Installation of prefabricated residential buildings. Installation of large-panel buildings, installation sequence, sealing of joints Basic installation schemes for large-panel buildings

Multi-storey large-panel buildings are intended for housing, less often - as hotels and administrative facilities. Structural scheme large-panel buildings most often consists of load-bearing external and internal wall panels and floor slabs, providing horizontal rigidity of the structure; with transverse bearing walls ah, the fencing of the building can be made of self-supporting or hinged wall panels.

Prior to the installation of structures of any typical floor, it is necessary to perform the necessary geodetic work. The main and auxiliary axes of the building are transferred to the ceiling with a theodolite, fixed with risks, marking the installation sites of lighthouse or base panels.

On the floor, the mounting horizon is fixed and risks are applied that determine the position of the vertical seams and planes of the panels. For each panel, the horizon is marked with two marks (wooden or mortar) at a distance of 15 ... 20 cm from its side faces; for external panels, marks are installed at the outer surfaces of the building. The thickness of the marks is determined by the results of leveling, the top of all marks must be at the level of the calculated mark (assembly horizon).

Installation of structures of the next floor can be started after complete installation, alignment and final fixing - welding and embedding of joints, all elements of the underlying floor.

Work on the new floor begins with preparation working area, which include the installation of a fence for the installation area, the supply of installation equipment, tools and products used in the process of installing structures to the work area.

The sequence of installation of structures even for buildings of the same type and series can differ significantly depending on the accepted organization of work: installation from a warehouse, installation directly from Vehicle, installation by the forces of the assembly flow of a house-building plant. In a generalized form, the mounting technology allows the method of free installation of elements using individual mounting equipment and forced mounting elements with the creation of rigid cells.

Free installation assumes that each element in the process of lifting is not limited in its movement, but in the installation area it is lowered and brought to the design position during the alignment process. The element is temporarily fixed and adjusted with individual devices and controls. The stability of the panels of the outer walls is ensured by strut clamps, and the internal ones - by strut or corner clamps.

Time gap between the installation of adjacent exterior panels and the panel adjacent to the joint internal walls allows sealing joints with a sticker of a waterproofing layer and a heat-insulating package. This scheme is also applicable for installation from vehicles, when panels of the same type are delivered to the construction site and sequentially installed. The main disadvantage is the need for in large numbers temporary fasteners.

Forced installation of panels are carried out using special equipment for the sequential creation of rigid cells or rigid installation of base panels. Usually installation work on the floor begins with the installation of stairwell panels, as a result, a rigid cell is created that ensures the stability of the adjacent building structures during installation. In buildings with transverse internal load-bearing walls, after the installation and fixing of the first panel, all subsequent panels are fastened together with spacer bars (horizontal ties), which allow, at the stage of final installation of the element, to limit its movement within a given tolerance. The equipment used for such installation is called group equipment; when using it, there is no need for geodetic alignment of elements. The remaining elements of the floor are mounted by a free method using individual equipment.

Installation of the above-ground part of the building

Installation of panels of external walls;

Installation of interior wall panels;

Installation of dobor - partitions, sanitary cabins, ventilation and electrical blocks;

Mounting flights of stairs and sites;

Installation of floor panels and loggia slabs.

Prior to the installation of the structures of each floor, there must be:

Completed all installation and related work on the previous floor;

Geodetic verification of the accuracy of the mounted structures of the underlying floor was carried out;

The geodetic breakdown of the axes and marking of the installation sites of the structures was carried out, the mounting horizon was determined based on the leveling data, and beacons were installed;

The completed works on the underlying floor were accepted and an act of floor-by-floor acceptance of hidden works was drawn up.

While doing preparatory processes before the installation of the outer wall panels, it is necessary to install heat-insulating inserts in horizontal joints and aluminum alloy drainage drains at the intersections of horizontal and vertical joints, stick gernit on the horizontal ridges of the outer wall panels of the underlying floor.

Installation of exterior wall panels start with the installation of panels from one end of the building. Temporary fastening of these panels is carried out with the help of struts, fixed at one end into the technological opening of the floor panel, and at the other - by the mounting loop of the outer wall panel.

After installing the panels of the outer walls within the limits determined by the technological sequence, the panels of the inner walls are mounted. Before installing the interior wall panels, permanent connections should be welded in accordance with the project, connecting the exterior wall panels to each other and to the floor panels, the Gervolent tape should be glued, and insulating inserts should be installed in the vertical joints of the exterior walls.

Installation of interior wall panels are produced with temporary fastening of their mounting connection to the panels of the outer walls and installation in doorway mounting support. Other mounting options are possible - a mounting connection on one side and a telescopic strut (with an inventory loop) on the other side; the third option is also allowed, when with the help of two mounting links with inventory loops, the mounted panel is fixed to the previously installed panels of the internal walls.

After installation and permanent fixing in accordance with the design of the panels of the outer and inner walls and the elements of the extension on the grip, the mounting devices are removed and the installation of the floor panels is started.

Installation of structures is carried out with the installation of their lower part according to the template relative to the approximate marks of the geodetic breakdown, and temporary fixing and alignment are carried out using mounting equipment and a hinged plumb line.

Before lifting the wall panel the presence of embedded parts, mounting and lifting loops should be checked, slinging and lifting of the element should be carried out.

The panel begins to be directed to the installation plane at a height of 30 cm from the ceiling, the panel is installed, controlling the mounting gap with the previously installed panel and at the nearest risk of the wall plane. When receiving the panel, the installers are located at its ends, therefore they are obliged to hook the halyard of the safety belt on the lifting loop of the floor panel.

The outer wall panel, when lowered onto the mortar panel, is oriented according to the risks of geodetic breakdown. In the absence of significant deviations of the panel from its design position - the correct installation in height, compliance with the width and verticality of the seam, correct position panel in plan, no panel inclination - installers proceed to install the bottom of the panel, performing this process with the help of a mounting crowbar and a control template, they move the panel to the mounting mark. The wall panel lowered onto the ceiling should stand vertically or with a slight inclination inward.

With the slings stretched, the position of the panel is verified. The installed panel is fixed with two struts to the mounting loops of the floor panels and the tightness is provided with a turnbuckle or tension nut. The panel is brought into the plane of the wall according to the indication of the plumb-line rail by rotating the tension nuts, gradually bringing the panel to the vertical, deflecting it outward. This is due to the fact that from the inside the gap in the horizontal seam can be caulked with mortar, sealing the seam with a darn. The resulting gap with outside it's extremely difficult to do it well.

When the panel is installed accurately, remove the slings using a remote slinging device and caulk the horizontal seam of the panel. After the installation of the panels of the outer walls, a corrugated aluminum alloy waterproof tape is inserted into the grooves of the vertical joints. The tape is installed so that the extreme corrugations are facing the facade.

Floor panel laying

Floor panels are laid after installation and permanent fixing of all wall elements on the grip and loading the necessary parts and structures for outfitting work onto the floor to be mounted. To the place of laying the panels are served in horizontal position. If floor panels are brought to the construction site in a vertical or inclined position, then to transfer them to a horizontal position, load-handling devices with an automatic tilter or stationary frame tilters are used.

With the slings stretched, the panel is straightened, the horizontalness of the surface and the position of the panel in height are checked with a level. To ensure the design size of the supporting area of the panels, it is recommended to bend the mounting loops of the outer and inner wall panels before laying each floor panel. This will allow each floor panel along the entire contour to be laid to the design width of the support.

Floor panels, which have cone-shaped technological holes on one side instead of lifting loops, are rafters for inventory loops-captures previously installed in these holes. The inventory gripping loop is designed for temporary fixing of mounting devices in places where there are no lifting loops (on some interior wall panels and floor slabs). It is a clamp to which a special loop is welded. The inventory grip is installed on the panel using a clamping screw.

After the final alignment and in the absence of deviations of the laid panel, it is unstrung. Inventory gripping loops are removed from the cone-shaped holes after the hooks are unhooked.

Installation of volumetric elements

Volumetric elements are slinged in accordance with the instructions of the project for the production of works. Ventilation blocks and elevator shafts are lifted with a four-branch sling (Fig. 9.40); for sanitary cabins, a four-branch sling or traverse is used, slinging can be carried out for mounting loops on top or bottom of the cabin.

Sanitary cabins are installed on a layer of calcined sand. Previously, a waterproofing carpet of two layers of rolled materials is arranged on the base. Under the elements of the elevator shaft, a bed of plastic mortar is laid. Two marks are sunk into the bed on one side, the top of which corresponds to the mounting horizon, on the opposite side - two wedges, the top of which should be higher than the mounting horizon. When lowering the three-dimensional element into place, the correctness of its fit into place is checked according to the risks, the outer edges of the previously installed and mounted elements must match. The wedges are straightened and the volumetric element is brought to the vertical. Permanent fastening of volumetric elements is carried out with some lag from installation, allowing the solution of the joints to gain the necessary strength. First, the embedded parts of the joined blocks are welded, then the wedges are removed and the holes are darned with mortar.

The deviation of the position of the installed three-dimensional elements from the design one in the lower section should not exceed 8 mm, and the deviation from the vertical of the top of the element should not exceed 10 mm. Relative to the floor level of the elevator platform, the deviation of the threshold of the doorway of the volumetric element is allowed within 10 mm. During the installation process building structures large-panel buildings must be carefully observed in addition to general and specific safety requirements. Starting from the floor above the technical underground, inventory fences should be installed along the perimeter of the floor, removed during the installation of the outer wall panels. Platforms and flights of stairs must have permanent or temporary fences installed during the installation of these structures. All openings in the ceiling and landings, as well as elevator shafts must be closed with inventory boards.

Unslinging of the mounted element is allowed only after the final adjustment of the design position and secure fixing with mounting devices or by welding permanent ties in accordance with the project. Removal of mounting equipment from the installed element is allowed after the installation of design links connecting the released element with structures adjacent to it, with the full implementation of the welds provided for by the project.

Large-panel construction, differing a high degree manufacturability and versatility, allows you to build in a short time from unified large-panel
building structures from 1 to 25...30 floors with a variety of architectural and planning structures.
There are the following structural schemes of large-panel buildings: frameless, with an incomplete frame and frame-panel.
In mass housing construction, frameless large-panel houses with load-bearing transverse walls are most common. Frame-panel design scheme
used mainly for multi-storey residential, for the construction of cottages fixed formwork and for public buildings.
Depending on the structural scheme and the adopted technology, there may be a different sequence of installation of large-panel buildings. However, in all
cases, in this case, the immutability and stability of each mounted cell of the building, the strength of butt joints, the possibility of performing
post-installation processes in the previously assembled part of the building and the safety of work.
The accuracy of installation of large-panel buildings is achieved through strict adherence to tolerances in the manufacture of prefabricated elements and the use of installation equipment,
allowing to limit the movement of prefabricated elements when they are installed in the design position.
Large-panel houses, as a rule, are mounted from vehicles.
Frameless large-panel houses with load-bearing transverse walls are usually mounted in this sequence; first install the transverse load-bearing panels
walls, then exterior wall panels, sanitary cabins, flights of stairs and landings, floor panels. With two modular panels (panel for two rooms)
It is more technologically advanced to start installation with the installation of exterior wall panels.
Frameless large-panel houses with load-bearing longitudinal walls are usually mounted in the following sequence: first, beacon panels are installed, forming
the corner of the section, then the panels of the outer longitudinal wall, remote from the mounting crane, are mounted; internal panels and panels of the longitudinal wall closest to the mounting
tap.

For precise installation of the panel in the design position, pin or other fixing devices are used. External wall panels are installed without clamps,
along the outer edges of the walls.
With the free mounting method, the panels are installed in the design position using individual mounting equipment in the form of rigid struts with turnbuckles,
cap clamps and other devices. The struts are attached to the floor panels by mounting loops or using grippers fixed in the holes,
arranged in panels.

Some types of large-panel houses with load-bearing transverse walls are erected by a limited-free installation method, in which a group installation is used.
equipment in the form of volume conductors - installers of base panels, articulated links, etc. During the installation, which is carried out on both sides of the conductor,
panels are fixed using calibrated tubular ties.
When installing multi-storey frameless large-panel buildings, it is relatively difficult to ensure high spatial accuracy of panel installation, including
and alignment of elements along the height of the building. For these purposes, the method of spatial self-fixation can be used, which lies in the fact that during the manufacture
panels in them, with a high degree of accuracy, fixing metal parts are fixed, which form interlocking joints when the panels are mated. In this case, mounting equipment is used only to install the base (primary) element, or rather,
the location of subsequent elements is provided by the elements installed earlier.
Residential and public buildings of high number of storeys are frame-panel.
Frame-panel buildings are mounted by tower, tower-jib or attached cranes in tiers. The height of the tier in accordance with the height of the columns is taken in two
floors. For frame buildings with an incomplete frame, the height of the tier is equal to one floor.

crossbars.

eight columns.

cells mount floor slabs of two floors. the height of the tier is equal to one floor.
Main technological requirement required for installation frame-panel buildings, is to ensure the rigidity and stability of the frame during and after
completion of installation. To do this, each tier of the building is mounted in separate blocks of four columns, crossbars and floor slabs on two floors. Adjacent unit installation
begin after welding and embedding all butt joints, and each next tier - after performing these works on the lower tier.
In the upper part of the conductor there is a hinged frame with corner clamps, with the help of which the heads of the installed columns are brought into the design position.
The conductor has retractable platforms located at the levels of the first and second floors. From these sites are assembly and welding work installation related
crossbars.
The installation of the next tier of the building begins with the installation of four conductors connected by longitudinal and transverse rods. Thus, in the first position of the group
the conductor ensures the installation of 16 columns in the design position. As the installation of the blocks is completed, the conductors are rearranged and installed at each subsequent position
eight columns.
When using group conductors (Fig. 10.12), installation work is performed in the following sequence: eight are installed in two adjacent conductors
columns, and then - crossbars of the first and second floors, stiffening diaphragms, ventilation blocks and partitions. Then, between two adjacent blocks, floor slabs are mounted,
providing spatial rigidity of structures, retractable platforms are removed, and the conductors are rearranged to an adjacent position. In exempt from conductors
cells mount floor slabs of two floors.

QUESTION 16. Technology for the construction of frame-panel residential and public buildings.
Frame-panel houses are mounted in tiers. The height of the tier is equal to two floors, since the columns have a height of two floors. Therefore, elements of two floors are laid from one crane station. The building is mounted in sections, in sections. Installation is carried out in blocks. Each block consists of six columns, beams and floor slabs on two floors. On the assembled block, after welding is completed, work is carried out on the monolithic joints and nodes, the installation of partitions and panels of the outer walls.

The installation of the tier begins with the installation of columns on the head of the columns of the previously mounted tier, which rise above the ceiling by 50-60 cm. One group conductor for six columns (block) is preliminarily installed and fixed on the ceiling. The columns are fixed in the jig with screws: the lower clamp of the jig is firmly fixed with screws on the head of the column lower tier; the screws of the next clamp center the bottom of the mounted column; after centering and installing the columns according to the risks, the screws are tightened. The upper clamp of the conductor is finally fixed after checking the verticality of the column and the coincidence of the marks on its faces with the center axes. After that, the column is released from the slings.

Next, on the console of the columns, the crossbars of the lower floor of the tier are installed. After installing the crossbars, the position of the columns and crossbars is verified relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes; the position of the verified columns and crossbars is fixed by tacking embedded parts.

The next stage is the laying of wall slabs and floor panels of the lower floor on crossbars, installation of crossbars of the upper floor of the tier. Having installed the crossbars of the upper floor of the tier, check the position of the frame relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes. Having found deviations exceeding the permissible limits, the frame is brought to the design position. If the position of the frame is correct, the nodes of the crossbars and columns of the second and first floors of the tier are finally welded. Slabs and floor panels of both floors are welded on steel strips, after which the seams between them are monolithic.

When assembling elements of the second floor, assemblers and welders work from mobile ladders installed on the floor. For the stability of the columns and the entire frame of the building during installation, temporary diagonal ties made of angle steel are installed in the end blocks and blocks adjacent to the stairwells. Having established connections, the conductor is moved to mount the next block of six columns. On the mounted block, the final welding of the seams of the columns is carried out. Ventilation and sanitary blocks are installed after the conductor moves, first on the lower and then on the upper floors.

Having completely completed the installation of all structures of the tier (two floors), two-story wall panels are mounted. At the same time, corner wall panels are first installed, which serve as beacons during the further installation of wall panels.

The panels lifted by a crane are installed on a pre-laid mortar, the walls are aligned in a plane and vertically, after which they are temporarily fixed; the final alignment is carried out after the installation of the panels over the entire plane of the wall within the tier or floor. Then the panels are completely welded and the vertical and horizontal seams between them are sealed.

The installation sequence changes during the construction of a frame-panel house with an incomplete frame, i.e. with external load-bearing walls. The columns of a building with such walls have a height of one floor, therefore, the height of a tier is equal to the height of one floor. The columns are installed in pairs in the form of frames and fixed with braces or group conductors. After the columns, the panels of the outer walls are installed, and then the panels of the partitions. Panels are temporarily fixed with clamps and struts to previously mounted panels or floors.

The next stage is the installation of crossbars with one end on the console of the columns, and the other on the wall panel. After alignment and welding of the embedded parts of the wall panels and crossbars, floor panels are laid. Otherwise, the installation technology does not differ from the installation technology of a house with a full frame.

QUESTION 17. Technology for the construction of buildings from bulk elements
Volumetric element - ready building block finished or fully prepared for finishing with engineering equipment installed in it.
Volumetric elements can be divided into several groups:
block elements for housing construction;
block rooms, including block kitchens and stairwells;
block sections for housing construction;
block apartments - blocks for the entire width of the building, including two rooms;
simply three-dimensional elements - sanitary cabins, elevator shafts.
Two-room cutting is more convenient in work, which reduces the number of mounted elements, the length of welds, and convenient access to all four reference corners. With one-room cutting, the internal support pads remain hidden.
Through efficient joint work The spatial structures of the block achieve a reduction in the consumption of materials - steel and concrete, and the transfer of the main technological processes to the factory increases the level of industrialization by 2 times compared to large-panel housing construction.

According to the specifics of the assembly at the factory of blocks into a single design, they are divided into:

"glass" with an attached ceiling panel;

"overturned glass" with an attached floor panel;

"lying glass" with attached outer wall panel.

Volumetric blocks in the factory can be brought to delivery readiness. All finishing can be done in them, window blocks are installed and glazed, doors are hung, cabinets and sanitary appliances, pipelines are mounted, all wiring is done and all necessary devices and appliances.

Transportation of volumetric elements. Ready-made prefabricated elements weighing from 6 to 30 tons are loaded by a crane by means of a special spatial balancing beam onto vehicles and delivered to the construction site, where installation is carried out directly from vehicles. The mass of block rooms during their in-line production at factories is 6 ... 10 tons, and block apartments - 20 ... 30 tons.

The construction of buildings from bulk blocks has a number of technological limitations, including the need to use powerful cranes for loading, unloading, installation and the complexity of transporting blocks. Presence in the unit of mounted engineering systems, glazed windows and door frames requires maximum depreciation during their transportation.

Transportation of blocks is carried out on trailers or special vehicles using sprung platforms equipped with devices for damping vibration loads and preventing cracks in the block structure. The blocks are protected from the effects of atmospheric precipitation during storage, transportation and installation with a waterproof coating or covers made of synthetic materials. Measures are taken to protect the interior finish from moisture as a result of condensation of water vapor (intense ventilation, internal heating of blocks).

Large-panel houses have various schemes, which largely determine the sequence of installation of their structures. At the same time, the installation of any panel building is based on a number of general rules.

During the construction of both above-ground standard floors and the underground (basement) part, constructed from panels installed on prefabricated foundations, the following work is performed before installation:
- transfer with the help of a theodolite to the ceiling (for the basement to the established foundations) the main and intersectional axes of the building;
- fix them with risks and mark the installation sites of beacon or base panels;
- determine the mounting horizon by leveling, i.e. the estimated mark of the position of the bottom of the mounted panels;
- in the base of each panel closer to the outer edge of the wall, wooden or mortar marks are laid (frozen) at a distance of 20 ... 30 cm from the junction, selecting their thickness according to the leveling data and setting the top of the marks at the level of the calculated mark (mounting horizon).

The installation of the structures of the next floor can only be started after the complete installation, alignment and final fixing (welding and embedding of joints) of all elements of the underlying floor.

Installation begins with the preparation of the workplace (see the diagram below), which is as follows: install the fences of the installation area, the mounting grip is supplied with mounting equipment, tools, materials and products used in the installation of structures.

The sequence of installation of the floors of a building or a technical underground depends on the type of building (with longitudinal or transverse walls), the design of the joints, and the type of mounting equipment.

1, 4 - fences, 2, 6 - struts, 3 - shields, 5 - plumb rail, 7 - darning, 8 - assembly crowbars, 9 - shovels, 10 - box with solution, 11 - searchlight tower, 12 - booth, 13 - container with fences, 14 - box with mounting tool, 15 - container with embedded parts, 16 - container for struts.

More often, the sequence shown in the diagram below (pos. a, b) is used, using the method of free installation of elements and individual mounting equipment.

Its essence lies in the fact that each element is temporarily fixed and verified using individual devices and controls. Such devices do not limit the movement of the element during installation and it is brought to the design position during the alignment process. The stability of the panels of the outer walls is ensured by strut clamps, and the internal ones - by strut or angle clamps. The gap in time between the installation of adjacent external panels and the panel of internal walls adjacent to the joint allows the joints to be sealed with a sticker of a waterproofing layer and an insulating package. With this scheme, installation from vehicles is simplified, since panels of the same type are installed in series. However, this requires a lot of temporary fixings.

An example of a sequence (1-62) of mounting structures of a large-panel house using the free installation method

a - vertical elements(walls, partitions, sanitary cabins, elevator shafts, ventilation units), b - floor panels, stairs, loggias.

Another way is the forced installation of residential building panels. It is driven using conductors to create the first rigid cell or install base panels. Typically, installation begins with the installation of stairwell panels, which creates a rigid cell that ensures the stability of adjacent building structures during installation. The subsequent panels of the internal transverse walls are fixed with spacer bars (horizontal ties), which allow, at the last stage of the installation of the element, to limit its movement within a given tolerance. This eliminates the need for geodetic alignment of the element.

The equipment used for installation is called group equipment. With its help, all panels of the internal transverse walls are installed. The remaining elements are mounted by a free method using individual equipment. When erecting a building in this way, the time for installing panels is reduced and the productivity of installers is increased.

Panels of interfloor ceilings or ceilings above the basement (underground) are usually mounted in the direction "on the crane" (see the diagram above, pos. b), i.e., first the panels are laid in the part of the building most remote from the crane, and then in the axes located closer to the faucet.

9.3.1. General provisions

Multi-storey large-panel buildings are intended for housing, less often - as hotels and administrative facilities. The structural scheme of large-panel buildings most often consists of load-bearing external and internal wall panels and floor slabs, which ensure the horizontal rigidity of the structure; with transverse load-bearing walls, the building enclosure can be made of self-supporting or hinged wall panels.

While doing preparatory work during the construction of the underground part of the building, special attention is paid to the geodetic support of the installation, which involves instrumental breakdown of the technical underground, vertical survey of the grillage surface, determination of the installation horizon, installation of beacons. Geodetic breakdown during the installation of internal wall panels consists in the removal on the surface of the grillage of the design axes of the base panels and notches from the side of the outer walls, along which, during the installation process, the orientation of the transverse wall panels along their end faces is carried out. In addition, the design axes of the outer and longitudinal inner wall panels are brought to the surface of the grillage.

Installation of the structure of the next floor can be started after complete installation, alignment and final fixing - welding and embedding of joints, all elements of the underlying floor.

Work on the new floor begins with the preparation of the working area, which includes the installation of the installation area fencing, the supply of assembly equipment, tools and products used in the process of installing structures (Fig. 9.22) to the work area.

Rice. 9.22. Scheme of the organization of the workplace during the installation of panels of external walls:

1 - fences along the perimeter of the ceiling; 2 - stairwell fencing; 3 - permanent fencing of the flight of stairs; 4 - protective gypsum ceilings of elevator shafts; 5 - shields above the floor openings; 6 - shield of searchlight lighting; 7 - a container with a gernntovy cord, heat-insulating inserts, mounting connections; 8 - container for mounting equipment; 9 - a box with a tool; 10 - struts; 11 - a box with a solution

The sequence of installation of structures even for buildings of the same type and series can differ significantly depending on the accepted organization of work: installation from a warehouse, installation directly from vehicles, installation by the assembly stream of a house-building plant. In a generalized form, the installation technology allows the method of free installation of elements using individual installation equipment and forced installation of elements with the creation of rigid cells.

Free installation assumes that each element in the process of lifting is not limited in its movement, but in the installation area it is lowered and brought to the design position during the alignment process. The element is temporarily fixed and adjusted with individual devices and controls. The stability of the panels of the outer walls is ensured by strut clamps, and the inner ones - by strut or corner clamps. The gap in time between the installation of adjacent external panels and the panel of internal walls adjacent to the joint allows sealing joints with a sticker of a waterproofing layer and an insulating package. This scheme is also applicable for installation from vehicles, when panels of the same type are delivered to the construction site and sequentially installed. The main disadvantage is the need for a large number of temporary fasteners.

Forced installation of panels is carried out using special equipment for the sequential creation of rigid cells or rigid installation of base panels. Usually installation work on the floor begins with the installation of stairwell panels, as a result, a rigid cell is created that ensures the stability of the adjacent building structures during installation. In buildings with transverse internal load-bearing walls, after the installation and fixing of the first panel, all subsequent panels are fastened together with spacer bars (horizontal ties), which allow, at the stage of final installation of the element, to limit its movement within a given tolerance. The equipment used for such installation is called group equipment; when using it, there is no need for geodetic alignment of elements. The remaining elements of the floor are mounted by a free method using individual equipment.

9.3.2. Installation of the underground part of the building

The installation of the structures of the underground part is based on the use of technology for advanced installation of panels of transverse internal walls and their forced fixation along the geometric axes with calibrated rods. Installation is planned to be carried out according to the gripping scheme with a gripping equal to two sections.

Mounting on the gripper begins with the installation of base panels and is carried out in the following technological sequence:

■ sectional installation of internal walls;

■ sectional installation of panels of the outer walls of the plinth;

■ installation of elements of lift shafts, landings and marches;

■ installation of floor panels;

■ installation of input elements.

Particular attention should be paid to the installation of the base panels, ensuring the verticality of their geometric axes, since the accuracy of the installation of subsequent panels depends on this. For temporary fixing of the base panels, inventory loops and telescopic struts are used, the bottom of which should be attached to special loops laid during the concreting of the grillage. After alignment and fixing of the base panels, ordinary panels are mounted.

The wall panel, delivered by a crane to the installation site and lowered to a height of 30 cm above this level, is accepted by the installers and, holding it from turning, is lowered, not bringing it to the mortar bed by 3 ... 4 cm. In this position, the lower bar is fixed on the panel ( in the opening for passing communications), and then two rods are fixed on top to fix it with the previously installed panel.

The panel, orienting the outer end of the panel according to the risks, is lowered onto the mortar bed. She, being fixed at three points, forcibly takes the design position. The installed panel is unslinged, the mortar is darned, excess mortar is removed, and a place is prepared for the new panel.

When landing the panel on the mortar bed with three fixation points, the parallelism of the panel with respect to the base along the geometric axes is guaranteed. Obtaining a given distance between the panels to be installed is ensured by connecting each subsequent rod to the previous one. Backlash-free connection of rods between themselves and axial connection with panels allows for high mounting accuracy. Installation of internal longitudinal panels is carried out with temporary fastening of their mounting connections to previously installed transverse internal walls.

After completion of the installation of the internal load-bearing panels within the section, the installation of the plinth panels is carried out. The outer (basement) panel is fed by a crane to the installation site, lowered onto the bed from the mortar, orienting according to the risks of geodetic breakdown, and the bottom of the panel is finally installed. Then the panel is fixed with mounting ties. The panel is fixed in the following way. The mounting connection gripping hook is fixed to the lifting eye of the plinth panel being mounted, and the clamp is fixed to the top of the inner transverse wall panel. Push the safety sleeve onto the hook and press it with a tension nut. Thus, the panel is fixed to two adjacent internal panels, work is done from special stands or scaffolds.

After temporary fixing of the panel, it is aligned by changing the slope of the panel by rotating the coupling of the mounting connection. After the final alignment, the panel is unstrapped. Next, they darn the panel, select the solution and prepare for the installation of the next outdoor panel.

After installation and permanent fixing, in accordance with the project for the production of works, the installation devices are removed from the grip and the installation of the floor panels is carried out. Before the start of work on the installation of floor panels above the basement, preparatory processes are carried out - they cut off the lifting loops on the wall panels, spread the mortar, prepare fixtures and tools for installation.

The floor panel can be lifted from a panel carrier (Fig. 9.23) or from a pyramid in an on-site warehouse. The used load gripping device allows, in the process of moving the panel to the place of laying, its automatic transfer from a vertical position to a horizontal one (Fig. 9.24). The panel delivered to the installation site is received by installers at a height of 30...50 cm and slowly lowered onto the load-bearing walls. With the slings stretched, the installers align the design position of the panel and move it with the help of mounting crowbars. After the final alignment and in the absence of deviations of the panel from the design position, it is unstrapped.

Rice. 9.23. The sequence of operations for slinging, lifting and tilting floor panels:

I - slinging the panel for the upper lifting loops; 2 - release of the panel from the transport safety rope; 3 - slinging the panel for the lower lifting loops; 4 - the beginning of the panel lifting to the place of installation, 5 - automatic transfer of the panel from the inclined to the horizontal position; b - laying the panel in the design position

Rice. 9.24. Universal traverse with remote unhooking of hooks with a lifting capacity of 10 t:

1 - suspension; 2 - clip with blocks; 3 - stick branch; 4 - leveling rope

Installers take the first floor panel and place it in the design position from special supports, previously installed at the places of its support outside the vertical projection of the design position of the panel.

Having completed the installation of structures on the first grip, the link of installers moves to the second and performs work there in the same sequence. At the first grip, at this time, accompanying processes are started - sealing and monolithic vertical joints, cutting adjoining between panels, etc.

9.3.3. Installation of the above-ground part of the building

■ installation of panels of external walls;

■ installation of interior wall panels;

■ installation of dobor - partitions, sanitary cabins, ventilation and electrical units;

■ installation of flights of stairs and landings;

■ installation of floor panels and loggia slabs.

Prior to the installation of the structures of each floor, there must be:

■ completed all installation and related work on the previous floor;

■ a geodetic verification of the accuracy of the assembled structures of the underlying floor was carried out;

■ geodetic breakdown of axes and marking of installation sites of structures was carried out, the mounting horizon was determined based on leveling data, and beacons were installed;

■ the completed work on the underlying floor was accepted and an act of floor-by-floor acceptance of concealed work was drawn up.

When performing preparatory processes for the installation of exterior wall panels, it is necessary to install heat-insulating inserts in horizontal joints and aluminum alloy drainage drains at the intersection of horizontal and vertical joints, to stick gernit on the horizontal ridges of the exterior wall panels of the underlying floor.

Installation of exterior wall panels begins with the installation of panels from one end of the building. Temporary fastening of these panels is carried out with the help of struts, fixed at one end into the technological opening of the floor panel, and at the other - by the mounting loop of the outer wall panel.

Installation of interior wall panels is carried out with temporary fastening of their mounting connection to the exterior wall panels and installation of a mounting support in the doorway. Other mounting options are possible - a mounting connection on one side and a telescopic strut (with an inventory loop) on the other side; the third option is also allowed, when with the help of two mounting links with inventory loops, the mounted panel is fixed to the previously installed panels of the internal walls (Fig. 9.25).

Rice. 9.25. Fragment of the layout of the equipment during the installation of the floor:

/ - brace for panels of external walls; 2 - brace for mounting panels of internal walls; 3 - elongated brace; 4 - mounting connection, 5 - inventory loop; b - mounting support for interior wall panels; 7 - rack for fastening partitions; 8 - mounting clamp; 9 - elongated clamp for external wall panels; 10 - screw grip for strut clamps

The installation of structures is carried out with the installation of their lower part according to the template relative to the approximate marks of the geodetic breakdown, and temporary fixing and alignment are carried out using mounting equipment and a hinged plumb line.

After completing the installation of all structures on the first grip, the link of the installers goes to the second grip and performs work in a similar sequence. At the first grip, at this time, accompanying processes are started - sealing and monolithic vertical joints, cutting adjoining between panels, etc.

To ensure the stability of all elements during installation, it is imperative to strictly follow the sequence of their installation, recommended by the technological map.

9.3.4. Installation of external wall panels

To lift wall panels the size of a room, use a two-branch sling (Fig. 9.26), for two rooms and large panels - four-branch universal traverses (Fig. 9.27).

When preparing for the installation of external panels, the correct location of the beacons is checked, the presence of reference marks of geodetic breakdown, the supporting surface is cleaned and the solution is spread. When sealing a horizontal joint with a porous cord on the surface of the protrusion (tooth), the cord is glued on several panels at once on the mastic, and it is also glued on top. The top of the mortar bed should be 3 ... 5 mm higher than the level of the beacons, the bed should not reach the edge of the wall by 2 ... 3 cm, so that, squeezing out, the solution does not pollute the facade. At the base of each wall panel, wooden or mortar grades 12 mm thick (average value) are laid along the level, the thickness of individual grades is determined by the results of leveling. Such beacons ensure the accuracy of the installation of panels in height at the time of their lowering into a fresh solution.

Rice. 9.27. Slinging and lifting of the wall panel using four lifting eyes:

1 - universal traverse; 2 - chal full-time branch with leveling rope

Ris. 9.26. Slinging and lifting a wall panel with a displaced center of gravity:1 - universal traverse; 2 - stick branch with leveling rope

Before lifting the wall panel, the presence of embedded parts, mounting and lifting loops should be checked, slinging and lifting of the element should be carried out.

The outer wall panel, when lowered onto the mortar panel, is oriented according to the risks of geodetic breakdown. If there are no significant deviations of the panel from its design position - the correct installation in height, the width and verticality of the seam, the correct position of the panel in plan, the absence of panel inclination - the installers proceed to install the bottom of the panel, performing this process using a mounting crowbar and a control template, they move the panel to the mounting risk. The wall panel lowered onto the ceiling should stand vertically or with a slight inclination inward.

With the slings stretched, the position of the panel is verified. The installed panel is attached with two struts to the mounting loops of the floor panels (Fig. 9.28) and the tightness is provided with a turnbuckle or tension nut (Fig. 9.29 and 9.30). The panel is brought into the plane of the wall according to the indication of the plumb-line rail by rotating the tension nuts, gradually bringing the panel to the vertical, deflecting it outward. This is due to the fact that from the inside the gap in the horizontal seam can be caulked with mortar, sealing the seam with a darn. It is extremely difficult to repair the resulting gap from the outside with high quality.

Fig.9.28. Scheme of temporary fastening of the outer wall panel:

I - technological hole; 2 - brace for mounting panels of external walls

Fig.9.29. Strut with three-sided grip for temporary fastening of external wall panels:

/ - safety sleeve; 2 - tension nut; 3 - inner nut; 4 - screw with a hook; 5 - limiter; 6 - rod; 7 - bushing (sliding bearing); 8 - three-way grip

Fig.9.30. Strut for mounting wall panels with locking pin:

1 - safety sleeve; 2 - tension nut; 3 - inner nut; 4 - screw with a hook; 5 - limiter; b - locking pin; 7 - telescopic rod

9.3.5. Installation of internal wall panels and partitions

At the installation site of the panel, they first check the risks, clear the area of debris, bring and place the necessary equipment and tools. Next, the mortar is laid in an even layer 3 ... 5 mm above the marks. The panel is taken at a height of 20...30 cm above the installation surface and, turning in the right direction, the panel is slowly lowered onto the prepared bed. If there are no mounting loops in the panels of internal walls and partitions, then inventory loops are used, which can also be used to temporarily secure mounting fixtures.

Rice. 9.31. Scheme of temporary fastening of the inner wall panel with the help of mounting connection and mounting support:

1 - outer wall panel; 2 - mounting connection; 3 - panel of the inner wall; 4 - mounting support

With the slings stretched, the bottom of the panel is installed, controlling its design position according to the risks of geodetic breakdown using a template. Check the correct installation of the base of the panel, correct deviations with a crowbar. Next, an installation connection is established (Fig. 9.31). From the mounting table, a clamp is fixed to the panel of the inner wall, and the grip of the same connection is fixed to the lifting loop of the adjoining panel of the outer wall, respectively (Fig. 9.32). With the slings loosened, they begin to align the verticality of the panel along the plumb line - they check the verticality of the panel, a slight deviation is corrected with a coupler of the mounting connection. After the panels are aligned, the mounting support (Fig. 9.33) is placed and fixed in the doorway of the wall panel. The mounting support, designed to ensure the stability of the interior wall panels during their installation, is a triangular welded frame made of pipes with two fixing clamps rigidly welded to the frame at a height of 0.35 and 0.95 m from the support shoes.

Rice. 9.32. Mounting connection:

1 - axis; 2 - eye. 3 - hook: 4 - safety sleeve, 5 - tension nut, b - screw thread, 7 - turnbuckle; 8 - screw stop; 9 - clamp

Rice. 9.33. Mounting support:

1- stops; 2 - fixing g - clamp; 3 - welded frame, 4 - support shoes

After the mounting support is installed and fixed with screw stops (in this case, both shoes of the mounting support must rest directly on the floor surface), the panel is untethered with a device for remote unhooking. Installers seal the mortar under the panel on both sides with a darn.

Similarly, the installation of interior wall panels is carried out using two mounting ties (Fig. 9.34) or a mounting tie and a strut with a clamp - the clamp is fixed on the upper face of the wall panel, at the bottom of the strut - for the mounting loop of the floor slab (Fig. 9.35).

Rice. 9.34. Scheme of fastening the panel of the inner wall using two mounting braces:

1 - fixed panel of the inner wall; 2 - inventory loop; 3 - mounting rail, 4 - mounting panel of the inner wall

To ensure accuracy and speed up the installation of internal panels, catchers are used, which are pre-welded to embedded parts or embedded in floor panels. Catch-catchers 100 mm high are made of reinforcing steel or strip iron. The gap between the clamps must correspond to the thickness of the panel with an excess of 3 mm.

Rice. 9.35. Scheme of temporary fastening of the inner wall panel using a mounting connection and a brace with an inventory loop:

1 - outer wall panel; 2 - mounting connection, 3 - inner wall panel, 4 - inventory loop; 5 - brace, 6 - screw grip

For internal partition walls, another method of temporary fastening is applicable. The connection of the outer wall panel and the partition panel is carried out by a mounting connection having a hook for fixing the outer panel to the loop and a clamp put on the partition. The free end of the partition is fixed with a portable mounting triangular support. It is possible to fix the partition with the help of two racks fixed in the doorway (Fig. 9.36). More often, reinforced concrete and gypsum partitions during installation are fixed with the help of racks and permanent mounting connections welded to the embedded parts of the outer and inner walls (Fig. 9.37) and partitions.

Rice. 9 36. Scheme of temporary fastening of a reinforced concrete partition:

/ - inner wall panel; 2 - reinforced concrete partition; 3 - rack for fastening partitions

Rice. 9.37. Partition wall mounting scheme:

/ - inner wall panel; 2 - permanent design connection; 3 - reinforced concrete partition; 4 - mounting rack

9.3.6. Floor panel laying

Floor panels are laid after installation and permanent fixing of all wall elements on the grip and loading the necessary parts and structures for outfitting work onto the floor to be mounted. The panels are delivered to the place of laying in a horizontal position (Fig. 9.38). If floor panels are brought to the construction site in a vertical or inclined position, then they are used to transfer them to a horizontal position. lifting devices with automatic tilter or stationary frame tilters.

Rice. 9.38. Roof panel slinging:

/ - universal traverse; 2 - pull branch with leveling rope; 3 - inventory loops-captures; 4 - loop; 5 - rocker-capture

At the place where the floor panels are laid, the supporting surface of walls and partitions is cleaned, the solution is laid along the entire contour of the supporting surfaces and spread in an even layer. Being on the adjacent, previously laid panel, the installers receive the panel supplied by the crane, orienting it above the place of laying. The panel smoothly keeps within on a bed from a solution. With the slings stretched, the panel is straightened, the horizontalness of the surface and the position of the panel in height are checked with a level. To ensure the design size of the supporting area of the panels, it is recommended to bend the mounting loops of the outer and inner wall panels before laying each floor panel. This will allow each floor panel along the entire contour to be laid to the design width of the support.

Floor panels, which have cone-shaped technological holes on one side instead of lifting loops, are rafters for inventory gripping loops previously installed in these holes (Fig. 9.39). The inventory gripping loop is designed for temporary fixing of mounting devices in places where there are no lifting loops (on some interior wall panels and floor slabs). It is a clamp to which a special loop is welded. The inventory grip is installed on the panel using a clamping screw.

Rice. 9.39. Inventory loop-capture:

1 - loop; 2 - clamp; 3 - clamping screw

After the final alignment and in the absence of deviations of the laid panel, it is unstrung. Inventory gripping loops are removed from the cone-shaped holes after the hooks are unhooked.

9.3.7. Installation of volumetric elements

Rice. 9.40. Slinging and volume of the lifting element:

1 - universal traverse, 2 - pull branch with leveling rope

In the process of performing work on the installation of building structures of large-panel buildings, it is necessary to carefully observe, in addition to general and specific safety requirements. Starting from the floor above the technical underground, inventory fences should be installed along the perimeter of the floor, removed during the installation of the outer wall panels. Platforms and flights of stairs must have permanent or temporary fences installed during the installation of these structures. All openings in the ceiling and landings, as well as elevator shafts, must be closed with inventory boards. Unslinging of the mounted element is allowed only after the final alignment of the design position and secure fixing with mounting devices or by welding permanent connections in accordance with the project. Removal of mounting equipment from the installed element is allowed after the installation of design links connecting the released element with structures adjacent to it, with the full implementation of the welds provided for by the project.

: TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

AND FACILITIES

1. Construction of large-panel buildings

The design of a large-panel frameless building is based on the principles of joint spatial work of all elements of alignment in the structures of load-bearing walls and enclosing functions. These buildings are characterized by a small number of standard sizes of elements and ease of installation.

Before the beginning installation work should be finished excavation in the pit and laid underground communications.

The installation of prefabricated elements of large-panel buildings is carried out along the grips, each of which includes one or two sections, which ensures the continuity and uniformity of the processes, i.e. production flow.

Prefabricated building elements can be delivered to the installation area either directly from vehicles or from an on-site warehouse located in the area of the installation crane, against the corresponding grips.

Prefabricated elements of the building (foundations, basement walls) and other parts of the building can be mounted both with tower and automobile and self-propelled jib cranes. The cost of installing the underground part of a building using rail-mounted cranes is usually less than the cost of installing jib cranes on caterpillar or pneumatic tires.

The sequence of installation of large-panel buildings is determined depending on the design features, the stability of the mounted elements and parts of buildings, the convenience and safety of installation. When installing large-panel buildings, the following principles should be adhered to: prefabricated elements must be installed in the design position in closed cells by adjoining each subsequent panel to the previously assembled one and connecting them by electric welding; installation should begin by forming lighthouses (base cells), which include external corners and stairwells of buildings.

Usually, installation starts from the outer corners of the building, since after installing the first two panels of the outer walls (transverse and longitudinal), a rigid assembly is created that ensures the spatial immutability of the structures. Installation of prefabricated elements is recommended to be carried out “on the crane”, i.e., to begin installation from a panel more remote from the crane, which provides a visual connection between the crane operator and the installation site of subsequent elements. If there are two construction cranes, installation should begin from the outer corners of the building closest to each crane.

2. Construction of large-block and panel-block buildings

The large-block scheme in buildings is ensured by the degree of their factory readiness, since all operations for the manufacture, assembly, equipping with sanitary and engineering equipment, exterior and interior decoration of the blocks are carried out in the factory. At the construction site, only the installation of blocks, the connection of pipelines and the sealing of joints are carried out, which is 15-20% of the total labor costs for the building.

The panel-block scheme of buildings provides for a combination of load-bearing three-dimensional blocks placed at different distances from each other, and flat panels of ceilings and walls that close free spaces between blocks.

The process of erecting block and panel-block buildings differs significantly from the erection of buildings of traditional structures. Due to the stability of the blocks, there are no constituent processes of temporary fixing, alignment and bringing them to the design position after installation on the ceiling. The building in the process of installation is divided into sections. The sequence of mounting blocks depends on the features of design solutions, connections of blocks with flat elements, as well as on the type of mounting crane used and its parameters.

The slinging and lifting of blocks is carried out using a spatial balancing beam, and the blocks are transported to the construction site by means of trailers or trailers. Installation of blocks is carried out from vehicles.

3. Construction of frame-panel buildings

Frame-panel systems according to the method of providing spatial rigidity are divided into frame, frame-bonded and bonded; according to the layout of the frame frames - into systems with spatial and flat (longitudinal or transverse) frames; according to the type of horizontal load-bearing structures - on crossbars, without crossbars, with horizontal load-bearing elements a floor high.

Mounting sequence: columns

Installation is carried out by tower and self-propelled jib cranes. Arrangement schemes: cranes are installed from two sides; on one side and within the cross section. For the installation of the frame of multi-storey buildings, special rolling cranes are used, and with a height of 25 floors or more, attachment cranes are used, fixed in several tiers to load-bearing structures building.

4. Construction of buildings from bulk elements

The essence of erection is expressed in a sharp enlargement and provision of the highest degree of factory readiness of the assembly element of the building, which is a complete unit in the form of a closed spatial structure with the necessary strength, rigidity, and self-stability.

The installation of volumetric blocks consists of the processes of installing them in the design position and arranging connections between them. The block installation cycle consists of the following operations: feeding the traverse onto the block; slings; supply of the block to the place of installation; pointing the block over the installation site; orientation and installation of the block in the design position; checking the position of the block and bridging.

The building in the process of installation is divided into sections. The sequence of installation of blocks depends on the features of design solutions: the method of placing communications on a volumetric block and their docking, on the types of mounting cranes and their parameters. In parallel with the installation of volumetric blocks on different grips, the joints from the hinged scaffolds are closed, sanitary and electrical communications are connected.

5. Erection of buildings with coatings in the form of shells and folds

Coverings in the form of shells and folds from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements allow overlapping large areas without intermediate supports minimum cost material resources.

Cylindrical shells are of particular distribution, which are much more economical flat slabs coatings. Currently, the following types of shells are most often used in construction: long cylindrical shells 3x12 m in size for grids of columns 24x12 m; short cylindrical shells 3x12 in size; 3x18 and 3x24, blocking the span of the building; shells of double positive curvature.

Long cylindrical shells are assembled from plates of two types: middle and end side elements. The installation of the shell begins with the installation of side elements on the columns, which are attached to the columns by electric welding. Before installing the plates on the side elements (with a span width of 24 m), they are supported in quarters on temporary supports with jacks. Installation of the panels starts from the end panel, while the plate tightening is welded to the column head, and the plate itself is welded to the side element. Then four ordinary plates are installed and welded, after that - an end plate with a puff. Then, after the final welding of the joints, embedding all the seams and curing the concrete, the side elements are unrolled.

Installation is usually carried out with a crawler crane of the appropriate carrying capacity, slinging the panels with a traverse for four loops. The wrapping of the shell is carried out after the concrete has reached corner areas and seams between plates 70% strength.

Spinning - is the lowering of screw or hydraulic jacks placed under the scaffold racks or conductor supports.

Installation of a shell of double curvature perform:

a crawler crane installs contour arches on the columns. For the installation of shell plates, scaffolds or conductors are exposed. Then, with a tower or crawler crane with tower-boom equipment, a covering slab is mounted, each corner of which must be supported on a scaffold or a conductor. The corner of the shell is filled with triangular plates into the seams, between which reinforcement is laid, which, after welding the outlets, is stretched, and the seams are monolithic.

6. Erection of buildings with arched and domed ceilings

Double arches. Double-hinged arches are mounted with structural elements in the form of separate arches, followed by their connection to each other by ties and girders; structural elements of arches using mobile towers; enlarged blocks of arches by the sliding method. In the case of installation of individual arches, the first two are fixed in the design position with the help of braces, all subsequent arches are connected to the previous inventory spacers. Runs in this case are mounted on top using special scaffolds. This assembly method is laborious and greatly complicates the work. When mounted with enlarged blocks, there is no need for scaffolding, the amount of work performed at height is reduced, and the number of lifts is reduced.

For pre-assembly, four temporary supports are used, on which two arches are laid. Each arch is supplied for installation of four elements, including the elements of the rack (arches, ties, girders and racks).

Enlargement assembly and installation of arches is carried out by a crawler crane. For prefabricated work, when fixing the runs, two inventory hinged ladders are used.

Buildings with domed roofs are made with the use of a temporary stationary support, suspended, or as a whole. In construction, two types of domes are known - ribbed and mesh.

Ribbed domes are always mounted with temporary support, which can be bridges and crane towers. The first to assemble on a temporary support is the upper support ring, which is a structural element of the dome. Jacks are installed between the temporary support and the support ring to ensure alignment of its position in height, and subsequently to rotate the entire assembled dome. Jack service, assembly support ring and circling is performed from a working platform arranged on a temporary support. In this case, the support ring must be precisely aligned not only in height, but also in plan, since its position largely determines the geometry of the entire dome.

Then, bearing elements are mounted in a certain sequence - the ribs of the dome, which are pre-strengthened to the full length, which eliminates the need for additional intermediate supports. First, one rib is set against the other, then the other two in a perpendicular plane. Further, in each of the four formed sectors, one rib is sequentially mounted, uniformly filling the entire circumference of the dome. Such a sequence of rib installation eliminates one-sided load on the support ring, which reduces the deformation of the temporary support (deviation from the vertical) and facilitates alignment and compliance with the specified geometric shape domes.

Depending on the dimensions of the dome (span, height), crawler, tower or rail cranes can be used for mounting the structure, installed either outside on two parallel or on one ring track, or inside the dome in the absence of underground structures.

7. Erection of buildings with cable-stayed or membrane coverings

Hanging coatings are used in the construction of buildings and structures that are of considerable size in terms of (industrial buildings, stadiums, concert and exhibition halls, garages, circuses, markets, etc.), i.e. when it is necessary to cover large areas without intermediate supports .

The load-bearing structures of cable-stayed roofs can be made in the form of cable-stayed trusses and membranes. Hanging stretched elements are usually fixed to rigid massive supporting structures. Support structures can be in the form closed loop(rings, ovals, rectangular frames), based on columns or inclined frames, arches that hold the coating and transfer the load to the foundation.

A complex process is the installation of a cable-stayed network. Hanging pavement structure with a system of orthogonal cables, which is a type of reinforced concrete shell, consists of a monolithic reinforced concrete support contour, fixed on the supporting contour of the cable network, which is prestressed, and prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs laid on the cable network.

The cable network consists of systems of longitudinal and transverse frames (cables). They are located along the main directions of the shell surface at right angles to each other. The guys in the support contour are fixed with the help of anchors, consisting of a sleeve and wedges, in which the ends of each rope are crimped. After the design tension of the cable network and the sealing of the seams between the slabs and the cables, the system operates as a single structure.

To cover large spans, hanging coverings made of 6 mm thick sheet steel (membranes) are used. Membrane sheets during installation are rolled out over hanging load-bearing elements membrane beds made of thick sheet or profile metal.

Hanging coverings are mounted in enlarged blocks. Contour support structures are usually mounted on temporary supports, followed by circling after assembly and monolithic installation of the entire coating and roofing device.

If there is a central support ring, it is mounted in blocks on a supporting temporary support, which at the same time is a support for the scaffolding - a workplace for designing assembly joints, tensioning the cables and a support for the subsequent rounding of the coating.

The crane is installed in the center of the structure, and the other with a large space under the boom is moved around the mounted cover. With membrane coating, after mounting the support contour, the elements of the membrane bed are mounted, and then the membrane, rolling or stretching the coating sheets. The sheet is fastened to the elements of the bed by welding, bolts or rivets. The membrane sheets are mounted in a certain sequence, excluding uneven loading of the support circuits.

The rolled sheet is temporarily fixed with ropes to the elements of the bed, the assembled coating is aligned and the final fixing is carried out according to the project. After that, the temporary fastening is removed.

8. Construction of buildings with a frame frame type

The covering of frame-type buildings is mounted with structural elements or blocks of structures by the following methods: assembly of frame crossbars in the design position on temporary supports; semi-mounted assembly of frame crossbars in the design position; enlarged assembly of frame crossbars on the ground and lifting them to the design position by cranes or other lifting mechanisms.

The crossbar is mounted in parts, each of them is installed on one or two temporary supports. At the same time, in order to avoid the work of the lower belt on a local bend, the supports are located only under the crossbar nodes.

Advantages of the method: light duty cranes.

Flaw: additional consumption of steel for temporary supports, a significant amount of work performed at height, an increase in the duration of installation.

Installation with crossbars is carried out in parts from one permanent support to another, ensuring the stability of each element from tipping over. After the completion of the installation of all parts of the crossbar, alignment and implementation of the installation connections in accordance with the project, they begin to unroll, i.e. gradual inclusion in the work of mounted structures by turning off temporary supports from work.

The circling is performed by steps with checking the amount of lowering of the crossbar assembly at each step, using jacks installed on temporary supports. When lifting a fully assembled crossbar with one crane, the design static scheme of its operation changes: compression occurs in the lower chord and stretched braces, tension occurs in the upper chord and compressed braces, i.e. the sign of the force in the chords and braces changes, which requires an additional check of stability and bearing capacity elements when lifting the crossbar and, if necessary, their strengthening.

Installation of the crossbar in this way allows you to perform a significant amount of work directly on the ground, ensuring a high rate of construction of the entire building. The crossbar is lifted by two cranes or using masts. With the option of lifting the crossbar with two masts, enlargement is carried out on stationary racks located behind the end of the building from which the installation begins.

In the absence of cranes of the required lifting capacity, it is possible to install the crossbars with chain hoists. Columns are designed to be of greater height with consoles, to which stationary pulley blocks are suspended. The rise is carried out in blocks consisting of two crossbars connected by vertical and horizontal ties.

Both crossbars are assembled in a horizontal position, then they are transferred to a vertical position by tilting and a transverse structure and a roof are installed between them. Under the support nodes of the lower chords of the crossbars, cross beams with fixed ends moving blocks chain hoists. Such an assembled block weighing 500 tons is usually lifted by four chain hoists (4) with a lifting capacity of 160 tons each. The columns are also assembled in a horizontal position on the ground and set to the design position by turning around the support hinge.

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