Cultivation of mushrooms in industrial conditions. Growing mushrooms at home. Spore breeding method

Grown mushrooms

With the arrival of cold rains and the first frosts, the mushroom season usually ends. And few people know that in nature there is a winter mushroom - winter honey agaric (velvety flammulina). Yes, this is understandable, well, who goes to the forest for mushrooms after frost! But you can collect winter mushrooms not only in the forest. The Japanese were the first to start growing winter mushrooms, putting its cultivation on industrial basis since the mid 50s. To date, some countries of Southeast Asia are engaged in the production of winter mushrooms, attempts are being made to cultivate it in Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and Moldova. Winter mushroom has a high nutritional value, contains vitamins B and C, rich in protein, has the ability to synthesize biologically active substances. It surpasses vegetables in the content of minerals and microelements.

Winter mushrooms can be easily grown at home. At artificial cultivation winter honey agarics as a substrate use sunflower husks, straw, buckwheat husk, sawdust of deciduous trees. When using sawdust, preference is given to aged six months to a year. Next, the selected substrate is mixed with additives, which are used as corn cobs, bran, spent grains. The prepared substrate is kept in water for 20-24 hours, squeezed out and filled with ordinary one- and two-liter glass jars, no more than half the volume. Banks are closed with cotton-gauze stoppers or lids, in which a two-centimeter hole is made in advance. The jars filled with the substrate are pasteurized for 1.5-2 hours in a saucepan with water over low heat. The procedure is repeated the next day or every other day. After that, mushrooms are planted in cooled jars.

Jar with sprouted honey mushrooms

In each jar, with pre-washed hands, place a few pieces of mashed planting material, broken off from the mycelium. The jar is closed and placed in a room with a temperature of at least 20-24 degrees. After 20-30 days, the mycelium germinates. During germination, the mycelium does not require lighting. After germination, the jars can be placed on the windowsill, if this is not the north side, then a little shading should be done. When the mushrooms begin to come out of the jar, it is necessary to wrap the neck of the jar with thick paper to a height of 5-10 cm. This is done so that the mushrooms keep upright, stretching out of the jar. Periodically wetting the cardboard and spraying mushroom caps from a spray bottle, support high humidity air (85-95%), which is very necessary at this stage.

When the mushrooms are completely out of the jar, the jar is released from the strapping and the mushrooms are cut off. The resulting yield is 25-30% of the weight of the wet substrate. The jars with the substrate are closed again and taken out to the glazed balcony. After 7-14 days, the second mushroom wave will begin.

Enough original way suggested docent Donetsk University L. Filchakov for growing winter mushrooms. Common pumpkin is used as a nutritional base. Through a small hole made in the pumpkin, several pieces of mycelium are placed inside. The pumpkin is left in a warm place, covering the hole with cellophane. After 25 days, the pumpkin is placed in a more humid and cool room. The rudiments of the fruiting bodies of the fungus that have appeared will be visible on the pumpkin in the form of dots. The grown mushrooms are cut off when the mushroom cap becomes flat, and the leg has not yet begun to darken. Winter mushrooms are especially tasty when pickling, and are also used for frying and salting.

Many mushroom lovers try to grow mushrooms at home. Not everyone succeeds. So, how to grow mushrooms in the country? It is recommended to start landing with the choice of a place and its preparation. These mushrooms grow best on dead wood. However, if desired, you can use a special substrate.

Why mushrooms

Honey mushrooms - that's enough delicious mushrooms, which can be grown not only on suburban area but also on the balcony. The main thing is to observe the technology of germination and planting. Such mushrooms have tender and fragrant pulp. Mushrooms are often used to make soups, stir-fries and various sauces. After all, the product retains its unique flavor even after heat treatment.

In addition, growing honey mushrooms is an occupation that can bring a good income. In Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany, this kind of business is quite common. However, in these countries, a special paste is used as planting material. It is not yet possible to purchase such a substance in our stores.

Where to grow in the garden

Since it is not so easy to grow mushrooms in the country, it is worth preparing the place in advance. For germination, stumps from old ones are ideal. fruit trees or damp chocks that lay under a pile of firewood and were in contact with the ground.

If there is nothing suitable on the site, then rotten, rotten boards will do. Also, some summer residents practice growing mushrooms on sawdust.

The choice of material for planting

Growing mushrooms on stumps is a simple process, but a long one. The main thing is to choose the right type of wood. Grows best on birch stumps. This material, even after cutting, retains a large number of moisture. At the same time, the dense bark protects the wood from drying out.

If mushrooms are planted in the garden, then it is worth using the stumps of old pears and apple trees for these purposes. Mushrooms also grow well on alder, aspen and poplar chocks. It is worth considering that mushrooms are capable of destroying any stump in 6 years.

Do not use pine and spruce for growing this type of mushroom.

Preparation and landing

How to grow mushrooms in the country? First you need to infect old stump fungus spores. It's not hard. This will require hats of already adult mushrooms. They must be laid out with plates down on Blank sheet paper. Disputes should spill out of the hats. They look like dark dust. Disputes are recommended to be poured into a bottle of water and shake well.

It is also worth preparing the stump itself in advance. It is worth sawing off a round timber from it, the thickness of which should be from 3 to 5 centimeters. After that, the upper part of the stump must be cut crosswise. This can be done with an axe. The more cracks that form, the better.

Now it remains to infect the stump with spores. This is done quite simply. It is necessary to water the prepared wood with water in which the spores are honey mushrooms. After that, it is worth nailing the round timber on top, which was sawn off from the stump.

Sprouting in bags

Since not everyone is able to grow mushrooms in the country in the first way, it is worth thinking about their germination in a greenhouse. To do this, half-rotten pieces of wood should be placed in the corner of the structure. They also need to be watered with water, which contains honey mushroom spores. After some time, the wood should be transferred to bags and placed in a dark place in a woodpile. In the spring, the ends, as well as those places where the bark was damaged, should be covered with mycelium. The material is ready for planting.

How to grow mushrooms in the country from mycelium

The wood on which the mycelium appeared must be placed in the place where the landing is planned. It should be well protected from wind and direct sunlight. In this way, honey agaric is germinated winter and summer. must penetrate the soil. From there, he will receive additional moisture. Therefore, it is recommended to dig chocks with mycelium into the soil by 2/3 of the height. The distance between pieces of wood should be from 10 to 15 centimeters.

In order for either summer to germinate, it is necessary to regularly water the chocks. This is especially true in dry hot weather. It is recommended to water the blanks for 5 minutes once an hour. At the same time, it is necessary to moisten the wood from 12 to 17 hours of the day. By night, the chocks should dry well.

Method three

To grow mushrooms on the site, you need to collect mature mushroom caps. They are recommended to be placed in a container and filled with water. Hats should stand for several days. After that, the water from the container should be drained and filtered. The resulting infusion must be soaked in advance prepared pieces of wood or stumps. In addition, ripe mushroom caps can be laid out on the surface of the material. After two days, they can be removed.

It is worth noting that this method is not suitable for everyone, since the germination process is very slow. The first harvest of mushrooms planted in this way can only be obtained by the end of the next season.

Sprouting mycelium

There is also a less time-consuming method of germinating mushrooms. This will require not only rotten stumps or chocks, but also a mycelium. At the same time, the growth of summer mushrooms proceeds more intensively. You can find mycelium in the forest. This must be done at the beginning of June. Take only the area marked active growth mycelium. As a rule, in such places you can see a large number of threads that have cream or white shade. In addition, there must be strong smell mushrooms. It is worth collecting mycelium along with pieces of wood.

Such blanks must be placed in notches on logs or stumps. To prevent the mycelium from dying, it is recommended to cover the landing site with shingles, moss or bark. For better germination, the stump or log should be covered with a film. This method allows you to get the first harvest of mushrooms by the beginning of the next season. It is best to infect wood in summer or early summer.

Growing Features

The technology of growing mushrooms in the country is quite simple. However, there are some features. Such mushrooms should be covered with breathable material. If desired, you can knock down a loose box of boards, agril, slab. Also for these purposes, burlap or paper is suitable.

If the stumps are left from a freshly cut tree, then they do not need to be further processed. You can immediately start infecting them with spores again. If top part the stump has dried up, then it must be soaked. To do this, the wood is regularly watered for several days. Spores are planted only after the material has gained enough moisture.

The first mushrooms at proper fit should appear in June. They are usually harvested before September. However, it should be noted that in the first year there will be few mushrooms. The yield of honey mushrooms largely depends on the degree of growth of the mycelium, the quality of the wood and weather conditions. In the second year, the number of mushrooms can increase 4 times.

If mushrooms are planted in the garden, then you should choose a darkened place where they do not penetrate Sun rays. If the stump is not located in the shade, then it is recommended to cover it. To do this, you can use hay or straw.

Honey agaric - edible mushroom, living on rotten stumps, fallen trees and around them. Honey mushrooms are known for their ability to grow in large groups, sometimes covering the entire stump. They are popular with mushroom pickers, because they are rarely worms, tasty, versatile in cooking. They are interesting to collect: it happens that whole fallen trunks are covered with mushrooms. Of course, every mushroom picker wants to have a small mushroom plantation in his garden. Summer and autumn mushrooms are grown, but there are no differences in breeding techniques.

If you have an old stump on the site, it is good to use it as a launching pad for breeding mushrooms. Oak, maple, poplar, willow are suitable, but most often mushrooms grow on birch and aspen rotten trees. There are two ways to plant mushrooms on the site. First: the caps of old mushrooms are soaked in water (not purified, rain or from a river, not cold). After a day, the water will turn into a broth rich in spores of the fungus. Water them with stumps. Arrange the ripened mushroom caps on top. The second way is to bring a piece of rotten wood from the place of the stump where the mushrooms grew from the forest. Nail it to the existing stump and water it. A piece of mycelium will grow into a new stump.

It is necessary to plant mushrooms in warm weather. The main thing is not to let the plantings dry out for a long time. Water the mushroom bed as needed, and not only in the fall, but also in the summer, since the mycelium needs good conditions to take root and grow a crop. Maintaining moisture is the key to success.

So that the stump does not dry out, and the mushrooms do not roast in the sun, the area around it must be planted with tall shady plants such as ferns or nettles. If you do not have a stump on the site, use large chocks and sawdust instead. Chocks are well chopped in several places with an ax and buried halfway into the ground. Pour sawdust around and mix a little with the ground. it's the same great way expand the plantation if you have few stumps on the site.

The mushroom picker takes a couple of years to populate new house and grow crops. Unnecessary rot, branches and shavings will serve as additional food for the mycelium if you put them between the stumps. The mushroom picker is able to eat even potato tops! If the bed is on sunny place, it is covered. Only so that ventilation is maintained, and rain moistens the soil around the stumps. To this end, you can make grooves in the ground leading to chocks / stumps.

Having grown mushrooms on the site, you will not only be able to easily collect several buckets of crops, but also control the growth of fruits. And also you will know when a new wave of mushrooms has gone and go to the forest just in time. The only caveat is that the mycelium sometimes infects living plants, oppressing them. Therefore, do not arrange a mushroom bed near fruit and berry trees.

" Mushrooms

Honey mushrooms are one of the most popular mushrooms, as they can not only be collected in the forest, but also grown independently in your country house or balcony. Summer and winter variety honey agaric the best way suitable for home breeding. They are not whimsical and do not require much effort even for a beginner.

It is easy to arrange conditions for growth of honey mushrooms both at home and in a summer cottage or garden. The best time for planting planting material outdoors, this is in April-May or in August, and in the house ( warm balcony, basement) throughout the year.

The air temperature at different stages of growth should be from +10 to +25°C.

With uniform and high level moisture, the mycelium develops rapidly, which favorably affects the growth of fungi. The building should be well ventilated, it can be a window or built-in ventilation. The light for the growth of mushrooms is not needed bright, it can be grown almost in semi-darkness. Only then will the mushroom caps turn pale, but this will not affect them. palatability. At the dacha for planting mushrooms, it is better to choose shady place so that the wood on which the mycelium is located does not dry out.

Methods of growing honey mushrooms in their summer cottage

You can grow mushrooms in the following ways:

• in the basement on bags;
• on logs;
• in greenhouses;
• in banks;
• on the stump

In the basement on bags

The room must be disinfected before boarding. In the basement all year round there must be good ventilation. AT winter time it needs to be heated.

For soil for sowing mycelium use:

• crushed straw;
• foliage trees;
• woody sawdust;
• husk seeds;
• ready blocks substrate.

All herbal ingredients are steamed hot water for 12 hours for disinfection from pests and mold. After cooling, add the mycelium mushrooms (according to the manufacturer's instructions) and mix thoroughly. After that, the mixture is laid out in dense plastic bags from 5 to 50 kg. Tied packages are stacked on racks or hung in the basement.

After three days, holes about 5-6 cm long are cut in the bags. After 14-20 days, the mushrooms will germinate and become noticeable.

For normal growth mushrooms at this stage, good lighting, high humidity and a temperature of +14 to +16 ° C are necessary.

on logs

They can grow mushrooms both outdoors and indoors at temperatures from +10 to +25°C. A log from a larch tree should not be rotten, but damp and with bark. Length 300-500 mm, diameter 200-500 mm. If it is dry, then it is soaked in water for two or three days. Then they pull it out and let the water drain.

There are three ways to grow mushrooms on logs:

1. Holes are made in logs 1 cm in size, 4 cm long and at a distance of 10-12 cm from each other. Mycelium on wood sticks is inserted into them. Hands must be absolutely clean. After that, the logs are wrapped plastic wrap, making several holes in it so that air can pass inside. Then they are transferred to a damp darkened room. At 20 ° heat, the log will be overgrown with mycelium again within 3-4 months.
2. On the personal plot from the shadow side dig a hole 15 cm deep and water it. Then wood is placed in it with a mushroom stick laid in horizontal position. Sprinkle the soil around the planting wood ash to scare away the snails. Watering is carried out regularly so that the earth does not dry out. Covered with leaves in winter.

1. You can also prepare a log plant in a tub or barrel of earth, and put on the balcony. For normal growth, you need to constantly maintain a temperature of +10 to +25 ° C and high humidity.

A hygrometer is used to determine the percentage of humidity.

in the greenhouse

Hotbeds and greenhouses are well suited in terms of temperature and humidity levels for growing mushrooms. Logs, stumps, logs are moistened and placed in a greenhouse. After that, holes are made in the wood and myceliums are laid, or they can be watered with a solution containing fungal spores. Planting is watered regularly to maintain moisture, and also monitor the temperature. Also in greenhouses you can grow mushrooms in jars, bags or on substrate blocks.

in banks

This method of growing mushrooms allows you to do without personal plots. The jar can be placed on the balcony or on the windowsill.

A substrate is made for the growth of mycelium- a mixture of sawdust(preferably larch species) and bran in a ratio of 3:1. For one day it is filled with water, then squeezed and not strongly compacted.

To prevent infection of the mycelium with mold, the jar with the substrate is sterilized in hot water In one hour.

After the mixture has cooled, a deepening is made in it with a clean stick to the bottom of the jar and the mushroom mycelium is placed. The container is covered with a lid with holes and covered with wet cotton wool to maintain humidity. The jar is cleaned in a dark and warm place. Moisturize as it dries.

The mushroom picker will germinate in a month, and after 15-20 days the first mushrooms will appear. As soon as the mushrooms sprout, the container is placed on the windowsill with north side, or darken from the sun. When they grow to the lid, it is removed and the neck of the jar is wrapped with a wide strip of cardboard. This will help the mushrooms to hold on during growth. Mushrooms are sprayed with water to maintain moisture. As they grow, the crop is cut off, and the remaining legs are pulled out. After 14-20 days, new mushrooms will grow.

Growing on a stump

Planting mycelium on a stump is done in a warm, but not hot season. In the forest, on old stumps or tree trunks, a mycelium is found and a part of it is separated along with a piece of wood. For planting, notches are cut out in the stump, and pieces of mycelium 1-2 cm in size are laid. Then cover with wet moss or sawdust. The soil around it is watered, preventing drying out.

Spore breeding method

Caps of overripe mushrooms with a dark brown color below are selected. Put them in a container and pour clean water for 24 hours. Then, without getting them out of the water, rub them with your hands. The resulting mass is filtered. A solution containing spores is poured over stumps or logs with notches made in them. Thanks to them, the wood is better saturated. Then they are covered with wet moss or sawdust. Spores germinate for a long time, mushrooms will grow only after 1-2 years. After the mycelium has grown on wood or stumps, it can be propagated. To do this, its part is carefully separated and transplanted to a new place.

You need to buy mycelium only in specialized stores, since the goods are stored in them in right conditions. If during the cultivation of winter mushrooms in containers, the temperature rises high, then they should be put in the refrigerator for several days. The temperature should not exceed +8°С, but not less than +4°С.

Good afternoon. My name is Ira, and I am a country experimenter. However, not only country: even at home I grew lemons and oranges. But today I’ll tell you about a simpler matter, namely the cultivation of mushrooms such as honey mushrooms at home. Let's stop breeding mushrooms in vegetable gardens and in banks.

It should be noted right away that mushrooms are summer, autumn and winter. But they are suitable for cultivation in basements or summer houses, and especially winter ones. Honey mushrooms "from the garden" are good because they have both a hat and legs that are tasty and edible: they are too hard for forest ones. Winter mushrooms are more suitable for beginners, but they also impose certain requirements on growing conditions:

• The importance of air is from 70 to 80%;
• Lots of light;
• Good ventilation;
• In summer, the room needs to be cooled, in winter - heated;
• The temperature should be up to plus 15 degrees (at least 10 above zero).

You can grow them on wood, and in a greenhouse, and just in the garden. But it is better to start with cans.

In the bank

The technology is pretty simple. All you need is jars with a volume of three liters, mycelium (you can buy it, or you can find it in the cleanest forest in the area) and a substrate.

The sequence is:

• We make a nutrient substrate. For one part of bran we take three parts of sawdust (the tree for them must be deciduous);
• After soaking the substrate for 24 hours in warm water, we fill our containers by half;
• We make indentations in it to the very bottom of the cans with the help of thin sticks;
• Banks are sterilized twice. The fire must be weak;
• After boiling a second time, cool, cover with plastic lids, in which we make holes 0.2 cm in diameter;
• We bring the mycelium through these holes;
• Next month it is important that the air temperature does not change;
• After germination, we transfer the jars to where it is colder. This can be a balcony (the temperature on it should not be below plus 13) or to the northern part of the apartment, on the windowsills;
• When the mushrooms grow to the necks of the jars, remove the lid, and put a paper cuff on the neck to limit the growth of mushrooms;
• Caps of mushrooms need to be sprayed sometimes in order to be satisfied with the humidity.

As a substrate, you can use not only sawdust, but also seed husks. You can also add corn flour, oatmeal, or starch to it: this nutrients, and they need 25 g per kilogram of substrate. Starch needs 8 g per kilogram.

Drink and more

First of all, you need raw materials for reproduction. It can be purchased mycelium, or you can prepare raw materials on your own. It is better to choose stumps from birches, apple trees, poplars, aspens and pears. They should not be infected with tinder fungus or rot. It is better to choose stumps that are far from fruit trees, because honey mushroom mycelium can infect them and damage the wood.

From hats

We are looking for hats of overripe mushrooms (they are dark brown with reverse side and larger than 8 cm in diameter). Fill with water, wait 24 hours, then knead in the same water. Filter the mixture. We water the stumps that we prepared in advance with it. They need to make small indentations. After all the stumps, we fall asleep with moss or sawdust (wet), leaving the butt intact.

Important! Water for the preparation of the mixture should be either rain or river. In a ravine, pond or swamp, that is, in stagnant water, some dangerous microbes must live.

Based on mushroom

This is a good option for growing autumn mushrooms. So. All work must be carried out in the fall. We are looking for a stump on which a mycelium grew in the forest. We separate one piece from it. We divide it into squares with an edge of 2 cm. We make small holes in the stump in your area, we put pieces of wood infected with mushrooms into them.

Again, we cover the stump with moss or sawdust, wrap the end with a film to maintain moisture. Closer to winter, you need to cover the stumps with spruce branches. When the snow begins to melt, it is important to ensure that water does not get under the film: it can harm the mycelium. Also, do not forget to shake off the snow from the paws on the stumps so that the water does not damage the mushrooms during the thaw. You can remove the branches only by the end of June, when the mushrooms are ready to bear fruit.

From purchased mycelium

It is better to settle on stumps around the May holidays. We make holes in the stumps. Damp boards or trimmed logs are also suitable for these purposes. To plant mycelium on them, add spores to a bottle of water, shake well and water the boards.

in the greenhouse

Greenhouses are well suited for mushrooms, because it is easy to maintain high humidity here. It is important to water the mushrooms constantly. You can grow mushrooms in greenhouses both on wood (even Bad quality, but not infected with anything), and in packages or cans. Substrate blocks are also suitable.

We grow mushrooms in the basement

Here, too, there are no problems with humidity, but temperature correction and good lighting will be needed. Ventilation may also be needed. To grow mushrooms, you need soil for mycelium. His role may be played by:

• Ready substrate blocks;
• tree leaves;
• Straw (chopped);
• Sawdust;
• The peel of sunflower seeds.

It remains only to decompose the mixture into dense polyethylene bags. Their volume should be from 5 kg to 50. We tie, hang or simply lay out on racks. After three days, holes 5 centimeters long should be made in bags. In a couple of weeks, the mushrooms will sprout. The temperature in the basement for honey mushrooms should be 14-15 degrees above zero.

Summing up

Honey mushrooms can be grown outside the forest in a variety of ways:

• On the stumps;
• logs;
• In the bank;
• In the basement.

The main thing is to observe the regime of humidity and temperature regime. You also need to ensure that the mycelium does not infect neighboring trees.