All types of roofs of industrial buildings. Coatings for industrial buildings. Roof construction device

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF ATTIC TYPE COATINGS

The technical condition of the coating to a decisive extent determines the mode of operation of the building as a whole. Therefore, in the process of reconstruction, it is advisable not only to repair the coating, but also to implement a number of thoughtful and reasonable measures that are aimed at improving its reliability. One of...
(Reconstruction of buildings, structures and urban development)

Types of electrode coatings.

Electrode coatings can be created in different ways. In some, slag protection may prevail, in others - gas. Gas protection can be achieved by organic compounds or minerals. Hydrogen can be removed from the weld metal in different ways - due to oxygen or fluorine. Various...
(Technology of fusion welding and thermal cutting)

Study of the thermoradiation regime of the premises of industrial buildings

In some industries, the main production processes associated with the processing of materials are accompanied by high-temperature thermal radiation. Workshops with a heat load of 50 W/m3 or more are called hot. Particularly high thermal load in hot shops metallurgical plants,...
(Inspection and testing of structures of buildings and structures)

PRODUCTION BUILDINGS FOR PRINTING ENTERPRISES

The main structural elements of industrial buildings and their purpose The main elements of buildings are: foundations, walls, columns, interfloor ceilings, stairs, doors, window openings with filling and skylights, coverings and roofs. Separate elements of the building are shown in fig. 5.1. Foundation -...
(Design of printing production)

→ Roofs

Roof classification

The main purpose of the roof is to protect the building from above from atmospheric influences (rain, snow, fluctuations in outdoor temperature, solar radiation and wind). Penetration of water and cold into the building, as well as overheating of roofs sunbeams lead to their destruction.
The shape of the roof is divided into pitched, if the slope is more than 2.5 , and flat if the slope is up to 2.5. The shape of the roof is determined by the architecture of the building and its plan configuration.

Depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the upper building envelope, non-attic (combined) roofs are divided into non-ventilated and ventilated.

According to the purpose, exploited are distinguished (solariums, sports grounds, cafes, etc.) and unused roofs.

pitched roofs there are attic and non-attic. Attic roofs are performed with cold or warm attic. Non-attic roofs can be cold (over unheated buildings) and warm (over heated buildings). Atticless roofs suit both in residential and public, and in industrial buildings industrial and agricultural purposes. In industrial buildings, light-aeration lamps are often arranged on the coatings.

shed roof(Fig. 1, a) rests with its supporting structure (a system of rafters, a truss, etc.) on external walls located at different levels.

A gable (gable) roof (Fig. 1, 6) consists of two planes resting on walls located on the same level. The triangular parts of the end walls between the slopes are called gables or tongs.

The hip roof (Fig. 1, c) has four triangular slopes, the tops of which converge at one point.

The hip (four-pitched) roof (Fig. 1, d) is formed from the connection of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular end slopes, called hips.

Rice. 1. Forms of roofs: a - shed; b - gable; in - tent; g - hip (four-slope); d - half hip; e - gable with a lantern; g - vaulted; h - folded; and - domed; k - cross vault; l - forceps; m - spire-shaped; and – spherical shell; o - from oblique surfaces; and - with internal drain; p - flat operated

The semi-hipped (gable) roof (Fig. 1, e) has cut tops above the end walls in the form of triangles (hips).

The gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 1, e) differs from gable roof residential building with a smaller slope of slopes and greater width and length.

A vaulted roof (Fig. 1, g) in cross section can be outlined by an arc of a circle or another geometric curve.

A folded roof (Fig. 1, h) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

domed roof(Fig. 1, i) in outline it is a half of a ball with a continuous support along the ring on a cylindrical wall.

The cross vault (Fig. 1, j) consists of four closed strong vaults.

A multi-gable roof (Fig. 1, l) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. The ends of the walls under the gable planes are called tongs.

The spire-shaped roof (Fig. 1, l) consists of several steeply dipping triangular slopes, closed at the top.

The spherical shell (Fig. 1, i) is similar in outline to a dome, but rests on the base at separate points. The space between the supports is usually arranged translucent.

The roof of oblique surfaces (Fig. 1, o) consists of several gentle planes resting on the walls.

A roof with an internal drain (Fig. 1, p) is widespread in modern industrial and civil construction.

Mansard roofs satisfied in cases where attic space used for housing or have official purposes.

Flat roofs have a slope of up to 2.5%. They are arranged in the form of playgrounds and used for dispensaries, open cafes and other purposes. Although flat roofs more expensive than pitched ones, savings on operating costs compensate for this disadvantage. Recently, new roof structures made of reinforced concrete prefabricated panels have become widespread.

The roof is designed to remove atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow), as well as to protect the underlying premises from sharp fluctuations in the outside air, wind and sunlight.

In civil buildings, pitched roofs are arranged - attic and non-attic. The word "roof" is more appropriate civil buildings and where it performs a protective function. When combining the enclosing and bearing functions, the roof can be called a coating.

The shapes of the pitched roofs depend on the configuration and architectural features building. Coverings are single-pitched, gable, four-pitched (hip), tent, attic (Fig. 2.21.)

Figure 2.21 Various forms roofs. a - general form in section; b - four-slope; in - gable; g - tent; d - mansard; w-single-sided.

Coated called a set of structural elements that complete the building and protect it from external environment. The inclined planes of the coatings, which divert atmospheric water, form slopes. There are the following types of coatings:

- according to the magnitude of the slope: pitched, having a slope of more than 10 °; flat slope less than 10°;
- on constructive solution: attic, semi-passage (with an attic height of 1-1.2 m), with a micro attic, non-attic (combined);
- according to operating conditions:
- roof-terraces designed to accommodate sports grounds, solariums, gardens, etc.;
- roofs - "baths" filled with water in summer period and due to this, they reduce the overheating of the premises of the upper floors;
- non-exploited, arranged in most civil buildings.

Building coverings must meet the requirements of:

- water resistance and weather resistance;
- strength and stability;
- durability, fire resistance;
- industrialism;
- economy.

By constructive device flat covers are: unatticed, with semi walk-through attics and attic(Fig.2.22, 2.23). The latter have an increased cost, however, the attic (technical floor) is used to accommodate ventilation shafts, engineering communications and to monitor the condition of the coating. For safe operation on flat surfaces, fences are arranged.

Exploited roof terraces arrange, as a rule, over barren roofs with roll waterproofing. The roof-terrace floor has horizontal surface, and the roof - a slope of up to 25%. The floor of exploited roofs serves as a protective layer for waterproofing. It is made of stone or reinforced concrete (sometimes lined ceramic tiles) slabs loosely laid on reinforced concrete pads installed on the roof on asphalt beacons or on a layer quartz sand not less than 30 mm thick. For waterproofing terrace roofs, the most durable roll materials (hydroizol, etc.) are used, and the number of insulation layers is assigned one more than with non-exploited roofs. A continuous 2 mm layer of hot mastic is applied over the surface of the rolled carpet. Bituminous mastics are antiseptic with herbicides that prevent the germination of plants from seeds and spores accidentally brought onto the roof. Coatings can be insulated and cold.
Coatings industrial buildings suit both flat and pitched with a slope of 5 to 30%. Flat covers can be refrigerated in summer time for this they are filled with water by 50-100 mm.

Drainage of combined coatings can be:

- disorganized- with free discharge of water along the roof overhang; it is used as the cheapest in buildings up to three floors, but leads to moistening of the walls, the formation of frost and icicles on the eaves;
- outdoor organized- with a slope of the roof towards the outer walls and with a system of gutters and downpipes;
- internal organized- with a slope of the roof towards the water intake funnels with risers that divert water into the storm sewer.

Figure 2.22 Schematic diagrams(sections and structures) of non-attic roofs: a - diagram of a non-attic roof with a free spillway; b - diagram of a non-attic roof with an organized external drainage system; c - scheme of a non-attic roof with internal drains; d, e - constructions of non-attic non-ventilated roofs; e - constructions of non-attic ventilated roofs; g - general view of the combined coating; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - coupler; 4 - base; 5 - insulation; 6 - bearing combined structure; 7- self-supporting insulation; 8- ventilated air; 9 - vapor barrier; 10 - supporting structure; 11 - plaster or grout

Figure 2.23 Attic roofs 1- cornice overhang; 2- wall gutter; 3- valley or groove; 4 - comb; 5 - skate; 6 - rib; 7 - ordinary strip; eight - skylight; 9 - tray; 10 - water intake funnel; eleven- downpipe; 12- firewall.

Access to the combined flat roofs is carried out through special superstructures located above stairwells and having marching stairs for lifting and quick evacuation from the pavement.

Asbestos cement roof

Asbestos-cement roofs are durable, fire resistant, light weight. Asbestos-cement sheets are laid on a crate of bars with a section of 50x50 mm and fastened special nails or screws. Asbestos-cement tiles are laid with an overlap.

Metal roof

Metal roofs- steel (sheet and galvanized steel), laid on the crate (Fig. 2.24). They have a small mass, but require a large consumption of metal.

It should be noted that in reinforced concrete: non-attic roofs: high humidity insulation leads to the appearance of swelling in rolled roofs. Moreover, intensive formation of blisters occurs in summer, when steam is released from the effect of solar heat from a wet insulation, the excess pressure of the vapor-air mixture leads to local separation of the roof from the base.

Among the constructive measures that prevent the formation of blisters is the gluing of the lower layer of the roof to the base at certain points through the perforations of the roofing material with a diameter of 20 mm with a step between their centers of 100x100 mm. Such roofs are called "breathing" or with diffusion layers. The non-glued cavity formed between the roofing carpet and the base of the coating communicates with the outside air through the slots left in the cornices, parapets, etc. The basis for such roofs are surfaces reinforced concrete slabs or cement-sand screeds and grouts, not coated with primed bituminous compounds. The base must be dry and thoroughly cleaned from construction debris and dust.

Figure 2.24 Device metal roofing: 1 - drain funnel; 2 - gutter; 3 - crutches; 4 - hook; 5 - layered gutters; 6 - standing fold; 7 - sheet steel; 8 - crate; 9 - rafter legs; 10 - Mauerlat.

Steel profiled leaves RANNILA are galvanized steel sheets 0.5 mm thick, coated on both sides with chemical paints in bright colors that protect steel from mechanical influences. Sheet width 800-1200 mm, maximum length 10 m. The base is a crate made of bars 40x100 mm, with a step of 200-300 mm, a slope of 25° to 40°.

metal tile WECKMAN- profiled sheets, made of hot-dip galvanized sheet steel on both sides, on which outer side coated with plastic, and on the inside - primer and protective paint. The length of the sheets is equal to the length of the roof slope, the maximum is 6.5 m, the width is 1000-1200 mm, the sheet thickness is 0.5 mm, the wave height is 42, 47, 58 mm. Lathing step 350-400 mm, slope from 20° to 40°.

Traditional roofs for flat coverings- This roll roofing materials- roofing material and glassine, which are construction cardboard impregnated with bitumen and glued on bituminous mastic. Based on them, a built-up roofing material was created 2 or 4 layers of roofing material, glued together bituminous mastic; glued to the surface of the screed by melting the deposited layer with a gas burner (Fig. 2.25.).

Rolled roofing and waterproofing welded materials of the third generation, such as isoelast, kineplast, novoplast, rubitex they are based on fiberglass, glass-elast, stekloizol, fiberglass, polyester, etc. with a double-sided application of a bitumen-mineral binder. Upper layer may have a dressing of vermiculite, colored granite chips with front side and polymer film on the reverse side, preventing sticking; glued to the base with a gas burner. - Roll width 800-1000 mm, length 10-15 m.

Figure 2.25 Soft roofing felt: 1 - rafter leg; 2 - crate; 3 - oblique boardwalk; 4 - glassine on nails; 5 - roofing material on the bridge; 6 - roof board

Tiled roof device

Tiled roof device. Clay roofs and cement tiles Flame retardants are durable and require little maintenance and repair. The slope of the tiled roof is usually taken to be 50% (grooved 20-33%) Under the roof, a crate of 5x5 cm is usually arranged. The tiles are laid in horizontal rows, starting from the bottom, above the eaves. tiles hooking it to the crate. After that, laying is carried out sequentially row by row.

Table 2.4 Technical and economic characteristics of some types of roofs of residential buildings (per 1m 2)

Roof technology

The main purpose of the roof- to protect the building from above from atmospheric influences (rain, snow, fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, solar radiation and wind). The penetration of water and cold into the building, as well as overheating of the roofs by the sun's rays, lead to their destruction.

The shape of the roof is divided into pitched if the slope is more than 2.5%, and flat if the slope is up to 2.5%. The shape of the roof is determined by the architecture of the building and its plan configuration.

Depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the upper building envelope, non-attic (combined) roofs are divided into non-ventilated and ventilated.

Distinguish according to purpose exploited(solariums, sports grounds, cafes, etc.) and unexploited roofs.

pitched roofs are attic and unatticed.

Attic roofs are made with a cold or warm attic.

Non-attic roofs can be cold (over unheated buildings) and warm (over heated buildings). Atticless roofs are arranged both in residential and public, and in industrial buildings for industrial and agricultural purposes. In industrial buildings, light-aeration lamps are often arranged on the coatings.

A shed roof is supported by its supporting structure (rafter system, truss, etc.) on external walls located at different levels.

A gable (gable) roof consists of two planes resting on walls located on the same level. The triangular parts of the end walls between the slopes are called gables or tongs.

The hipped roof has four triangular slopes, the tops of which converge at one point.

The hip (four-pitched) roof is formed from the connection of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular end slopes, called hips.

Gable roof an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern differs from the gable roof of a residential building by a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

A vaulted roof in cross section can be outlined by an arc of a circle or other geometric curve.

The folded roof is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

The dome-shaped roof is a half-ball in shape with a continuous support along the ring on a cylindrical wall.

The cross vault consists of four closed strong vaults.

A multi-gable roof is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. The ends of the walls under the gable planes are called tongs.

The spire-shaped roof consists of several steeply dipping triangular slopes, closed at the top.

The spherical shell is similar in outline to a dome, but rests on the base at separate points. The space between the supports is usually arranged translucent.

Roof from oblique surfaces consists of several gentle planes, based on the walls.

Roof with internal drainage widely used in modern industrial and civil construction.

Mansard roofs suit in cases where the attic space is used for housing or for official purposes.

Roof shapes:

a - single-sided;

b - gable;

in - tent;

g - hip (four-slope);

d - half hip;

e - gable with a lantern;

g - vaulted;

h - folded;

and - domed;

k - cross vault;

l - forceps;

m - spire-shaped;

n - spherical shell;

o - from oblique surfaces;

p - with an internal drain;

p - flat operated

flat roofs have a slope of up to 2.5%. They are arranged in the form of playgrounds and used for dispensaries, open cafes and other purposes. While flat roofs are more expensive than pitched roofs, the savings in operating costs make up for this disadvantage.

Recently, new roof structures made of reinforced concrete prefabricated panels have become widespread.

To the main structural elements roofs include load-bearing structures, vapor barrier, thermal insulation and roofing.

Roof- the top element of a roof from waterproof materials protecting the building from an atmospheric precipitation. Protective layer - a roofing element that protects roofing carpet from mechanical damage, exposure to solar radiation.

thermal insulation serves to protect the building from cold and overheating by the sun. Thermal insulation can be monolithic, prefabricated and made of bulk materials. Monolithic thermal insulation is made of light concrete mixtures(for example, perlite-concrete, expanded clay concrete, bitumen-perlite), prefabricated - from prefabricated slabs. Such slabs are produced from lightweight cellular concrete, foam plastics based on polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene, etc. Thermal insulation from bulk materials is made of expanded clay, shungizite, perlite, vermiculite, etc. Such thermal insulation is used in the absence of prefabricated heaters, as well as in prefabricated complex panels .

vapor barrier protects the insulation from moisture penetrating from the room water vapor. It is arranged for thermal insulation, sticking to load-bearing structures. Vapor barrier can be painted or glued in one or two layers, depending on the degree of humidity in the room. Hot bituminous, cold asphalt or bitumen-cookersalt mastic is used as a paint vapor barrier. Various roll materials are used for gluing vapor barrier, including lining roofing felt glued on hot bitumen or cold bituminous mastics; polyethylene film, sometimes special roll materials such as foil bits - with a base of aluminum foil.

Bearing structures take the load from own weight, snow masses, wind pressure and transfer these loads to walls or individual supports. The load-bearing structures are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels, complex prefabricated roof panels (with heat and waterproofing layers or only with a waterproofing layer), monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiled decking, wooden rafters and trusses, asbestos-cement slabs.

Integrated coating panel of increased factory readiness: 1 - roofing carpet; 2 - coupler; 3 - thermal insulation; 4 - vapor barrier; 5 - carrier plate

Complete coating panels increased factory readiness combine load-bearing, steam and heat-insulating functions. They consist of two-layer slabs, the lower layer (bearing base) of which is made of heavy reinforced concrete, the upper one is made of cellular concrete or expanded clay concrete, foam plastic, fibrolite. Integrated panels can be various designs. As a bearing base, a precast prestressed slab is sometimes used. The vapor barrier is roofing material grades RPP-300A (B; C) and RPE-300. Complex panels of coatings of increased factory readiness make it possible to exclude operations on the installation of vapor and thermal insulation under construction conditions, cement-sand screed, priming the base and performing waterproofing layers.

Roofs from monolithic reinforced concrete are carried out mainly in buildings with increased seismic resistance, as well as those subject to large dynamic loads.

Cover panel made of galvanized steel profiles: a - cover panel; b - galvanized profiles; c - concrete liner, placed in the corrugations along the edges of the steel flooring; 1 - roofing carpet; 2 - thermal insulation; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - profiled flooring

Roofs made of steel profiled decking widely used in industrial construction. The covering panel consists of load-bearing profiled decks and complex expanded polystyrene or fiberglass and mineral wool boards of increased rigidity. Galvanized steel profiles are used as load-bearing flooring for the panels. The seams between the panels are closed with inserts. Coating panels based on a metal profiled sheet of increased prefabrication are widespread. In such panels, called metal two-layer panels (sometimes monopanels), polyurethane or phenolic foam is used as a heater, which is foamed at the factory between a metal sheet and a layer of rolled waterproofing material.

Monopanels- metal panels of full factory readiness for buildings and structures for various purposes (TU 5284-101-04614443-97) (Fig. 4).

bearing element monopanels is a galvanized steel sheet H57-750-0.7 (0.8). Foam plastics are used as a heat-insulating layer in monopanels, in particular, Penorezol is an effective foam plastic with a density of 100 kg / m 3 and a combustibility group G1 according to GOST 30244-94 (flammable materials).

Monopanel scheme: 1 - steel profiled sheet; 2 - slow-burning foam plastic Penorezol; 3 - elastomeric roofing material Cromel-1RA; 4 - gluing the joint self-adhesive tape Cromel-2; 5 - run

As a waterproofing coating in monopanels can be used various materials. One of the most efficient materials is an elastomeric rolled roofing material Cromel-1RA (TU 5774-002-41993527-97), manufactured on the basis of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM).

truss structures:

rafters according to the structure are divided into two types:

layered, resting with the ends and middle part (at one or more points) on building walls,

and hanging, resting only with the ends on the puff, and she - on the walls of the building (without intermediate supports).

Distinguish according to material wooden and reinforced concrete rafters.

wooden rafters used as load-bearing structures in the construction of temporary buildings, agricultural buildings, in the construction of low-rise wooden or brick buildings and in rural areas.

Reinforced concrete rafters used in the construction of buildings with large spans (industrial buildings).

Rafters(Fig. 6) suit when the distance between the supports (span) does not exceed 6.5 m. With one additional support, the width covered by the layered rafters can be increased to 10-12 m, and with two supports - up to 15 m The lower ends of the rafter legs 3 rest in wooden chopped or block-beamed buildings on the upper crowns, in wooden frame buildings - on the upper trim, in stone ones - on support bars 1 (Mauerlats). Rafter Location depends on the size of the contour of the building in the plan and the presence of internal supports in it in the form of walls or columns.

Laminated log rafters:

1 - Mauerlat;

2 - filly;

3 - rafter leg;

4 - beam for supporting the diagonal leg;

5 - conjurers;

6 - diagonal leg;

7 - run;

8 - rack

hanging rafters used if there are no internal intermediate supports. Such rafters rest on the outer walls. hanging rafters represent two rafter legs 2, connected from below by a puff 4, which perceives the thrust. To reduce the deflection of the rafter legs for spans up to 8 m, a crossbar is cut parallel to the puff (between the puff and the top of the rafters), and for spans of more than 8 m, a headstock 3 is installed. staples, bolts and nails. Trusses are used in industrial construction at distances between walls and supports of 12-36 m. The truss consists of lower and upper chords and a lattice of racks and braces enclosed between them.

Hanging rafters:

1 - brace;

2 - rafter leg;

4 - puff;

5 - support bar;

6 - sub-beam;

8 - overlay

attic roofs arrange with a cold or warm attic. Non-attic (combined) roofs perform the functions of load-bearing and enclosing structures of the upper floor of buildings.

If the rafter legs are made with a small section, then they can be protected from sagging with the help of a lattice made of a rack, struts and a crossbar. Racks and struts are made from boards 150 mm wide and 25 mm thick or from wooden plates obtained from a log with a diameter of at least 130-140 mm.

When installing rafter leg gets stuck. So that its end does not slip along the puff and does not chip it, it is necessary to cut the leg with a tooth, the height of which is 1/3 of the puff height, with a spike, or using both methods. In addition, the puff will remain intact and not chip off if the rafters are installed at a distance of about 300-400 m from the edge. rafter leg cuts into the end of the puff, and the tooth is moved as far as possible.

Connection of rafters with a tooth and a spike:

1 - rafter leg;

2 - puff;

To reinforce fastening rafters use a double tooth. The height of the teeth can be the same, but most often they are made so that the height of the first is 1/5 of the thickness of the tightening, the second - 1/3.

Connection of rafters with a double tooth:

1 - rafter leg;

2 - puff

For the first tooth on the puff, emphasis and a spike are made, and on rafters- eye; for the second - only emphasis. As an additional fastening of the rafters in puffs, you can use clamps or bolts. Bolts are used less frequently, as they weaken the cross section of the rafter legs and puffs.

The connection of the rafters with a bolt and a clamp: 1 - rafter leg; 2 - puff; 3 - bolt; 4 - collar

The struts with the headstock are connected with a cut, while a nest is hammered in the headstock, and a spike is cut out in the strut. Such a connection in the hanging rafters is additionally strengthened with bolts or clamps.

Connecting the strut to the headstock: 1 - tightening; 2 - brace; 3 - clamp; 4 - bolt; 5 - grandmother; 6 - bracket

Roof base from piece or roll materials can be made in the form of a crate or a solid flooring. In the first case, for its manufacture, wooden blocks, in the second - wooden bars and boards.

Solid flooring is done when asbestos-cement tiles or rolled material are used as a coating. Under the tiles, the flooring boards are laid out with a small gap (no more than 10 mm) in one layer, under the rolled material - in two layers: working and protective.

Narrow boards of the protective layer should be at an angle of 45 ° to the working one. An anti-wind pad made of RPP-300 or RPP-350 roofing material is placed between the decks.

The crate is used when the roofing is made of wavy asbestos-cement sheets VO (slate), sheet steel, roof tiles or wood.

The crossbar with rafter legs is connected by a cut with a frying pan "half a tree". The connection is fastened with a bolt and dowel, and to give it greater strength - with a bracket.

The components of the tightening are fastened together with a tooth, a metal plate and bolts. The puff is connected to the headstock with a clamp.

The connection of the crossbar and the rafter leg: 1 - rafter leg; 2 - crossbar or puff; 3 - bracket

To protect the walls of the building from atmospheric water, roof must have an overhang of at least 550 mm in length.

In addition to the fact that the ends of the rafter legs are fastened in a puff with the help of so-called twists, they are additionally fixed to the walls of the building. This allows you to save roof from damage in strong winds.

A twist is a piece of large wire, one end of which is attached to rafter leg, and the other - to the crutch driven into the seam of masonry at a distance of 300-350 mm from the top edge of the wall or to the beam attic floor. In chopped wooden houses instead of twisting, an iron bracket is used connecting rafters with the second crown of the log house.

Roof slope: 1 - rafter leg; 2 - puff; 3 - bracket

→ Roofs

Roofs of industrial buildings

Roofs with a rolled roof. Roll roofing (Fig. 110) is the most widely used in industrial construction. The roofs of buildings are pitched and flat. As the supporting structures of such roofs, steel or reinforced concrete trusses or beams; c, as a flooring - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs or galvanized steel profiled sheets.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are made in prestressed sizes of 3X6 or 3x12 m. The slabs are laid on a truss or roof beams and fastened to them by welding steel mortgages. ny parts in slabs and trusses (beams). The seams between the slabs are filled with cement mortar of a grade of at least 100.

In non-insulated coatings (Fig. PO, a), a leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar 10-15 mm thick is arranged on the top of the slabs, along which a carpet is glued on the mastic, i.e., a roof is laid directly on the slabs.

Rice. 111. Landing roll roofing to the parapet: 1 - concrete parapet slabs with wooden antiseptic plugs; 2 - antiseptic wooden lath; 3 - apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 4 - one layer of roofing paper with coarse-grained dressing and three layers of only leather; b - waterproofing carpet (basic) of four layers of only leather; 6-double-layer gravel protective covering waterproofing carpet; 7 - base (screed) for roll waterproofing carpet; S-board from mortar (or concrete); 9 - thermal insulation; 10 - vapor barrier; 11 - carrier plate of the coating

In insulated coatings (Fig. 110, b), on leveled coating slabs, a vapor barrier is installed that protects the insulation from moisture, which can occur as a result of water vapor accessing it from the room, as well as condensation on top of the reinforced concrete coating spike. Vapor barrier is arranged by sticking a layer of roofing material or glassine or smearing the surface of the plates with bituminous mastic. Insulation is laid over the vapor barrier. As thermal insulation material foam concrete, cement fiberboard are used, mineral wool boards. A leveling layer of cement or asphalt mortar 15-30 mm thick is arranged on top of the insulation and a carpet is glued. Sometimes (with insufficient rigidity of the insulation), the screed is made of cement mortar with steel mesh reinforcement. Roofing material, hydroisol, roofing felt are used as a material for roofing.

Bituminous roll materials, i.e. materials obtained on the basis of bitumen (roofing material, hydroisol), are attached to the base with bituminous mastic, tar (roofing) - tar. The number of layers in roofs is usually 3-4. The slope of the roofs is not more than 25%.

Panels of rolled materials with roof slopes of up to 15% are glued in parallel, and with slopes of more than 15% - perpendicular to the roof ridge.

Cornice overhangs are pasted over with additional layers of rolled material and finished with galvanized roofing steel. The places where the carpet adjoins the parapets (Fig. 111), the sides of the lanterns, as well as expansion joints pasted over to a height of at least 250 mm with separate panels no more than 2 m long, mating them with the layers of the adjacent overlapping carpet.

Rice. 112. Coating on steel galvanized profiled flooring: 1 - profiled flooring; 2 - a layer of roofing material on hot bitumen; 3 - self-extinguishing polystyrene foam; 4 - roll carpet; 5 - protective layer of gravel; 6 - run; 7 - self-tapping bolt with a diameter of 6 mm; 8 - farm top

Such flooring is laid on steel girders from a rolled profile, which are based on steel trusses coatings. Insulation is laid on the flooring and the roof is arranged.

Coatings with galvanized steel profile flooring, compared to those with precast concrete slab flooring, are the most advanced and industrial, have a significantly lower mass, are less labor-intensive and more economical.

Roofs with asbestos-cement roofing. Roofs made of asbestos-cement materials (Fig. 113) are used in pitched, both non-insulated and insulated coatings of industrial buildings and structures.

In non-insulated coatings, corrugated sheets of the Reinforced profile with a size of 2800 × 1200 × 8 mm are usually used. They are laid on steel or reinforced concrete purlins, in a two-span pattern, i.e., each sheet rests on three purlins. The sheets are arranged in rows parallel to the ridge and overlapped. The transverse overlap is made on one wave, the longitudinal one is installed in each individual case. In the ridge and cornice parts of the coating, sheets of a special profile are used.

Asbestos-cement sheets are laid with a slope of at least 25%. They are fixed to the runs with spring clamps and anchors (Fig. 113, d). In coatings from asbestos-cement sheets of a reinforced profile, after 6-12 m they arrange expansion joints. They are overlapped in such a way that the sheets can be displaced by 35-40 mm. To protect against water leakage, the seam is covered with special asbestos-cement trays, which are fastened with metal staples.

To repair roofs, working passages along the slope and ridge are arranged. When installing insulated coatings, asbestos-cementing hollow insulated and tray plates are used.

Rice. 113. Installation of non-insulated coatings from asbestos-cement corrugated sheets reinforced profile: a - sheet fastening on an intermediate support; b - the same, on the extreme support; c - installation of anchor fastening on top shelf channel; d ~ location of spring clamps and anchor fasteners on the coating sheets; 1 - spring clamp; 2- anchor fastening

Hollow slabs consist of two shaped asbestos-cement sheets, interconnected with aluminum rivets, and a layer of mineral felt between them, glued to the bottom sheet with bitumen. The ends of the package are closed with flat plugs made of sheet asbestos cement. Adjacent slabs are mated long side overlap, on a short one - butt over the supports. With runs, farms and among themselves, the plates are fastened with special cements.

In the longitudinal joints, sealing gaskets made of felt wrapped with glassine are provided, glued in advance to the edges of the plate. Between the ends of the plates, the gaps are caulked with waste mineral felt. Are the profile and transverse seams of the plates on top shz ’ pecked with hot bituminous mastic with filler and smooth down? with a steel spatula until a smooth surface is obtained.

Rice. 114. Roof elements with a bituminous latex coating: a - a joint between the panels when installing a roll-free roof; b - detail of the junction of the roll-free roof to the ventilation shaft; 1 - bitumen-latex coating (4 mm); 2 - reinforced bitumen-latex coating (8 mm); 3 - technical fabric; 4 - reinforced concrete roof panel; 5 - insulation; 6- reinforced concrete panel overlaps; 7 - tow impregnated with emulsion; 8 - lining with galvanized roofing steel; 9 - hard polymer cement mortar stamps

Glavmosstroy recommends installing a roof covering instead of a multi-layer roofing made of rolled materials produced on the basis of the bitumen-latex emulsion EGIK (waterproofing and roofing emulsion). EGIK is a dispersion of bitumen and rubber in water, obtained by mixing a rapidly disintegrating water bitumen emulsion with SKS-30, SKS-65 or L-4 latex.

Roof elements with a bitumen-latex coating are shown in fig. 114. Such a coating is arranged mechanically using a special unit consisting of a pressure tank for bitumen-latex emulsion, a pressure cylinder for a coagulator, a spray gun and a set of hoses.

A bitumen-latex emulsion prepared in advance is poured into a pressure tank with a capacity of 950 l, and a coagulator is poured into a pressure tank with a capacity of 180 l. The tank and cylinder are mounted on a trolley and connected by a system of pipelines and hoses to a three-channel spray gun. Through two channels, the emulsion is fed through the taps into the coagulator, and through the third one, air is supplied to the emulsion. The nozzle of the spray gun should be kept at a distance of 30-35 cm from the surface to be coated so that the torch of the emerging emulsion is perpendicular to the surface. Bitumen-latex emulsion is applied in layers. Total number layers must correspond to the accepted thickness of the insulated surface.

Drainage from roof coverings of industrial buildings and structures can be external or internal. In one-story single-span buildings, there is usually an external unorganized drainage system; in multi-story and one-story multi-span buildings, as a rule, an internal drainage system is arranged (Fig. 115).

The internal drainage system consists of water intake funnels (Fig. 116) installed in the valleys, and a network of pipes located inside the building that drain atmospheric water into the storm sewer. to the roof area, at. per funnel did not exceed 300 m2.

Rice. 115. Scheme of internal drainage (arrows show the direction of water flow): 1 - end parapet wall; 2 - valley; 3 - internal drainage network; 4 - storm sewer; 5 - watershed; 6 - water intake funnel

At the places where the funnel is installed in the coating, a hole of 400 × 400 mm in size is provided, into which a bowl-shaped cast iron pallet with a hole for passing the pipe of the funnel. When installing a branch pipe in a pan, the sections between its walls and the funnel of the branch pipe are poured with molten bitumen mastic. inner surface pallets are pasted over with fiberglass or burlap impregnated with bitumen, and the edges of the roof are brought into it. The body of the funnel is installed in the pipe on top of the roof and in the lower part is also filled with bitumen.

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