Fire safety rules for the operation of furnaces. Drying oven and operating rules. To the customer under the painting. When operating the Magdeburg furnace
Upon completion of the construction of the hearth, you must first check its performance. To do this, put a small amount of kindling material into the firebox: paper, small shavings, birch bark, wood chips. You should first open the valve, close the blower door, light the kindling material, and when it flares up, add a small amount of small logs. After that, close the furnace door and open the blower.
It should be remembered that in hot summer days and in calm weather, the draft in the stove may be insufficient or absent altogether, since the temperature in the room is lower than outside, the stove is damp, the air in the smoke ducts is damp and cold, i.e. heavier than the outside air. In addition, there is a difference in air pressure outside and inside the room, which makes it difficult for smoke hazes to displace cold air from the chimneys and pipes. A new stove fires best in cool and windy weather. A new stove should be fired a little, but every day, without allowing it to heat up excessively, which will lead to cracking of the brickwork.
At the end of the furnace, it is necessary to fully open the furnace and blower doors, the valve - to ensure ventilation of the furnace and speed up the drying process of the furnace. When the furnace is completely dry, there should be no damp spots on its outer walls, and no moisture (dew) of condensate on the valve.
IN summer time The stove can also be dried in a natural way - without heating. When the stove dries out, it is allowed to heat it with full load, observing the operating rules. Proper combustion, or control of the combustion process of fuel, consists in regulating the air supply to the firebox by adjusting the position of the blower door> opening or closing it, as well as adjusting the position of the valve in the chimney.
The blower door regulates the amount of air supplied to the grate, the damper regulates the speed of movement of flue gases inside the furnace and, consequently, the efficiency of the furnace, its efficiency. The higher the flue gas velocity, the lower the furnace efficiency. Lack or excess of air leads to irrational fuel consumption and heat loss.
With a lack of air, the fuel does not burn completely, the product of incomplete combustion is soot, which clogs the smoke circuits and the chimney, reduces the thermal conductivity of the brick and creates a high fire hazard. Soot is known to be a poor conductor of heat. As a result, the process of heat exchange between flue gases and flue surfaces is disrupted, and most of the heat with flue gases is carried away into the atmosphere.
The supply of excess air reduces the combustion temperature of the fuel, as a result, most of the fuel does not burn, since the smaller parts of the fuel require a higher temperature. Under the influence of excess draft, unburned fuel particles are carried away into the smoke channels and clog them. Excess air that is not involved in combustion also goes into the smoke circuits, cools them greatly and, as a result, a large amount of heat escapes.
In addition, the fire hazard increases due to the possible release of cracking burning wood. A sign of normal combustion is a straw-golden color (orange) of the flame and a calm rustling sound, accompanied by a slight crackle when burning firewood. A brighter flame and a buzz in the firebox indicate excess air. In this case, it is necessary to cover the blower. A burgundy (red) smoky flame, a sluggish combustion process and black or grayish-brown smoke coming out of the chimney indicate incomplete combustion of the fuel due to a lack of oxygen.
It is necessary to open the valve, slightly open the blower door, thereby increasing the draft and supplying a large amount of air. The economic operation of the hearth also depends on the quality of the fuel. Firewood must be dry, of the same size, shorter than the length of the firebox by 5-10 cm, 6-10 cm thick. Dry finely chopped logs, splinter, wood chips, shavings, paper, birch bark are used for kindling. In no case should flammable substances (petroleum products, acetone, solvents, etc.)
The amount of firewood laid in the firebox depends on its size and design. Firewood must be laid in such a way that a distance of at least 20 cm is left before the firebox is blocked. There is no need to overload the firebox strongly, since there is no space for combustion, and besides, the volatile components of the fuel (gases) will not ignite, but will be carried away into the smoke channels , and then to the atmosphere, which will increase fuel consumption. Before starting the furnace, it is advisable to ventilate the room, fully open the chimney valves, clean the grate and the ash chamber from ash. Close the blower door, lay kindling material on the grate, and put a small amount of firewood on it.
Light the kindling, as soon as the firewood flares up, close the furnace and open the blower door, adjust the draft with a valve. During combustion, the stove must absorb the maximum amount of heat from the fuel. This is achieved by increasing the combustion temperature of the fuel by supplying required amount oxygen for combustion and flue gas velocity control.
Also, due to the supply of secondary air to the firebox, the efficiency of the furnace increases. At a flue gas temperature of +200 °C and above, soot is not deposited in the smoke circuits. At lower flue gas temperatures and when heating the furnace raw firewood as a result of their incomplete combustion, soot is deposited on the walls of the smoke channels, narrowing the cross section of the smoke channels. During the combustion process, for uniform combustion of fuel, it is necessary to mix it periodically. Firewood in the firebox should always burn intensely, and not smolder.
To do this, it is necessary to periodically put new portions of firewood into the furnace every 10-15 minutes, depending on the intensity of combustion. While the remains of fuel are smoldering in the firebox, a significant amount of heat is carried away into the atmosphere. The duration of the furnace furnace depends on many factors - the design of the furnace, the type of room, the time of year. At the end of the heating of the furnace, when unburned firewood remains - “firewood”, they are collected in the center of the grate for burning out. If they are large, then the afterburning may be delayed. During this time, cold air, having passed through the smoke circuits, will carry away a large amount of heat, so the smoldering firebrands must be removed into a bucket of water. Completely close the valve after the blue lights on the coals (carbon monoxide) disappear and ash deposits appear.
If the stove has not been heated for a long time, which often happens in summer cottages and garden houses, it is necessary to melt it in the morning or in windy weather.
Good designs of furnaces always melt easily in any weather and season. There is no need to use such methods of kindling as opening the cleaning doors in the chimney and flue pipes to expel, for example, cold air. good designs oven is provided.
The good and economical operation of the furnace depends not only on its design and quality of the masonry, but also on its correct operation, care and maintenance. Any furnace requires maintenance, both permanent and periodic preventive and current repairs and inspections.
Permanent care consists in cleaning the ash pan of the grate and the firebox from ash. Constantly seal small cracks in the kiln with clay, preventing further destruction of the kiln. Maintain cleanliness of the outer walls of the oven. It is necessary to constantly monitor the state of draft in the furnace. In order to prevent soot deposits in the smoke ducts, especially if the stove is heated with damp coniferous firewood, it is recommended to periodically heat the stove with dry aspen firewood; dry potato peelings can also be used. Such fuel has a higher combustion temperature and a lot of volatile substances that burn out in the smoke channels, and thereby burn out the soot on the inner walls of the furnace, since the ignition temperature of these substances is very high - about 400 ° C, therefore it is necessary to thoroughly warm the hearth, and only after heat it with aspen wood to avoid a sharp ignition of soot in the smoke circuits, which can lead to the destruction of the furnace.
It is forbidden to use various household waste for heating hearths, including, for example, plastic, polyethylene, polystyrene and other artificial and mineral organic matter, Food. IN countryside often they burn fallen small animals, birds. As a result, the smoke circuits are heavily polluted with soot and tarry substances, and the furnace quickly fails, becomes a fire and explosion hazard. Soot accumulated in large quantities in chimneys and chimneys can ignite at any time and destroy the stove or chimney. In addition, soot contains many toxic and radioactive substances that adversely affect human health. In the room where such an oven is located, there may be unpleasant odors.
During the heating period, it is recommended to heat the furnace regularly, preventing the complete cooling of the furnace mass, which is uneconomical, since a lot of fuel is consumed to heat the furnace, and besides, soot is more often deposited in a cold furnace in the initial period when the furnace is still cold. The intensity of heating the stove depends on the time of year, outdoor temperature, type of room, stove design and many other factors.
The heating of hearths with coal, anthracite is somewhat different from heating with firewood, since coal has a high ignition temperature. To kindle coal, you must first kindle the stove with wood, and when the firewood flares up and the required temperature rises in the firebox, a small layer of coal 50-60 mm thick is poured onto the burning firewood. When the coal flares up, you can still add a portion of coal, bringing the layer thickness to 15 cm. It is irrational to fill in an excess amount of fuel, since combustion will take place very slowly, and during this time most of the heat will be carried away into the pipe.
To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, which is quite a lot when burning coal, you should not heat the stove late at night before going to bed, as there is a risk of carbon monoxide poisoning while sleeping. It is recommended to air the room regularly, especially before going to bed. The furnace valve must not be completely closed, it must be left open with a gap of 2-3 cm. To prevent accidental complete closing of the valve, it is necessary to drill three holes in it with a diameter of 10-15 mm.
MINISTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR AFFAIRS
CIVIL DEFENSE, EMERGENCIES
AND DISASTER RELIEF
FEDERAL STATE INSTITUTION
"ALL-RUSSIAN ORDER "Badge of Honor"
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FIRE DEFENSE»
MOSCOW 2007
Developed by specialists of the FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia (A.N. Borodkin, SV. Muslakova, V.G. Shamonin) with the participation of employees of the State Fire Supervision Department (UGPN) of the EMERCOM of Russia (Yu.I. Deshevykh, A.N. Nestrugin).
The UGPN EMERCOM of Russia was agreed (letter dated 06.12.2006 No. 19/1/4686).
Developed on the basis of an analysis of existing regulatory documents relating to the issues of ensuring the fire safety of houses with stove heating. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made during their design, installation and operation.
Designed for use by specialists of design, installation and operating organizations, as well as for monitoring the fire protection of houses with stove heating.
INTRODUCTION
An analysis of the current regulatory documents showed that the fire safety requirements for the device, repair and operation furnace heating in residential buildings are isolated, not of a complex nature, their verification is carried out without the use of modern control methods, which allow revealing hidden defects when conducting surveys of the fire-prevention state of buildings with stove heating.
At present, a large number of individual residential buildings have mixed type heating. Often in the process of operation there is a reconstruction of heating systems, installation of fireplaces, redevelopment and change functional purpose premises without compliance with fire safety requirements, which significantly increases fire hazard buildings, increases the likelihood of a fire and its rapid spread.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
The purpose of the proposed recommendations is to ensure the fire safety of furnace heating systems. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made (with a fire safety certificate). The recommendations also apply to new types of stoves and fireplaces, the characteristics of which are justified by calculations.
1.1 This brochure is based on the departmental publication "Rules for the production of pipe-furnace works" (M: VDPO, 2002), sec. 2.1 - 3.5 (hereinafter, sections of these Recommendations are indicated), as well as the following regulatory documents were used in its development:
Table 2.1
|
Number of floors, no more |
Number of seats, no more |
|
|
Residential and administrative |
||
|
Dormitories, baths |
||
|
Polyclinics, sports, enterprises consumer services population (except for households, service centers), communications enterprises, as well as premises of categories D and D with an area of \u200b\u200bno more than 500 m 2 |
||
|
General education schools without dormitories |
||
|
Daycare centers for children, public catering and transport enterprises |
||
|
Summer garden houses |
Note. The number of storeys of buildings should be taken without taking into account the basement.
2.1.2 Stove heating is prohibited in buildings of categories A, B and C (in accordance with the categorization of buildings according to NPB 105-03).
2.1.3 Single-apartment solid fuel stoves may be provided in residential buildings up to two floors inclusive.
2.1.4 Stove heating is allowed for single-apartment individual houses and cottages.
2.1.5 When placing furnaces in rooms, the location of smoke channels and the layout of the building should be taken into account. Options for placing furnaces are shown in fig. 2.1.
Rice. 2.1. Examples of placement of stoves and stoves in residential buildings:
1 - heating and cooking stove; 2- heating stove; 3 - cooker with a shield; 4 - hot water column
2.1.7 Furnaces, as a rule, should be placed near internal walls and partitions, providing for the use of internal fireproof walls to accommodate smoke channels in them. If it is not possible to install smoke channels in the internal walls, mounted or root smoke grouts should be used to remove smoke.
2.1.8 In buildings of any purpose, if there are corridors, furnaces should be installed so that the fireboxes and valves are serviced from the corridors. In buildings of general education schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, clubs, rest houses and hotels that do not have corridors, stoves should be installed so that the fireboxes and valves are serviced from utility rooms.
2.1.9 In the corridors and utility rooms from which the furnace fireboxes are serviced, windows with vents or natural exhaust ventilation should be provided.
2.1.10 When placing stoves, it is necessary to provide free access for cleaning the combustion chamber and smoke channels from ash and soot deposits.
2.1.11 Furnaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing stoves on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.
2.2. Design and installation of smoke channels for furnaces
2.2.1 Smoke channels (pipes) of furnaces must ensure the complete removal of combustion products into the atmosphere.
2.2.2 Smoke channels (pipes) should, as a rule, be placed near internal walls and partitions made of non-combustible materials. It is allowed to place it in external walls made of non-combustible materials, insulated, if necessary, from the outside to prevent moisture condensation from the discharged combustion products. In the absence of walls in which channels can be placed, wall-mounted or root chimneys should be used.
2.2.3 When installing smoke ducts from prefabricated metal pipes it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated rooms or outside the building be covered with a layer of non-combustible thermal insulation material, ensuring that the dew point is not reached (approximately 60 ° C), and sections crossing building structures must have an external surface temperature of no higher than 50 ° C during the operation of the furnaces. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.
2.2.4 As a rule, a separate chimney should be provided for each furnace. It is allowed to connect two furnaces located in the same apartment on the same floor to one pipe. When connecting two branch pipes to the channel, cuts 0.12 m thick and at least 1 m high from the bottom of the branch pipe connection should be provided.
2.2.5 Factory-made stoves must be connected to separate smoke channels.
2.2.6 On the smoke channels of a solid fuel stove, valves with an opening in them of at least 15 × 15 mm should be provided.
2.2.7 Chimneys must be designed from ceramic (clay) bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick, providing at their base pockets 250 mm deep with holes for cleaning soot, closed by doors. It is allowed to use chimneys from asbestos-cement pipes or prefabricated products from of stainless steel factory-made (two-layer steel pipes with thermal insulation from non-combustible material). The use of asbestos-cement chimneys or stainless steel for coal-fired stoves is not allowed. When the surfaces of the smoke channels are located outside the buildings, the thickness of the brick walls must be at least 380 mm at a design temperature of up to -20 ° C, 510 mm - at a temperature of -20 to -30 ° C and 650 mm - at a temperature below -30 ° C.
2.2.8 Chimneys should be designed vertically, without ledges and section reduction. It is allowed to deviate pipes at an angle of up to 30° to the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m.
140 × 140 mm - with a thermal power of up to 3.5 kW;
140 × 200 mm - with a thermal power of 3.5 to 5.2 kW;
140 × 270 mm - with a thermal power of 5.2 to 7 kW.
2.2.10 The cross-sectional area of round pipes must not be less than the area of rectangular channels. The area of the chimney must not be less than the area of the flue outlet of the appliance.
2.2.11 Height chimneys, counting from the grate to the mouth, should be taken at least 5 m.
2.2.12 Smoke ducts in internal or external walls may be made together with ventilation ducts. At the same time, they must be separated along the entire height by sealed partitions made of clay bricks with a thickness of at least 120 mm.
2.2.13. Elevation of chimneys (Fig. 2.2) should be taken:
At least 500 mm above a flat roof;
At least 500 mm above the roof ridge or parapet when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet;
Not lower than the roof ridge or parapet when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge or parapet;
Not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon, when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge.
Rice. 2.2. Options for placing smoke channels above the roof
2.2.14. Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:
2.2.15 Installation of umbrellas, deflectors and other attachments on chimneys is not allowed.
2.2.16 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:
Corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;
The design of the smoke channels must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke channel must not be lower than that specified in the Operation Manual of the furnace);
Chimney fastenings must be reliable and durable, it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);
The tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the fragments of the smoke channels, which exclude the infiltration of combustion products, must be ensured.
2.3. Laying (installation) of furnaces and their smoke channels
2.3.1 Within the attic, the outer surfaces of the chimney should be plastered and whitewashed.
2.3.2 When installing furnaces with increased heating, it is necessary to protect the furnace from the outside with a metal case or frame, which is fastened with clamps from strips of roofing steel 100 mm long and 10-15 mm wide, riveted to the wall of the case and clamped in the seams of brickwork. As a frame, asbestos-cement sheets can be used, which are painted on the outside with a composition containing 70% asphalt varnish No. 177, 20% aluminum powder and 10% gasoline.
2.3.3 Building structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to furnaces and smoke channels must be protected from fire by setting back or cutting with the protection of structures with fireproof thermal insulation.
2.3.4 The retreat can be performed: completely closed, on both sides, on one side and open on all sides.
2.3.5 The dimensions of the retreat and methods of protecting combustible walls and partitions, depending on the type of retreat and the design features of the furnace, should be taken according to Table. 2.2.
Table 2.2
|
Furnace wall thickness, mm |
retreat |
Distance from outer surface furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition), mm |
|
|
not protected |
protected |
||
|
open |
|||
|
Closed |
|||
|
open |
|||
|
Closed |
|||
Notes:
1 For walls with a fire resistance limit of 1 hour or more and a flame propagation limit of zero, the distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition) is not standardized.
2 In buildings of children's institutions, dormitories and public catering establishments, the fire resistance of the wall (partition) within the retreat should be at least 1 hour.
3 Protection of the ceiling, floor, walls and partitions should be carried out at a distance of at least 150 mm greater than the dimensions of the furnace.
4 Building structures made of combustible materials should be protected from fire with plaster 25 mm thick on a metal mesh or metal sheet on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick.
5 It is allowed to protect structures from fire using other non-combustible materials that provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours with an open and 1 hour with a closed retreat.
2.3.6. In preschool and medical institutions, only closed retreats should be provided, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 2.3. On the sides, the indentation is sealed with red brick, and on top at the level of the furnace ceiling - with two rows of bricks.
a - side view;
b - top view.
Rice. 2.3. Closed retreat device:
1 - furnace foundation; 2 - sealing layer; 3 - fireproof floor; 4 - wooden wall; 5 - shield from boards; 6 - thermal insulation (asbestos or felt); 7 - brick "on edge"; 8- bake; 9 - pre-furnace sheet;
2.3.7 For air circulation in a closed retreat, holes are made in the walls on the sides above the floor and at the top, and gratings are installed.
2.3.8 The floor in the retreat should be made of non-combustible materials 70 mm above the floor level of the room. A combustible floor is allowed provided that it is protected in retreat with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours.
2.3.9 For long-burning heating stoves and frame stoves with 65 mm thick walls, the indentations should be made open on all sides.
2.3.10 Insulation of combustible structures in open retreats should be carried out with plaster 25 mm thick or roofing steel on asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick and go beyond the contours of the furnace by 150 mm.
2.3.11 Ceilings made of combustible materials above the furnace ceiling must be protected from fire.
2.3.12 The distance between the top of the furnace floor, made of three rows of bricks, and the ceiling of combustible materials, protected by plaster along steel mesh or steel sheet on asbestos cardboard with a thickness of 10 mm, 250 mm should be taken for furnaces with periodic firing and 700 mm for long-burning furnaces, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively, 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances should be increased by 1.5 times.
The distance between the top of a metal furnace with a heat-insulated ceiling and a protected ceiling should be 800 mm, and for a furnace with a non-insulated ceiling and an unprotected ceiling - 1200 mm.
2.3.13 The space between the ceiling (ceiling) of a heat-consuming furnace and the ceiling made of combustible materials may be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the furnace floor should be increased to four rows of brickwork, and the distance from the ceiling should be taken in accordance with clause 2.3.12. In the walls of the closed space above the furnace, two holes should be provided at different levels with gratings, each having a free cross-sectional area of at least 150 cm 2.
2.3.14 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick or concrete chimneys to rafters, battens and other parts of the roof made of combustible materials should be provided in the light of at least 130 mm, from ceramic pipes without insulation - 250 mm, and with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m 2 K / W non-combustible or slow-burning materials - 130 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of non-combustible and slow-burning materials should be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.
2.3.16 The device for vertical cutting when heating furnaces are located in the openings of combustible structures is shown in fig. 2.4.
2.3.17. Vertical cutting should be carried out to the entire height of the furnace within the room with a thickness not less than the thickness of the adjoining wall or partition.
a - front view
b - top view
Rice. 2.4. Vertical cutting device:
1 - oven; 2 - vertical cutting; 3 - combustible structure; 4 - heat-insulation;
2.3.18 Binding of vertical grooves with the laying of the furnace or smoke channel is not allowed, as this may cause cracking during the settlement of the furnace.
2.3.19 Protection of combustible structures within the groove can be carried out with asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick or felt 20 mm thick soaked in a clay solution.
2.3.20 When installing two-story furnaces, horizontal cuts should be made at the intersections of combustible floor structures with furnaces.
2.3.21 The horizontal cuts are tied with the furnace masonry. It is not allowed to rest the cutting on the floor. For independent settlement of the building and the furnace, a gap of 15 mm is left between the cutting and the building structure, which is filled with non-combustible materials (clay mortar with the addition of asbestos chips).
2.3.22 The height of the groove should be taken greater than the thickness of the floor so that the top of the groove protrudes 70 mm above the floor or backfill in the attic.
2.3.23 Laying of wooden floor beams in the cutting between the upper and lower tiers of a two-story furnace is not allowed.
2.3.24 Cutting from the bottom of the ashpit and smoke ducts to the combustible floor must be carried out with three rows of bricks, ensuring a distance of at least 210 mm. With a fireproof floor structure, the bottom of the ash pan and smoke turns can be made flush with the floor.
2.3.25 A wall or partition made of combustible materials located at an angle to the front of the furnace at a distance of less than 1250 mm from the furnace door should be protected from fire from the floor to a level 250 mm above the furnace door. The protection must provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours.
2.3.26 To protect the floor from combustible materials, a metal sheet 500x700 mm in size is installed under the furnace door, with the long side along the furnace.
2.3.27 The floor made of combustible materials under frame stoves, including those with legs, should be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick, while the distance from the bottom of the stove to the floor should be at least 100 mm.
2.3.28 Furnaces should be installed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from building structures made of combustible materials.
2.3.29 Furnaces made of prefabricated concrete blocks must have compensators that prevent the destruction of blocks and the formation of through cracks when the furnace mass is heated during combustion.
2.3.30 Wall and ceiling structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to smoke channels should be protected from fire by cutting. The dimensions of the cuts should be taken according to these rules.
2.3.31 When smoke channels cross floor structures made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange horizontal grooves (Fig. 2.5).
Rice. 2.5. Horizontal cutting:
1 - smoke channel; 2- thermal insulation; 3 - combustible beam; 4- non-combustible backfill
2.3.32. Horizontal cuttings are arranged by thickening the walls of the smoke channel. In brickwork, thickening is carried out with a weight of no more than 1/4 of the brick length in each row of masonry.
2.3.33. The distance from the inner surface of the smoke channel to the building structure (cut size), as well as the protection of combustible structures from fire, should be provided in accordance with.
2.3.34. Wooden beams embedded in walls with smoke channels should be located at a distance of at least 380 mm from the inner surface of the channel if the beam is protected from fire, and at a distance of at least 500 mm if it is not protected.
Options for cutting from smoke channels to wooden beams and crossbars are shown in fig. 2.6 and 2.7.
Rice. 2.6. Accommodation wooden beam in a wall with smoke channels:
1 - beam; 2 - thermal insulation; 3 - smoke channels
Rice. 2.7 Way to protect the crossbar from fire:
1 - beams; 2 - crossbar; 3 - smoke channels; 4 - cutting
2.3.25 Distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be at least 130 mm.
2.3.36 Combustible roof structures (rafters, battens, etc.) must be located at least 130 mm from the outer surface of the chimney.
2.3.37 The free space between the chimney and the roof structures should be covered with a roofing steel apron placed under the otter (Fig. 2.8).
2.3.38 In buildings with roofs made of combustible materials, chimneys from solid fuel appliances must be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with holes not larger than 5×5 mm and not less than 3×3 mm to avoid soot deposits.
a - sloping roof; b- flat roof;
c - top view
Rice. 2.8. Performing an otter at the chimney:
1 - apron; 2 - chimney; 3 - roofing steel; 4 - crate; 5 - rafters;
2.3.39. To connect furnaces to chimneys, you can use branch pipes (chimneys) with a length of not more than 0.4 m. The wall thickness of the brick branch pipe must be at least 65 mm, and from heat-resistant concrete - at least 60 mm. The following restrictions must be observed:
The distance from the top of the pipe to the ceiling of combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m in the absence of ceiling protection against fire and at least 0.4 m - with protection;
The distance from the bottom of the pipe to the floor of combustible materials should not be less than 0.14 m;
Branch pipes must be made of non-combustible materials.
2.4. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnaces
2.4.1 Before starting heating season stoves need to be checked and repaired. Faulty furnaces are not allowed for operation.
2.4.2 Before operating the furnaces, check the integrity of the furnace lining and flue ducts and the condition of the firebox lining.
2.4.3 During operation, it is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of shut-off and control valves, grate, ash pan and firebox doors, tightness of hatches on smoke channels.
2.4.4 It is forbidden to overheat stoves with periodic firing, burning fuel more than the amount for which they are designed. Furnaces should be fired no more than twice a day.
2.4.5 In production, cultural, community, public and other service premises, the furnaces should be fired by specially designated persons who have undergone fire-fighting training and comply with fire safety rules. The furnace in these rooms should end 2 hours before the end of work in these rooms.
2.4.6 In children's institutions with daytime stay of children, the firebox must end no later than 1 hour before the arrival of children.
In hostels, hospitals and children's institutions with round-the-clock stay of children, the firebox must be completed 2 hours before the residents go to bed.
2.4.7 It is not allowed to fire furnaces during mass events.
2.4.9 It is forbidden to fire the furnace with the furnace door open. In case of spontaneous opening of the door, it is necessary to repair it.
2.4.10 It is forbidden to overfill the firebox with fuel or use firewood that is longer than the depth of the firebox.
2.4.11 Approaches to the stove from the side of the furnace door must be free. Furniture and other combustible materials should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from heating appliances. solid fuel no more than one firebox.
2.4.12 When operating prefabricated stoves, use only the type of fuel for which the stove is designed. It is not allowed to convert these furnaces to replace one fuel with another.
2.4.13 It is necessary to use firewood, peat and shale, cleaned of impurities, as fuel for stoves.
2.4.14 When igniting and loading new portions of fine coal rich in volatile compounds, do not cover the entire combustion mirror. If the mirror turned out to be closed, then until the flame appears in the firebox above the surface of the coal, it is necessary to keep the furnace door ajar with a gap of 10-20 mm to dilute the gases of the mixture to a safe concentration.
2.4.15 Furnace surfaces should be systematically cleaned from dust and other combustible deposits.
2.4.16 During the summer fire hazard period during strong wind it is advisable to stop the heating of furnaces.
2.4.17 Slag and ash must be removed to a safe place specially designated for them and filled with water.
2.4.18 The ash pan of the oven must be closed on all sides and have doors on the service side. Its design must prevent the fallout of incandescent fuel particles or ash through the combustion air inlets.
2.4.19 During the operation of furnace heating, it is prohibited:
Leave heating stoves unattended, as well as entrust the supervision of them to young children;
Place fuel, other combustible substances and materials on the pre-furnace sheet;
To heat with coal and coke stoves not designed for these types of fuel;
To fire furnaces during indoor meetings and other public events;
Use ventilation and gas ducts as chimneys.
2.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnace chimneys
2.5.1 During the operation of furnaces, periodic checks and cleaning of smoke channels should be carried out on time and in full.
2.5.2 During the operation of smoke channels, the following violations in their operation are possible:
Insufficient traction in the channels;
Condensation in the chimney;
Leaks at the intersections of the roof channels;
Icing of the head and mouth of the channels.
2.5.3 The presence of draft should be checked before ignition of the stove. In the absence of traction, their operation is not allowed.
2.5.4 To ensure sufficient draft in the channels, it is necessary:
In the room in which the stove is installed, ensure air flow through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.
2.5.5 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within the attic.
2.5.6 To prevent leaks that cause the destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.
2.5.7 The technical condition of the operated channels should be constantly monitored by persons servicing the furnaces, as well as housing maintenance organizations, taking into account the requirements of the rules and regulations technical operation housing stock.
2.5.8 When periodically checking the smoke channels, the following is established:
Serviceability of the head;
2.5.9 The smoke channels of the stoves are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.
2.5.10 Cleaning of smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or chimney no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.
2.5.11 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling.
First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The blockage completely covers the channel section, cannot be pushed through, and is most often eliminated by opening the channel walls and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.
2.5.12V winter time at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of stoves should inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to clean them from snow and ice in a timely manner.
2.5.13 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of the furnaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.
3. FIRE SAFETY FOR FIREPLACES
3.1. Designing the placement of fireplaces
3.1.1. Fireplaces are installed, as a rule, in the buildings specified in these Recommendations.
In this case, the fireplace must be provided with a separate smoke channel with a height of at least 5 m, with the necessary rarefied (at least 10 Pa), convenient for cleaning and inspection, not passing through the premises of another owner.
3.1.2. The dimensions of closed brick fireplaces with smoke channels (pipes) more than 5 m high should be taken into account the area of heated premises (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1
|
Room area, m 2 |
Dimensions, cm |
||||
|
portal opening |
firebox |
smoke channel |
|||
|
back wall width |
|||||
3.1.3 Fireplaces should, as a rule, be placed against internal walls made of non-combustible materials, taking into account the possibility of attaching them to existing smoke channels (pipes).
3.1.4 It is not recommended to locate the surfaces of fireplaces opposite the window openings of the outer walls due to the possible significant air exchange in the room, the formation of drafts, as well as the negative impact on the combustion process of fuel in open furnaces.
3.1.5 It is allowed to close the furnace opening with a metal mesh screen with mesh sizes of not more than 1 × 1 mm, a heat-resistant glass curtain or a furnace door with an air duct into the firebox.
3.1.6 In rooms where fireplaces are installed, windows with opening vents (transoms) or other devices for taking outside air should be provided. The area of supply openings must be at least 100 cm 2 when installing fireplaces with a closed firebox and at least 200 cm - with an open one. It is forbidden to build fireplaces in rooms where there are no windows with opening transoms and vents and with a ceiling height of less than 2.2 m.
3.1.7 In places where fireplaces adjoin walls and partitions, laying of electrical wires is unacceptable.
3.2. Masonry (installation) fireplaces
3.2.1 Fireplaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing fireplaces on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.
3.2.2 The walls of the fireboxes of brick fireplaces must be lined with refractory or refractory bricks. It is allowed to use selected red ceramic bricks or cast-iron plates for laying fireboxes.
3.2.3 Tiles, tiles, natural stone, heat-resistant tinted concrete, plaster and other materials should be used for facing brick fireplaces.
3.2.4 Before installing the fireboxes, it is necessary to inspect the elements in order to identify possible damage. If leaks are found at the joints of the parts, they must be eliminated using refractory mastic. Broken or cracked glass doors must be replaced.
3.2.5. Fireplace inserts must be installed at a distance of at least 100 mm from load-bearing walls to ensure air circulation. At the bottom of the fireplaces when installing n a the base must also provide a gap of at least 100 mm wide.
Rice. 3.1. The device of a fireplace with a closed type firebox:
1 - smoke channel; 2 - sealing device; 3- - fire cutting; 4 - thermal insulation to protect the structure from fire; 5 - wooden structure; 6 - lattice; 7 - protective screen; 8 - connecting pipe; 9 - thermal insulation; 10 - protective cover; 11 - stick; 12 - stiffening belt; 13 - fireplace insert; 14 - base; 15- hole for air intake; 16 - pre-furnace sheet
3.2.6. The lining of furnaces and convection (decorative) casings must be made of non-combustible materials (brick, marble, natural stone, etc.). When installing casings from sheet materials, it is first necessary to assemble a rigid frame, lay thermal insulation, and then fix the finishing panels (gypsum boards, etc.). The frame of the casing must not rest on the chimney top (Fig. 3.1).
3.2.7 Facing parts can be connected to each other and to supporting walls both mechanically and using mortars or mastics. In places high temperatures mortars based on heat-resistant cement or fire-resistant mastics should be used.
3.2.8 load-bearing walls and the ceiling within the enclosing casing, as well as the inner walls of the casing, must be covered with fireproof thermal insulation with a thickness of at least 30 mm (basalt fiber slabs, etc.). Thermal insulation materials must have a fire safety certificate.
3.3. Design and selection of smoke channels (pipes) for fireplaces
3.3.1 To remove the products of combustion, channels in the main walls, root or extension pipes supported by a fireplace or an intermediate floor should be used.
3.3.2 Root pipes should be installed on separate foundations (bases). Wall and root pipes should be made of solid red ceramic brick normal firing, without cracks, grade not lower than M125 or from heat-resistant concrete blocks.
3.3.3 Mounted chimneys for fireplaces can be ceramic or metal with thermal insulation of the walls with non-combustible material. The thickness of the layer of heat-insulating material is taken according to the project or determined by calculation. The thermal resistance of the heat-insulating layer (the ratio of the thickness of the material layer in meters to its thermal conductivity coefficient) must be at least 0.5 m 2 ·K/W.
3.3.4 Metal pipes must be made of high-quality specially alloyed steel with increased corrosion resistance, wall thickness of at least 1 mm. The design of the joints and individual sections of pipes must ensure tightness at the joints and allow compensating for the thermal expansion of each element without deformation. The joints of the links of the packed pipes must be placed outside the interfloor and attic floors.
3.3.5 The section of chimneys made of brick should be taken depending on the heat output of fireplaces, taking into account these rules.
3.3.6 The diameters of the chimneys of prefabricated fireplaces must be no less than the diameters of the outlet and connecting pipes.
3.3.7 The connection of prefabricated fireplace inserts to the smoke channels (pipes) must be carried out using stainless steel pipes with a thickness of at least 1 mm. It is allowed to use nozzles made of ordinary steel with a thickness of at least 2 mm or heat-resistant rigid and flexible pipes, if they have a certificate confirming their suitability for this purpose. At the joints of the parts, tightness must be ensured by tightly fitting the elements to each other along the smoke path and puttying the joints with refractory compounds.
3.3.8 In chimneys it is necessary to provide devices for cleaning channels from soot deposits.
3.3.9 When installing smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes, it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated rooms or outside the building be covered with a layer of non-combustible heat-insulating material that ensures that the dew point is not reached (approximately 60 ° C), and sections crossing building structures, must have an external surface temperature not higher than 50 °C during the operation of furnaces. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.
3.3.10 Factory-made fireplaces must be connected to separate smoke channels.
3.3.11 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:
Corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;
The walls of the inner surface of the chimneys must be smooth, without protrusions;
The design of the smoke ducts must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke duct must not be lower than that specified in the Fireplace Operation Manual)^
Chimney fixtures must be reliable and durable, i.e. it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);
The tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the fragments of the smoke channels, which exclude the infiltration of combustion products, must be ensured.
3.3.12 Smoke channels (mounted or root) should not pass through the apartment of another owner; it is possible to install them in the shaft of the wall that limits the other owner (wall smoke channel). In this case, openings for cleaning the smoke channel must be provided on the side of the fireplace owner's room. In addition, the following restrictions must be met:
Each fireplace must have a separate vertical smoke channel of the same cross-section along the entire length, but deviation is allowed, if necessary, at an angle of not more than 45 ° from the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m;
The height of the chimneys, counted from the level of the furnace, is at least 5 m;
The removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts and the installation of ventilation grilles on them is unacceptable.
3.3.13 Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:
Above the top point of the building attached to the heated one;
Above the upper plane of the wind shadow of a tall adjacent building or structure.
3.3.14 The ratio of the area of the furnace opening to the cross-sectional area of the chimney should be within 8 - 15. The cross-sectional area of the chimney should be at least 0.03 m2.
3.4. Laying (installation) of fireplaces and their docking with smoke channels
3.4.1. If there is a combustible floor in the premises, combustible materials should be removed in the places where fireplaces are installed and bases made of non-combustible materials should be arranged with an exit beyond the dimensions of fireplaces of at least 50 mm (Fig. 3.2).
If this solution is not possible, the wooden floor must be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos board 10 mm thick or other non-combustible heat-insulating material. The distance from the bottom of the fireplace ash pan to the floor must be at least 100 mm.
Rice. 3.2. Floor Detail:
1 - ceramic tile; 2 - cement-sand screed, 30 mm thick; 3 - wood fiber boards; 4- reinforced concrete floor slab
3.4.2 The temperature of the floor under the fireplace must not exceed 50 °C (clause 4.1.10 GOST 9817-95) during its operation, for which a layer of heat-insulating non-combustible material of the appropriate thickness (determined by calculation) should be placed under its base.
3.4.3 The floor made of non-combustible materials under the firebox door or the portal opening of fireplaces should be protected from fire with a metal sheet or other non-combustible material with a width of at least 500 mm. long side the sheet must be at least 100 mm larger than the width of the firebox door or fireplace portal.
3.4.4 When placing fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials or adjoining smoke channels to them, it is necessary to replace combustible material with non-combustible one (brick, cellular concrete and etc.). If such a replacement is not possible, then for fireplaces and smoke ducts made of brick, it is necessary to provide for the installation of fire cuttings made of red brick with a size of 380 mm with the protection of structures from fire with non-combustible heat-insulating material. When using other non-combustible materials for the cutting device, their thermal resistance, taking into account the thickness of the walls of fireplaces or smoke channels, must be at least 0.5 m K / W.
3.4.5 When placing fireplaces and smoke channels near building structures made of combustible materials, provision should be made for a setback from the outer surfaces of fireplaces or channels to walls or partitions. The size of the retreat and the method of protecting structures from fire when laying fireplaces and brick smoke channels must be taken from Table. 2.2.
3.4.6 When placing prefabricated fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials, it is necessary to provide for retreats from the surfaces of fireplaces and chimneys along the entire height of building structures with a size of at least 260 mm with protection of structures from fire with fireproof heat-insulating material.
3.4.7 In places where smoke channels (pipes) intersect floors and attic floors made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange fire-prevention cuttings, taking into account the requirements of clause 3.4.4 of this chapter (Fig. 3.3).
3.4.8 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick and concrete channels or metal chimneys with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m2 K/W to roofing parts made of combustible materials should be taken in the light of at least 130 mm, and from ceramic pipes without thermal insulation - 250 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of combustible materials must be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.
Rice. 3.3. Placing a fireplace near combustible structures:
1 - wooden wall; 2 - brick (cellular concrete); 3 - heat-insulating fireproof material; 4 - overlapping of combustible materials; 5- fire fighting; 6 - chimney; 7 - connecting pipe
3.4.9 If there is a roof made of combustible materials, smoke channels (pipes) should be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with a mesh size of not more than 5 × 5 and not less than 3 × 3 mm in order to avoid soot deposits.
3.4.10 The design of fireplaces and chimneys must provide free access for cleaning the firebox, smoke eaves and chimneys from ash and soot deposits.
3.4.11 C outside the furnace, a barrier grate with a height of at least 0.1 m must be installed.
3.4.12 Walls made with combustible materials adjoining at an angle to the pediment of the fireplace should be protected from fire to a height from the floor to a level of 0.25 m above the top of the furnace hole. Protection of structures from fire with thermal insulation should be carried out with non-combustible materials with a total thermal resistance of at least 0.1 m 2 K / W. The dimensions of the protective insulation should be more than the height and width of the heating surface by 0.15 m.
3.4.13 The total thermal resistance of thermal insulation from the inner surface of the smoke channels to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be taken at least 0.15 m 2 K / W.
3.4.14 When installing a fireplace on a ceiling made with combustible materials (class K 1, K 2, K3), the minimum distance from the floor level to the bottom of the ash pan should be 0.14 m. In the absence of an ash pan, the distance from the floor level to the floor of the firebox should be at least 0.21 m.
3.4.15 Ceiling made using combustible materials (class K 1, K 2, K3), under fireplaces on metal legs, it is necessary to insulate with non-combustible material with a thermal resistance of at least 0.08 m 2 K / W, followed by upholstery with roofing steel. The height of metal legs near fireplaces must be at least 0.1 m.
3.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of fireplaces
3.5.1 Before lighting the fireplaces, make sure that there is draft in the smoke channels (pipes). To do this, a strip of thin paper must be brought to the ajar door of the fireplace or to the portal opening. Its deviation towards the furnace indicates the presence of traction.
3.5.3 It is necessary to clean the ash box in a timely manner. An overfilled duct can cause back draft with the release of combustion products into the room.
3.5.4 In the premises where fireplaces are installed, it is allowed to store firewood in an amount not exceeding the daily requirement. The daily need for firewood must be indicated in the package of technical documentation for prefabricated fireplaces or determined during the test firing of fireplaces erected at the installation site (during their laying).
3.5.5 The outer surfaces of brick and ceramic pipes laid in attics must be whitewashed.
3.5.6 Cleaning of smoke channels (pipes) from soot deposits should be carried out before the start of the heating season, and also at least once every three months during the heating season.
3.5.7 Premises where fireplaces are installed must be equipped with manual powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers with a capacity of at least 2 liters.
3.5.8 Smoke ducts and fireplaces must be checked before the start of the heating season in order to identify the presence of draft, the tightness of the joints and the serviceability of the elements of fireplaces and ducts. The tightness of the knots is determined in accordance with clause 50.2 of NPB 252-98. In addition, fireplace chimneys must be checked and cleaned at least once every three months during the heating season.
3.5.9 When operating fireplaces, it is prohibited:
Use a type of fuel that is not intended for fireplaces;
Use flammable and combustible liquids for kindling:
Use firewood, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the furnaces;
Dry clothes and other materials and objects on fireplace parts;
Place combustible objects closer than 1.5 m from the radiant surface of fireplaces;
Fill a niche for storing firewood with easily combustible materials, as well as overfill it with firewood;
Kindle fireplaces with broken or cracked glass;
Overheat fireboxes by burning a large amount of firewood;
Block the smoke channels when burning firewood;
Remove dead coals and ash;
Fill fire in furnaces with water;
Make changes to the design of fireplaces and use the latter for other purposes;
Leave open fireplaces unattended and allow young children to operate them.
3.5.10. To ensure sufficient traction in the channels, it is necessary:
To carry out their timely cleaning of soot, resinous deposits, dust, fluff and foreign objects;
Seal cracks in the walls of the channels and seal leaks in the connecting pipes and installation sites of embedded parts (hatches, valves, views, etc.);
In the room in which the fireplace is installed, ensure the flow of air through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.
3.5.11 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within the attic.
3.5.12 To prevent leaks that cause the destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.
3.5.13 When periodically checking the smoke channels, the following is established:
The presence of draft in the smoke channel;
Density of brickwork and junctions of pipes with smoke channels;
No clogging of the smoke channel;
Serviceability of the head;
The condition of the fire breaks.
In addition, during the check, the channels are cleaned of soot deposits.
3.5.14 Smoke channels of fireplaces are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.
3.5.15 Cleaning of smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or chimney no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.
3.5.16 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling. First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The obstruction completely covers the channel section; cannot be pushed through and is most often eliminated by opening the walls of the channel and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.
3.5.17 In winter, at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate, twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of fireplaces must inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to clean them from snow and ice.
3.5.18 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of fireplaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.
The peak of "stove" fires falls precisely on the heating season, during the period of cold weather. Tenants and homeowners during the summer period lose their skills in handling heating appliances, forget about safety precautions. Yes, and the furnace equipment itself becomes unusable over time. Statistics show that over the past period of 2018, about 40% of fires in the Republic of Karelia occurred due to violations of the rules for the design and operation of heating stoves.
The main causes of "furnace" fires:
Firstly, violation of the rules of the device device:
- insufficient cutting of chimneys in places where they pass through wooden floors;
- small indents - the distance between the walls of the furnace and wooden structures partitions and walls of the house;
- the absence of a pre-furnace sheet made of non-combustible material;
- it is necessary to build a foundation under the stove, and not install it on the floor in the house.
Secondly, violation of fire safety rules during the operation of the furnace:
During the operation of stove heating is prohibited:
- leave unattended heating stoves;
- ignition of the furnace with gasoline, kerosene and other flammable liquids;
- the use of firewood, the length of which exceeds the size of the firebox;
- overheating of furnaces;
- leaving the doors open during the heating of the furnace;
- drying clothes and other items near the hearth;
- entrust the firebox and looking after the stove to children;
- to place fuel and other and other combustible substances and materials on the pre-furnace sheet; to heat with coal, coke and gas furnaces not intended for these types of fuel;
It must be remembered that not only good traction, heat dissipation, economy and aesthetic qualities are valued in the furnace, but also safety. An improperly folded stove can start a house fire. To prevent this from happening, do not entrust the laying of the furnace to persons who are not familiar with the fire safety rules when installing furnace heating. Before the start of the heating season, stoves should be checked and repaired, chimneys should be cleaned of soot and whitewashed. Faulty stoves, fireplaces and chimneys should not be allowed to operate. The stove must be white, this will allow timely detection of malfunctions, cracks in the stove, which can lead to a fire, because. a black trace of smoke is clearly visible on a white background. To protect a combustible and slow-burning floor, a metal sheet 70x50 cm in size should be provided in front of the furnace firebox.
- to fire furnaces during meetings and other mass events in the premises;
- install metal furnaces that do not meet fire safety requirements, standards and specifications.
Remember, the causes of fires are different, and the culprit is one - a person who violates and does not comply with fire safety rules. Those guilty of violating the above rules, depending on the nature of the violations and their consequences, are liable in the manner prescribed by law.
State Inspector
on fire supervision of Olonets and
Pitkyarantsky districts Yu.A. Samukov
FEDERAL STATE SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION
"ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE
LABOR SAFETY»
Instruction on labor protection for the stoker of industrial furnaces
1. General requirements for labor protection
1.1. Workers at least 18 years of age who have passed medical checkup who have professional training* that meets the requirements of the ETCS, trained and instructed in safe methods and techniques for performing work and providing first aid to victims.
______________________________________________
* In accordance with the tariff and qualification characteristics established by the ETCS, 2, 3, 4 categories are provided for the stoker of industrial furnaces.
The stoker of production furnaces must have a certificate from the qualification commission for the right to service furnaces.
The stoker of production furnaces must undergo a re-instruction on labor protection at least once a quarter, according to the program of primary briefing at the workplace in full.
When there is a break in work for more than 30 calendar days the stoker of production furnaces must undergo an unscheduled briefing on labor protection.
Employees should not be allowed to perform their labor duties without undergoing mandatory medical examinations (examinations), as well as in case of medical contraindications.
It is prohibited to admit to work employees who do not have the necessary professional training and who have not undergone training and instruction in labor protection, internships and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements in the prescribed manner.
1.2. The stoker of industrial furnaces is obliged:
- observe established requirements labor protection;
— correctly apply means of individual and collective protection;
— undergo mandatory preliminary (when applying for a job) and periodic (during employment) medical examinations (examinations);
- undergo training in safe methods and techniques for performing work, briefing on labor protection, internships at the workplace and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements;
- immediately notify their immediate or superior manager of any situation that threatens the life and health of people, of each accident that occurred at work, or of a deterioration in health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute occupational disease (poisoning).
1.3. The stoker of industrial furnaces must comply with the rules of internal work schedule, industrial sanitation and fire safety requirements.
1.4. The stoker of industrial furnaces must know the processes that occur during the combustion of fuel in the furnaces of industrial furnaces, the methods and rules of combustion various kinds fuel, device, principle of operation and rules for the operation of serviced furnaces and instrumentation, rules for the use of protective equipment.
1.5. The stoker of production furnaces must, in accordance with the qualification characteristics and the work performed, know the safe methods of servicing furnaces with a stationary and conveyor hearth and regulating them and instrumentation.
1.6. The fireman of industrial furnaces in the process of performing work may be exposed to the following hazardous and harmful production factors:
- moving parts production equipment(in case of violation of safety requirements, injury may be caused by gears and other moving parts of the furnace mechanisms);
- elevated temperature of equipment surfaces (burns are possible);
- elevated air temperature of the working area (open fire and sparks);
- increased dust and gas contamination of the air of the working area with gaseous fuel products and combustion products;
- increased air mobility of the working area;
- lack or lack of natural light;
- insufficient illumination of the working area;
— advanced level infrared radiation;
— chemical substances(possible exposure to nitrogen oxides, manganese, carbon).
Furnaces (especially furnaces operating on gaseous fuels) are an object of increased danger (explosion and fire hazard).
1.7. In order to reduce the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors, eliminate or reduce them to the maximum permissible values, the firemen of industrial furnaces must comply with the requirements for ensuring labor safety, the established technological process (types of work, methods, modes), the procedure for servicing production equipment and protective equipment, constructively or functionally related to it, apply means personal protection, sanitary clothes and shoes.
1.8. The stoker of industrial furnaces, in accordance with established standards, must receive and correctly use:
- cotton robe - 2 units per year;
- headdress (cap or scarf) - 2 units per year;
- leather boots (when servicing solid fuel stoves) - 1 pair per year;
- to protect the eyes - goggles (before wear).
when servicing solid fuel stoves, there must be:
— cotton suit with flame retardant impregnation — 1 set per year;
- for protection of hands - tarpaulin mittens (before wear), for respiratory protection - respirator Shb-1 "petal" (before wear).
1.9. To ensure fire safety, the stoker of industrial furnaces is obliged: not to use open fire in fire hazardous areas; regularly clean the workplace and clean the equipment from dust, slag and ash; put away used cleaning materials and oiled rags in a metal box with a tight lid; provide free access to fire extinguishing means; do not allow unauthorized persons into the combustion chamber without the permission of the production manager.
If signs of burning are found, immediately inform the fire brigade about it, start extinguishing the fire using the available fire extinguishing equipment (fire extinguisher, internal fire hydrant, etc.), call the shop manager or another official to the fire site.
1.10. Noticed malfunctions should be immediately reported to the immediate supervisor of work or the employee responsible for the safe operation of furnaces (heat engineer, chief engineer).
1.11. For non-compliance with the requirements set forth in this instruction, the stoker of production furnaces is liable in the manner established by the internal labor regulations and the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
2. Labor protection requirements before starting work
2.1. Before performing work on maintenance of industrial furnaces, it is necessary to check the technical condition of the furnace, furnace devices, gas ducts, instrumentation and protective equipment by external inspection.
2.2. View and check:
- serviceability protective devices;
- serviceability of furnace devices, gas ducts, locking devices;
— serviceability of explosive valves in furnaces with channel heating;
- serviceability of instrumentation (for measuring the temperature in the baking chamber, steam pressure, baking time, gas and liquid fuel pressure, air pressure at the burners, rarefaction in the furnace, temperature of combustion products in the mixing chamber, the presence of a torch);
- check the status of the safety automation;
- serviceability of the telephone, emergency (light and sound) alarm;
- availability of a stock of liquid and solid fuels (according to the type of furnaces);
- check the serviceability of devices for burning liquid and gaseous fuels;
- the integrity of the furnace lining, masonry and thermal insulation of the furnace;
- serviceability of inspection hatches, doors;
- availability of fire extinguishing equipment.
2.3. If, during the inspection of the workplace, violations of labor protection requirements are found in the technical condition of the serviced equipment and protective equipment, it is necessary to immediately inform the immediate supervisor of the work.
2.4. If the workplace and the serviced equipment do not meet safety requirements, it is prohibited to start work until the violations are eliminated.
3. Labor protection requirements during work
3.1. When performing work stipulated by the tariff-qualification characteristic, comply with the requirements that ensure safe working conditions and normal conduct of the process of fuel combustion in the furnaces of industrial furnaces, apply safe methods for starting, stopping and cleaning the furnace.
3.2. During work, the following labor protection requirements must be met:
- ignition of the furnace should be carried out only by order and in the presence of a heat engineer or chief mechanic, about which an appropriate entry should be made in the work log;
- ignition of furnaces, their operation and shutdown must be carried out only in strict accordance with the instructions for operating the furnace, which must be hung out at the workplace without fail;
- immediately before kindling the furnace, it is necessary to ventilate the furnace and furnace flues;
- when igniting the stove, you should be on the side of the kindling holes so as not to suffer from accidental ejection of the flame; it is necessary to use protective glasses;
- after ignition, it is necessary to check the operation of all mechanisms of the furnace, while there should be no extraneous noise and knocks, vibration of fans, unacceptable heating of the furnace front, etc.;
- when the furnace is operating in normal mode (with a stable load), the fireman is obliged to systematically monitor the operating furnace and regularly make the necessary entries in the furnace operation log;
- monitor the stability of the burner flame. Strictly and timely control the temperature of the heating gases, when the temperature exceeds the limit for this type of furnace, the furnace must be stopped and the causes of the temperature increase identified;
- monitor the absence of leakage of gaseous and liquid fuels;
- to illuminate the inner surface of the furnace and the baking chamber, use portable lamps with a voltage of no higher than 12 V in explosion-proof design; the cap of the luminaire must be protected by a metal mesh.
3.3. During work it is forbidden:
- leave a working furnace unattended and entrust it to unauthorized persons;
- block up the passages between the furnaces and in front of the furnace fronts of the furnaces with foreign objects.
4. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations
4.1. When emergencies(clauses 4.2, 4.4, 4.5 of Annex 2) it is necessary to comply with the established labor protection requirements and inform the work manager about the incident.
4.2. The stoker of production furnaces, upon receiving a signal (sound or light) about violations in the operation of the furnace, must check the operation of the safety automation. If the safety automatic does not work, the stove should be stopped immediately manually, i.e. stop the fuel supply to the burner and start unloading the products.
In the event of a power outage, unloading of the kiln should be done using the manual kiln conveyor.
4.3. The oven must be stopped if:
- explosion (pop) of combustion products in the furnace or flue;
- interruption of the supply of fuel, air or electricity;
- the appearance of signs of gas contamination, the detection of gas leaks on gas equipment and gas pipelines;
- separation or extinction of the torch;
- reducing the pressure of gas or liquid fuel from a given one;
- reduction of rarefaction in the furnace;
- collapse of the furnace lining;
- a fire in the furnace compartment, a fire in the flue or in the baking chamber.
4.4. Stopping the furnace should be carried out in strict accordance with the operating instructions for this furnace.
4.5. If it is necessary to carry out emergency work inside the furnace, as well as inside gas ducts and furnace furnaces, the following safety requirements should be observed:
- emergency work inside the furnace must be carried out with the written permission of the heat engineer or chief engineer;
- before carrying out emergency work, the furnace and gas ducts must be ventilated, as well as protected from possible penetration of gas into them from other operating furnaces (by closing the shutoff valves and installing plugs);
- prohibiting safety signs with the explanatory inscription "Do not turn on!" must be posted on the starting devices of electric motors and locking devices;
- before carrying out emergency work inside the furnace, as well as inside gas ducts and furnace furnaces, workers must undergo a special safety briefing and obtain a work permit;
- the number of workers carrying out emergency work inside the furnace must be at least three, of which two must be constantly outside the furnace;
- emergency repairs should be carried out in the presence of a heat engineer (chief mechanic) or a shift supervisor;
- emergency work is allowed to be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 60 ° C. An employee at such a temperature inside the furnace, as well as inside gas ducts and furnace furnaces, should not stay in them for more than 20 minutes; after 20 minutes of work, he should receive a twenty-minute rest;
- workers carrying out repair work in a hot furnace must be provided with overalls, safety shoes (suit against high temperatures, gloves, helmet), as well as a safety belt with a safety rope;
- to illuminate the inner surface of the furnace, use portable electric lamps with a voltage of not more than 12 V in explosion-proof design.
4.6. The stoker of production furnaces must make an appropriate entry in the working log of the furnace about the accident.
4.7. In case of accidents and sudden illnesses, take measures to provide first (pre-medical) aid in accordance with Appendix 4.
5. Labor protection requirements at the end of work
5.1. To carry out the shift in compliance with the requirements of the internal labor regulations.
5.2. At the end of the work, put the workplace in order; cleaning and cleaning of the furnace should be carried out only when the furnace is not in operation and in accordance with the instructions for operating the furnace, with the permission of the immediate supervisor of the work or the person responsible for the operation of the furnace (heat engineer, chief mechanic).
5.3. Document the results of the transfer and acceptance of the shift; about violations of labor protection requirements and malfunctions found during the operation of the equipment, make an entry in the furnace operation log, inform the immediate supervisor of the work and familiarize the shifter.
5.4. Follow the requirements of personal hygiene, change into casual clothes and leave the territory of the organization at the time established by the internal labor regulations. It is not allowed to visit other workshops after the shift is over, to be on the territory of the organization (with the exception of the administrative building).
base.safework.ru
Instructions for labor protection and industrial safety during the operation of the Magdeburg furnace
Work pages
DEPARTMENT FOR THE PREPARATION AND DELIVERY OF OIL AND GAS
I N S T R U K T I A
ON LABOR HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
DURING OPERATION OF THE MAGDEBURG FURNACE
Office for the preparation and delivery of oil and gas
Chairman of the trade union committee of the UPSNiG
Deputy general manager-
INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection and industrial safety
during the operation of the Magdeburg furnace
1. PURPOSE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FURNACE EQUIPMENT.
The tubular block furnace "Magdeburg" is designed for heating process fluid.
1.1. Specifications furnace "Magdeburg".
1.1.1. The heated medium is a process fluid (oil bypass).
1.1.2. Rated thermal power, MW (Kcal/hour) — 11.6(10)
1.1.3. Rated productivity at water heating -300 m 3 hour.
1.1.4. Temperature, o C:
a) water heating, not higher than -100 ° C
b) design wall of the coil -200° С
1.1.5. Pressure for the coil MPa (kgf / cm 2)
a) working, no more than -15 kgf / cm 2
1.1.6. Pressure for the fuel gas pipeline (up to the regulator
pressure), MPa (kgf / cm 2) - 0.6 (6.0).
1.1.7. Number of combustion chambers, pcs. - 4
1.1.8. Fuel - natural or associated gas.
1.1.9. Fuel gas consumption kg/s (m³/h), max — 0.35 (1600)
1.1.10. Air pressure from the blower - 6 kPa
The tubular block furnace PTB consists of 2 main blocks: a tubular PTB furnace and a furnace automation system with hydraulic fracturing.
1.2. The device and operation of the furnace.
1.2.1. The tube furnace is made in the form of two large blocks: a heat exchange chamber and a furnace base unit.
The heat exchange chamber is mounted on the base block of the furnace and fastened to it with bolts.
1.2.2. Four chimneys are installed on the flanges located on the blocks of the walls of the heat exchange chamber.
1.2.3. For input and output of the heated product from the coils of the furnace, the furnace kit includes two elbows connected to the collectors of the heat exchange chamber.
1.2.4. To inspect the condition of the safety (explosive) valves located on the upper part of the heat exchange chamber, the furnace is equipped with a maintenance platform, and for access to it and inspection inner space cameras, through the inspection hatches located on the rear end cover - with a stepladder.
1.2.5. The automation system is made according to the block-functional principle and is a complex of monitoring, control and signaling devices placed directly on the technological part of the furnace, as well as in the room of the equipment unit with hydraulic fracturing.
The instrumentation block is a metal insulated structure, inside which is located a control and management panel, a gas distribution system (gas equipment), a power supply, heating and lighting rack.
1.2.6. The tube furnace operates as follows: the liquid enters through the pipeline into the inlet manifold of the heat exchange chamber, from which it enters the lower branches of four coils arranged in parallel rows into the body of the heat exchange chamber and then into the outlet manifold.
1.2.7. When moving along the coils, the water is heated by the heat given off by the combustion products of the fuel gas. Combustion of fuel gas in the combustion chambers is carried out with forced air supply by an electric fan.
1.2.8. Gas supply to the combustion chambers and their pilot burners is carried out from the gas distribution unit located in the heat-insulated control unit.
2. SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AUTOMATIC
REGULATION OF PROTECTION, INTERLOCKS AND ALARMS.
Rules for the operation of industrial furnaces
Clinker kilns must meet the following general requirements.
The furnace must be interlocked with auxiliary mechanisms. The control of the mechanisms should be concentrated at the driver's workplace (furnace head). In the absence of a centralized blocking, the workshop should have a two-way alarm system and a telephone connecting the furnace head platform with other technological areas: raw feeders, coal department.
The furnace must be equipped with instrumentation designed for the following purposes:
measurement and accounting of fuel consumption, raw materials and clinker output;
control of CO2, 02 and CO + H2 in exhaust gases;
determining the rarefaction of gases behind the edge of the furnace and the pressure of the carbon-air mixture supplied to the furnace by a blower fan;
sludge control.
In addition, the furnace must be equipped with an alarm for filling and emptying the coal dust and raw meal bins; signaling of the termination of water cooling of the furnace and bearings or centralized lubrication of mechanisms, as well as devices for monitoring the heating of furnace bearings and signaling of overheating of bearings, devices for measuring the speed of rotation of the furnace and raw feeder.
Starting the oven. The stove must be started in compliance with the following rules.
Before ignition and start-up of the furnace after a long stop or repair, you should:
carefully inspect and check the condition of the lining, cooler, dusty chambers and the furnace body, the condition of the bearings and the drive;
inspect the built-in and furnace heat exchange devices of the furnace supply system with raw materials and fuel; dust collecting devices and systems of traction devices (flue gas removal); transport mechanisms; instrumentation and signaling devices, control devices, explosive valves; find out if there is lubrication and if the centralized lubrication systems are working;
determine whether the raw materials and fuel preparation departments are ready for launch; Are the lighting, fences, fire fighting equipment in order?
It is possible to kindle the furnace only with the permission of the chief engineer of the plant and in the presence of the head and the mechanic of the shop, while it is necessary to act in accordance with the instructions developed for this plant.
Ignition should be preceded by a preliminary test run and running in idle of the furnace and auxiliary mechanisms. An hour before ignition, sludge is fed into the rotary kiln and the chain curtains are coated with it so that they do not burn out. When igniting a furnace with a filter-heater, the sludge is diluted to 70% moisture and this reduces its viscosity.
A stove that runs on solid and liquid fuels is kindled with firewood and boards laid in the stove and doused with fuel oil. Boards are set on fire with a torch made of rags soaked in fuel oil or oil and put on a long stick. In this case, the gate must be open.
After the boards flare up and a layer of hot fuel is formed, coal feeders or fuel oil nozzles are turned on. Turn them on gradually as the fuel burns out. When turning off the coal feeders, the blower must be stopped immediately.
gas ovens ignite in the same way as gas fireboxes.
First, the gas pipeline is purged and the furnace is ventilated for 5 minutes. After that, rags soaked in fuel oil are hung at the end of the burner and set on fire with a torch on a long stick, and then the gas supply is gradually turned on.
After changing the lining and ignition, the furnace should be loaded with material gradually, starting from half load. Full supply of the furnace with raw mix can be installed no earlier than three shifts from the moment the furnace is ignited.
It is forbidden to kindle the stove if the stock of the corrected raw mixture is less than a day, and the fuel stock is less than five days; it is not allowed to light the stove when the ‘dust collectors’ are defective or uncleaned; lining, heat exchangers are faulty or more than 20% of the circuits are missing.
Do not ignite the stove with the following faults:
curved furnace body, dents on it or axial movements associated with abnormal pressure on the thrust rollers;
loose fastenings, vibration and shocks of the drive and support units, worn parts (when the furnace is put into operation after repair);
insufficient tightness of the gas path (gas ducts), seals in the cold and hot ends of the furnace;
the absence or malfunction of a thermocouple showing the temperature of the exhaust gases, or a draft gauge showing the vacuum at the idle end of the furnace.
Furnace stop. In the event of an accident or breakdown, the oven must be stopped immediately. The furnace is also stopped when the lining burns out or falls out, in the absence of a raw mixture or fuel.
During scheduled shutdowns for lining or repairs, the furnace must operate for 2-4 hours, depending on its size, with a reduced supply of raw mix.
During all shutdowns, the furnace must be rotated periodically by a quarter of a turn every 10-15 minutes during the first two hours and every 30 minutes for the next four hours to evenly cool the lining.
In the presence of an additional drive designed for slow rotation of the drum, the furnace must be continuously rotated until it is completely cooled. With water cooling, the water supply must first be reduced by 75-80%, and after 20-30 minutes it should be completely stopped in order to prevent a sharp cooling of the lining. In all cases, the furnace should be cooled slowly to avoid distortion of the shell and damage to the lining.
The sequence of stopping the mechanisms of the furnace should be as follows: first, they stop supplying power with the raw mixture, turn off the fuel supply; then the main drive is stopped and an additional drive is turned on, slowly rotating the furnace until it is completely cooled, then the refrigerator fan, the mechanisms transporting clinker, the refrigerator and the smoke exhauster are turned off.
During long stops inspect all internal devices furnaces and clean the feed chute, heat exchangers, chain curtain and filter heater from sludge build-up.
Furnace operation. During operation, the rotary kiln operator and his assistant are required to observe the state of the clinker coating and lining through the viewing window in the kiln head, monitor the combustion flame so that it does not hit the lining, adjusting the position of the nozzle or burner. It is necessary to systematically monitor the readings of control and measuring instruments and regulate the firing process, guided by laboratory data on the quality of the raw mixture and fuel.
The driver and his assistant monitor the state of the furnace body and other mechanisms; monitor the quality of clinker;
ensure the tightness of pipelines, making sure that coal dust, gases, fuel oil do not penetrate into the workshop.
In the process of work, it is also impossible to allow the slowdown of the furnace and its stops; formation of rings and welds in the furnace.
It is necessary to control the water cooling of the sintering zone in its individual sections, depending on the state of the clinker coating of the lining.
Workers servicing the furnace must constantly monitor the lubrication of the mechanisms, preventing the bearings from heating beyond the established limit.
Grease. General information about lubrication is given in Chap. XVI. During operation, all rubbing parts of mechanisms are subject to lubrication; in this case, it is necessary to use the “Lubrication Charts” or the instruction manual for this mechanism.
Rotary kiln lubrication units (applied to 3.6×3.3×3.6×150 kiln), lubrication mode and lubricants used are as follows:
axle bearings of support rollers - bucket (crankcase) lubrication with autotractor transmission oil, summer and winter (nigrol);
bushings of axes of control (thrust) rollers - forced circulating lubrication with industrial oil 45;
working gearbox - crankcase lubricant for gears; for bearings, forced circulation with autotractor gear oil, summer and winter (nigrol);
gear shaft bearings - crankcase (bucket) lubrication with nigrol oil;
starting gear - crankcase lubrication with spraying with industrial oil 45;
crown gear and crown gear - lubrication by immersion in a bath of automotive transmission oil (nigrol);
sealing the cold end of the furnace - manual lubrication, stuffing with a cap oiler: grease USs-2 and US-2 (solid oil); for lubrication, the cap is screwed once a day.
Furnace exhauster lubricate as follows: rotor shaft bearings - ring lubrication with industrial oil 45.
The following units are lubricated in the slurry feeder:
drive shaft bearings - manual lubrication, packing using a cap oiler USs-2, ’US-2; for lubrication, the cap of the oiler is turned one turn twice per shift;
drive gears - manual lubrication, coating with UCA graphite grease;
reducer - crankcase lubrication with spraying with industrial oil 45.
Safety regulations. When servicing the furnace installation, first of all, it is necessary to follow the rules for operating the furnace. In addition to these, the following rules should be followed to ensure safe operation.
During the ignition of the furnace, it is forbidden for unauthorized persons to be near the head, drive and supporting devices.
The slurry operator of the furnace is obliged to leave his workplace in order to avoid gas poisoning and return to him only with the permission of the shift supervisor and after the site of the slurry feeder (or raw meal) is ventilated. It is forbidden to look into the furnace when starting it after stopping for heating until it has made one revolution; do not stand in front of viewing windows and kindling hatches.
The viewing windows in the furnace head and the doors must be closed. The machinist can open them only to monitor the firing progress; in this case, it is necessary to use a protective shield with blue glass.
It is forbidden to remove rings (welds) on the lining with a water jet.
Workers are allowed to enter the furnace only after it has cooled down to a temperature not exceeding 40°C, the fan has stopped, and fuses have been removed from the electric motors of the furnace, coal-feeding screws and the fan. At the same time, workers must wear protective clothing.
Hot repairs inside the furnace are allowed only by men who have passed a medical examination, while the air temperature in the furnace should not exceed 50 ° C.
The sludge feeder may only be cleaned when the kiln is stopped.
It is forbidden to use a torch to illuminate the inside of the oven. For this purpose, it is necessary to use low-voltage lighting with a voltage not higher than 12 V.
Do not manually clean the dust collectors while the oven is in operation. Dust build-up may only be removed from above from special scaffolding and only in the presence of a second person.
Special safety requirements for use gas fuel the same as for the maintenance of gas furnaces. These requirements are listed on page 199.
Rules for the operation of another auxiliary equipment kiln shop and the safety regulations required for this are given in the relevant chapters.
Preparation of raw materials and their firing during rotating ovens with heat exchangers, calciners and calciners.
gases through a system of cyclones move under the action of smoke exhauster 1. Spent gases with a temperature of 200-300 ° C are cleaned of dust in cyclone 2 and c.
Limestone is usually fired in mines or rotating ovens.
Thanks to bias and rotation ovens raw material moving along an axis ovens, exposed to heat from hot gases, sucked smoke exhauster towards the one who is moving.
Length of modern rotating ovens with a wet method of production 150-185 m, diameter - 4-5 m.
IN furnace the unit also includes a sludge feeder, a dust settling chamber, electrostatic precipitators for cleaning flue gases from dust, smoke exhauster, hot head ovens.
Vacuum in ovens created by two smoke exhausters.
To prevent the breakthrough of hot dusty gases from ovens or sucking cold air into bake in articulation rotating housing with a fixed unloading head, a sealing device is provided.
Furnaces industrial building materials. Section 27. rotating cylindrical ovens. rotating cylindrical bake is a hollow steel cylinder.
Chemist's Handbook 21
Chemistry and chemical technology
Operation of ovens. Safety
OPERATION AND SAFETY DURING OPERATION OF DUCT FURNACES
Enterprise administration, making up technological regulations for the operation of installations, is obliged to be guided by the current normative documents and regulations in order to ensure the required maintenance of the equipment and create working conditions that comply with labor protection regulations. Based on the unified industry safety rules for the operation of oil refineries (PTB-73), local safety instructions were drawn up and approved by the management of the enterprise for each process unit. They cover in detail the sections on the operation and repair of tube furnaces as one of the most difficult and dangerous types of equipment to maintain. These instructions must be located in the production areas, be studied by the operating personnel and strictly observed.
Requirements for the construction of scaffolding are regulated by SNiP P1-A, P-70 Safety in construction. It is allowed to use standard inventory and non-inventory forests. Inventory scaffolding is easily and quickly assembled and dismantled, reliable in operation, and has a small mass. For the repair of tube furnaces, metal tubular boltless scaffolding designed by Promstroyproekt is used.
HEALTH AND SAFETY DURING FURNACE OPERATION
Based on the safety requirements for the operation of furnaces, in calculations, the temperature of the outer surface of the lining is assumed to be no higher than 45 °C. When shielding the outer surface of the lining, the temperature can be increased up to 120 °C.
Although the authors hoped to answer questions of interest to production engineers, they deliberately omitted a number of issues related to coking technology, the design and operation of coke ovens, production organization and safety, which are well covered in other modern works on coal coking. .
INDUCTION FURNACE OPERATION AND SAFETY
Energy balance of chipboard and safety precautions. With the rational operation of the chipboard, it is primarily provided for its operation under the optimal electrical conditions described above. However big influence other operating characteristics of the furnace, its thermal characteristics (especially heat losses), the condition of the equipment, the organization of melting (downtime), etc., etc. also affect the performance of the furnace. In order to assess the impact of these characteristics on the performance of the furnace, it is desirable to draw up an energy balance.
The seventh chapter draws attention to safety regulations and discusses measures to ensure the safe operation of furnaces.
Safe work during the repair and operation of furnaces can be achieved with strict adherence to safety regulations.
FRIEDMAN E. E. Safety precautions at atmospheric-vacuum installations (series Library of a Young Worker). 5.5 pc. l., price 19 kopecks. The book is intended for qualified workers of atmospheric-vacuum units of oil refineries. It contains a description of the hazardous properties of petroleum products, safety requirements for the design and maintenance of the main apparatus and equipment of atmospheric vacuum installations and the maintenance of industrial premises. Examples of dangerous moments that may arise during the operation of installations are given, and recommendations are given on measures to prevent danger.
Ensuring the trouble-free operation of conversion tube furnaces is usually achieved by observing general safety principles, instructions for starting up and operating furnaces, as well as monitoring the tightness of communications and taking measures to eliminate gas leaks in a timely manner.
The electrical equipment of electric furnaces must comply with the current Rules for the installation of electrical installations and be operated in accordance with the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers and the Safety Rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers.
Each worker associated with the operation, repairs and maintenance of the gas and furnace facilities of the cement plant, gas equipment and devices (hydrofrac, gas pipelines, furnaces, dryers, boilers, etc., running on natural gas) must pass the technical minimum, receive instruction and pass exams on the rules for the technical operation of equipment and safety rules for the use of natural gas. Only upon satisfactory passing of the examination of the qualification commission appointed by the management of the plant, workers can be admitted to maintenance and repair kiln installations and equipment and for gas hazardous work. Permission to work with natural gas issuance of a special certificate.
In order to prevent poisoning and explosions, it is necessary that the device, installation and operation of gas facilities, including gas pipelines and gas ovens produced under strict safety regulations. It is especially necessary that
Safety engineering. The personnel servicing tube furnaces must know the safety regulations, labor protection, fire prevention measures, the operating instructions for this installation, internal regulations, especially in various emergency cases.
Rational operation and safety. Determining the optimal electric mode ore-thermal furnace is carried out in the same way as the EAF mode. The energy balance of the ore-thermal furnace for articles is also compiled similarly to the balance of the EAF. but the quantitative values of the articles are very different, since endothermic cycles prevail in ore-thermal furnaces and the energy consumption for these reactions can be very high. Energy balance trimers for some processes are given in .
Ignition-protective devices. The ignition protection device (ZZU) is part of the automation system for ensuring the safety of the operation of furnaces and furnaces, therefore it is included in general scheme automation or works independently. ZZU are designed for remote ignition of burners on liquid and gas fuels. The control device included in the kit with a flame photodetector monitors the presence of the main flame and, in case of its extinction, gives a command to shut off the gas.
The operation of resistance furnaces creates in the workshops where they are installed, increased knife resistance and the risk of burns for the operating personnel. When designing premises and installing electric furnaces in them, it is necessary to comply with general rules formulated in the governing uk. knowledge on safety and industrial sanitation during heat treatment and smelting of metals.
It is better to carry out work on straightening the columns on the day shift, following the issuance of coke, without removing the furnaces from the series. The mechanical and installation personnel carrying out repair work in the conditions of an operating battery is promptly subordinate to the shift supervisor for the operation of furnaces. The production plan for the repair of anchor columns is approved by the head of the workshop, while providing for the necessary safety measures.
Prevention measures. In the production and use of B. and its compounds, one should be guided by the Rules and Norms of Safety and Industrial Sanitation for the Design, Construction, and Operation of Production of Barium Sulfide, Barium Chloride, and Barium Oxide Hydrate (Moscow, Goshimnzdat, 1963) guidelines Occupational health and recreational activities when working with barium compounds (M., 1975). The main adverse factor for these industries is dust, and when thermal processes- degradation products. To improve working conditions in the areas of processing raw materials, mines, in the production of ceramic masses, the synthesis of compositions, etc., it is necessary to be guided by industry standards OST 11.091.430.4.30.2-80 Equipment for the production of capacitors. General safety requirements OST 11.091.430.5-82 Production of ceramic capacitors and resistors. Safety requirements OST 11.091.430.1-80 Crushing and grinding equipment for the production of products electronic engineering. Safety requirements. Loading and unloading of furnaces for melting glass should be mechanized. The room in which the furnaces are installed must be equipped with general supply and exhaust ventilation. In the production of ceramic products and piezoelectric elements, it is advisable to use a wet method for obtaining ceramic masses. Mechanical restoration products made of barium ceramics should be carried out at workplaces equipped with local exhaust ventilation.
Operators of coke ovens perform very responsible functions, since in difficult conditions of operation of ovens, the safety of people largely depends on them. The driver is obliged not only to follow the safety rules himself, but also to monitor how other workers (hatch, door, door sealers, masons, etc.) perform them. During the movement of the car, the driver is obliged to monitor the paths of the car so as not to run into a person or accidentally
Until now, the book by V. M. Chepel Combustion of gases in furnaces of boilers and furnaces and maintenance of the gas facilities of enterprises has gone through 5 editions. It deservedly enjoys great success among workers in the gas industry of cities, industrial and municipal enterprises, since it can contain basic information on the properties and combustion of gas fuel, the arrangement of gas fittings, instruments, equipment, gas burners, methods of gas combustion in boilers, furnaces and other installations, operation of gas equipment and gas facilities of enterprises in general, safety precautions, etc. At the same time, all information is given, although in a popular presentation, but in sufficient detail so that they can be used in practical activities.
The book gives the basics of the complex theory of furnaces and their classification. On specific examples of the production of defluorinated phosphates, catalysts, soda, pigments, thermal decontamination Wastewater and sludge, the designs and methods for calculating furnaces are described. The designs of all elements of the furnaces are given, and the ways of automation are shown. The start-up, shutdown of furnaces are described and safety issues during operation are highlighted.
Bibliography for: See pages where the term is mentioned Operation of ovens. Safety: See chapters in.