Determination of the throughput capacity of pipelines GRS. How to calculate the throughput of a pipe Diameter and velocity of gas in a gas pipeline
We determine the average speed of gas movement according to the nomogram (Figure 1.1) for the following conditions:
- average gas pressure in the pipeline R Wed = 7.138 MPa;
- inner diameter of the pipe D ext =118.4 cm;
- gas consumption .
According to the nomogram we find 
.
According to STO Gazprom 2-3.5-051-2006, the gas velocity should not exceed 20 m/s, this requirement is met.
Let us determine the daily loss of gas at the equivalent size of the resulting leakage 1 cm 2 . Average gas pressure in the pipeline R Wed =7.137 MPa, average temperature T Wed \u003d 295.19 K the gas velocity in the pipeline is neglected.
The critical pressure ratio for gas (we consider the gas is methane, the adiabatic exponent k = 1,31 )
(1.37)
Available differential pressure 
is greater than the critical one, so the outflow of gas occurs at a speed equal to the local speed of sound in the gas.
Mass second and mass daily flow rates of outflowing gas
where is the exponent of the type of gas
Figure 1.1 - Nomogram for determining the average gas velocity
1.6 Security zones of the main gas pipeline.
To exclude the possibility of damage to pipelines (for any type of their laying), security zones are established. Dimensions security zones and zones of minimum distances of gas pipeline facilities, the procedure for performing any type of work in these zones is determined by STO Gazprom 2-2.1-249, SNiP 2.05.06-85 * and VSN 51-1-80.
The considered gas pipeline belongs to the I-th class, has a conditional diameter of 1400 mm. Minimum distances from the axis of the gas pipeline to some objects are presented in Table 1.6. The minimum distances from the compressor and gas distribution stations of this gas pipeline to the facilities are presented in Table 1.7.
Table 1.6 - Minimum distances from the axis of the gas pipeline to objects
|
Objects, buildings and structures |
Distance, m |
|
Long-distance communication cables and power cables | |
|
Roadside permanent roads dedicated to pipeline maintenance only |
at least |
In the protected zones of pipelines, it is prohibited to perform any kind of actions that could disrupt the normal operation of pipelines or lead to their damage, in particular:
move, fill up and break identification and signal signs, control and measuring points;
open hatches, gates and doors of unattended reinforcement points cable communication, fencing units of linear fittings, cathodic and drainage protection stations, linear and manholes and other linear devices, open and close taps and valves, turn off or turn on communications, power supply and telemechanics of pipelines;
arrange all kinds of dumps, pour out solutions of acids, salts and alkalis;
destroy bank protection structures, culverts, earthen and other structures (devices) that protect pipelines from destruction, and the adjacent territory and the surrounding area - from an emergency spill of transported products;
throw anchors, pass with given anchors, chains, lots, drags and trawls, carry out dredging and dredging works;
start a fire and place any open or closed sources of fire.
Table 1.7 - Minimum distances from the CS and GDS of the gas pipeline to objects
|
Objects, buildings and structures |
Distance, m |
|
Cities and other settlements; individual industrial and agricultural enterprises; detached buildings with a mass congestion of people; railway stations; airports; sea and river ports and piers | |
|
Bridges of railways of the general network and motor roads of categories I and II with a span of more than 20 m | |
|
Railways of the general network (on hauls) and motorways of categories I-III, parallel to which the pipeline is being laid | |
|
Highways IV, V, III-p and IV-p categories | |
|
Detached non-residential and utility buildings; mouths of oil, gas and artesian wells being drilled and operated; car roads IV, V, III-p and IV-p categories, parallel to which the pipeline is laid | |
|
Woodland species: a) conifers b) deciduous |
In the protected zones of pipelines, without the written permission of the pipeline transport enterprises, it is prohibited: to erect any buildings and structures, to build collective gardens with residential buildings, to organize mass sports competitions, competitions with the participation of spectators.
In emergency situations, access to the pipeline and facilities on it is allowed along the route that ensures the delivery of equipment and materials to eliminate accidents, followed by registration and payment of damages to landowners.
An automated calculation of the flow rate in the pipeline with our calculator will be necessary if you decide to install a sewerage, heating or plumbing system with your own hands in a private house. The calculation will help determine the choice of pipe diameter, its length or the number of pipeline turns.
Online calculator for calculating the speed of water and gas in the pipeline
Calculate all parameters of fluid movement in plumbing system, despite its apparent simplicity, is difficult task, since many conflicting factors act simultaneously on the flow of water.
Why do you need a calculation
What are the main uses of water in a building? There are several of them:
- Consumption for sanitary and domestic needs.
- Heating device with water coolant.
- Plumbing fire extinguishing system.
- Wastewater sewerage system.
Each direction has its own characteristics and characteristics according to operating conditions. With insufficient capacity of the pipeline system, a critically sharp decrease in pressure is possible, and the likelihood of getting a weak trickle from a fire hose will ruin anyone's mood.
The flow rate of wastewater through the sewerage system also has special meaning, since the slightest miscalculation in the angle of inclination adversely affects the operation of such a water supply system and its durability. An insufficient angle suggests the possibility of stopping the action, and an excessive one leads to accelerated clogging of the channel.
The influence of various factors on the operation of the water supply network
At first glance, the mechanism is simple - there is a line with a certain diameter and the larger it is, the more liquid will pass through it at a certain pressure.
Of course, these are effective factors affecting the flow of water and the intensity of its movement along water supply network. But this is only the beginning of a long list, since there are other influences besides them:
- Pipe length. As it moves, the fluid experiences reverse direction flow effect from friction against the pipe wall. The magnitude of the resistance is such that it is impossible to neglect it. Of course, on the console through drainer the flow rate depends only on the pressure. But the leaked liquid must be replaced, and speed is insufficient due to resistance.
- The diameter of the internal section of the pipeline has a direct effect on the fluid flow rate. The smaller it is, the stronger the resistance to flow is, since the contact area in relation to the volume of flowing water increases. That is, there is an inversely proportional relationship between these parameters.
- The material from which it is made round pipe also has a significant impact. Inner surface plastic products, made of cross-linked polyethylene, is smoother than that of similar ones made of metal. It offers much less resistance to flow. Moreover, when calculating the velocity of a liquid in a pipeline made of metal, it should be understood that it is valid only for new system. Such systems become clogged very quickly. lime deposits on the inner walls and metal oxidation products. It is impossible to take into account such impacts, since the intensity of their accumulation largely depends on the quality of water. The amount of resistance in new pipe and clogged can increase up to 200 times.
- The speed of fluid movement in a pipeline system largely depends on its complexity. Each turn, each fitting is a loss of speed, and the degree of influence is not limited to statistical error, but reduces cross-country ability many times over.
Given the above, it is obvious that it is reliable to determine the main parameters of the operation of the water supply hydraulic calculation almost impossible. Nevertheless, the calculation of the water velocity in the pipeline is necessary to determine the primary data on its main characteristics and it must be done using a calculator using the online mode.
B.K. Kovalev, Deputy Director for R&D
Recently, more and more often we have to deal with examples when placing orders for industrial gas equipment conducted by managers who do not have sufficient experience and technical knowledge in relation to the subject of procurement. Sometimes the result is not a completely correct application or a fundamentally incorrect selection of ordered equipment. One of the most common mistakes is the choice of nominal sections of the inlet and outlet pipelines of a gas distribution station, oriented only to the nominal values of gas pressure in the pipeline without taking into account the gas flow rate. The purpose of this article is to provide recommendations for determining bandwidth GDS pipelines, which allow, when choosing the standard size of a gas distribution station, to carry out a preliminary assessment of its performance for specific values of operating pressures and nominal diameters of the inlet and outlet pipelines.
When choosing the required standard sizes of GDS equipment, one of the main criteria is performance, which largely depends on the capacity of the inlet and outlet pipelines.
The capacity of pipelines of a gas distribution station is calculated taking into account the requirements normative documents limiting the maximum allowable gas flow rate in the pipeline to 25m/s. In turn, the gas flow rate depends mainly on the pressure of the gas and the cross-sectional area of the pipeline, as well as on the compressibility of the gas and its temperature.
The throughput of the pipeline can be calculated from the classical formula for the velocity of gas in a gas pipeline (Handbook for the design of main gas pipelines, edited by A.K. Dertsakyan, 1977):
where W- speed of gas movement in the gas pipeline, m/sec;
Q- gas flow through a given section (at 20 ° C and 760 mm Hg), m 3 / h;
z- compressibility factor (for an ideal gas z = 1);
T = (273 + t °C)- gas temperature, °K;
D- internal diameter of the pipeline, cm;
p\u003d (Prab + 1.033) - absolute gas pressure, kgf / cm 2 (atm);
In the SI system (1 kgf / cm 2 \u003d 0.098 MPa; 1 mm \u003d 0.1 cm) said formula will take the following form:
where D is the inner diameter of the pipeline, mm;
p = (Pwork + 0.1012) - absolute gas pressure, MPa.
It follows that the throughput of the pipeline Qmax, corresponding to top speed gas flow w = 25m/s, determined by the formula:
For preliminary calculations, we can take z = 1; T \u003d 20? C \u003d 293? K and, with a sufficient degree of reliability, carry out calculations using a simplified formula:
The throughput values of pipelines with the most common conditional diameters in gas distribution stations at various gas pressures are shown in Table 1.
| Working (MPa) | Pipeline capacity (m?/h), at wgas=25 m/s; z = 1; T \u003d 20? C \u003d 293? K |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN 50 | DN 80 | DN 100 | DN 150 | DN 200 | DN 300 | DN 400 | DN 500 | |
Note: for preliminary evaluation capacity of pipelines, internal diameters of pipes are taken equal to their conventional values (DN 50; 80; 100; 150; 200; 300; 400; 500).
Examples of using the table:
1. Determine the capacity of the GDS with DNin=100mm, DNout=150mm, with PNin=2.5 - 5.5 MPa and PNout=1.2 MPa.
From table 1 we find that the capacity of the outlet pipeline DN=150mm at PN=1.2 MPa will be 19595 m 3 / h, at the same time the inlet pipeline DN=100 mm at PN=5.5 MPa will be able to pass 37520 m 3 / h , and at PN=2.5 MPa - only 17420 m 3 /h. Thus, this GDS with PNin=2.5 - 5.5 MPa and PNout=1.2 MPa will be able to pass from 17420 to 19595 m 3 /h as much as possible. Note: More accurate Qmax values can be obtained from formula (3).
2. Determine the diameter of the outlet pipeline of the GDS, with a capacity of 5000 m 3 / h at Pin=3.5 MPa for outlet pressures Pout1=1.2 MPa and Pout2=0.3 MPa.
From table 1 we find that a throughput of 5000m 3 /hour at Pout=1.2 MPa will be provided by a pipeline DN=80mm, and at Pout=0.3 MPa - only DN=150mm. At the same time, it is enough to have a pipeline DN=50mm at the GDS inlet.
throughput - important parameter for any pipes, channels and other heirs of the Roman aqueduct. However, the throughput is not always indicated on the pipe packaging (or on the product itself). In addition, it also depends on the pipeline scheme how much liquid the pipe passes through the section. How to correctly calculate the throughput of pipelines?
Methods for calculating the throughput of pipelines
There are several methods for calculating this parameter, each of which is suitable for a particular case. Some notations that are important in determining the throughput of a pipe:
Outside diameter - physical size section of the pipe from one edge of the outer wall to the other. In calculations, it is designated as Dn or Dn. This parameter is indicated in the marking.
Nominal diameter is the approximate value of the diameter of the internal section of the pipe, rounded up to a whole number. In calculations, it is designated as Du or Du.
Physical methods for calculating the throughput of pipes
Pipe throughput values are determined by special formulas. For each type of product - for gas, water supply, sewerage - the methods of calculation are different.
Tabular calculation methods
There is a table of approximate values \u200b\u200bcreated to facilitate the determination of the throughput of pipes for intra-apartment wiring. In most cases, high precision is not required, so the values can be applied without complex calculations. But this table does not take into account the decrease in throughput due to the appearance of sedimentary growths inside the pipe, which is typical for old highways.
| Liquid type | Speed (m/s) |
| City water supply | 0,60-1,50 |
| Water pipeline | 1,50-3,00 |
| Central heating water | 2,00-3,00 |
| Water pressure system in the pipeline line | 0,75-1,50 |
| hydraulic fluid | up to 12m/s |
| Oil pipeline line | 3,00-7,5 |
| Oil in the pressure system of the pipeline line | 0,75-1,25 |
| Steam in the heating system | 20,0-30,00 |
| Steam central pipeline system | 30,0-50,0 |
| Steam in a high temperature heating system | 50,0-70,00 |
| Air and gas in central system pipeline | 20,0-75,00 |
There is an exact capacity calculation table, called the Shevelev table, which takes into account the pipe material and many other factors. These tables are rarely used when laying water pipes around the apartment, but in a private house with several non-standard risers they can come in handy.
Calculation using programs
At the disposal of modern plumbing companies there are special computer programs for calculating the throughput of pipes, as well as many other similar parameters. In addition, online calculators have been developed that, although less accurate, are free and do not require installation on a PC. One of the stationary programs "TAScope" is a creation of Western engineers, which is shareware. AT large companies use "Hydrosystem" - this is a domestic program that calculates pipes according to criteria that affect their operation in the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition to hydraulic calculation, it allows you to calculate other parameters of pipelines. The average price is 150,000 rubles.
How to calculate the throughput of a gas pipe
Gas is one of the most difficult materials to transport, in particular because it tends to compress and therefore can flow through the smallest gaps in pipes. To the calculation of throughput gas pipes(similar to design gas system in general) have special requirements.
The formula for calculating the throughput of a gas pipe
The maximum capacity of gas pipelines is determined by the formula:
Qmax = 0.67 DN2 * p
where p is equal to the working pressure in the gas pipeline system + 0.10 MPa or the absolute pressure of the gas;
Doo - conditional pass pipes.
There is a complex formula for calculating the throughput of a gas pipe. When carrying out preliminary calculations, as well as when calculating a domestic gas pipeline, it is usually not used.
Qmax = 196.386 Du2 * p/z*T
where z is the compressibility factor;
T is the temperature of the transported gas, K;
According to this formula, the direct dependence of the temperature of the transported medium on pressure is determined. The higher the T value, the more the gas expands and presses against the walls. Therefore, when calculating large highways, engineers take into account possible weather in the area where the pipeline passes. If the nominal value of the pipe DN is less than the pressure of the gas formed during high temperatures in summer (for example, at +38 ... +45 degrees Celsius), then damage to the line is likely. This entails the leakage of valuable raw materials, and creates the possibility of an explosion of the pipe section.
Table of capacities of gas pipes depending on pressure
There is a table for calculating the throughput of a gas pipeline for commonly used diameters and nominal working pressure of pipes. To determine the characteristics of the gas pipeline custom sizes and pressure will require engineering calculations. Also, the pressure, speed of movement and volume of gas is affected by the temperature of the outside air.
The maximum velocity (W) of the gas in the table is 25 m/s and z (compressibility factor) is 1. The temperature (T) is 20 degrees Celsius or 293 Kelvin.
| Pwork(MPa) | Throughput capacity of the pipeline (m? / h), with wgas \u003d 25m / s; z \u003d 1; T \u003d 20? C = 293? K | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN 50 | DN 80 | DN 100 | DN 150 | DN 200 | DN 300 | DN 400 | DN 500 | |
| 0,3 | 670 | 1715 | 2680 | 6030 | 10720 | 24120 | 42880 | 67000 |
| 0,6 | 1170 | 3000 | 4690 | 10550 | 18760 | 42210 | 75040 | 117000 |
| 1,2 | 2175 | 5570 | 8710 | 19595 | 34840 | 78390 | 139360 | 217500 |
| 1,6 | 2845 | 7290 | 11390 | 25625 | 45560 | 102510 | 182240 | 284500 |
| 2,5 | 4355 | 11145 | 17420 | 39195 | 69680 | 156780 | 278720 | 435500 |
| 3,5 | 6030 | 15435 | 24120 | 54270 | 96480 | 217080 | 385920 | 603000 |
| 5,5 | 9380 | 24010 | 37520 | 84420 | 150080 | 337680 | 600320 | 938000 |
| 7,5 | 12730 | 32585 | 50920 | 114570 | 203680 | 458280 | 814720 | 1273000 |
| 10,0 | 16915 | 43305 | 67670 | 152255 | 270680 | 609030 | 108720 | 1691500 |
Capacity of the sewer pipe
Bandwidth sewer pipe- an important parameter that depends on the type of pipeline (pressure or non-pressure). The calculation formula is based on the laws of hydraulics. In addition to the laborious calculation, tables are used to determine the capacity of the sewer.
For the hydraulic calculation of sewerage, it is required to determine the unknowns:
- pipeline diameter Du;
- average flow velocity v;
- hydraulic slope l;
- degree of filling h / Du (in calculations, they are repelled from the hydraulic radius, which is associated with this value).
In practice, they are limited to calculating the value of l or h / d, since the remaining parameters are easy to calculate. The hydraulic slope in preliminary calculations is considered to be equal to the slope of the earth's surface, at which the movement of wastewater will not be lower than the self-cleaning speed. The speed values as well as the maximum h/Dn values for domestic networks can be found in Table 3.
Yulia Petrichenko, expert
In addition, there is a normalized value for the minimum slope for pipes with a small diameter: 150 mm
(i=0.008) and 200 (i=0.007) mm.
The formula for the volumetric flow rate of a liquid looks like this:
where a is the free area of the flow,
v is the flow velocity, m/s.
The speed is calculated by the formula:
where R is the hydraulic radius;
C is the wetting coefficient;
From this we can derive the formula for the hydraulic slope:
According to it, this parameter is determined if calculation is necessary.
where n is the roughness factor, ranging from 0.012 to 0.015 depending on the pipe material.
The hydraulic radius is considered equal to the usual radius, but only when the pipe is completely filled. In other cases, use the formula:
where A is the area of the transverse fluid flow,
P is the wetted perimeter, or the transverse length of the inner surface of the pipe that touches the liquid.
Capacity tables for non-pressure sewer pipes
The table takes into account all the parameters used to perform the hydraulic calculation. The data is selected according to the value of the pipe diameter and substituted into the formula. Here, the volumetric flow rate q of the liquid passing through the pipe section has already been calculated, which can be taken as the throughput of the pipeline.
In addition, there are more detailed Lukin tables containing ready-made pipe throughput values different diameter from 50 to 2000 mm.
Capacity tables for pressurized sewer systems
Throughput tables pressure pipes sewerage values depend on the maximum degree of filling and the calculated average speed waste water.
| Diameter, mm | Filling | Acceptable (optimal slope) | The speed of movement of waste water in the pipe, m / s | Consumption, l / s |
| 100 | 0,6 | 0,02 | 0,94 | 4,6 |
| 125 | 0,6 | 0,016 | 0,97 | 7,5 |
| 150 | 0,6 | 0,013 | 1,00 | 11,1 |
| 200 | 0,6 | 0,01 | 1,05 | 20,7 |
| 250 | 0,6 | 0,008 | 1,09 | 33,6 |
| 300 | 0,7 | 0,0067 | 1,18 | 62,1 |
| 350 | 0,7 | 0,0057 | 1,21 | 86,7 |
| 400 | 0,7 | 0,0050 | 1,23 | 115,9 |
| 450 | 0,7 | 0,0044 | 1,26 | 149,4 |
| 500 | 0,7 | 0,0040 | 1,28 | 187,9 |
| 600 | 0,7 | 0,0033 | 1,32 | 278,6 |
| 800 | 0,7 | 0,0025 | 1,38 | 520,0 |
| 1000 | 0,7 | 0,0020 | 1,43 | 842,0 |
| 1200 | 0,7 | 0,00176 | 1,48 | 1250,0 |
Capacity of the water pipe
Water pipes in the house are used most often. And since they are under a heavy load, then the calculation of the throughput of the water main becomes important condition reliable operation.
Passability of the pipe depending on the diameter
Diameter is not the most important parameter when calculating pipe patency, but it also affects its value. The larger the inner diameter of the pipe, the higher the permeability, as well as the lower the chance of blockages and plugs. However, in addition to the diameter, it is necessary to take into account the coefficient of friction of water on the pipe walls (table value for each material), the length of the line and the difference in fluid pressure at the inlet and outlet. In addition, the number of bends and fittings in the pipeline will greatly affect the patency.
Table of pipe capacity by coolant temperature
The higher the temperature in the pipe, the lower its capacity, as the water expands and thus creates additional friction. For plumbing, this is not important, but in heating systems is the key parameter.
There is a table for calculations of heat and coolant.
| Pipe diameter, mm | Bandwidth | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| By warmth | By coolant | |||
| Water | Steam | Water | Steam | |
| Gcal/h | t/h | |||
| 15 | 0,011 | 0,005 | 0,182 | 0,009 |
| 25 | 0,039 | 0,018 | 0,650 | 0,033 |
| 38 | 0,11 | 0,05 | 1,82 | 0,091 |
| 50 | 0,24 | 0,11 | 4,00 | 0,20 |
| 75 | 0,72 | 0,33 | 12,0 | 0,60 |
| 100 | 1,51 | 0,69 | 25,0 | 1,25 |
| 125 | 2,70 | 1,24 | 45,0 | 2,25 |
| 150 | 4,36 | 2,00 | 72,8 | 3,64 |
| 200 | 9,23 | 4,24 | 154 | 7,70 |
| 250 | 16,6 | 7,60 | 276 | 13,8 |
| 300 | 26,6 | 12,2 | 444 | 22,2 |
| 350 | 40,3 | 18,5 | 672 | 33,6 |
| 400 | 56,5 | 26,0 | 940 | 47,0 |
| 450 | 68,3 | 36,0 | 1310 | 65,5 |
| 500 | 103 | 47,4 | 1730 | 86,5 |
| 600 | 167 | 76,5 | 2780 | 139 |
| 700 | 250 | 115 | 4160 | 208 |
| 800 | 354 | 162 | 5900 | 295 |
| 900 | 633 | 291 | 10500 | 525 |
| 1000 | 1020 | 470 | 17100 | 855 |
Pipe capacity table depending on the coolant pressure
There is a table describing the throughput of pipes depending on the pressure.
| Consumption | Bandwidth | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN pipe | 15 mm | 20 mm | 25 mm | 32 mm | 40 mm | 50 mm | 65 mm | 80 mm | 100 mm |
| Pa/m - mbar/m | less than 0.15 m/s | 0.15 m/s | 0.3 m/s | ||||||
| 90,0 - 0,900 | 173 | 403 | 745 | 1627 | 2488 | 4716 | 9612 | 14940 | 30240 |
| 92,5 - 0,925 | 176 | 407 | 756 | 1652 | 2524 | 4788 | 9756 | 15156 | 30672 |
| 95,0 - 0,950 | 176 | 414 | 767 | 1678 | 2560 | 4860 | 9900 | 15372 | 31104 |
| 97,5 - 0,975 | 180 | 421 | 778 | 1699 | 2596 | 4932 | 10044 | 15552 | 31500 |
| 100,0 - 1,000 | 184 | 425 | 788 | 1724 | 2632 | 5004 | 10152 | 15768 | 31932 |
| 120,0 - 1,200 | 202 | 472 | 871 | 1897 | 2898 | 5508 | 11196 | 17352 | 35100 |
| 140,0 - 1,400 | 220 | 511 | 943 | 2059 | 3143 | 5976 | 12132 | 18792 | 38160 |
| 160,0 - 1,600 | 234 | 547 | 1015 | 2210 | 3373 | 6408 | 12996 | 20160 | 40680 |
| 180,0 - 1,800 | 252 | 583 | 1080 | 2354 | 3589 | 6804 | 13824 | 21420 | 43200 |
| 200,0 - 2,000 | 266 | 619 | 1151 | 2486 | 3780 | 7200 | 14580 | 22644 | 45720 |
| 220,0 - 2,200 | 281 | 652 | 1202 | 2617 | 3996 | 7560 | 15336 | 23760 | 47880 |
| 240,0 - 2,400 | 288 | 680 | 1256 | 2740 | 4176 | 7920 | 16056 | 24876 | 50400 |
| 260,0 - 2,600 | 306 | 713 | 1310 | 2855 | 4356 | 8244 | 16740 | 25920 | 52200 |
| 280,0 - 2,800 | 317 | 742 | 1364 | 2970 | 4356 | 8566 | 17338 | 26928 | 54360 |
| 300,0 - 3,000 | 331 | 767 | 1415 | 3076 | 4680 | 8892 | 18000 | 27900 | 56160 |
Pipe capacity table depending on diameter (according to Shevelev)
The tables of F.A. and A.F. Shevelev are one of the most accurate tabular methods for calculating the throughput of a water supply system. In addition, they contain all the necessary calculation formulas for each specific material. This is a voluminous informative material used by hydraulic engineers most often.
The tables take into account:
- pipe diameters - internal and external;
- wall thickness;
- service life of the pipeline;
- line length;
- pipe assignment.
Hydraulic Calculation Formula
For water pipes the following calculation formula is applied:
Online calculator: pipe capacity calculation
If you have any questions, or if you have any guides that use methods not mentioned here, write in the comments.
Today the cheapest and accessible view fuel is gas. However, paths that bring explosive fuel to the house must be laid with extreme care and all standards must be observed. Therefore, the owners country houses you need to clearly know how to calculate the diameter of the gas pipeline and what to look for during installation.
The article presented by us describes in detail the methods of laying pipes and connecting them to the house. We will tell you what documents you need to obtain and how to control the installation of the system. The information we offer for review is based on building codes.
main reason is cheap and convenient. The difficult economic situation in the country is forcing the owners of private houses to look for the most affordable option building heating. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that over time, cottage owners come to the conclusion that they need.
Yes, of course, you can heat your home with electricity. But such a solution is quite expensive, especially if you need to heat several hundred square meters. Yes, and the vagaries of nature in the form strong wind or a hurricane can break the cables and you will have to sit for who knows how long without heating, food and hot water.
Modern gas pipelines are laid using durable and high-quality pipes and parts. So natural disasters unlikely to harm such a design
Another alternative to gas is the old and proven method - heating with a fireplace or. The main disadvantage of this solution is that storing firewood or coal will lead to dirt.
In addition, additional square meters for their storage. Therefore, blue fuel will hold a leading position for many more years, and the issue of connecting the private sector will be relevant for a very long time.
The main types of gas pipelines
There are three types of highways. The first is a gas pipeline low pressure. For such a system, the maximum allowable pressure is 5 kPa. Most often this type is laid in small settlements. It is also used for gas supply medical institutions, residential buildings, children's and public buildings.
For the second variety - the medium pressure line - the fuel flow can be supplied with a force of up to 0.3 MPa. The scope of this type is limited to providing gas to quarterly and regional regulatory stations.
As for the highway high pressure, then it is designed to supply fuel to large industrial enterprises. For owners of private houses, such a decision is irrelevant. Indeed, gas is supplied to the cottage using a pipe, the pressure in which does not exceed 5 kPa.
The laying of the highway is a complex and laborious process. To protect yourself and your home from gas leakage, you must use high-quality fittings and follow the recommendations of specialists
It is written in detail about the pressure parameters and the classification of gas pipeline networks according to its value, the contents of which we recommend that you familiarize yourself with.
Norms and standards for laying pipes
Gas is supplied to residential buildings through inputs coming from distributing fuel stations. They are usually installed on ground floor and further laid on stairwells. A pipe leading to a residential building without fail It is made by a seamless method, and its wall thickness is at least 3.5 mm.
issued gas service the document is filled in by the specialist involved in the drafting of the project. Choose a qualified designer. After all, the result of work and the safety of residents depend on his competence.
According to the project, the gas network is being installed. Sometimes pipes are laid through the sections of neighbors. In this case, you must ask them for written permission to carry out such work.
In addition to the papers listed above, you will also need to obtain the following documents:
- the act of commissioning gas-powered equipment;
- agreement on the preparation of technical documentation and work;
- permission to supply natural gas and pay for this service;
- document on the installation of equipment and gasification of the house.
A chimney inspection will also be required. After that, the experts will issue the appropriate act. The last document - permission to gasify a private house - is issued by a local architectural and planning company.
How to calculate the diameter of a gas pipeline?
When drawing up a project, special attention is paid to the diameter of the pipe. This will be done by the designer using complex formulas or program.
In order not to bother your head with various formulas, good choice will use one of specialized programs. The benefit of such software on the Internet is full. Using the calculators is as easy as shelling pears - you just need to fill in the fields with the relevant information.
To determine the optimal diameter of the gas pipeline, you can use the table. To receive required value you just need to select the required amount of fuel consumption
Standard prices for connecting a private household to mains gas. Owners of suburban areas should know “how much” gasification will cost.
Selection of pipes and fasteners
Since the pipeline with blue fuel is an object of increased danger, all fittings used must have the necessary quality certificates. Otherwise, the commission conducting the final check will not allow the house with such pipes to be gasified.
The nuances of choosing a material
Pipe material is selected depending on the pipeline laying method. Products made of polyethylene and steel are in the greatest demand. The main advantage of the latter variety is its versatility. After all, steel pipes can be used both for underground and for outdoor laying. But such a solution will cost more.
Polymer piping can only be used for concealed installation. This is due to the fact that under the influence of the sun the material decomposes and quickly loses its properties.
As for fasteners, for installation you will need corners, couplings, tees, crosses, plugs and adapters. As a rule, they are made of cast iron, steel or polyethylene.
Also, do not hesitate to install the counter. After all, it will significantly reduce costs.
Advantages of polyethylene pipes
First of all, such fittings do not rust over time. Therefore, it allows you to save on maintenance and repair of the pipeline. Thanks to a special production technology, polyethylene products have an absolutely smooth surface. inner surface. As a result, the fuel flow rate is not slowed down in any way.
One of the main advantages polymer pipes is their safety. No stray currents will appear in them, due to which gas can explode. So in the case of underground laying, there is no need to use a special expensive case.
If we compare the weight steel pipe and polymer, the latter type is as much as 7 times lighter. This property makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of construction, because it is not necessary to involve equipment with an increased carrying capacity.
A polyethylene pipeline, subject to all standards, will last at least half a century. And over time it performance characteristics won't get worse in any way.
Pipes made of polyethylene, due to their flexibility, have earned the respect of specialists. Due to this, installation by horizontal directional drilling will not cause any difficulties or problems. This solution is especially relevant when the well has an uneven shape or any obstacles were found during its creation.
When should you stop using polymer?
In some cases, polyethylene products will be a poor choice. The limiting conditions include the situation when the soil temperature in winter time year can fall below -15 degrees.
Plastic pipelines should be abandoned in regions where there is a risk of an earthquake with a magnitude of more than 7 on the Richter scale
Usage polymer reinforcement also prohibited in the following situations:
- the pipeline will supply liquefied hydrocarbons;
- was chosen open method installation;
- if the gas pipeline passes over any obstacles ( Railway or highway).
After everything necessary items were bought, and the documents were collected, you can deal with the peculiarities of laying a highway with blue fuel.
The procedure for laying a gas pipeline
Despite the fact that the installation of pipes should be carried out exclusively by professionals with necessary qualifications, each owner of a private house should familiarize himself in detail with the procedure for carrying out work. This will avoid trouble and the appearance of unplanned financial expenses.
Installation of the riser and preparation of the premises
If a private house is gasified in order to organize heating, then you need to take care of the arrangement of the premises. The room with all the equipment should be separate and fairly well ventilated. After all natural gas not only explosive, but also toxic to the human body.
The boiler room must have a window. This will provide the opportunity to ventilate the room at any time, which will avoid fuel vapor poisoning.
As for the dimensions, the ceiling height in the room should be at least 2.2 m. For a kitchen where a stove with two burners will be installed, an area of 8 m 2 will be enough, and for a four-burner model - 15 m 2.
If equipment with a capacity of more than 30 kW is used to heat the house, then the boiler room should be moved outside the house and be a separate building.
Gas is supplied to the cottage through an input device, which is a hole above the foundation. It is equipped with a special case through which the pipe passes. One end is connected to the riser, and the other is part of internal system gas supply.
The riser is mounted exactly vertically and the structure must be at least 15 cm away from the wall. The reinforcement can be fixed using special hooks.
The subtleties of the construction of the internal system
During the installation of the pipeline in the wall, all its parts must be passed through the sleeves. In this case, the entire structure must be covered oil paint. Free space, present between the pipe and the sleeve, is filled with tarred tow and bitumen.
It is necessary to ensure that during the installation of the pipeline, as few threaded and welded connections as possible are used. This approach will make the whole structure as reliable as possible. Accordingly, for this it is necessary to select pipes of maximum length
Each of the nodes is assembled at the bottom, and at a height only fasteners of pre-preparatory components are carried out. If the diameter of the pipes does not exceed 4 cm, then they can be fixed with clamps or hooks. For all others, it is recommended to use brackets or hangers.
Welding, assembly and acceptance rules
With the specifics of the organization of the autonomous gas heating will acquaint, analyzing the options in detail heating units. For independent craftsmen come in handy given in the material we recommend.
All components of the pipeline are interconnected by welding. In this case, the seam must be of high quality and reliable. To achieve this, you must first level the end of the pipe and strip about 1 cm on each side of it.
As for the assembly of threaded connections, for this you need to use a special technique. First, the joint is processed with whitewash. The next step is to wind long-staple flax or special tape. Only then can you turn threaded connection.
As soon as the masters finish the work, a commission should come to the house. It also checks the quality of the installation. Moreover, without fail, the owner is instructed on the rules for using the gas pipeline. Employees will also tell you how to properly operate equipment that consumes blue fuel.
Please leave comments in the block below. Tell us about how your or a neighbor's house was connected to the main gas supply. Ask questions about points of contention, publish photos with the process of laying pipes or connecting equipment.