................ten

St. 350 to 700 m .............................................. .........................fifteen

St. 700 m ............................................... ....................................ten

From incremental samples, a combined sample is formed, which characterizes the controlled lot. Averaging, reduction and sample preparation is carried out according to GOST 8735.

5.9 For a control check of the quality of sand shipped by rail, point samples are taken when unloading wagons from the sand stream on belt conveyors used to transport it to the consumer's warehouse. When unloading the wagon, five point samples are taken at regular intervals. The number of wagons is determined taking into account the receipt of the required number of incremental samples in accordance with.

Cars are selected at the direction of the consumer. If the batch consists of one wagon, five point samples are taken during its unloading, from which a combined sample is obtained.

If continuous transport is not used during unloading, point samples are taken directly from the wagons. To do this, the sand surface in the car is leveled and holes 0.2-0.4 m deep are dug at the sampling points. The sampling points should be located in the center and at the four corners of the car, while the distance from the sides of the car to the sampling points should not less than 0.5 m. Samples from the holes are taken with a scoop, moving it from bottom to top along the walls of the hole.

5.10 For a control check of the quality of the sand supplied water transport, incremental samples are taken when unloading ships. In the case of using belt conveyors for unloading, incremental samples are taken at regular intervals from the sand flow on the conveyors. When unloading the ship with clamshell cranes, spot samples are taken with a scoop at regular intervals as they are unloaded directly from the newly formed sand surface in the ship, and not from the holes.

For a control check of sand unloaded from ships and laid on alluvium maps by hydromechanization, point samples are taken in accordance with 2.9 GOST 8735.

In the case of using belt conveyors for sand unloading, point samples are taken from the sand flow on conveyors. When unloading each car, one point sample is taken. The number of cars is determined taking into account the receipt of the required number of incremental samples according to . Cars are chosen at the direction of the consumer.

If the lot consists of less than ten cars, sand samples are taken from each car.

If conveyor transport is not used when unloading cars, point samples are taken directly from cars. To do this, the surface of the sand in the car is leveled, a hole is dug in the center of the body with a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. Sand samples are taken from the hole with a scoop, moving it from bottom to top along the wall of the hole.

5.12 The amount of sand supplied is determined by volume or mass. Sand measurement is carried out in wagons, ships or cars.

Sand shipped in wagons or cars is weighed on truck scales. The mass of sand shipped in ships is determined by the ship's draft.

The amount of sand from units of mass to units of volume is recalculated according to the values ​​of the bulk density of sand, determined at its moisture content during shipment. The supply contract indicates the calculated sand moisture content adopted by agreement of the parties.

5.13 The manufacturer is obliged to accompany each batch of supplied sand with a document on its quality in the established form, which must indicate:

Name of the manufacturer and its address;

Number and date of issue of the document;

Batch number and amount of sand;

Wagon numbers and vessel number, invoice numbers;

Class, particle size module, total residue on sieve No. 063;

Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in sand according to ;

Designation of this standard.

6 CONTROL METHODS

6.1 Sand tests are carried out in accordance with GOST 8735.

6.2 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in sand is determined according to GOST 30108.

7 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

7.1 Sand is transported in open railway wagons and ships, as well as cars in accordance with the rules approved in the established manner for the carriage of goods by the appropriate mode of transport and stored in the warehouse of the manufacturer and consumer in conditions that protect the sand from pollution.

When transporting sand by rail, compliance with the requirements of the Technical Conditions for Loading and Securing Cargoes approved by the Ministry of Railways must also be ensured.

7.2 When shipping and storing sand in winter time the manufacturer must take measures to prevent freezing (shoveling, treatment with special solutions, etc.).

APPENDIX A
(mandatory)
CONTENT OF HARMFUL IMPURITIES

The permissible content of rocks and minerals classified as harmful components and impurities in sand used as aggregate for concrete and mortar should not exceed the following values:

Amorphous varieties of silicon dioxide, soluble in alkalis (chalcedony, opal, flint, etc.) - no more than 50 mmol / l;

Sulfur, sulfides, except for pyrite (marcasite, pyrrhotite, etc.) and sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.) in terms of SO 3 - no more than 1.0%, pyrite in terms of SO 3 - no more than 4% by weight;

Mica - no more than 2% by weight:

Haloid compounds (halite, sylvin, etc.), including water-soluble chlorides, in terms of chlorine ion - no more than 0.15% by weight;

Coal - no more than 1% by weight;

Organic impurities (humic acids) - less than the amount that gives the sodium hydroxide solution (colorimetric sample according to GOST 8267) a color corresponding to the color of the standard or darker than this color. The use of sand that does not meet this requirement is allowed only after obtaining positive results of tests of sand in concrete or mortar for durability characteristics.

The permissible content of zeolite, graphite, oil shale is established on the basis of studies of the effect of sand on the durability of concrete or mortar.

APPENDIX B (Deleted. Amendment No. 2).

Keywords:natural sand, construction works, sand from screenings of crushing, fractionated sand, crushed sands, grain composition