Ground water and drain hole. Septic tank for high groundwater levels. The danger of combining a cesspool and high groundwater

Upon completion of technological and production tasks associated with the arrangement of the sewer system in apartment building, production building, as well as in private households, it is required to test the system involved using the forced spill method. This task was applied to identify possible defects or improper installation of the entire sewer part involved and the act of testing the systems internal sewerage and drains will be material evidence of work on the acceptance of the facility.

A visual check should be accompanied by inclusion in the act of testing internal sewerage systems and drains according to SNIP, which is currently submitted current regulations applications of the "D" series, which corresponds to SP 73.13330.2012 "Internal sanitary systems of the building", a new updated working version of SNiP 3.05.01-85 has recently been applied.

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When constructing hydraulic structures, there is a risk of some problems. The main one is floating. AT living conditions, this problem sometimes occurs when building a well. On the forums of specialized sites, people who are concerned about the problem they have received ask the question: “what is a quicksand?”. Formulating the answer is quite simple.

This phenomenon implies a lower layer of soil with great content water. Its structure is always loose and can harm not only the structure, but also the person. More information on this subject will be discussed below.

Detailed information about the quicksand

Quicksand is the most dangerous problem that arises when building a well. This phenomenon can destroy the walls of the structure and cause subsidence of the soil. Quicksand consists of a large number small particles sand and clay. The heavy mass of these rocks is difficult to give water. According to the results of numerous studies of this phenomenon, it is possible to obtain a source of water in the form of a well with moving soil layers, with the organization and correct execution necessary activities.

Quicksand is located at a depth of 1.5 to 10 meters. Its presence at this distance from the surface depends on a large number of factors. The choice of a place for a technical structure is best done in the absence of such problems in the area. If this obstacle appears suddenly during the construction process, the digger must take the necessary measures to obtain clean water in such conditions.

The very phenomenon of quicksand is divided into 2 types, false and true. They differ from each other, both in their properties and in the methods of struggle. A well on a true quicksand will require a lot of attention and effort. This type of phenomenon has severe characteristics. Water loss is minimal. Usually does not exceed 0.5 cubic meters. meters in one day. The rock saturation gradient index contributes to unpredictable and abrupt movements of water masses.

Quicksand provokes the destruction of the components of the well

The danger also lies in the fact that winter periods there is uneven freezing of water and heaving of the soil. Professionals in the construction of water-pressure technical structures are not able to overcome this phenomenon. The main danger is the displacement and destruction of the walls of the well, fortifications and other elements.

False quicksand is more simple and prone to overcoming. The soil with this phenomenon consists of a large number of particles of fine sand. The pores are large. The water level in the well can rise up to 2 meters. The false look does not contain colloidal masses.

Therefore, when the water-sand mixture is ejected into the space of the well, the bottom undergoes a reduction process. This reduces the risk of movement of soil layers. When false, the volume of water allows you to provide a house, garden plot and other places clean water in sufficient quantity. How to pass a quicksand in a well with the presence of such characteristics, we will discuss further.

Construction of a well in the presence of a quicksand

Quicksand when digging a well may appear unexpectedly. The phenomenon requires urgent measures to tame and improve the safety of the structure itself. Before answering the question of what to do if there is a quicksand in the well, you need to know about the difficulties of building the mine of the structure itself. Here is the most complete list:

Constant absorption of the well rings by heavy sandy masses.
Displacement of the walls of the well and their destruction.
Washing away layers of soil.

Passing a quicksand is quite difficult, and you need to know what to do if there is a quicksand in the well. If it is possible to complete the work at the selected location and relocate the structure, it is better to use this. Control measures for the false quicksand phenomenon may include the use of technical means and certain skills.

The passage of this layer is possible only in cases of its small thickness. For this, a special device is used - a tongue and groove. It is a flat wall made of planks. The ends of each element of this design must be sharpened. It must be placed vertically in the well tunnel and hammered to the maximum available depth. For this, stone or cast-iron headstocks are used. When the sheet pile is already driven, it is necessary to start digging the sand layer. If its depth exceeds the length of the device, it is necessary to drive it at an angle.

Alternative Methods for Solving the Problem

The answer to the question, what to do with a quicksand in a well, can consist of two options, building a metal box or a special filter. The construction of a bottom box will significantly increase the safety of the well and the purity of the water supplied. It must be done without the presence of a bottom. The sides should be as sharp as possible. The box is installed using the method of cutting into the ground.

The presence of a metal box at the bottom of the well will affect the volume of sand masses ejected. The part of the structure visible from the outside must have a hatch. Its presence will serve in solving the problems of re-filling the well tunnel with sand masses. Placement at the bottom of the drawer requires additional work to strengthen the walls of the building. It is necessary to strengthen them with mortar or clay.

The passed level of the sandy layer does not provide the required quality of water purity. This problem is solved with the installation of a bottom filter. sand particles in in large numbers constantly rising in the water column. The layer becomes cloudy and unfit for consumption, not only for drinking, but also technically. Installation special equipment for water supply will not give the desired result. Pumps quickly become unusable, clogging with sand.

To prevent this kind of problem, you need to install a filter. The material is wood. Use water-resistant types of wood as needed. Professional craftsmen for the construction of technical aquifers, it is advised to take aspen boards. They need to be brought together. The result should be a shield. Its dimensions should not exceed the inner diameter of the well tunnel. The best option there will be a difference of no more than 5 cm. The resulting shield in original form should not have large cracks and holes. Holes for water supply are made independently. Their location should be in the center of the diameter of the resulting ring.

The made filter has a small mass. Raising it to the surface for turbulent water masses will not be a problem. Therefore, it must be fixed at the bottom with stones. Despite its water-resistant properties, the aspen shield is replaced every 5-6 years. During this period, the structure rots and loses its properties.

An excellent indicator for the replacement time of the shield is the quality of the water. All of the above measures to combat quicksand will not completely protect the owner of the well from possible harm. Compliance with additional preventive measures will help increase the life of the structure for many years.

Preventive measures when using a well

The use of preventive actions can increase the life of the structure and improve water quality. Each item from the list below requires attention and careful implementation. Preventive measures to organize the integrity of the structure and the purity of the water:

Don't drain the well completely

It is not necessary to completely empty the well of water. This condition is also mandatory when cleaning the tunnel. Lack of water will instantly activate the quicksand.
You should not pay attention to the general level of water in the well. He can change. Moving layers of sandy soil easily and in sufficient quantities fill the well with water. If the integrity of filters and other devices at the bottom of the structure is violated, it will lead to irreversible consequences.
If it is necessary to place a water filter in the well, it should be aligned with the level of the horizon of the water column.
Do not manually remove sand from the bottom.
Installing an aspen shield at the bottom of the well will reduce the volume of sand and water masses in the tunnel.
When building a well, it is not advisable to organize breaks. The shaft of the structure must be filled.
The well should be cleaned every 5-6 years. Filters need to be replaced if necessary.

If it is necessary to pass through the problematic layer, the Abyssinian method is also used. Its use allows you to keep the pressure of the moving masses at the desired level. For this method, it is used metal pipe 1-2 meters long and a large number of hoses. metal tube kicks in to the end. Then it is taken out and a hose is put on one end. Then it should be placed again in the same hole to the very edge.

By doing this repeatedly, it is required to lengthen the resulting pipe. Dimensions in ready-made this device reach 20 meters. Main disadvantage Abyssinian method - pumping out water masses manually.

Digging a well is a rather complicated and time-consuming task. But the process becomes even more complicated if a quicksand appears in the well in the way of digging. This phenomenon is extremely unpleasant, and sometimes even dangerous for the digger. What are the problems, how to deal with them and how much effort and time will have to be put in, we understand below.

First, let's define what a quicksand is in a well. Quicksand is called saturated large quantity water layers of soil that can meet on different depth. Roughly speaking, this is a mobile slurry, mostly consisting of sand, water and clay inclusions. chief dangerous property quicksand is its constant mobility, sometimes under high pressure. Which not only makes it difficult to dig a well on a quicksand, but also threatens to shift concrete rings during the operation of the source. In addition, quicksand particles can clog the water intake of the source or simply pollute the water in it.

From here, non-professionals have a question: is it possible to dig a well in quicksand at all and is it worth it? Maybe it's better to refuse to work? How long will it take to complete the work? We consider everything possible ways dealing with the problem.

If you decide to dig a well with your own hands, then it would be useful to conduct a geological survey. The ideal would be to drill an exploratory well. But if there are no such conditions and opportunities, then at least interview the neighbors who have their own well. So you can find out the maximum information about the soil in which you are going to dig.

If it happens that on the way through the mine there is a risk of stumbling upon quicksands in wells, then you should know that they are of two types:

False - a layer of soil saturated with water and consisting exclusively of finely porous sand. Such a quicksand easily gives up water when digging, and does not create any special difficulties in the process of work. You can get through it fairly quickly.
True quicksand is a layer of soil having a thickness of 3 to 10-12 meters. The main components of such a reservoir are sand, clay and a large amount of water. When a layer of quicksand is opened, its movement becomes chaotic and cannot be controlled. Such a quicksand is not able to filter or give off water, which greatly complicates the work of digging a well or well.

Important: professionals cope with quicksand quite skillfully, and pass this layer of soil with high quality. It is possible to build a well on such a quicksand, but only with the help of specialists.

If a layer of quicksand is found at the time of exploration, it is better to refuse to dig a full-fledged well with your own hands. In this case good decision will become simple abyssinian well or a well in the sand. In the case of the Abyssinian well, drilling will be carried out inside a metal casing pipe, which simplifies the passage of a layer of quicksand in wells.

Ways to solve problems

If you have started digging a well, then the most correct solution would be to use concrete rings for casing (how many of them you need depends on the reconnaissance actions received earlier). No matter what formations you have to face, the casing string assembled from reinforced concrete rings will sink down under its own weight during the digging process. And even if you stumble upon a quicksand in your well, there is hope that its depth is 2-3 meters and you can pass this line on your own.

Important: it is advisable to install a cutting shoe made of steel under the first concrete ring. This will simplify the task of arranging the well at times.

If there is a risk of digging a well for quicksand, then all concrete rings must be securely fastened with special metal brackets, and the joints must be well sealed. Moreover, as a sealant, it is better to make from crystallizing compounds with the addition of plasticizers and cement. By the way, it will be most convenient to use concrete rings with a euro lock and a wall thickness of 10 cm or more. Making such a mine is much easier and more reliable. Especially in conditions of an increased amount of water around the well.

If you stumbled upon a quicksand

If in the process of deepening muddy yellow-brown water appeared, it means that you have landed on a layer of quicksand. Immediately, we note that it is easier to dig such soil. But it's hard to lift it. You can spend a lot of effort to go deeper by some 15-20 cm. The amount of worked-out rock being lifted will be many times greater. In addition, the viscous slurry will always arrive and make your work exhausting. In this case, the soil layer can be passed in this way:

If the formation movement is too strong and it is impossible to overcome it, unfortunately, the work will have to be stopped permanently, despite the money spent. Alternatively, you can wait for winter, when the earth and water freeze, and, accordingly, the movement of the quicksand will stop, and make the well further. If the earth does not freeze, all efforts are in vain.
If the floater is less mobile, you can use wooden sheet piles from shields with pointed lower edges. They are hammered at an angle of 40 degrees towards the ground to a depth of 30-40 cm. And they continue to dig. As the soil with water is sampled, the tongues are lowered lower again to a depth of 30-40 cm.
If the quicksand is not deep (no more than 100 cm), you can also use a special bottom box, which has a cutting base from below. It is lowered down on ropes and pressed into the ground. As soon as the box is full, the soil is selected from it. So you can go no more than 1-1.5 meters of quicksand.
With more mobile layers of quicksand, a reinforced sheet pile about 80 cm long can be used. It is driven into the ground, well insulated and, as it goes deeper into the well, it is sharpened. In this case, the water intake of the well will need to be made in the form of a kind of tent so that the sheet pile is located at a slope towards the well shaft.

Important: use the pump for dirty water in this case is contraindicated. You run the risk of pumping out the soil outside, next to the casing, which will lead to its subsequent shift and violation of the integrity of the mine.

Filter arrangement

If your well is located on a true quicksand, then you can leave this option. The main thing is to provide good filter for water. To do this, a wooden perforated shield is first laid on the bottom. A layer of fine-grained gravel (15-20 cm thick) is laid on top. And only then lay large pebbles. Such a system will prevent the entry of clay impurities and sand into the water, and will ensure that water is obtained without unnecessary impurities.

In general, it is worth knowing that digging wells on difficult soils should be carried out only by professionals.

Not a single human dwelling can do without a system for draining wastewater, but in private houses that are not connected to the city sewer, you have to equip your own system. It is sometimes built independently, spending not so much money, but a cesspool with a high level of groundwater is more expensive and more ingenuity will be required to invest in its construction.

The arrangement of a cesspool with a high level of groundwater has many features

Where there is a lot of water, there is always trouble.

The danger of combining a cesspool and high groundwater

The close location of groundwater to the surface presents a lot of worries to the owner of a summer house or a private house.

Even without this, it is required to invest in creating a cesspool, but with high groundwater, the complexity of its installation increases several times.
In an unsealed pit, they will periodically seep ground water, flooding and flooding it. Because of this, you will have to turn to sewers for help more often than usual, and this is an additional waste of money.
Worse, they corrode sewers, disable the entire makeshift sewer system, which means that you will have to invest again effort, time and money.
There is no need to mention how dirty, smelly and full of infections the liquid splashes in the cesspool. With the help of groundwater, all these unattractive effluents will spill over the entire site and soon poison the drinking wells. The risk of this particular variant of the development of the situation is especially high if the pit was built without a bottom.
Not only drain hole and her environment suffers from their proximity. Because of them, trees and other crops do not grow well, their roots rot due to excessive moisture. Possible flooding of the foundation of residential and warehouse buildings, flooding of cellars.

Groundwater level

The troubles associated with this problem can simply be avoided at the first stage of creating a cesspool - to calculate the level of groundwater. The recommended depth of a typical pit is 3 meters (exactly at this distance, the hoses of the vacuum trucks are usually unwound), the groundwater level should be below these three meters. The trouble is if they get close to the surface by two meters or more, the usual cesspool is not being built here, and having built it, its use will turn into endless torment.

Snow melting - optimal time to determine the level of groundwater

The level of water occurrence is determined during the melting of snow in spring or during the rainy season in autumn. Distance is measured in several ways:

If there is a well on the site, then measure the distance between the surface of the earth and the water in the source.
There are no wells - drill the soil in two or three places on the site. Having drilled the earth to the length of the tool, wait a day until the hole is filled with water. Then drop into the hole metal rod and calculate the depth of water from the mark.
The proximity of groundwater can be noticed by an attentive eye - marsh plants such as reeds or alder grow rapidly on such land, and the color, vegetation is saturated, and mosquitoes fly a lot. And you can also ask around the neighbors, but you should not rely on their evidence, since aquifer bends: on neighboring plot groundwater can lie deep, but on yours it may well be close. It is best to use a garden drill or wells.

Principles of arrangement of cesspools

Now we just need to know how to do it cesspool if groundwater is nearby.

Cesspools are of two types: bottomless and airtight.

The last type of system should be installed on the site, namely tightness is the main way to deal with groundwater hazards. For the sake of economy and in the name of tradition, pits are made of concrete rings or stacked with bricks, but these materials will not work this time. Concrete rings and bricks are not able to provide the required level of sealing of the system.

Ordinary cesspools differ from pits placed in areas where groundwater is close by the presence of special infiltration tunnels, which are also called cassettes. Cassettes are installed above groundwater, sometimes even directly on the surface of the earth. Purified wastewater through these tunnels they enter the soil layer: thanks to this method Environment avoids pollution. Typically, infiltration tunnels are small in diameter, averaging 130–200 mm. The only drawback of the system manifests itself when winter cold: on frosty days, the cassettes freeze, but no one bothers to insulate them.

The infiltration tunnel freezes in winter time of the year

What should be done to create such a system?

First, wait until the groundwater level drops to the minimum mark.
When the groundwater drops sufficiently, prepare two pits and strengthen their walls. Connect the pits with a pipe so that the liquid can freely flow from one pit to another. Connect the main pit to sewer system from dwelling.
Place the infiltration channel underground to a depth depending on the level of water occurrence. Usually the cassette is arranged at a depth of half a meter underground. For insulation, the channel is covered with sand and gravel. It is advisable to buy a cassette in a store, but if you feel sorry for the money, you can make the device yourself.
It remains to purchase and install a submersible pump, or even better two.

Such a system works according to a simple scheme: wastewater passes through sewer pipe and fall into the first pit, making the first, rough cleaning liquids. Through the pipe, the liquid enters the second pit, where anaerobic fermentation begins - the second stage of wastewater treatment. Submersible pumps drains are transferred to the infiltration channel, where they, having finally cleared, go into the soil.

The main mistake that people sometimes make when creating such a system is that they put a drain pipe right next to the cassette, this loads the system and quickly disables it.

In addition to creating a system with infiltration pipes, you can try to lower the groundwater level using drainage ditches.

Independent arrangement of communications - economical correct solution. Sewerage at a high level of groundwater has the nuances of construction and operation. The peculiarity of the cesspool for such a house as a private one is its tightness.
The construction of sewers for high groundwater is quite expensive, but this way you are guaranteed to see a quality result. How to make a sewer so that it meets all sanitary safety requirements and serves long years? Consider the proximity of moisture to the soil.

Risks of proximity to groundwater

Groundwater is an underground aquifer that is close to the surface of the earth. The groundwater level is able to rise up if heavy rains or snow melts the day before. In dry weather, the amount of subsoil moisture decreases.
The elevated soil water level complicates the arrangement of treatment systems, wells and the foundation of buildings:

the structure of the street toilet is destroyed.
an unpleasant odor appears;
increased risk of intestinal infections;
the service life of underground pipes is reduced - metal corrosion occurs.
water erodes the walls of the cesspool, which prevents its purification.

There are several ways to understand how close groundwater is:

Liquid level measurement. In the spring, you need to measure the water level in the well. A visual assessment is carried out by checking the filling of the tank after heavy rains, or snowmelt.
In the absence of a well, you can drill several holes with a garden drill and see if they fill with water.

If both technologies are not available to you, contact your neighbors who use local treatment facilities.

Construction of a cesspool

The construction of a sewerage system in a private house with a high level of groundwater in the form of a cesspool is undesirable. Possible flooding threatens with the complexity of cleaning, rapid filling, erosion of the edges of the trench and destruction.

Storage capacity: installation features

The design is an ordinary pit, barrel or well made of concrete rings. The advantage of structures is their low cost during construction. There are quite a few cons:

the container should never overflow, so choose products with a large capacity;
with a high GWL, the tank must be regularly treated with sealants;
place the structure in a place convenient for the entrance of the sewage service;
the frequent call of a sewage truck means financial costs for the owners.

The storage tank is budgetary in construction, but its operation can take a lot of time and money.

Installation of a mechanical septic tank

Country sewerage with a high level of groundwater should be leak-tight. A mechanical septic tank is popular due to its price-quality ratio. Big costs on the initial stage paid for by the simplicity and reliability of the system operation.

The degree of purification of waste liquids is regulated by adding wells.

With a low level of soil water, 1 will be enough, with a high level - 2 or 3 wells. The choice of materials for the construction of a septic tank must be approached responsibly, since with high groundwater it is necessary to prevent flooding of communications. Wells can be plastic or concrete, but the criteria for their organization are the same:

when installing a septic tank from ready-made concrete rings, all joints must be carefully processed. This will prevent the destruction of the structure;
the ideal option is to cast the well on site. To do this, you need an iron mold that can be rented;
plastic septic tanks correct installation will be durable and effective.

Dimensions autonomous sewerage for a private house you need to calculate correctly. Its capacity is equal to the amount of water consumed by a family of 4 people in 3 days.

The advantages of a septic tank with a close location of groundwater

Installing a sewerage system in the form of a septic tank in a private house with a high level of groundwater has many advantages:

absence bad smell thanks to the tightness of the design and ventilation.
there is no need to call the cesspool service. Waste decomposes and is discharged into the deep layers of the soil.
there is no risk of contamination of the soil with waste. Waste liquids undergo thorough multi-level filtration. However, it is not recommended to install sewer drain nearby drinking wells.

At correct operation the design will maintain durability and integrity.

The principle of operation of autonomous sewage

Autonomous country sewerage, properly constructed at a high level of groundwater, can improve the quality of life of site owners. Layered system works according to the following principle:

the used liquid flows into the septic tank, where insoluble inclusions are retained.
solid particles settle at the bottom of the container, while fats and insoluble substances form a film on the surface.
wastewater enters the septic tank, where it is treated with anaerobic bacteria.
the organic environment that comes with the wastewater promotes the growth of bacteria that reduce the concentration of harmful substances.
ventilation removes the gases formed during the decomposition process.

The settled and clarified liquid enters the infiltration tunnels, where it is cleaned and discharged into the ground.

Septic installation algorithm

Making a sewer in a private household is not difficult if you follow correct order actions.

Regulatory regulation of the sewerage device

Home cleaning system requires careful adherence sanitary regulations. The removal of sewage from the house, as indicated in the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85, provides for:

accommodation treatment facilities 50 meters from drinking wells or wells.
sewer communications are located 3 meters from the plantations.
the septic system is installed at a distance of 5 meters from residential buildings.
sewage equipment must have unhindered access to the treatment plant.

Planning of cleaning networks is carried out in a strict order - 1 revision well for 15 m of straight or turning sections. Work must be carried out in a strict order.

Digging a pit

Conducting home sewerage for a summer residence, if groundwater is close, it starts with digging a hole:

the septic structure is fully included in the pit. In this case, the tank should not touch the walls at a distance of 25 cm;
observe the maximum evenness of the bottom, compacting it with wet river sand. Fine-grained material is laid in a layer of about 15 cm and carefully compacted. The sand should not contain foreign particles in the form of lumps of earth or gravel.
to ensure the tightness of communications, the sand is replaced with a concrete slab.

The walls of the pit must be reinforced with timber formwork or metal sheets.

Installing a septic tank in a pit

The finished septic tank is checked for cracks and damage before installation.

The container is lowered to the pit with the help of cables. It should stand perfectly even in the pit, even the slightest roll is unacceptable. In cold winters, it is recommended to wrap the tank with a layer of heat-insulating material.

Trench backfill

After installation, the tank is covered with soil or cement-sand mixture and carefully compacted. The ground level reaches the edge of the supply pipe.

Arrangement of the infiltrator

Filtration facilities must be connected to the tank to purify water before it enters the ground from the tank. There are several options:

Filtration fields with a cushion of a layer of gravel and sand, where on which along an inclined line are located drainage pipes with perforation. The length of the pipes reaches 20 meters, and the distance extreme points- 2 meters. Filtration is located 1 meter higher than the proposed elevated aquifer.
Ditch plumbing suitable for clay soils. The filtered water is removed by pumps.
A water intake for a house, like a filter, is built when water is planned to be used for agricultural needs, or it is not possible to build another structure. Pipes are connected to the tank from the septic tank. Around must be built sand cushion. To protect against overflow, an outlet pipe is constructed, which, with a large amount of water, leads it into an underground filtration field, a ditch or back into the septic tank.
A good solution for a private house, under which there is a high level of groundwater, is a ground filter cassette. It is built as follows:
- dig a hole 50 cm deep, which is filled to the top with sand.
- foam blocks about 30 cm high are laid around the perimeter.
- crushed stone is poured inside.
- a filter cassette made of plastic and insulation is placed on top.

Mine sewer septic tank will begin to function normally only after the expiration of 2-3 weeks. During this period, a sediment of sludge is formed at the bottom of the tank, which is actively involved in the process of waste processing.
The quality of the sewerage made in the country with your own hands directly depends on the quality of the containers and pipes used, as well as the correct installation.

Proper construction with a high level of groundwater country sewerage, will provide filtration of waste liquids by 99%.

However, the resulting water is not edible and is purely technical.

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