The main purpose of reinforced concrete structures is to serve as the supporting frame of the building. The longevity and reliability of the structure depends on how correctly and efficiently they are delivered.

The slightest errors in the assembly and installation of this element of the building are fraught with the most serious consequences. Therefore, such work should be carried out by professional and experienced specialists armed necessary equipment. Types and methods of installation of steel and reinforced concrete structures are different, but the ultimate goal is the same - to give the structure maximum stability.

Classification of reinforced concrete structures

Installation of reinforced concrete structures

Installation of metal and reinforced concrete structures depends on the purpose and their design features. According to the criterion of purpose, the structures are divided into:

• Foundations;
• beams;
• Farms;
• columns;
• Plates.

The former serve as a support for the entire building, the rest - as ceilings and load-bearing structures, to support the frame elements and transfer force from one structure to another.

According to the features of manufacturing, the structures are divided into:

• Monolithic;
• prefabricated;
• Prefabricated monolithic.

Monolithic structures are the most durable and reliable. They are used in cases where a large load on the bearing element is expected. Prefabricated structures are not as strong, are too dependent on weather conditions and can be used where special reliability is not required.

But they are easy to install and easy to transport. Prefabricated monolithic structures have enough high strength and according to this indicator they are not much inferior to monolithic ones. Therefore, they are often used in the construction of bridges, in the floors of multi-storey buildings.

Types of work during the installation of structures

Installation of reinforced concrete structures is mainly a matter for professionals

Installation of metal and reinforced concrete structures is divided into the following types of work:

• Foundation installation;
• Installation of the walls of the basement of the building;
• Installation of structural elements of the building frame;
• Installation of ventilation elements and blocks;
• Installation of internal elements of the building.

Each of these types of work requires compliance with a special technology and the use of those steel and reinforced concrete structures that correspond to the tasks.

Initial construction stage

Before installation, preparatory work should be carried out. Since these structures are of considerable weight, it is necessary to consider the entrance to the construction site of vehicles and special equipment(e.g. cranes).

Further, geodetic work is carried out to tie the axes of the structure to the terrain. It also determines which structures and in what quantity should be used. Surveying the terrain and preliminary calculations allow you to avoid cost overruns and loss of time for reworking incorrectly mounted structures.

After transportation to the place of assembly, the structures are laid out in the right order. This is a very important and responsible part of the work, because a truss, beam or slab is not a match, it is very difficult to pull it out from under other structures. The basic layout rule: if the structures are stacked on top of each other, the elements that are installed first should lie on top, the bottom row or especially heavy structures are stacked on wooden substrates, it is necessary to provide for free access of equipment to each structure and the possibility of capturing the part by the crane boom, as well as the convenience of slinging.

Foundation installation

The laying and installation of reinforced concrete structures in the pit is carried out according to a pre-compiled scheme, in which the location and assembly order of all components are accurately noted. Beacon blocks are initially laid in the pit. This is the name of reinforced concrete structures, which are located at the corners of the foundation and at the intersections of the axes of the structure.

Monolithic strip foundation

Then, pillow blocks are laid, between which technological gaps are left (for example, to pass cables or pipelines). Blocks of strip foundations should be located on a sand bed.

Next, the foundation walls and basement floors are installed. Floor panels are welded to embedded parts in pillow blocks, and the joints between the panels are filled with cement mortar. The installation of reinforced concrete foundation structures requires constant alignment of the position of the walls with a level, both vertically and horizontally.

Upon completion of laying, a mounting horizon is installed - a cement layer along the upper part of the walls to reach the design mark and level the upper edge. After that, the basement is built, and the basement is closed with slabs that form its ceiling and at the same time the floor of the lower floor.

Precast concrete foundations are installed in a slightly different order. First, a slab is laid at the bottom of the pit, where a block glass is welded. He is placed on a kind of "bed" consisting of a cement solution. Block foundations are installed by a crane, and their placement in the correct position is carried out on weight.

Installation of columns

Before installation on columns, risks are applied on four faces above and below, indicating the axes. The columns are laid out in front of the installation site in such a way that the crane makes a minimum of movements, and it is convenient for workers to inspect and fix the structures. The column is installed in a glass, reinforced on the foundation.

• The column is attached to the crane hook in such a way that when it is lifted, it stands upright;
• The crane puts the column in a vertical position. Depending on the weight of the column, different methods of lifting are used - turning, turning with sliding. For slinging columns, friction or pin grips are used;
• Lowering to the foundation and reconciliation of the position. It is impossible to remove the column from the crane until its correct position is unambiguously determined using a level and theodolite.

The column should stand strictly vertically without the slightest inclination. Temporary fastening of the column for its adjustment is carried out using wedge liners.

The next step is to fix the column in the foundation glass. It is produced by forcing a concrete solution into the joints of the column (usually with a pneumatic blower). After reaching 50% of the design strength of concrete, the wedge inserts can be removed. Further work associated with the load on the column, as well as the laying of beams, are carried out only after the mixture has completely hardened.

Installation of beams and roof trusses

Reinforced concrete structures

Beams and roof trusses are installed either simultaneously with the roof slabs or separately. Installation of metal and reinforced concrete structures of the main part of the building is carried out depending on the design requirements.

Before installing the trusses, all supporting platforms are verified and cleaned and the risks of the axes are applied. After that, the structures are delivered to the installation site, slinging and lifting is carried out. When installed on a support, the truss or beam is temporarily fixed with spacers made of metal pipes, which are attached before the start of the ascent.

After that, the truss is adjusted and checked for stability and correct installation according to the risks. The truss or beam must stand in such a way that it does not violate the geometry of the building and does not move relative to the axes of the frame.

Only after a complete check is the final fixing of the element. Embedded parts are welded to the base plate or column head, as well as to previously installed trusses. Washers should also be welded anchor bolts. Only after the beams and trusses are fully installed can they be unstrapped.

After the frame is erected, a horizontal stiffening belt is installed, which is a monolithic reinforced concrete beam passing along the upper ends bearing walls. Its task is to ensure the horizontal rigidity of the structure.

Mounting plates

Like any installation of reinforced concrete structures, the installation of slabs requires preliminary preparation. On span trusses, scaffolds or fences must be installed. There are two main ways of mounting plates - longitudinal and transverse. In the first case, the crane moves along the span, in the second - across the span. Coating slabs are stacked between columns for delivery to the coating site.

building a house

The first slab is placed in a place previously marked on the farm, the rest - right next to it. If the building is framed, the floor slabs are laid after the installation of crossbars, purlins and spacer plates, and if it is frameless, after the walls have been built. When laying the slab on the surface, a "bed" is arranged from the solution. Excess solution is squeezed out by the plate itself. The first plate must be welded to the truss at four nodes, the next - at three. Inter-butt joints are sealed with a solution of cement and sand.

Installation of wall panels

Wall panels are installed after the construction of the building frame and the laying of floors. Before lifting, the panels are grouped into cassettes. With this method of storage, the installation of metal and reinforced concrete structures intended for the construction of walls is the most rational. Cassettes can be located between the wall and the faucet, behind the faucet, as well as in front of it.

Panels are installed by installers only from the inside of the building. Wall panels are placed along the entire height of the building with a section between two columns. Therefore, in one cassette there should be such a number of panels to cover the entire area along its entire height.

The panel is accepted by installers at the junction of this structure with the column. To do this, it is necessary to provide workers with access to these points in advance. If there is no transverse overlap, you will have to install cradles, scaffolds or a lift.

The installation of the first row of panels is of particular importance, therefore their position and compliance with the applied risks is checked especially carefully. External panels perform not only supporting and protective, but also aesthetic functions. Therefore, the seams between the panels must be sealed not only carefully, but very carefully and not exceed the established norms.

Internal wall panels are placed before the installation of the ceilings of the upper floor. The panels are attached to the columns with clamps, to the floor slabs - with struts. Final fixing wall panels they are made by welding with elements of the frame of the building.

1.General installation instructions

3. Installation of columns and frames

4. Installation of crossbars, beams, trusses, floor slabs and coatings

5. Installation of wall panels

6. Installation of ventilation units, volumetric units of elevator shafts and sanitary cabins

7. Construction of buildings by lifting ceilings

8. Welding and anti-corrosion coating of embedded and connecting products

9. Casting joints and seams

10. Water, air and heat insulation of the joints of the outer walls of prefabricated buildings

1.General installation instructions

Preliminary storage of structures in on-site warehouses is allowed only with appropriate justification. The on-site warehouse should be located in the area of ​​the assembly crane.

The installation of the structures of each overlying floor (tier) of a multi-storey building should be carried out after the design fixing of all installation elements and the concrete (mortar) of the monolithic joints of the supporting structures of the strength specified in the PPR.

In cases where the strength and stability of structures during the assembly process are ensured by welding field joints, it is allowed, with the appropriate indication in the project, to mount structures of several floors (tiers) of buildings without monolithic joints. At the same time, the project should provide the necessary instructions on the order of installation of structures, welding of joints and monolithic joints.

In cases where permanent connections do not ensure the stability of structures during their assembly, it is necessary to use temporary mounting connections. The design and number of connections, as well as the procedure for their installation and removal, should be indicated in the PPR.

Brands of solutions used in the installation of structures for bedding should be indicated in the project. The mobility of the solution should be 5-7 cm along the immersion depth of a standard cone, except for cases specifically stipulated in the project.

The use of a solution whose setting process has already begun, as well as the restoration of its plasticity by adding water, are not allowed.

Limit deviations from the alignment of landmarks when installing prefabricated elements, as well as deviations of completed mounting structures from the design position, should not exceed the values ​​\u200b\u200bgiven in Table. 12. SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".

In the process of installation, measurement control should be carried out, a geodetic executive scheme should be drawn up. The results of the control should be recorded in special journals.

2. Installation of foundation blocks and walls of the underground part of buildings

The installation of glass-type foundation blocks and their elements in the plan should be carried out relative to the alignment axes in two mutually perpendicular directions, combining the axial risks of the foundations with the landmarks fixed on the base, or controlling the correct installation with geodetic instruments.

The installation of blocks of strip foundations and basement walls should be carried out, starting with the installation of lighthouse blocks in the corners of the building and at the intersection of the axes. Beacon blocks are installed, combining their axial risks with the risks of the center axes, in two mutually perpendicular directions. The installation of ordinary blocks should be started after reconciling the position of the lighthouse blocks in terms of and in height.

Foundation blocks should be installed on a layer of sand leveled to the design mark. The maximum deviation of the leveling layer of sand from the design level should not exceed minus 15 mm.

Installation of foundation blocks on bases covered with water or snow is not allowed.

Foundation glasses and supporting surfaces must be protected from contamination.

The installation of basement wall blocks should be carried out in compliance with the dressing. Ordinary blocks should be installed, orienting the bottom along the edge of the blocks of the lower row, the top - along the center axis. Blocks of external walls installed below ground level must be aligned with inside walls, and above - on the outside. Vertical and horizontal seams between blocks must be filled with mortar and embroidered on both sides.

studfiles.net

Collection 07 Installation of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures

Technical part. 4

Section 01. Industrial buildings and structures. 7

01.01. Foundations and foundation beams. 7

Table 7-1. Laying blocks and slabs of strip foundations, foundations for columns, foundation beams. 7

Table 7-2. The device of a layer of mortar under the soles of the foundations. nine

01.02. Underground structures. ten

Table 7-3. Laying crossbars, floor slabs, wall panels. ten

Table 7-4. Laying concrete over floors.. 12

01.03. Columns and capitals. thirteen

Table 7-5. Installation of rectangular columns in the glasses of the foundations of buildings and structures. thirteen

Table 7-6. Installation of columns of two-branch solid foundations in glasses. fifteen

Table 7-7. Installation of two-branch composite columns in foundation glasses. 17

Table 7-8. Installation of columns on subordinate columns, installation of capitals. nineteen

01.04. Beams, crossbars and lintels. 24

Table 7-9. Laying in one-story buildings and structures of beams. 24

Table 7-10. Laying crossbars, beams, roof structures in multi-storey buildings. 27

Table 7-11. Jumper installation. 35

Table 7-12. Installation in one-story buildings of truss and rafters and farms.. 36

01.05. Coating and floor slabs. 43

Table 7-13. Laying coating slabs, shell panels and "p" type plates. 43

Table 7-14. Laying of floor slabs and installation of support sleeves for ventilation devices. 49

Table 7-15. Laying of floor slabs and coatings in multi-storey buildings. 51

01.06. Walls and partitions. 68

Table 7-16. Installation of panels of external walls of one-story buildings. 68

Table 7-17. Installation of panels of external walls of multi-storey buildings. 72

Table 7-18. Installation of panels of partitions of one-story buildings. 77

Table 7-19. Filling vertical seams of wall panels and sealing the seams with mastic. 79

01.07. Installation of steel fasteners. 79

Table 7-20. Installation of steel fasteners. 79

01.08. Stair flights and landings. 80

Table 7-21. Installation of stairs and landings. 80

01.09. The bins are precast-monolithic. 82

Table 7-22. Installation of bins of prefabricated monolithic cells. 82

01.10. Silos for storage of bulk materials. 83

Table 7-23. Installation of ring beams and roof slabs during the installation of silo cans. 83

01.11. Fences, gates and gates. 84

Table 7-24. Installation of reinforced concrete and metal fences. 84

Table 7-25. Installation of gates and wickets. 87

01.12. Additional work in areas with seismicity 7 - 9 points. 89

Table 7-26. Strengthening prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. 89

Table 7-27. Casting of crossbars. 89

Table 7-28. Laying rubber gaskets. 90

Table 7-29. The device of anti-seismic seams. 90

Section 02. Water supply and sewerage facilities. 90

02.01. Construction of capacitive structures. 90

Table 7-30. Installation of wall panels, partitions. 90

Table 7-31. Installation of supports, trays. 95

02.02. Designs of sectional fan cooling towers. 97

Table 7-32. Installation of columns, beams, crossbars, floor slabs and wall panels. 97

Section 03. Constructions of enterprises for the storage and processing of grain. 99

Table 7-33. Installation of walls of silos and bunkers of mills, installation of columns of a silo floor and an inclined bottom. 99

Section 04. Main buildings of thermal power plants. 103

04.01. Constructions of condensation and ash floors. 103

Table 7-34. Installation of structures of condensation and ash floors. 103

04.02. Columns.. 106

Table 7-35. Assembly and installation of columns. 106

04.03. Crossbars, beams, spacers. 108

Table 7-36. Installation of crossbars, beams and spacers. 108

04.04. Floor slabs and coatings. 110

Table 7-37. Laying tiles.. 110

04.05. Wall panels. 110

Table 7-38. Installation of wall panels. 110

04.06. Stairs, bunkers and distribution devices. 111

Table 7-39. Assembly and installation of stairs. 111

Table 7-40. Installation of bunkers. 111

Table 7-41. Installation of switchgear structures. 112

Section 05. Residential and public buildings and administrative buildings of industrial enterprises. 113

05.01. Cellar wall blocks. 113

Table 7-42. Installation of basement wall blocks. 113

05.02. Columns.. 114

Table 7-43. Installation of columns. 114

05.03. Beams, crossbars, lintels. 115

Table 7-44. Laying beams, crossbars, lintels. 115

05.04. Floor panels and coatings in areas with seismicity up to 6 points. 117

Table 7-45. Installation of floor panels and coatings. 117

05.05. Floor panels for construction in areas with seismic activity of 7 - 9 points. 120

Table 7-46. Installation of floor panels and coatings. 120

05.06. Staircases and marches. 121

Table 7-47. Installation of platforms, marches. 121

05.07. Wall blocks. 123

Table 7-48. Installing blocks. 123

05.08. External wall panels for construction in areas with seismicity up to 6 points. 125

Table 7-49. Panel installation. 125

05.09. Internal walls and stiffening diaphragms. 128

Table 7-50. Installation of internal wall panels and stiffening diaphragms. 128

05.10. Panels for exterior and internal walls for construction in areas with seismicity 7 - 9 points. 130

Table 7-51. Installation of wall panels. 130

05.11. Partitions are large-panel. 133

Table 7-52. Installation of large-panel partitions. 133

05.12. Slabs of loggias, balconies, canopies, parapets, walls, fences and small structures. 134

Table 7-53. Installation of plates of loggias, balconies, peaks, dividing walls, cornices, protections and small designs. 135

05.13. Bulk blocks. 137

Table 7-54. Installation of bulk blocks. 137

0 5.14. Sanitary cabins, sanitary pallets, elevator shafts, ventilation units, connection and testing of pipelines and electrical wiring of sanitary cabins. 138

Table 7-55. Installation of sanitary cabins and pallets, elevator shafts, ventilation units, connection and testing of sanitary cabin pipelines. 138

05.15. Deformation vertical seams.. 140

Table 7-56. The device of deformation vertical seams in buildings. 140

05.16. Sealing joints of external wall panels and jointing of wall panels and floor panels. 140

Table 7-57. Sealing of joints of external wall panels and jointing. 140

05.18. Stairs from separate steps. 142

Table 7-59. The device of stairs on the finished base of the individual steps. 142

05.19. Metal fences. 142

Table 7-60. Installation of metal fences. 142

Section 06. Network engineering. 143

06.01. Designs of engineering thermal networks. 143

Table 7-61. The device of impassable channels. 143

Table 7-62. Chambers and fixed shield supports.. 144

Table 7-63. The device of associated unilateral drainage of impassable channels. 146

Section 07. Asbestos-cement structures. 146

Table 7-64. Wall arrangement. 146

Table 7-65. The device of coatings from asbestos-cement slabs in industrial production buildings. 147

Table 7-66. Partition walls. 148

Table 7-67. Installation of partitions 3 m high from asbestos-cement extrusion panels in buildings of industrial enterprises. 148

Table 7-68. Framing doorways in partitions made of asbestos-cement extrusion panels with metal channels. 149

Table 7-69. Sealing spaces above doorways in partitions made of asbestos-cement extrusion panels. 149

Table 7-70. Production of cooling tower sprinkler blocks from asbestos-cement sheets. 149

Table 7-72. Installation of plastic spray nozzles for cooling tower irrigation systems. 150

Section 08. Structures using cement-bonded particle boards. 150

08.01. Partitions on wooden frame. 150

Table 7-73. Installation of partitions in residential buildings. 150

Table 7-74. Installation of partitions with aluminum flashings in buildings industrial enterprises. 152

Table 7-75. Installation of partitions without aluminum flashings in buildings of industrial enterprises. 155

08.02. Partitions on a metal frame. 157

Table 7-76. Installation of partitions in residential buildings. 157

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PPR. "cube 2.5" systems,

1. General part

1.1 This project for the production of works was developed for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of the "cube 2.5" system at the facility: "Residential development in the Yugo-Zapadny microdistrict". Buildings N 13, 14, 15. Address: Moscow region, Podolsk. 1.2 According to SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production "clause 3.3, before the start of work, the general contractor must carry out preparatory work on the organization of the construction site, necessary to ensure the safety of construction, including: entrances with wheel washing points, stands with fire-fighting equipment, information boards with marked entrances, entrances, location of water sources, fire extinguishing agents - delivery and placement on the construction site or outside of inventory sanitary, industrial and administrative buildings and structures; storage of materials and structures. Part 1. General requirements". 1.3 Basic standards and guidelines used in the development - SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction", part 1 .; - SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction", part 1. .2.; - PPB-01-03 "Fire safety rules in Russian Federation"; - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 N 87 "On the composition of sections project documentation and requirements for their content"; - SNiP 5.02.02-86 "Norms for the need for construction tool"; - Guidelines on the procedure for developing projects for the production of work by hoisting machines and technological maps for loading and unloading operations. RD-11-06-2007. - SNiP 3.01.03-84 "Geodetic work in construction";

SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".

2. Technological sequence of works

2.1 General data

The frame of the KUB-2 5 system is intended for use in residential buildings and public buildings, as well as in auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises with the number of floors up to 15 inclusive. The frame is assembled from prefabricated products with subsequent monolithic nodes. The frame of the KUB-2.5 system is designed according to a frame or frame-and-frame scheme, the transfer of horizontal forces to the columns and stiffeners is ensured by monolithic floor panels with their transformation into HDD in the horizontal plane. The bearing capacity of the floors allows the use of the frame in buildings with a load intensity per floor of not more than 1300 kg / m. The developed frame structures provide for floor heights in buildings of 2.8 m, 3.0 m and 3.3 m with the main column grid of 6.0x6.0 m. For buildings with a height of more than 15 floors, individual development of columns is required. In the KUB-2.5 system, reinforced concrete compressed-tensioned braces in an ascending pattern were adopted, which ensured spatial rigidity and stability of the frame-bonded version of the system. The bearing capacity of the connection element is determined from the calculation of its work on the longitudinal tensile force. The section of the element of connections is taken 200x250 mm, reinforcement with 4 bearing reinforcing bars, both ends of which are welded to the embedded loops located at both ends of the element.

2.2 Installation of columns and ties

2.2.1 Preparatory work Before starting the installation of columns on the foundation, it is necessary to perform the following work: - make monolithic glass-type foundations, check the accuracy of the execution of the glasses of their binding to the axes of the building. Completed designs are accepted according to the act; - prepare the basement floor; - make sure that the foundation concrete has gained 70% of the design strength. Before starting the installation of subsequent columns, it is necessary to perform the following work: - mount the ceiling fence. Close openings in floors wooden shields; - check the correctness of the installation of the underlying columns and accept them according to the act; - prepare the necessary mounting equipment; - concrete of monolithic structures (seams) of the underlying columns and floors should gain 70% of the design strength. 2.2.2 Sequence of works 2.2.2.1 Installation of columns on the foundation is carried out in the following sequence: - rinse the glass with water under pressure and make a grout from M-200 cement mortar, the top of which must correspond to the design mark of the bottom of the column; - at the storage site, insert a trunnion into the through hole of the column at the level of the upper tier and fix it with pins. Tie a rope to the trunnion and stud (for bridging after mounting the columns). Attach the rope to the column. Install a clip on the column (for attaching telescopic struts) below the mark for the bottom of the overlap with the ribs down; - at the signal of the slinger, move the column to the installation site, while the installers must be outside the danger zone formed from the fall of the column; - after the column is delivered to the foundation glass, the installers approach it, calm it down from vibrations and lower it into the glass. If the height of the column from the edge of the glass does not exceed 12 cm, then fixing it with wedges from buckling can be considered sufficient; if this size exceeds 12 cm, then it is necessary to install special struts, which are removed after installation and monolithic of the first floor. During the installation of the column, it is necessary to ensure that the longitudinal risks are located in relation to the enclosing structures adjacent to them according to Figure 2; - using longitudinal marks on the sides of the column, align it vertically and horizontally, and then fix the column with 4 steel wedges; - concrete the sinuses in the glass with fine-grained concrete B25, followed by compaction; - for the installers to install the Aris tower 1x1.5x9.6 m (it is possible to replace it with similar ones in terms of characteristics) and install the telescopic struts to the column. Fasten the second end of the struts to the ceiling with anchor bolts; - after mounting the column, untie it by pulling the pin out of the trunnion and pulling the trunnion out of the column with a rope.

Fig.1. Scheme of fixing the column with wedges

Fig.2. Scheme of the location of longitudinal scratches in relation to adjacent structures

2.2.2.2 Installation of columns on top of each other is carried out in the following sequence: - at the storage site, insert a trunnion into the through hole of the column at the level of the upper tier and fix it with pins. Tie a rope to the trunnion and stud (for bridging after mounting the columns). Attach the rope to the column. Install a clip on the column (for attaching telescopic struts) below the mark for the bottom of the overlap with the ribs down; - at the signal of the slinger, move the column to the installation site, while the installers must be outside the danger zone formed from the fall of the column; - after the column has been delivered to the installation site, the installers should approach it and calm it down from vibrations. Align the columns one above the other and lower, while the rod of the lower end of the upper column must enter the branch pipe of the upper end of the lower column. Next, it is worth welding the reinforcement according to the project; - for the installers to install the Aris tower 1x1.5x9.6 m (it is possible to replace it with similar ones in terms of characteristics) and install the telescopic struts to the column. Fasten the second end of the struts to the floor with anchor bolts. The braces may only be removed after the installation of the overlying floor slabs; - after mounting the column, untie it by pulling the pin out of the trunnion and pulling the trunnion out of the column with a rope. 2.2.2.3 Installation of column ties is carried out in the following sequence: - on the storage site, perform a preliminary pairwise assembly of tie elements into a triangle using a mounting spacer; - weld the support tables to the column; - at the signal of the slinger, apply the connection to the installation site, while the installers must be outside the danger zone formed from the fall of the connection. Reinforced concrete ties are installed "herringbone" in an ascending pattern; - after the connection has been delivered to the installation site, the installers should approach it and calm it down from vibrations. Set the connection on the tables and weld; - perform concreting of supporting structures with fine-grained concrete B15 within the dimension of the section of the element.

Fig.3. Appearance of the column and its nodes

Fig.4. Column connection node

Fig.5. Ties attachment point

2.3 Installation of floor slabs

2.3.1 General data Floor panels are designed in 2 modifications: single-module with maximum dimensions 2980x2980x160 and two-module - 2980x5980x160. At the ends of the panels there are hinged outlets, which provide a monolithic connection of adjacent panels in the building frame, and mounting tables, which in most cases provide installation of the ceiling without supporting racks. Single-module floor panels are divided, depending on their location in the frame, into above-column (panels directly supported by columns) NP - inter-column (panels located between above-column) MP - and middle (located between annular) SP. 2.3.2 Preparatory work Before installing the floor panels, make sure that: - the distance between the columns corresponds to the design values ​​within tolerances; - geometric dimensions of the panels (diagonal dimensions, "propeller ratio", etc.), reinforcing outlets, embedded parts, etc. meet design requirements; - there are no technological influxes of concrete that interfere with installation and welding. 2.3.3 Sequence of work execution The installation of 2-module panels provides for the following sequence: - installation of a 1-module NP above-column panel; - installation of a 2-modular NMP panel; - installation of a 2-modular MSP panel;

Fig.6. Mounting option for 2-module panels

The installation option for I-modular panels provides for the following sequence: - installation of the above-column panel NP; - installation of the MP intercolumn panel; - installation of the middle panel of the joint venture;

Fig.7. Mounting option for I-modular panels

2.3.3.1 Installation of panels is carried out in the following sequence: - install a mounting jig on the column; - at the signal of the slinger, move the NP slab to the installation site, while the installers must be outside the danger zone formed from the fall of the slab; - after the slab has been delivered to the installation site, the installers should approach it, calm it down from vibrations and lower it onto the conductor; - adjust the level of the panel with the help of specialized bolts on the conductor; - install telescopic racks under the stove; - attach the NP panel to the column by welding the shell of the plate with the working reinforcement of the column. After performing welding work, it is allowed to remove the conductor; - in the places of installation of inter-column ties, weld the top of the triangle to the shell of the ties of the structural panel;

docs.cntd.ru

Methods of installation of reinforced concrete structures - Special types of work in construction

When mounting prefabricated structures, various gripping devices are used, which must be strong enough, ensure the safety of installation and quick slinging of the mounted products. Slinging is called the capture of the structure with a cable (sling) and hanging it from the crane of the lifting mechanism.

Loops for gripping the product with a crane are laid during the manufacturing process of the product. For slinging long elements, special gripping devices are used - traverses or traverse beams. On fig. 111 shows the slinging of various elements of precast concrete structures and traverses.

Rice. 111. Slinging prefabricated reinforced concrete elements:a - beams; b - traverses for lifting beams; c - slinging of the floor slab; g - capturing the column with a steel cable; d - slinging of the column; e - slinging a flight of stairs

When slinging, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct choice of gripping points for structures. So, in columns, such a point should be above the center of gravity. The places of capture of trusses are appointed in such a way that in the rods of the truss there are no forces that are greater than the calculated ones or the opposite of them in sign.

Installation of buildings and structures, depending on the design features, is carried out by methods of building up, growing, sliding, turning.

The extension method consists in first installing the lower prefabricated elements (shoes or foundation blocks), then mounting the columns. After they are fixed, beams and crossbars are laid and other products are installed: panels, slabs and flooring, arches, trusses and slabs roofing. This most common method of assembly from the bottom up is used to erect structures of multi-storey residential, public and industrial buildings, multi-tiered industrial buildings, blast furnace facilities, tanks, cooling towers, etc. (Fig. 112).

Rice. 112 Scheme of installation of a beam by way of building up

The method of growing is that first they collect on the ground upper part structures, which are attached at a height greater than the penultimate tier. The second tier is mounted under the first and attached to it. Further, both tiers are raised to the height of the third tier from the top, which is also collected on the ground, etc. In this way, casings of blast furnaces and tanks are assembled from metal round rings (tsarg).

The sliding method is characterized by the fact that the entire structure or a large part of it is assembled at the level of the structure's supports, then moved along temporary laid tracks and placed in the design position. This method is common during the installation of superstructures of bridges, twin trusses, etc., and only in those cases when it is impossible to move the installation cranes along the structure. On fig. 113 shows the individual stages of tank installation.

Rice. 113. Installation of the tank by the method of growing with the help of four masts: a, b, c, d - separate stages of installation

To move structures during sliding, winches with chain hoists and horizontal jacks are used (Fig. 114).

Rice. 114. Scheme of sliding of three split span structures of the bridge without intermediate supports

heavy columns, frame structures, supports of power lines, contact networks and other structures with significant weight are lifted by turning or sliding.

When mounting by turning, the supporting part of the structure (columns) is pivotally attached to the foundation; first, the column is turned by a crane in a vertical plane around its shoe, then it is slightly lifted and placed on the foundation. At the heel of the column, a pull cable should be provided.

If the lifting capacity of the crane is insufficient, the structure is lifted by sliding. For example, a column is laid so that its supporting part is located near the foundation. When raised, the base slides at ground level towards the foundation on pre-laid rail decks. Regardless of the method used, the assembled parts of the structure at all stages of installation must be stable and durable.

Prior to the installation of reinforced concrete elements, the dimensions and geometric shape of the products, the correct laying of reinforcement and embedded parts and the reliability of their fastening, the dimensions and location of the grooves, niches and holes, the quality and condition of the external finish of the products are checked. The issue of the possibility of mounting products with deviations exceeding the tolerances is resolved in each individual case by the leading technical staff.

The values ​​​​of tolerances for the manufacture of some reinforced concrete products are given in table. fourteen.

Table 14 - Tolerances for the manufacture of reinforced concrete products

Deviations of the actual dimensions of large concrete blocks from the design ones should be such that after installation no additional plastering of the structure is required. To do this, the tolerances must not exceed: the thickness of the block ± 2 mm; in height ±4 mm; along the length ±4 mm; by the difference of the diagonals of each surface of the block ±4 mm; according to the position of embedded parts and ventilation ducts ± 5 mm.

If the blocks of external walls have a rusticated (roughly trimmed) facade surface, which makes it possible to somewhat hide the inaccuracy in the thickness of the block, then its thickness tolerance can be increased to ± 5 mm.

The deviation of the block faces from the vertical should not be more than 2 mm per one meter of height.

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Installation of precast concrete structures

Installation of precast concrete structures

Precast concrete structures work in accordance with the project only if they rest on the supports in a certain way and are fixed to them motionlessly. A recurring mistake in the construction of an individual house is the inaccuracy of marking, as a result of which precast concrete beams are used to cover large spans. In this case, the support length is shorter than necessary, the load is transferred to a smaller area and there is a danger that the beam will break or the support will “crumple”.

Often, beams of a different type than those provided for by the project are built into the ceiling, this is allowed if their length corresponds to the required one, and the bearing capacity is higher. Although the beams look the same externally, their load-bearing capacity can vary by more than a factor of two depending on the number and location of the reinforcement. The installation of a random beam with an indefinitely small bearing capacity, not according to the project, will cause its destruction already in the process of building the floor of the house. In such cases, the floor may not collapse, but the deflection will be greater than expected. Due to the deflection along the contact boundary of the beam and the floor elements, cracks appear on the lower part of the floor and it is impossible to eliminate them by periodic whitewashing - they appear again and again due to structural movements under the action of variable loads.

The biggest mistake is laying the beams in the wrong position - on its side or upside down. The bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams, unlike wooden beams, corresponds to the design one only in a certain position; if they are turned over, they will collapse, since they were designed and reinforced only for this position.

All changes in the original design require additional calculations, since collapse of the ceilings is possible, for example, if short beams are connected by simple welding of the ends of the reinforcement and the joint is filled with concrete, then the ceiling will collapse even during construction. This kind of build-up of structures cannot be reliably performed. It is not recommended to work with reinforcement, in which the bearing capacity decreases sharply during welding. Additional concreting does not ensure the proper quality of the connection, since at the welding site the concrete loses its strength under the action of high temperature. Alterations of precast concrete beams at the construction site are unacceptable; it is not allowed to lengthen, shorten, embed upside down or on the side.

Precast concrete beams are supported by load-bearing walls or other structures, their ends are fixed with a stiffening belt to prevent displacement. The reinforced concrete stiffening belt is a monolithic concrete beam that runs along the top of the load-bearing walls and provides horizontal rigidity to the building. Before making the stiffening belt, reinforced concrete beams or floor panels are laid. It should be borne in mind that in areas with a cold climate, the stiffening belt can cause freezing of the walls in the overlap zone.

Often they make such a mistake - having reached the top of the wall, to the surface where the stiffening belt begins, they lay beams and floor elements, but they no longer have the opportunity to stretch the reinforcement in the lower part of the stiffening belt under the laid beams (or through them). This error can be prevented.

The simplest solution is to install a support purlin along the wall that supports the ceiling until the stiffener is concreted. Often, with the help of a support run, floor beams are raised and longitudinal reinforcement is carried out under them and a stiffening belt is concreted.

Rice. 1. Incorrect laying of the precast concrete lintel; 1 - correctly laid reinforced concrete lintel, 2 - lintel laid flat, 3 - wall

Rice. 2. Laying precast concrete beams using a support run; 1 - national team reinforced concrete beam, 2 - rack, 3 - run, 4 - formwork, 5 - reinforced concrete belt stiffness, 6 - half-brick wall

When erecting ceilings from prefabricated panels, the formwork is moistened before concreting. At the same time, a lot of water gets into the internal cavities of the panels. If the water does not flow out from there before concreting, then under the influence of frost in winter the ceiling will crack, and its bearing capacity will decrease. In addition, in the spring, moisture emerges through cracks from the ceiling and destroys the whitewash. The described phenomenon also occurs when using trough-shaped floor elements that accumulate rainwater, which either freezes in winter or constantly moistens the structure. The solution may be to drill holes at the lowest point to drain the accumulated water.

Rice. 3. Freezing of water in the internal cavities of the floor slab; 1 - ice formation, 2 - cracks, 3 - reinforced concrete stiffening belt, 4 - half-brick wall, 5 - concrete screed; 6 - floor covering

Very often, when filling the ceiling with elements, the necessary layer of mortar is not applied, which ensures the mobility of the elements, which are displaced in the finished ceiling and cracks appear on the plaster.

Sometimes the wrong technology is used for laying prestressed beams filled with elements in the form of hollow inserts. They do not take into account, and often do not know that the floor can withstand the design load only if the seams between the beams and the floor elements are sealed with concrete. This concrete is taken into account when calculating the bearing capacity, but if it is simply laid and left without maintenance, it will “burn out” and the ceiling will not reach the design capacity.

Construction garden house- Installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures

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Reinforced concrete structures in modern construction more commonly used than other varieties building materials. In most countries the globe they are recognized and practical use due to the presence of a number of positive characteristics. The most significant of them are the insignificance of the costs incurred for their production and sale, the ability to take any required form, reliability and long-term operation.

Reinforced concrete structures have found their application in the construction of facilities designed for different purposes. It could be residential buildings shopping centers, structures erected for the purpose of performing production processes on them. Reinforced concrete products are still used in machine and shipbuilding.

Reinforced concrete structures consist of reinforcement and concrete mix. The latter contains building materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, etc.

Varieties of reinforced concrete structures

Reinforced concrete structures, depending on the method of their further use, exist in several forms. We are talking about monolithic, prefabricated and prefabricated-monolithic types.

Monolithic reinforced concrete structures

Manufactured directly at the construction site. They are necessary when carrying out the heaviest loads in the construction process, such as foundations and frameworks of structures. The installation of monolithic reinforced concrete structures is carried out through the following operations: construction of a temporary form for reinforced concrete, installation of reinforcement, laying the concrete mix, compacting it and applying measures to protect the hardening concrete from various influences.

Precast concrete structures

Manufactured on site using prefabricated parts. They are used effectively in the construction various types buildings, since such devices can be built at any weather conditions. They are distinguished by high manufacturability and transportability.

Precast-monolithic reinforced concrete structures

They combine the simultaneous use of precast and monolithic reinforced concrete, functioning under load by connecting into a single whole. This is realized by reliably monolithic both parts. Such reinforced concrete is considered very economical due to the possibility of using the best qualities of one and the other of its type. These products are most often used in ceilings of high-rise buildings, bridges, flyovers, etc. The main advantage of precast-monolithic reinforced concrete structures is a smaller amount of steel used and a high rate of spatial rigidity.

Installation of reinforced concrete structures

The initial stage of the installation of reinforced concrete structures is a preliminary calculation of the amount of required building materials. Due to the possibility of applying the latest labor methods during the installation process, the duration of the construction of facilities is significantly reduced. Installation of products is carried out directly from vehicles. This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of loading and unloading operations and reduce the area required for these operations.

The complex of works on the installation of reinforced concrete structures includes preliminary and assembly operations, as well as operations using vehicles. Actions requiring the use of transport and preliminary work consist of delivery, acceptance, unloading, unfolding of structures, their placement on the installation site.

Installation operations for these products may include activities such as:

• Installation of the foundation and walls of that part of the structure that is underground;
• installation of structural details of those parts of structures that should be placed above the ground. We are talking about columns, beams, frames, slabs, etc.;
• installation of blocks used for the manufacture of hoods and natural ventilation of facilities under construction;
• equipment installation.

Positive aspects of using reinforced concrete structures

Among the main advantages of the described products are the following:

• High indicators of strength and reliability, possible due to the combination of concrete mix and steel reinforcement, which are part of the structure of structures used for different purposes;
• the indispensability of reinforced concrete structures in construction carried out during the cold period, since their installation is carried out on the same high level at any air temperature;
• reduction of construction time;
• insignificant costs in the production and implementation of structures, possible due to the use in their manufacture of materials that are present in the natural environment and make up the majority (90%) of the components of the concrete mixture. We are talking about sand, gravel, crushed stone, etc .;
• good indicators of resistance to outside influence;
• high fire resistance;
• manufacturability, allowing to expand the possibilities of building facilities. This is facilitated by the ability of structures to take the required shape.

Weaknesses in the use of reinforced concrete structures

Due to the severity of the described products, there is an increase in transport costs that occur during their movement. The cost of installing structures also increases, due to the same reasons.

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Reinforced concrete monolithic structures: device features

At present, the installation of concrete and reinforced concrete monolithic structures is an integral part of industrial and civil construction, and is regulated by SNiP 3.03.01-87 of the USSR Goskomstroy, which replaced all previous SNiPs.

There are two options for the manufacture of reinforced concrete products - this is the factory workshop (prefabricated construction) and the construction site itself (monolithic construction), and the second option is much more common, as it allows you to arbitrarily vary the dimensions of the structure. Below we will focus on the second method, which is also used at home, and in addition, we will show you a video in this article as an addition to the topic under discussion.

Manufacturing methods

Note. It is customary to call concrete an artificial building material that is made by molding a binder (mainly cement) and fillers such as crushed stone and gravel sand, mixing it all with water. Most often, this mixture is poured onto a reinforcing cage, so that concrete can be produced at the construction site. and reinforced concrete structures.

Differences between prefabricated and monolithic structures

• In accordance with the ENiR for concrete and reinforced concrete structures for the construction of buildings and structures, prefabricated and monolithic construction is used, where the first option involves the construction of certain architectural forms with blocks, reinforced concrete slabs ceilings and panels that are manufactured in the factory.
• Such assembly elements are manufactured in the factory according to a certain standard, but with different sizes to be able to use them in projects of any size and technical complexity. The advantage of this assembly is that no time is needed to produce the materials, thus reducing the design construction time.

• If a structure is erected in a monolithic way, then this automatically allows you to design it with any number of floors, and the assembly itself here can have any shape, since reinforcement and pouring are carried out directly at the construction site. For the arrangement of monolithic structures, such works as the installation of formwork, reinforcing work (assembly of reinforcing cages), as well as pouring and vibrotamping of concrete are carried out. All these works are laid down in advance according to the HPES in the project plan.

Monolithic construction and reinforcement

In total, the design of reinforced concrete monolithic structures consists in a reinforced concrete base erected by pouring mortar onto a reinforcing cage, and all together it represents a complex of columns and diaphragms, united by ceilings, which are made in the same way.

Due to the savings in building materials and energy resources, the price of such a project is lower than that of a prefabricated one, although its implementation takes more time. Another advantage in the construction of structures of this type can be called self-supporting walls, which in total reduces the weight of the box by 2-3 times compared to the same brickwork.

All this allows you to create free planning, reaching a high architectural level, where the installation instructions are set by the designer himself, which ensures a very high comfort of the premises.

Despite all the advantages, one can note the great labor intensity of such a process, where from 40% to 50% of all actions consist in the performance of reinforcement work, in addition, approximately 70% of them have to be performed manually. It is impossible to put this on stream, because almost all projects are purely individual, where solutions that are unique in other structures are required.

Note. To reduce labor costs on large construction sites, part of the work is transferred to the reinforcement shop. Sometimes such shops can be equipped in the immediate vicinity of the construction site.

formwork

In addition to the manufacture and installation of reinforcing cages and before the preparation and pouring of concrete during the erection of monolithic structures, formwork is carried out, which is responsible for creating the shape of the jellied structure.

According to the type of material, they can be divided into:

• wooden,
• metal,
• wood-metal,
• plastic,
• metal-plastic and
• even on pneumatic (inflatable).

Most often, inventory formwork is used, which is quickly assembled and disassembled with their own hands and at the same time assembled structure compact enough and does not interfere with concreting (pouring).

According to the types of formwork, they are divided into two classes, and one of them is a stationary assembly, when the assembled structure is used only once on one specific object. This approach requires a large consumption of building materials (most often these are boards and timber), although it is quite difficult to do without this for individual design.

Reversible formwork is much cheaper, which consists of many elements such as shields, supports and clamps.

But such formwork can be:

1. Climbing - for structures with constant and variable cross-section such as pipes, silos;
2. Mobile or horizontally rollable - for arches and shells of double curvature;
3. Movable or sliding vertically - for silos, bridge supports, etc.

Note. In monolithic construction, cutting reinforced concrete diamond circles and diamond drilling of holes in concrete is carried out in a similar way to the same processes for precast concrete products made in the factory.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be said that the acceptance of monolithic reinforced concrete structures must be carried out strictly in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87. That is, this includes not only the structural strength of concrete, but also the surface roughness, which must fully comply with the design plan.

→ Construction work

Installation of reinforced concrete structures

Installation of structures of one-story industrial buildings. When installing one-story industrial buildings, the method of longitudinal installation is used, when the assembly is carried out by separate spans, and the method of transverse or sectional installation, when the assembly is carried out on separate sections of the object.

Depending on the width of the span of the building, the mass of the mounted elements and the lifting capacity of the crane, its movement during the installation of structures is carried out in the middle of the span or along its edges. When choosing the movement of the crane, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the length of the paths for its movement and the number of stops are minimal.

Unlike metal frames assembled panel by panel (complex), buildings from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are mounted in a separate way, which is due to the need to seal the joints of structures before installing subsequent elements on them. The installation of roof structures can be started only after concrete has reached the monolithic joints of columns with foundations of 70% strength. To hand over the building for the following works separate parts the entire scope of work is divided into grips limited by spans, expansion joints or separate sections depending on the size of the shop.

With the simultaneous operation of several mounting mechanisms, the installation is carried out in several parallel flows.

Prefabricated structures of one-story industrial buildings are mounted, as a rule, with jib cranes in the following sequence: foundation blocks, columns, foundation beams, crane beams, roof trusses or beams and roof slabs.

In the case of installation of frames of prefabricated reinforced concrete industrial buildings, on-site warehouses are not organized, which is explained by the relatively close location to the installation sites of manufacturers and the possibility of supplying structures directly to the installation site.

When organizing the supply of structures in the required sequence and on time, installation is carried out from vehicles (mounting "from wheels"). If it is not possible to organize the installation "from the wheels", the structures are delivered by road to the area of ​​the installation crane. Structures are unloaded by a lighter crane, or by a third-shift assembly crane, since it is irrational to use the main assembly mechanism for unloading and laying out structures during day shifts. To ensure uninterrupted installation, the stock of structures should be at least 5 days.

On fig. 181 shows the installation diagram of the workshop with three spans of 24 m each.

Installation of structures of multi-storey industrial buildings. When erecting multi-storey industrial buildings, horizontal (floor-by-floor) or vertical (in parts of the building to the entire height) installation methods are used. At the same time, the structures are usually mounted by an integrated method, which ensures the spatial rigidity of each individual part (cell) of the building.

Rice. 181. Scheme of installation of the workshop: 1 - crane SKG-30 with an arrow of 25 m; 2 - semi-farms; 3 - stand for the enlargement of farms; 4 - coating slabs

Installation of prefabricated elements of the underground part is carried out using jib or tower cranes. Tower cranes in this case are installed with the expectation of their use for the installation of the above-ground part of the building without re-laying crane runways. Prefabricated structures of the above-ground part are mounted using tower cranes, which are installed on one or both sides (with many spans) of the building, or jib cranes with tower-jib equipment.

The order of installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of multi-storey industrial buildings depends mainly on the design scheme of these buildings. The main condition for the installation of building structures of any structural scheme is to ensure the stability of the assembled part of the building and its individual elements. The installation of the structures of the next floor (tier) is started only after the design fixing of the structures of the previous floor and the achievement of concrete monolithic 70% strength. These conditions for the erection of the frame impose certain requirements on the choice of the mounting mechanism and on its installation.

The mounting mechanism should be located outside the frame and move along the building, blocking it with its boom. With a large width of the building and the impossibility of covering it completely on one side, the frame is mounted with two cranes moving along two sides of the building.

The high height of buildings and the floor-by-floor installation method require a large under-jib space, which can be provided by using a high tower crane or a jib crane with tower-jib equipment.

For shortening general terms construction and the possibility of accelerating the delivery of the frame for related construction work, the building is divided into queues. The breakdown into queues is determined by expansion joints. Each section of the frame is divided into grips within the floor. The number of grips on the floor should not be less than two, in order to carry out work on the installation of frame elements on the first of them, and on the second at this time to carry out the design fixing of the joints and their exposure, if necessary. The size of the grips is determined from the condition of equal duration of work on each grip, so that there is no crane downtime.

Rice. 182. Scheme of installation of a multi-storey industrial building: 1 - frame; 2 - tower cranes BK.SM-14

Unlike single-storey buildings, elements in multi-storey buildings made of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures are mounted in a complex. First, four columns of one cell are installed, then crossbars are mounted in this cell and spacer plates are laid in it between the columns. Upon completion of the installation of the elements of one cell, the elements of the other cell are mounted in the same sequence, etc.

During the installation of the columns, they are temporarily fixed and verified using a theodolite. Fastening is carried out with the help of conductors, stretch marks or struts with screw couplings, with their fastening to the slinging loops of the underlying plates and crossbars. Conductors are used single or group (two or four columns). The conductors are moved from one place to another, as well as to the floors of the building being erected by erection cranes. After temporary fixing and reconciliation of the correct installation of the columns, they are finally fixed by electric welding of embedded parts. The joints of the columns are welded before the installation of the remaining elements of the frame. The fastening of crossbars to columns and plates to crossbars is also carried out by welding embedded steel parts.

On fig. 182 shows the installation diagram of a multi-storey industrial building.

Installation of power line poles. In the construction of power lines (TL), along with metal and wooden, prefabricated reinforced concrete poles are also widely used. The supports are delivered from the factory to the place of their installation by rail or road transport. Moreover, the equipment of the support with traverses, a headband and other details is carried out before sending it to the picket. Loading, transportation and unloading of reinforced concrete supports is carried out with extreme caution, as they are easily damaged. Loading of long racks is carried out using mounting traverses. When transported by rail, long racks are loaded onto couplers of three platforms, and they are rigidly tied only to the middle platform; on the extreme platforms, the racks are laid on wooden linings without binding to ensure that they can slide on curved sections of the track. When transported on vehicles with semi-trailers, channels are used as linings.

Reinforced concrete racks supports delivered to the picket without traverses are connected to steel traverses by means of bolts, which are passed through holes in the corners of the traverse and through steel tubes embedded in the post during its manufacture. Fastening can also be done with steel clamps covering the rack.

Rice. 183. Lift scheme reinforced concrete support power lines

When assembling anchor plane supports on cable braces with two traverses, both posts and traverses are laid out on a leveled area at the installation site. Then the racks are connected to the traverses and the ends of the guy wires are attached. The support assembled in this way has sufficient rigidity to lift it in its entirety without the use of temporary connections by the racks. Reinforced concrete supports with steel traverses are installed on weight using jib cranes. The lifting of supports with heavier reinforced concrete traverses is carried out by a tractor with a falling boom (Fig. 183). Unlike steel poles, the ends of the lifting cable with a reinforced concrete pole height of 15 m or more are fixed on the rack in two places - under the upper and lower traverses, in order to reduce installation forces in it. At the beginning of the ascent, the bottom of the support rests against the wall of the pit, so that the lower brake cable is not required. Brake braces, necessary at the end of the lift when the boom is out of work, are attached to the rack under the middle traverse.

3.1. Preliminary storage of structures in on-site warehouses is allowed only with appropriate justification. The on-site warehouse should be located in the area of ​​the assembly crane.

3.2. The installation of the structures of each overlying floor (tier) of a multi-storey building should be carried out after the design fixing of all installation elements and the concrete (mortar) of the monolithic joints of the supporting structures of the strength specified in the PPR.

3.3. In cases where the strength and stability of structures during the assembly process are ensured by welding field joints, it is allowed, with the appropriate indication in the project, to mount structures of several floors (tiers) of buildings without monolithic joints. At the same time, the project should provide the necessary instructions on the order of installation of structures, welding of joints and monolithic joints.

3.4. In cases where permanent connections do not ensure the stability of structures during their assembly, it is necessary to use temporary mounting connections. The design and number of connections, as well as the procedure for their installation and removal, should be indicated in the PPR.

3.5. Brands of solutions used in the installation of structures for bedding should be indicated in the project. The mobility of the solution should be 5-7 cm along the immersion depth of a standard cone, except for cases specifically stipulated in the project.

3.6. The use of a solution whose setting process has already begun, as well as the restoration of its plasticity by adding water, are not allowed.

3.7. Limit deviations from the alignment of landmarks when installing prefabricated elements, as well as deviations of completed mounting structures from the design position, should not exceed the values ​​\u200b\u200bgiven in Table. 12.

Table 12

Parameter	Limit deviations, mm	Control (method, scope, type of registration)
1. Deviation from the alignment of the installation reference points of the foundation blocks and foundation sleeves with the risks of the staking axes
2. Deviation of the marks of the bearing surface of the bottom of the foundation cups from the design ones:
up to the device of the leveling layer on the bottom of the glass
after the device of the leveling layer on the bottom of the glass
3. Deviation from the alignment of reference points (marks of geometric axes, faces) in the lower section of the installed elements with installation reference points (marks of geometric axes or faces of underlying elements, marks of alignment axes):
columns, panels and large blocks of load-bearing walls, bulk blocks
curtain wall panels
crossbars, girders, beams, crane beams, truss trusses, truss beams and trusses
4. Deviation of the axes of the columns of one-story buildings in the upper section from the vertical with the length of the columns, m:		Measuring, each element, geodetic executive scheme
St. 16 to 25
5. Deviation from the alignment of landmarks (marks of geometric axes) in the upper section of the columns of multi-storey buildings with marks of center axes with the length of the columns, m:
St. 16 to 25
6. The difference in the elevations of the tops of the columns or their supporting platforms (brackets, consoles) of one-story buildings and structures with the length of the columns, m:
St. 16 to 25
7. Difference in elevations of the tops of the columns of each tier of a multi-storey building and structure, as well as the tops of wall panels frame buildings within the verified area at:
contact installation
installation by beacons
8. Deviation from the alignment of landmarks (risks of geometric axes, faces) in the upper section of the installed elements (crossbars, girders, beams, truss trusses, trusses and beams) on the support with installation landmarks (risks of geometric axes or faces of lower elements, risks of centering axes ) at the height of the element on the support, m:		Measuring, each element, work log
St. 1 to 1.6
St. 1.6 to 2.5
St. 2.5 to 4
9. Deviation from symmetry (half the difference in the depth of support of the ends of the element) when installing crossbars, purlins, beams, crane beams, truss trusses, truss trusses (beams), roof slabs and ceilings in the direction of the overlapped span with the length of the element, m:
St. 16 to 25
10. The distance between the axes of the upper chords of trusses and beams in the middle of the span
11. Deviation from the vertical of the top of the planes:
load-bearing wall panels and volume blocks		Measuring, each element, geodetic executive scheme
large blocks of load-bearing walls
partitions, curtain wall panels		Measuring, each element, work log
12. The difference in the marks of the front surfaces of two adjacent non-prestressed panels (slabs) of floors in the seam with the length of the slabs, m:
13. Grade difference upper shelves crane beams and rails:		Measuring, on each support, geodetic executive scheme
on two adjacent columns along a row with a distance between columns l, m:
	0.001 l, but not more than 15
in one cross section of the span:
on columns
in flight
14. Deviation in height of the threshold of the doorway of the three-dimensional element of the elevator shaft relative to the landing area		Measuring, each element, geodetic executive scheme
15. Deviation from squareness inner surface walls of the elevator shaft relative to the horizontal plane (pit floor)	(GOST 22845-85)	Measuring, each element, geodetic executive scheme

The designation adopted in Table. 12: n - the serial number of the tier of columns or the number of panels installed in height.

Note. Support depth horizontal elements on load-bearing structures should not be less than that specified in the project.

INSTALLATION OF FOUNDATION BLOCKS AND WALLS OF THE UNDERGROUND PART OF BUILDINGS

3.8. The installation of glass-type foundation blocks and their elements in the plan should be carried out relative to the alignment axes in two mutually perpendicular directions, combining the axial risks of the foundations with the landmarks fixed on the base, or controlling the correct installation with geodetic instruments.

3.9. The installation of blocks of strip foundations and basement walls should be carried out, starting with the installation of lighthouse blocks in the corners of the building and at the intersection of the axes. Beacon blocks are installed, combining their axial risks with the risks of the center axes, in two mutually perpendicular directions. The installation of ordinary blocks should be started after reconciling the position of the lighthouse blocks in terms of and in height.

3.10. Foundation blocks should be installed on a layer of sand leveled to the design mark. The maximum deviation of the leveling layer of sand from the design level should not exceed minus 15 mm.

Installation of foundation blocks on bases covered with water or snow is not allowed.

Foundation glasses and supporting surfaces must be protected from contamination.

3.11. The installation of basement wall blocks should be carried out in compliance with the dressing. Ordinary blocks should be installed, orienting the bottom along the edge of the blocks of the lower row, the top - along the center axis. Blocks of external walls installed below the ground level must be aligned on the inside of the wall, and above - on the outside. Vertical and horizontal seams between blocks must be filled with mortar and embroidered on both sides.

INSTALLATION OF COLUMNS AND FRAMES

3.12. The design position of columns and frames should be verified in two mutually perpendicular directions.

3.13. The bottom of the columns should be aligned, combining the risks that indicate their geometric axes in the lower section, with the risks of the center axes or geometric axes of the columns below.

The method of supporting the columns on the bottom of the glass should ensure that the bottom of the column is secured from horizontal movement for a period until the node is monolithic.

3.14. The top of the columns of multi-storey buildings should be aligned by combining the geometric axes of the columns in the upper section with the risks of the center axes, and the columns of one-story buildings - by combining the geometric axes of the columns in the upper section with the geometric axes in the lower section.

3.15. The alignment of the bottom of the frames in the longitudinal and transverse directions should be carried out by combining the marks of the geometric axes with the marks of the center axes or the axes of the racks in the upper section of the underlying frame.

Alignment of the top of the frames should be carried out: from the plane of the frames - by combining the notches of the axes of the frame racks in the upper section relative to the center axes, in the plane of the frames - by observing the marks of the supporting surfaces of the racks of the frames.

3.16. The use of gaskets not provided for by the project at the joints of columns and frame racks for leveling elevations and bringing them to a vertical position without agreement with the design organization is not allowed.

3.17. Landmarks for aligning the top and bottom of columns and frames should be indicated in the PPR.

INSTALLATION OF BARS, BEAMS, TRUMS, FLOOR SLABS AND COVERINGS

3.18. The laying of the elements in the direction of the span to be covered must be carried out in compliance with the dimensions of the depth of support established by the project. supporting structures or gaps between mating elements.

3.19. Installation of elements in the transverse direction of the overlapped span should be carried out:

crossbars and inter-column (tie) plates - combining the risks of the longitudinal axes of the installed elements with the risks of the axes of the columns on the supports;

crane beams - combining the risks that fix the geometric axes of the upper chords of the beams with the center axis;

truss and truss trusses (beams) when supported on columns, as well as truss trusses when supported on truss trusses - combining the risks that fix the geometric axes of the lower chords of the trusses (beams) with the risks of the axes of the columns in the upper section or with the reference risks in the supporting node of the truss farms;

truss trusses (beams) resting on the walls - combining the risks that fix the geometric axes of the lower chords of the trusses (beams) with the risks of the center axes on the supports.

In all cases, roof trusses (beams) should be installed in compliance with the one-sided direction of deviations from the straightness of their upper chords:

floor slabs - according to the markup that determines their design position on the supports and is carried out after the structures on which they rest (beams, crossbars, trusses, etc.) are installed in the design position;

roofing slabs along trusses (rafter beams) - symmetrically with respect to the centers of truss nodes (embedded products) along their upper chords.

3.20. Crossbars, intercolumn (coupled) slabs, trusses (truss beams), roofing slabs along trusses (beams) are laid dry on the supporting surfaces of load-bearing structures.

3.21. Floor slabs must be laid on a layer of mortar with a thickness of not more than 20 mm, combining the surfaces of adjacent slabs along the seam from the side of the ceiling.

3.22. The use of pads not provided for by the project to align the position of the stacked elements according to the marks without agreement with the design organization is not allowed.

3.23. Alignment of crane beams in height should be carried out according to the highest mark in the span or on the support using gaskets made of steel sheet. In the case of using a package of gaskets, they must be welded together, the package is welded to the base plate.

3.24. The installation of trusses and roof beams in a vertical plane should be carried out by aligning their geometric axes on the supports relative to the vertical.

WALL PANELS INSTALLATION

3.25. Installation of panels of external and internal walls should be carried out, resting them on beacons adjusted relative to the installation horizon. The strength of the material from which the beacons are made should not be higher than the compressive strength of the solution used for the bedding, established by the project.

Deviations of marks of beacons relative to the mounting horizon should not exceed ± 5 mm. In the absence of special instructions in the project, the thickness of the beacons should be 10-30 mm. There should be no gaps between the end of the panel after it has been aligned and the mortar bed.

3.26. Alignment of panels of external walls of single-row cutting should be carried out:

in the plane of the wall - combining the axial risk of the panel at the bottom level with the orientation risk on the floor, taken out from the center axis. If there are zones of compensation of accumulated errors in the joints of the panels (when panels are overlapped in the places where loggias, bay windows and other protruding or sinking parts of the building are installed), alignment can be performed using templates that fix the design size of the seam between the panels;

from the plane of the wall - combining the lower edge of the panel with the installation risks on the floor, taken out from the center axes;

in the vertical plane - aligning the inner edge of the panel with respect to the vertical.

3.27. The installation of belt panels of the outer walls of frame buildings should be carried out:

in the plane of the wall - symmetrically with respect to the axis of the span between the columns by aligning the distances between the ends of the panel and the risks of the axes of the columns at the installation level of the panel;

from the plane of the wall: at the level of the bottom of the panel - by aligning the lower inner edge of the installed panel with the edge of the underlying panel; at the top level of the panel - by combining (using a template) the edge of the panel with the line of the axis or the edge of the column;

3.28. The alignment of the wall panels of the outer walls of frame buildings should be carried out:

in the plane of the wall - combining the risk of the axis of the bottom of the panel being installed with the reference risk marked on the waist panel;

from the plane of the wall - aligning the inner edge of the installed panel with the edge of the underlying panel;

in the vertical plane - by aligning the inner and end faces of the panel relative to the vertical.

INSTALLATION OF VENTILATION UNITS, VOLUME UNITS OF ELEVATOR SHAFT AND SANITATION CABINS

3.29. When installing ventilation units, it is necessary to monitor the alignment of the channels and the thoroughness of filling the horizontal joints with mortar. Alignment of ventilation units should be performed by aligning the axes of two mutually perpendicular faces of the units to be installed at the level of the lower section with the marks of the axes of the lower unit. Relative to the vertical plane, the blocks should be installed by aligning the planes of two mutually perpendicular faces. The joints of the ventilation ducts of the blocks should be thoroughly cleaned of the solution and prevent it and other foreign objects into the channels.

3.30. Volumetric blocks of elevator shafts should be mounted, as a rule, with brackets installed in them for fixing guide cabins and counterweights. The bottom of the volumetric blocks must be installed according to the reference risks placed on the ceiling from the center lines and corresponding to the design position of two mutually perpendicular walls of the block (the front and one of the side walls). Relative to the vertical plane, the blocks should be installed by aligning the faces of two mutually perpendicular walls of the block.

3.31. Sanitary cabins should be installed on gaskets. The alignment of the bottom and verticality of the cabins should be carried out according to clause 3.30. When installing the cabins, the sewer and water risers must be carefully aligned with the corresponding risers of the cabins below. Openings in the floor panels for passing the risers of the cabins after installing the cabins, mounting the risers and carrying out hydraulic tests must be carefully sealed with mortar.

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS BY THE METHOD OF LIFTING FLOORS

3.32. Before lifting the floor slabs, it is necessary to check the presence of design gaps between the columns and collars of the slabs, between the slabs and the walls of the stiffening cores, as well as the cleanliness of the holes provided for by the project for lifting rods.

3.33. Floor slabs should be lifted after the concrete reaches the strength specified in the project.

3.34. The equipment used must ensure uniform lifting of floor slabs relative to all columns and stiffeners. The deviation of the marks of individual reference points on the columns during the lifting process should not exceed 0.003 of the span and should not exceed 20 mm, unless other values ​​are provided for in the project.

3.35. Temporary fastening of slabs to columns and stiffeners should be checked at each stage of lifting.

3.36. Structures raised to the design mark should be fixed with permanent fasteners; at the same time, acts of intermediate acceptance of structures completed by installation should be drawn up.

WELDING AND ANTI-CORROSION COATING OF EMBEDDED AND CONNECTING PRODUCTS

3.37. Welding of embedded and connecting products must be carried out in accordance with Sec. eight.

3.38. Anti-corrosion coating of welded joints, as well as areas of embedded parts and connections, must be carried out in all places where the factory coating is violated during installation and welding. The method of anti-corrosion protection and the thickness of the applied layer must be specified in the project.

3.39. Immediately before applying anticorrosion coatings, the protected surfaces of embedded products, ties and welded joints must be cleaned of welding slag residues, metal spatter, grease and other contaminants.

3.40. In the process of applying anti-corrosion coatings, it is necessary to ensure that the corners and sharp edges of the products are covered with a protective layer.

3.41. The quality of anti-corrosion coatings should be checked in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.04.03-85.

3.42. Data on the performed anti-corrosion protection of joints must be documented in certificates of examination of hidden works.

MONOLICHING JOINTS AND SEAMS

3.43. Sealing of joints should be performed after checking the correct installation of structures, accepting the connections of elements in the junctions and performing an anti-corrosion coating of welded joints and damaged areas of coating of embedded products.

3.44. The class of concrete and the brand of mortar for embedding joints and seams must be indicated in the project.

3.45. Concrete mixtures used for sealing joints must meet the requirements of GOST 7473-85.

3.46. For the preparation of concrete mixes, fast-hardening Portland cements or Portland cements M400 and higher should be used. In order to intensify the hardening of the concrete mixture at the joints, it is necessary to use chemical additives - hardening accelerators. The largest grain size of coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture should not exceed 1/3 of the smallest size of the joint section and 3/4 of the smallest clear distance between the reinforcement bars. To improve workability in the mixture, plasticizing additives should be introduced in accordance with Sec. 2.

3.47. Formwork for embedding joints and seams, as a rule, must be inventory and meet the requirements of GOST 23478-79.

3.48. Immediately before embedding joints and seams, it is necessary to: check the correctness and reliability of the installation of the formwork used for embedding; clean the mating surfaces from debris and dirt.

3.49. When embedding joints, concrete (mortar) compaction, maintenance, curing mode control, as well as quality control should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 2.

3.50. The strength of concrete or mortar at the joints by the time of stripping must correspond to that specified in the project, and in the absence of such an indication, it must be at least 50% of the design compressive strength.

3.51. The actual strength of the laid concrete (mortar) should be controlled by testing a series of samples made at the place of embedding. To check the strength, at least three samples should be made per group of joints concreted during a given shift.

Samples must be tested in accordance with GOST 10180-78 and GOST 5802-86.

3.52. Methods of preliminary heating of joined surfaces and heating of monolithic joints and seams, duration and temperature and humidity conditions of curing concrete (mortar), insulation methods, timing and procedure for stripping and loading structures, taking into account the peculiarities of performing work in winter conditions, as well as in hot and dry weather must be specified in the PPR.

WATER-, AIR- AND HEAT INSULATION OF JOINTS OF EXTERIOR WALLS OF COMPLETE BUILDINGS

3.53. Joint insulation work must be carried out by specially trained workers who have a certificate for the right to carry out such work.

3.54. Materials for insulating joints should be used only from those specified in the project; replacement of materials without agreement with the design organization is not allowed.

3.55. Transportation, storage and use of insulating materials should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of standards or specifications.

Insulating materials after the expiration of the storage period established by the standards or technical conditions before use are subject to a control check in the laboratory.

3.56. Panels must be delivered to objects with primed surfaces forming joints. The primer should form a continuous film.

3.57. The surfaces of the panels of the outer walls, forming joints, before performing work on the installation of water and air insulation, must be cleaned of dust, dirt, concrete sagging and dried.

Surface damage to concrete panels at the joints (cracks, shells, chips) must be repaired using polymer-cement compositions. The disturbed primer layer must be restored in construction conditions.

The application of sealing mastics to wet, frosty or icy joint surfaces is not allowed.

3.58. For air insulation of joints, air-protective tapes are used, fixed on adhesives or self-adhesive. It is necessary to overlap the air-protective tapes along the length with the length of the overlap section of 100-120 mm. The joints of the tapes in the wells of vertical joints should be located at a distance of at least 0.3 m from the intersection of vertical and horizontal joints. In this case, the end of the underlying tape should be glued over the tape installed at the junction of the floor to be installed.

It is not allowed to connect the tapes in height until the wells of the joints of the lower floor are monolithic.

3.59. The glued air barrier tape must adhere tightly to the insulated joint surface without bubbles, swellings and folds.

3.60. Thermal insulation inserts should be installed in the wells of the vertical joints of the panels of the outer walls after the installation of air insulation.

Lining materials must have a moisture content established by the standards or specifications for these materials.

3.61. The installed liners must fit snugly against the surface of the well along the entire height of the joint and be fixed in accordance with the project.

There should be no gaps at the joints of the heat-insulating inserts. When eliminating the gaps between the liners, they must be filled with material of the same bulk density.

3.62. Sealing gaskets in the mouths of joints of closed and drained types should be installed dry (without coating with glue). At the intersections of the joints closed type sealing gaskets should first be installed in horizontal joints.

3.63. In closed-type joints when overlapping external wall panels, in drained-type horizontal joints (in the area of ​​the drainage apron), in open-type horizontal joints, as well as in joints of tongue-and-groove panels, it is allowed to install sealing gaskets before mounting the panels. In this case, the gaskets must be fixed in the design position. In other cases, the installation of sealing gaskets must be carried out after the installation of the panels.

It is not allowed to nail sealing gaskets to the surfaces forming the butt joints of the outer wall panels.

3.64. Sealing gaskets should be installed in joints without breaks.

It is necessary to connect the sealing gaskets along the length “by the mustache”, placing the junction at a distance of at least 0.3 m from the intersection of the vertical and horizontal joints.

Sealing joints with two gaskets twisted together is not allowed.

3.65. Compression of gaskets installed at the joints should be at least 20% of the diameter (width) of their cross section.

3.66. Isolation of joints with mastics should be carried out after the installation of sealing gaskets by injecting mastics at the mouth of the joint with electric seals, pneumatic, manual syringes and other means.

It is allowed to apply hardening mastics with spatulas when performing repair work. Liquefaction of mastics and their application with brushes is not allowed.

3.67. When preparing two-component hardening mastics, it is not allowed to violate the passport dosage and disassemble their components, mix the components manually and add solvents to them.

3.68. The temperature of the mastics at the time of application at positive outdoor temperatures should be 15-20°C. During winter periods, the temperature at which the mastic is applied, as well as the temperature of the mastic at the time of application, must correspond to those specified in specifications mastic manufacturer. In the absence of relevant instructions in the technical specifications, the temperature of the mastics at the time of application should be: for non-hardening - 35-40 ° C, for hardening - 15-20 ° C.

3.69. The applied layer of mastic should fill without voids the entire mouth of the joint to the elastic gasket, not have gaps, sagging.

The thickness of the applied layer of mastic must correspond to that established by the project. The maximum deviation of the thickness of the mastic layer from the design should not exceed plus 2 mm.

The resistance of the applied mastics to separation from the surface of the panel must comply with the indicators given in the relevant standards or specifications for the mastics.

3.70. Protection of the applied layer of non-hardening mastic must be made with the materials specified in the project. In the absence of special instructions in the project, polymer-cement mortars, PVC, styrene-butadiene or coumarone-rubber paints can be used for protection.

3.71. In open joints, rigid water barriers should be inserted into the vertical channels of open joints from top to bottom until they stop against the drainage apron.

When using rigid water barriers in the form of corrugated metal strips, they should be installed in vertical joints so that the opening of the extreme corrugations faces the facade. The shield must fit freely into the groove. When opening the vertical joint of panels more than 20 mm, two tapes riveted along the edges should be installed.

Flexible water barriers (tapes) are installed in vertical joints both outside and inside the building.

3.72. Non-metallic drainage aprons made of elastic materials should be glued to the upper edges of the joined panels for a length of at least 100 mm on both sides of the axis of the vertical joint.

3.73. Insulation of joints between window (balcony door) blocks and quarters in the openings of enclosing structures should be carried out by applying non-hardening mastic to the surface of the quarter before installing the block or by injecting mastic into the gap between window blocks and enclosing structures after fixing the block in the design position. The junction of metal window sill drains to the box must also be insulated with non-hardening mastic.

When insulating joints between window blocks and enclosing structures with openings without a quarter, a sealing gasket should be installed before applying the mastics.

3.74. The performance of work on the insulation of joints must be recorded daily in the journal.

For the entire range of works on the joint insulation, certificates of examination of hidden work should be drawn up in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85.

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USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR CONSTRUCTION (GOSSTROY USSR)

SNiP III-16-80

BUILDING REGULATIONS

Part III

RULES OF PRODUCTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

Chapter 16

CONCRETE

AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Approved

resolution State Committee USSR for construction

MOSCOW STROYIZDAT 1981

3.9. The installation of structures should begin, as a rule, with their spatially stable part: a tie panel, stiffening cores, etc.

Installation of structures of buildings and structures of great length or height should be carried out in spatially stable sections (spans, tiers, floors, temperature blocks, etc.).

EVIL. Installation of the structures of each overlying floor (tier) of a multi-storey building should be carried out after the concrete (mortar) of the monolithic joints of the load-bearing structures reaches the strength specified in the project for the production of work.

Until this strength is reached, conductors and other devices temporarily fixing structures should not be removed.

3.11. In cases where the strength and stability of the assembled structures under the influence of mounting loads are ensured by welding of the mounting joints, it is allowed, with the appropriate indication in the project, to carry out work on the installation of structures of several floors (tiers) of the building without monolithic joints. At the same time, the project must provide the necessary instructions on the procedure for installing structures, welding joints and embedding joints.

3.12. Installation of structures of multi-storey buildings, the stability of which during the installation period is ensured by fastening to brick or block walls, should be carried out simultaneously with the erection of walls or provided that the masonry of the walls lags behind the installation of the frame by no more than one floor; the strength of the solution in the joints of the masonry walls by the time of installation of the structures of the overlying floor should be indicated in the project.

In winter, the stability of such a frame is allowed to be provided with temporary mounting connections, if they are provided for by the project; it is allowed to remove these connections only after the walls have been erected on this floor, the frame structures have been fastened to the walls, and the strength specified in the project has been achieved with a solution in the seams of the walls.

With an appropriate economic justification, it is allowed in agreement with the design organization

apply temporary mounting connections also during the installation of structures in the summer.

3.13. The use of temporary ties is also allowed in cases where permanent ties do not ensure the stability of the structures during installation or the installation of these ties is not possible until the end of the alignment of the mounted structures.

3.14. Combined installation of structures and equipment should be carried out according to work production projects containing interconnected schemes of installation tiers and zones, schedules for lifting structures and equipment.

3.15. Before lifting structures, you should:

clean the lifted, as well as previously installed adjacent structures from dirt, debris, snow, ice, and metal parts - from the influx of concrete and rust, while it is not allowed to remove ice with hot water, steam, saline solution, it is forbidden to use the fire method to remove ice from the surface of panels with heat-insulating inserts and containing combustible materials; it is recommended to remove frost with hot air, scrapers, wire brushes, etc.;

check the compliance of the marking of structures with the design one;

check the position and presence of embedded parts and installation marks;

equip structures with mounting scaffolds and ladders in accordance with the requirements of the project for the production of works and prepare the workplace for receiving structures by checking the presence of connecting parts and necessary auxiliary materials at the workplace;

check the correctness and reliability of fastening of load-handling devices.

3.16. When slinging and lifting structures, the following rules must be observed:

at. slinging with steel ropes, inventory linings should be installed under them to avoid damage to concrete and rope;

when lifting, use lifting devices

Roystva, providing a uniform transfer of loads on the lifted structures and slings.

Slinging should be done with inventory slings or special gripping devices with semi-automatic devices for remote slinging.

3.17. Slinging of structures should be carried out in the places indicated in the project and ensure the lifting and supply of elements to the installation (laying) site in a position close to the design one. If, according to the installation conditions, it is impossible to carry out slinging of structures in the places specified in the project, the change in slinging places must be agreed with the design organization. It is forbidden to sling structures in arbitrary places, as well as for reinforcing outlets. Lifting devices and the scheme of slinging of enlarged flat and spatial blocks should ensure the invariability of the geometric dimensions and shape of these blocks during lifting and supply to the installation site.

3.18. The use of installed structures for attaching cargo pulley blocks, diverting blocks and other lifting devices to them is allowed only in accordance with the project for the production of work, agreed with the organization that developed the building (structure) project.

3.19. Lifting of structures should be carried out smoothly, without jerks, swinging and rotation of the elements being lifted, as a rule, using braces. For braces, hemp (according to GOST 483-75 *) or nylon (according to GOST 10293-77) ropes with a diameter of 19-S-24 mm should be used. When lifting vertical rod structures, one guy is used, horizontal and planar - at least two.

3.21. The installation of structures in the design position should be carried out according to the accepted guidelines (risks, pins, stops, edges, etc.). Structures with special mortgages or other fixing devices are installed on these devices.

3.22. Slinging installed in place const-

instructions are allowed only after they are securely fixed by permanent or temporary connections. Temporary fastening of installed structures must ensure their stability and invariability of position until permanent fastening is performed.

3.23. Prior to the permanent fastening of structures, the compliance of their location with the design one and the readiness of mounting interfaces for welding and sealing of joints should be checked; the results of the check are recorded in the log of installation work.

3.24. The brand and mobility of solutions used in the installation of structures are established by the project. The use of a mortar whose setting process has already begun is not permitted. Structures displaced from the mortar bed during the period of mortar hardening should be lifted and, after cleaning the supporting surfaces from the old mortar, re-installed on a fresh mortar.

3.25. Limit deviations of the actual position of the mounted structures from the design one should not exceed the values ​​\u200b\u200bgiven in clause 6.3. When mounting structures, the position of which may change in the process of their permanent fixing and installation of subsequent structures, the indicated limit deviations should be assigned in the project for the production of works based on the calculation of accuracy depending on design solutions, mounting fixtures, sequence of work, welding technology, etc. bearing in mind not to exceed the values ​​of limit deviations given in clause 6.3.

3.26. During installation, structures must be protected from damage. Damaged structures must be replaced or repaired in agreement with the design organization.

Installation of foundations, columns and frames

3.27. The installation of prefabricated foundations should be carried out by combining the risks applied to them with the landmarks fixed on the foundations, or control -

ruya the correctness of the installation with the help of geodetic instruments.

3.28. Foundation glasses and supporting surfaces must be protected from contamination.

3.29. Installation of prefabricated foundations on bases covered with water or snow is not allowed.

3.30. Installation of strip prefabricated foundations should begin with lighthouse elements installed at the intersection of the axes of the walls of buildings. Ordinary elements are mounted after instrumental alignment of the position of the lighthouse elements in plan and in height.

3.31. Columns and frames should be installed, combining the risks indicating the geometric axes in the lower section of the mounted structure with the risks:

center axes - when installing columns in the glasses of foundations;

geometric axes of the structures below - in all other cases.

Note If there are embedded fixing devices, the installation of columns (frames) is carried out using these devices.

8.22. Alignment of the design position and temporary fixing of columns and frames in foundation glasses, as a rule, should be carried out using inventory mechanical devices that provide the specified installation accuracy and high labor productivity. The use of wedges is allowed as an exception, with appropriate justification in the design of the work.

3.33. The height design marks of the bottom of the columns when they are installed in the glasses of the foundations must be ensured by the use, if necessary, of reinforced concrete linings, the strength of which is determined by the project.

3.34. The preparation of the bottom of the foundation cups for the installation of columns made with increased accuracy for their alignment-free installation should be provided by molding the concrete mixture laid on the bottom of the foundation cup, using special devices and methods provided for by the project for the production of works. The forming surfaces of these devices must provide a slope of the bearing surfaces of the bottom of the glass

foundation from the horizontal or design plane no more than 1/1250.

Deviations of the actual, marks and dimensions of the molded bottom of the foundation cups from the design ones during unaligned installation of columns should not exceed:

5 mm for the displacement of devices or parts that fix the position of the places of support of the columns in the glasses of the foundations in the plan relative to the staking axes;

3 mm according to the deviation of the bottom marks of the glasses in the places where the columns are supported.

3.35. Bringing the top of columns or frames to the design position should be carried out relative to the center axes along two mutually perpendicular vertical planes.

In cases where during installation it is required to ensure full contact of the ends of the joined columns, the methods for their alignment should be specified in the project.

3.36. When installing buildings using systems of group mounting devices (rigid or articulated conductors, etc.), special attention should be paid to the accuracy of installation and the rigidity of fixing the base elements.

3.37. Removal (rearrangement) of mounting devices should be carried out after permanent fixing of columns and frames in nodes and installation of connecting elements.

3.38. Installation of structures on columns based on cup-type foundations is allowed only after the columns are embedded in cups and the concrete reaches the strength specified in the design, and in the absence of such instructions, not less than 70% of the design grade in terms of compressive strength.

Note In some cases, it is allowed to install overlying structures on columns to frames before they are embedded in the foundation glasses, provided that the strength and stability of the columns and foundations from temporary and installation loads are ensured in accordance with the project for the production of works.

Installation of beams, crossbars, trusses and slabs

3.39. The design position of trusses, beams and crossbars should be ensured by the alignment of the marks applied to the mounted and supporting structures.

3.40. Crane beams should be installed with temporary fastening, ensuring their subsequent alignment within individual spans of the building.

3.41. Roof trusses and beams before bridging must be aligned and fixed to the supporting structures in accordance with the project or unfastened with temporary braces (braces) provided for by the PPR.

3.42. Coating slabs should be laid after the installation of each next beam or truss and the connections provided for by the project.

Note. In some cases, due to the peculiarity of design solutions or specific construction conditions, the project for the production of works may provide for a different sequence of installation.

3.43. The order and direction of laying the slabs must be specified in the project for the production of works and ensure the stability of the structure being installed and the possibility of welding the slabs to the supporting structures in accordance with the project.

3.44. When laying floor slabs, the dimensions of the areas for supporting the slabs on the supporting structures specified by the project should be ensured and the front surfaces of the slabs should be leveled.

3.45. When laying slabs along the upper chords of beams, crossbars and trusses, one should especially control the position of the supporting ribs of the slabs relative to the centers of the truss nodes along their chords and the dimensions of the support areas.

3.46. The roof slabs should be fixed to the truss structures after each slab has been installed.

3.47. When laying floor slabs in multi-storey buildings, first of all, spacer plates should be installed and fixed.

Installation of wall panels

3.48. When installing wall panels (partitions) of buildings with a single-row cut, the edges of the elements or the installation risks on them must be combined with the reference risks taken out from the alignment axes to the reference planes. In case of multi-row cutting of the panel of the first row from the overlap, it is necessary to install

similar to the installation of panels in single-row cutting, and the panels of subsequent rows, combining the edges of the installed panel with the edges of the underlying one.

3.49. If there are recessed or protruding parts (balconies, bay windows) on the facade of the building, the installation of panels of external load-bearing and self-supporting walls should be carried out according to templates.

3.50. When installing the panels of the outer walls of buildings below the ground level (basement walls), they should be aligned along the inner plane of the wall.

3.51. The position of the wall panels in height should be adjusted by beacons (support tables) or by elevation marks. Control of the verticality of wall panels should be carried out along the longitudinal edge.

3.52. Installation of wall panels and partitions, as a rule, should be done using group mounting devices. Bringing these structures to the design position and temporary fixing should be carried out with the help of fixing devices that are part of the fixtures. Particular attention must be paid to the rigidity of the fixing of the base element.

3.53. The installation of wall panels and partitions with special embedded fixing devices (pins, plates with cutouts, etc.) should be carried out using these devices.

3.54. When installing panels with smoke and ventilation ducts, the combination of these channels must be ensured. It is not allowed to get the solution and other foreign objects into the channels. Vertical channels should be protected from clogging and precipitation immediately after installation of the panel.

Installation by lifting ceilings and floors

3.55. When erecting buildings by raising floors (ceilings), the presence of design gaps between the columns and collars of the slabs, between the slabs and walls of the stiffening cores along their entire height, as well as the cleanliness of the holes provided for by the project for lifting rods, should be checked.

3.56. Prior to lifting, lifting equipment, communications and signaling equipment should be installed and tested, conductors for building up columns, towers and scaffolds for servicing lifts and temporarily fixing lifted slabs should be prepared, and electrical wiring protection equipment should be laid.

3.57. The equipment used must ensure uniform lifting of floor slabs relative to all columns. The deviation in the marks of individual reference points on the columns during the lifting process should not exceed 1/300 of the span and be no more than 20 mm, unless other values ​​are specified by the project.

3.58; The rise of floors (ceilings) should be carried out after the concrete slabs have reached the strength specified in the project.

3.59. Slabs raised to design level must be fixed with permanent fasteners; at the same time, acts of intermediate acceptance of the structures completed by the installation are drawn up.

3.60. Before the rise of completely finished floors, the joints of all structures, except for the joints at the junction with the stiffening core and columns, must be welded and monolithic with the installation of sealants. Laying sealant in the upper horizontal seams of the walls is carried out before the last rise of the floors to the design position.

4. WELDING AND ANTI-CORROSION COATING OF INSERTED AND CONNECTING ELEMENTS

4.1. Welding of structures should be carried out in accordance with the Instructions for Welding Reinforcement Joints and Embedded Parts of Reinforced Concrete Structures according to the technological process provided for by the project for the production of works*, which establishes the sequence of assembly and welding operations, welding methods, the order of suturing, welding modes, diameters and grades of electrodes and wire, requirements to other welding consumables.

4.2. Reinforcement connections with round plates and with flat elements made of rolled steel, for

inclusion of parts with anti-corrosion coating, it is allowed to perform according to the current regulatory documents without the development of special technology.

4.3. Welding must be carried out by electric welders who have certificates that establish their qualifications and the nature of the welding work they are allowed to perform.

4.4. All welding consumables must pass an incoming inspection before use, during which it is necessary to check the availability of manufacturer's certificates, as well as the compliance of the materials themselves with the project and their suitability.

4.5. Types of electrodes and brand of welding wire are specified in the project. In the absence of such instructions, welding materials should be used for welding in accordance with the Instructions for Welding Reinforcement Joints and Embedded Parts of Reinforced Concrete Structures. It is allowed to use other welding consumables that meet the requirements of GOST 10922-75.

4.6. Welding consumables must be stored under conditions that protect them from moisture, contamination and mechanical damage.

Before welding, electrodes, flux-cored wire and flux should be calcined according to the modes specified in the technical specifications and passports and stored separately from undried and non-calcined ones. Welding wire must be free of rust, grease and other contaminants.

4.7. Hardened electrodes, flux-cored wire and flux should be supplied to the workplace in the amount necessary for the work of the welder during one shift. At the workplace, welding consumables must be in conditions that exclude their moisture.

Storage and transportation of calcined welding consumables must be carried out in a closed moisture-proof container.

4.8. Structural elements to be welded must be pre-cleaned to bare metal on both sides of the edges for at least 10 mm from mortar, concrete, bitumen, paint, rust, grease stains and other contaminants and dried.

UDC "ODCL<ШЛ5)

SNNP Sh-16-80. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures./Gosstroy of the USSR. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1981 - 32 p.

This chapter 1 was developed by the Institute of TsNIIOMTP Gosstroy of the USSR with the participation of VNIPI PromstadBKonstruyashchiya Minmontazhspecial system of the USSR. With the introduction of this chapter, chapter * SNiP III-16-73 “Concrete and reinforced concrete prefabricated structures” and “Instructions for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of industrial buildings and structures” (SN 319-65) become invalid.

Editors - nzh. EL V" Bakonin (Gosstroy of the USSR), Ph.D. Sciences V. N. Sverdlov and Sh, L. Machabeli (TsNIIOMTP Gosstroy of the USSR), engineers V. Ya. Glikin and B. Ya.

WITH--. Instruction-norm, \ issue, -1.9-80. 3201000000

© Stroyizdat, 1981

If necessary, immediately before welding, the cleaning of the parts to be welded should be repeated.

4.9. Before welding, structures should be checked to establish the correct assembly and preparation of joints for welding.

4.10. Cutting edges and the size of the gaps in the structural elements assembled for welding must be performed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 14098-68 and the Instructions for Welding Reinforcement Joints and Embedded Parts of Reinforced Concrete Structures.

The outlets of rods and other elements to be welded must be coaxial and not have distortions.

4.11. Tacks on the assembled parts must be carried out by electric welders or assembly workers authorized to carry out welding work in accordance with clause 4 3, using welding consumables of the same type and quality as the main seams of the welding joints.

4.12. When installing transverse rods (clamps) at the joints, it is not allowed to use tack welding and welding of the intersections of these elements with longitudinal reinforcement made of steel of classes A-P and A-Sh.

4.13. The joints to be welded during the welding process must be protected (using tents, screens) from precipitation and wind.

4.14. Manual and semi-automatic arc welding of structures at temperatures up to minus 30 ° C should be carried out according to conventional technology, but at the same time, the welding current should be increased by 1% when the temperature drops below 0 ° C for every 2.5-3 ° C. Welding at a temperature below minus 30°C is not allowed.

4.15. Upon completion of welding, welded joints must be cleaned of slag and splashes of molten metal.

4.16. On critical welded joints, the number or sign of the welder (stamp) must be stamped or punched in the places indicated on the drawing.

4.17. The performance of welding work must be documented by certificates of examination of hidden work.

4.18. Quality control of welded joints should be carried out:

State Committee of the USSR for Construction Affairs (Gosstroy of the USSR)

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The rules of this chapter must be observed during the production and acceptance of work on the installation of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures. During the installation of structures, the requirements of the chapters of SNiP on the organization of construction production and safety in construction, state standards for reinforced concrete and concrete products, fire safety rules in the production of construction and installation works and other regulatory documents approved or agreed by the USSR Gosstroy must also be observed.

1.2. During the installation of structures of hydraulic structures and bridges, as well as structures of buildings and structures erected on permafrost and subsidence soils, undermined territories and in seismic regions, the relevant requirements of other chapters of SNiP and special requirements of the project must also be met.

A. When performing work on the installation of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures, in order to ensure the required quality of work at all stages, production control must be carried out, provided for by the head of SNiP on the organization of construction production.

1.4. In the projects for the production of works on the installation of structures, the following should be provided: the sequence of installation of structures; measures to ensure the required accuracy of installation, spatial invariability of structures in the process of their pre-assembly and installation in the design position, as well as the stability of the building (structure) during installation; the procedure for combining the installation of structures and process equipment, as well as additional, related to local features of the installation conditions, requirements for the performance of general construction works, installation of process and engineering equipment and the manufacture of structural elements.

1.5. In all cases, confirmed by the relevant technical and economic calculations, installation methods with spatial self-fixation of structures, with the use of group assembly equipment systems and with preliminary enlargement of the structures to be mounted, should be used, providing an increase in labor productivity and installation accuracy.

1.6. The order for structures should, in agreement with the manufacturer, provide for additional technical requirements for the manufacture of non-standard structures, justified by accepted installation methods, in terms of:

division of structures into shipping elements, depending on the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms adopted in the project for the production of works;

installation of additional embedded parts in structural elements, as well as making holes for attaching mounting devices (ties, clamps, etc.) and mounted scaffolding. These parts or openings should be located so as to ensure unloading, storage and installation of structural elements without compromising their strength;

positions of structural elements when loading them onto vehicles;

location of mounting connections, which should be assigned in places accessible for monolithic and electric welding;

interfaces of structures manufactured at the factory in the form of separate elements with subsequent enlargement

on the installation site, which does not require tilting of structures;

locations of installation risks;

production of structures with increased accuracy for alignment-free installation.

The installation organization must agree on additional technical requirements with the organization that completed the working drawings of the construction part of the project.

1.7. Prior to the start of installation, work must be completed on the adjustment and acceptance of assembly mechanisms and equipment, the installation of assembly scaffolds, circles, stands, racks, supports, rolling tracks, load-handling devices, etc.

1.8. When checking the correctness of the choice of types of cranes *, mounting fixtures, equipment and installation methods, one should proceed from the number, dimensions and weight of the mounted structural elements, the configuration and dimensions of the buildings and structures being erected, the temperature and climatic conditions of the construction area, as well as the requirements for ensuring the stability of cranes.

1.9. Mounting should, as a rule, be carried out directly from vehicles or with a preliminary layout of structures in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mounting mechanism. The placement of structures on vehicles must ensure the sequence of installation provided for by the project.

The arrangement of on-site warehouses is allowed with an appropriate feasibility study.

1.10. In all cases justified by the project for the production of works, the structures should be mounted in flat or spatial blocks, including technological, sanitary and other engineering equipment.

1.11. The delivery of structures to the construction site should be subject to the conformity of the concrete strength to the tempering strength, which is established on the basis of state standards by the manufacturer in agreement with the consumer and the design organization.

1.12. Data on the production of installation work should be

must be entered daily in the logs of installation works (Appendix 1), welding works (Appendix 2), anti-corrosion protection of welded joints (Appendix 3), concreting of joints (Appendix 4), and also recorded during installation on executive diagrams.

1.13. In the course of installation work, hidden work on the reinforcement of joints and assemblies, welding of reinforcement protrusions and embedded parts, protection of steel parts from corrosion, as well as other work in the manner established by the head of SNiP on the organization of construction production, are subject to verification and acceptance.

Foundations, supports, structures that have undergone pre-assembly, and other critical structures in accordance with the list given in the project are subject to intermediate acceptance.

2. TRANSPORTATION AND INCOMING QUALITY CONTROL OF STRUCTURES

2.1. When loading structures onto vehicles and unloading them, the scheme of slinging and arrangement of structures on vehicles and storage areas given in the project must be observed.

2.2. During transportation and temporary storage of structures in the installation area, the following requirements must be observed:

structures should, as a rule, be in a position close to the design one (beams, trusses, slabs, panels, etc.), and if this condition cannot be met, in a position convenient for transportation and transfer to installation (columns, frames and etc.);

structures should be based on inventory linings and gaskets of rectangular section, located in the places indicated in the project; the thickness of linings and spacers must be at least 30 mm and at least 20 mm higher than the height of sling loops and other protruding parts of structures. For multi-tiered loading and storage of the same type of structures, linings and gaskets should be located on the same vertical along the line of lifting devices.

structures (loops, holes) or in other places indicated in the working drawings;

structures must be securely reinforced to protect them from overturning, longitudinal and transverse displacement, mutual impacts between themselves or against the structure of vehicles. Fasteners must ensure the possibility of unloading each element from vehicles without violating the stability of the rest;

textured surfaces must be protected from damage and contamination;

reinforcement outlets, anchor bolt threads, embedded and welded parts must be protected from damage;

factory marking should always be available for inspection;

small parts for mounting connections should be attached to the shipping items or sent simultaneously with the structures in boxes, which should be tagged with the brands of the parts and their quantity. These parts must be stored under a canopy.

2.3. Transportation on roads of large-sized structures, as well as structures that require special conditions of transportation, should be carried out on specialized vehicles: panel carriers, farm locomotives, slab carriers, etc.

2.4. Transportation of structures by rail should be carried out in accordance with the "Specifications for loading and securing cargo" approved by the Ministry of Railways in 1969.

2.5. When carrying out the input control of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures delivered to the construction site, it is necessary to check the presence of a passport, risks and marks provided for by the working drawings, protection against moisture of structural elements made of lightweight and cellular concrete, open sections of the insulating layers of wall panels, as well as the absence of damage during loading and unloading operations and transportation.

2.6. When conducting incoming inspection of structures delivered to the construction site, it is necessary

check their completeness, including the presence of steel parts necessary for field connections.

2.7. Structural elements during storage should be stacked as follows: wall panels, trusses and rafter beams - in cassettes in a vertical position; floor slabs and coatings - horizontally, in stacks no more than 2.5 m high; crossbars and columns - horizontally, in stacks up to 2 m high.

2.8. Structures for temporary storage should be sorted by brands and stacked taking into account the sequence of installation.

2.10. Transportation and temporary storage of standardized concrete and reinforced concrete structures (products) should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of state standards for specific types of products.

3. INSTALLATION OF STRUCTURES General instructions

3.1. Enlarged assembly of reinforced concrete structures should be carried out on stands that allow fixing the position of the elements and carrying out their careful alignment and straightening during the assembly process. Beforehand, it is necessary to check the dimensions of the enlarged structural elements, the presence and correct location of embedded parts.

3.2. By the beginning of installation, the strength of the solution (concrete) at the joints of enlarged structures should not be lower than the tempering strength of the solution (concrete) in these structures, unless otherwise specified in the project.

3.3. The maximum deviations of the actual dimensions of enlarged structures from the design ones should not exceed the values ​​established by the relevant state standards or specifications for these structures.

3.4. The assembly of structures with reinforcement outlets at the joints must be carried out by checking the correct installation of the elements and the alignment of the reinforcement outlets; at the same time, measures must be taken to ensure that the outlets are not bent.

If necessary, rebar extensions should be adjusted without violating the design position of the rods and avoiding damage to the concrete. Jointing of bent rods and linings, unless it is specifically stipulated by the project, is prohibited.

3.5. Installation of structures is allowed only after the acceptance of foundations and other supporting elements, including a geodetic check of the compliance of their planned and high-altitude position with the design one, with the preparation of an executive scheme.

3.6. During the installation of structures, constant geodetic assurance of the accuracy of their installation should be carried out with the determination of the actual position of the elements being mounted. The results of geodetic control after the final fixing of the structures of individual sections and tiers should be drawn up as an executive scheme.

3.7. Until the end of the alignment and complete fixing of the structures in the design position, it is not allowed to rest on them the overlying structures, if such support is not provided for by the design of the work.

In cases justified by the project for the production of works, it is allowed to install overlying structures with temporary or incomplete fixing of the underlying ones, while temporary or incomplete fixing of structures must be justified by calculating their mass, wind, snow and installation loads.

3.8. During installation, the strength and stability of structures under the action of their own weight, installation loads, snow and wind must be ensured, which is achieved by observing the installation sequence provided for by the PPR, observing the design dimensions of the support platforms and interfaces, as well as timely installation of permanent or temporary connections and fasteners provided for by the project .