“Better once shyzh-myzh…” Kazakh traditions of dastarkhan. Kazakh cuisine: recipes for cooking national dishes Traditional meal order
Exist., m., use. max. often Morphology: (no) what? table, why? table, (see) what? table what? table about what? about the table; pl. what? tables, (no) what? tables, why? tables, (see) what? tables what? tables, about what? about tables 1. A table is a piece of furniture ... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
TABLE- TABLE, table, husband. 1. Subject home furniture, which is a wide surface of boards (wooden, marble, etc.), mounted on one or more legs and serving to put or put something on it. Round… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
TABLE- husband. (lay?) household utensils, for luggage, staging what. In the table they distinguish: a tabletop, a top board, and a baseboard, and in this one: a strapping (sometimes with a drawer) and legs, sometimes with legs. According to the model, tables are: quadrangular, long, round ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
table- DESK, a, m. ◊ Green table. Card table. ◘ ◊ The green tables are open: // The names of the provocative players // Boston and the old men's ombre, // And whist, still famous, // Monotonous family, // Sons of all greedy boredom. A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny… … Card terminology and jargon of the 19th century
table- a; m. 1. A kind of furniture in the form of a wide plate of boards, plastic and other materials, reinforced in horizontal position on one or more legs, which serves to place on the surface of any. items. Round with. Lunch with.… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Table- a piece of furniture consisting of a tabletop (top board) and underframe (legs or goats, sometimes strapping). S. can be on one, three, four or more legs (most often on four), on cabinets, with drawers; the tabletop can be shaped ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
table- See food, food to live on a ready table, sit at a table... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. table food, food; plate; table, workbench, cassoreal, table d'hôte, grub, ... ... Synonym dictionary
table- TABLE, ah, husband. 1. A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal plate on supports, legs. Dining, writing, work, kitchen, garden with. Oval, round, square Sit down with Get up from the table. Sit down with negotiations (trans.: ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
TABLE- 1) in Dr. Russia's princely throne. 2) The lowest structural part of the state central and local institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia. 3) An institution dealing with some narrow range of clerical affairs (address desk, etc.) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
TABLE 1- TABLE 1, a, m. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
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1.3.1 Technique for making a Kazakh round table. It has long been the custom of the Kazakhs to generously treat the guest, seat him in the most honorable place ( tor). It was considered shameful not to give a hand to a person in difficult times, not to do good to him, not to let him stay for the night, not to treat him. To accept any traveler from distant lands or from a nearby village is an ancient Kazakh custom that still exists. “Take bread and salt, tell the truth,” people say. At the same time, it was customary not to ask the guest who he was, where he came from, friend or foe, until the guest quenched his thirst and hunger. Traditional dining table the Kazakhs had a low round table ( covered), which was covered with a tablecloth or oilcloth. Sat on nightmare(felt pillows or bedspreads), on which long, narrow wadded blankets.
Boards can be used to make a low round table. But not every board is suitable for this. We need boards made of high-grade wood, without defects. Otherwise, the table will not look good. In addition, to obtain a countertop, it is impossible to select boards of the required dimensions and you have to rally the boards in width. It must also be remembered that over time the boards dry out and can change their shape, warp and even crack. Therefore, semi-finished products in the form of wide-sized laminated boards made of wood or plywood are more suitable for the manufacture of countertops. We start making the table by marking the tabletop. markup- this is the drawing of contour lines on the workpiece. When marking rectangular parts, a ruler and a square are used. With the help of a compass, circles and arcs are drawn to mark round parts. We make the markup using a compass, but if there is no large compass, you can use a cord. We take a piece of cord equal to the radius of your countertop, from one end we fix a pencil from the other with a nail or awl and mark the countertop, in my case with a diameter of 1200mm. The table cover is cut out according to the marking of 1200 mm with a tolerance of 1-2 mm. When cutting with a jigsaw big parts not always perfect flat surfaces, therefore, given the allowance, you need to use a planer to adjust the countertop to the desired size. Now that the countertop is ready according to the given dimensions, we proceed to ennoble it. To begin with, using a manual milling machine, we chamfer the countertop, giving it a rounded shape. For this we use a special concave cutter. The surface of large parts made of plywood is often covered with several dark knots, in order to remove them we will also use our manual milling machine. We change the previous cutter to a new one, taking in one plane. We set up the machine so that it selects the thickness of the inserted veneer to the depth, and select the dark part of the knot. When all the knots are selected, it is necessary to insert the pieces of veneer cut to the diameter exactly into the selected holes, for this we transfer the size of the selected holes using carbon paper first onto the paper and then onto the veneer. Since the veneer is quite easy to cut with scissors, we cut it out, then grease it with PVA glue and insert the veneer into the selected holes, adjusting it to the texture of the main layer of wood, and clamp our patch with a clamp or apply a load, for 6-12 hours until the glue dries completely. In order for our table to be convenient for storage and transportation, we saw it into two halves, for further connection with the help of piano canopies. Now it is more convenient for further processing, and you can grind the table top with sandpaper by hand or using a grinder. After we have connected both halves of the tabletop with the help of piano canopies, we can fix the guides for the legs on its lower part. To do this, we drill through holes with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm, and with a drill along the diameter of the screw head we make a hole under them, and with a screwdriver we fix the guides. Using acrylic putty on wood, we overwrite the drilled holes, then we grind these places. Table: Putty and putty.
| Type of putty | Ability to fix a defect |
| putty for wood | Wood putty, also called liquid or plastic wood, is the most commonly used type of putty. It is made from wood flour and a quick-drying binder. This putty can be thinned with acetone and, after drying, made usable again. As a rule, due to the binder, it absorbs less stain than the surrounding wood surface. Therefore, the putty should be painted in the desired tone before use on the surfaces to be stained. |
| End wood putty | End wood putty consists of scraped end wood and sanding dust mixed with glue. This type of putty does not absorb stain. Therefore, prior to use on the surfaces to be stained, the putty must be painted in the desired tone. The smeared areas should dry well, if the flat sanding is too early, the smeared areas will be noticeable. |
| Wax putty | Wax putty consists mainly of hard wax. It is sold in the form of sticks and is produced in large assortment colors. The putty is melted with a soldering iron or a heated spatula is pressed into the damaged area. The protruding residue is scraped off or ground off. Wax fillers are also used to improve and correct defects in an already treated surface. |
| Shellac putty | Shellac sticks are suitable for filling depressions in surfaces that are to be polished. Shellac fillers can be selected by color, they are used as wax sticks, including for improving and correcting defects in a surface already treated with stain or varnish. Shellac is a natural resin that is obtained from gummilac, which is secreted by insects or plants. |
The glue must be durable and not crack. All these requirements in carpentry cabinetry are met by carpentry glue and PVA glue, called polyvinyl acetate dispersion. Synthetic hardener adhesives such as K-17 and epoxy can also be used for low volume jobs. They give a strong, colorless seam, but so hard that when cleaning the glue exits, the tool quickly becomes dull. PVA glue, a creamy thick liquid that goes on sale in various packaging, becomes transparent when solidified. PVA glue is very convenient for small-scale clean carpentry work, so we use this glue at school. With large bonding surfaces, it requires speed and precision in work due to the fast setting. Being frozen, PVA glue is unsuitable for work. Gluing is an extremely important stage of work. Since it must be done quickly and clearly, because the process is limited by the lifespan of wood glue, you should consider the procedure, prepare all compressive devices: clamps, gaskets, tapes, belts, supports, and also workplace and only then proceed to gluing. Complex products, for example chairs, are glued together. In difficult cases of gluing, it is advisable to do a training dry assembly. If an incorrectly assembled machine can be disassembled, then the glued joinery cannot be disassembled, it can only be destroyed, and only sometimes it is possible to soak it in warm water glued knot. Surfaces intended for gluing are protected from dirt, sweat and grease from hands, as well as from oils; the soiled surfaces are washed with acetone.
Gaskets play an important role in bonding. They serve to distribute forces and protect the surface from jamming with an emphasis,
clamps and wedges. The shape of the gasket must match the adjacent surface and correctly distribute the force without shearing and sliding.
The main rule when installing clamps is to keep the pressure force perpendicular to the surface to be glued. The amount of gluing also significantly affects the organization of work. You can spread so much that you don’t have time to install the clamps, some of the glue will thicken, the seam will turn out to be thick and sloppy, or you will generally have to clean off the thickened glue and spread it again. Measures should be taken against gluing parts to the working base, using either metal sheets (duralumin, tin), to which the glue does not stick, or paper, which is then scraped off with a cycle. Excess glue should be removed.
Before gluing, the product or assembly should be assembled dry on a flat base and make sure that there are no distortions, the joints look tight and clean. For example, the frames of a stool should touch a flat plane with all four corners. Identified distortions are eliminated by fitting and fitting parts. In non-critical places, inaccuracies are corrected by gluing liners and wedges, processing them before gluing. The device inserts during the main gluing leads to sloppy work.
The misalignment detected during dry assembly cannot be eliminated by special compression in the expectation that the product glued under this compression will remain in the corrected form. An interference is formed inside and over time the product will warp. It is also unacceptable to correct the skew due to the thick adhesive seam. Dry assembled units are usually not completely disassembled. This is done so that the product does not crumble, since in this case it will take a lot of time and effort to assemble it, and the gluing time does not allow this. When smearing with glue, the knot is alternately carefully separated and glue is carefully applied from all sides to the cheeks of the spike and eye. There is no special need to coat the ends, as they do not adhere well. Under the shoulders, the glue will go by itself when the spike is planted in the socket. Especially carefully you need to lubricate the deaf connections. To coat the narrow edges of the spike and socket, you will need a thin bristle brush. The most important condition good quality gluing is the correct compression and holding under the press and after it. Joiner's glue should be kept in compression for a day, PVA glue - at least 3 hours. After that, the part is kept for another day before being put into further processing. Carpentry preparation involves cleaning the surface of the wood and subsequent sanding. Particularly careful preparation requires the surface of wood for a transparent finish. The surface of the wood is sanded first with a coarse-grained sandpaper, then with a medium-grained one, and finally with a fine-grained one. Manual grinding of the wood surface is as follows: take a smooth wooden block, wrap it with a skin and only after that they proceed directly to work. You need to grind without much effort (pressure), since with strong pressure, the quality of grinding deteriorates. Before the end of grinding, the surface of the wood is moistened with water to lift the pile; raised pile is easily removed by sanding. Grinding skins are the basis on which grinding grains are fixed with a binder. The skins are released on linen and paper basis in rolls and sheets; calico, coarse calico, etc. are used as a linen base, and paper as a paper base. Depending on the binding material, the skins are waterproof and non-waterproof; according to the type of abrasives used, corundum, glass, silicon skins, etc. are distinguished. A well-polished surface should be smooth, clean and silky to the touch. Joinery products are operated in conditions of variable humidity and temperature, therefore, in order to protect wood from the harmful effects of air, moisture, pollution and light, they are painted or varnished. In addition, painted or lacquered products have a more elegant appearance; they are easier to keep clean. After preparing the wood for the base of the chair, we proceed to staining. Staining can be superficial or deep. Deep staining is called mordant. The parts are treated with mordant before gluing, dipping them in a dye solution or keeping them under pressure in it. The paint should drain from the part taken out of the mordant, after which the part is dried. Dipping paint chiseled details.
The color of the stain or paint should approximate the natural colors of the wood without any chemical tint. You can use ready-made alcohol stain, but for light wood it is weak in tone, and to get a dark tone it needs to be stained in several passes with a swab, each time over a dried surface. It should be remembered that the depth of tone is created by applying several paint layers with intermediate rubbing of the previous layer with a piece of foam rubber. Coloring at one time usually does not give the desired result. It is better to repeat the operation several times than to paint with a thick solution at once. In this case, the wood will be painted evenly and the natural shades, being enhanced, will be preserved. With a thick color, you can make spots that do not match the natural shades of the tree.
Alcohol based paints dry faster than water based paints. By staining, you can imitate common, cheap breeds, under valuable ones: for example, alder or beech - under mahogany, birch - under maple, walnut, hornbeam - under ebony, etc.
For mahogany staining, 4% (40 g per liter) solutions of acid red, acid brown and nigrosine are mixed in equal proportions or dissolved in 1 liter hot water 10 g acid orange, 3 g blue "K" and 1 g soda ash. With a solution of 30 g of Epsom salts and 30 g of potassium permanganate in 1 liter of water, a birch is painted under a walnut, and first they are painted completely, and then veins and stripes are made with a thin brush. In this case, you should look at a natural sample.
Wood, which has tannins in its composition, is well stained with a chrompic solution, which is easy to prepare yourself. Chrompic (potassium bichromate) is poured into a bottle at 1/6 of its height - powder orange color, which is a strong oxidizing agent, and pour hot water. The mixture must be shaken for better dissolution. Chroma oak and mahogany can be painted almost black in a few times. How chrompeak affects other breeds should be checked each time by experience. He does not stain conifers. The composition can be stored in a bottle in a cabinet for an unlimited time. The compositions of chemical aniline dyes cannot be stored in mixtures - they quickly decompose. They are well stored in homogeneous solutions in the dark. Chemical dyes can be purchased at the chemical store.
Before staining, the surface must be slightly moistened with a sponge. The stain is applied with wide strokes along the fibers using a wide cloth swab. The device of the tampon should be given attention. It should be at least 6 cm in diameter, soft but not loose, and tied securely so that the tail is comfortable enough to hold in the hand. The tampon is stuffed with cotton wool or, much better, with wool and wrapped with new linen or cotton cloth. Synthetics are not recommended.
The tampon moistened and impregnated with stain is pressed against the edge of the vessel. It is not recommended to apply paint with a brush, as the brush quickly gives it to the surface, on which streaks and stains remain. The depth of tone is achieved by repeated staining. The ends absorb paint more than the face, so the ends can be covered with glue water before work. True, here there is a danger of getting a spotty surface, since there may be traces of fat in the glue, and it is difficult to obtain the very depth of the adhesive film equal over the entire plane of the butt.
The finishing of parts that should have a different color than the main background is done separately, and then the part is carefully put into place.
The stained surface receives more dark color, but remains matte due to very small fibers that have risen above the surface and reflect light. If these fibers are glued into a single plane, the surface will become darker and more expressive. This is achieved by varnishing. Lacquering is a very common way of finishing joinery, mainly furniture. For this, alcohol, oil and nitrocellulose varnishes are used. Lacquer transparent coatings protect wood from moisture and dust, give the surface a strong shine, and texture contrast. Oil varnishes form durable moisture-resistant coatings with a high gloss; they are used for products located in places with high humidity. Alcohol varnishes give a soft sheen, the resulting film is not sufficiently moisture resistant; they are used for finishing furniture that is not exposed to variable temperatures and humidity. Nitro-varnishes are used for exterior and interior work. They form high gloss coatings and are more moisture resistant than alcohol varnishes. Varnishes are solutions of resins in oil, ethyl alcohol or other solvents. They go on sale in ready-made. All varnishes are divided by color into light and colored, or pigmented. When buying varnish, you need to pay attention to its name and methods of application, which are indicated on the label. There are methods of surface and deep dyeing; the first of these is more suitable for a transparent finish. Wood has a complex composition and uneven structure, in the same piece there are dense and porous places. The composition, structure and color of wood have a significant impact on dyeing. For example, knots stain badly, excess resin on separate parts surface has a negative effect on the uniformity of staining. Moisture also prevents the dye from penetrating into the wood, reducing its coloring power. In order to make a solution of such a color with which it would be possible to obtain a good color for one or another type of wood, the dyes are mixed. In this case, you should know that acid dyes can only be mixed with acid, basic - with basic. So, for example, to dye birch wood in a reddish-brown tone, you need to take 4 g of Beitz N 12, 1 g of Ruby dye, 1 g of Maringo dye, 200 g of water. For dyeing in Cherry color make up a solution of dyes: 1 g of acid chromium yellow H, 5 g of chromium brown K, 1.5 g of acid black, 5 g ammonia, 500 g of water. To imitate walnut birch, use: walnut stain - 5 g, Beitz N 10 - 0.5 g, diluted in 250 g of water. Under mahogany: Stain N 12 - 5.25 g, "Ruby" - 1 g, "Maringo" - 1.25 g, water - 250 g. The wood of birch, pine, spruce, larch and beech can be dyed brown with a solution : 3 g acid chromium brown, 2 cm acetic acid, aluminum alum 11 g, water 1 l. The wood of oak, poplar, beech and hornbeam is painted black with water-soluble nigrosine, which is taken for 250 g of water 12.5 g. In order for our work to go in the right direction, it is necessary to observe general rules safety precautions when working on woodworking equipment. Modern woodworking equipment is equipped with high-speed cutting tools, feed mechanisms and other devices. When working on woodworking machines, you need to know and strictly follow the following general safety rules:
- you can not start working on the machine without studying its device, operation and basic safety rules; you can only work on a fully functional machine; the cutting tool and all moving parts must be securely fastened and protected; protective devices should be simple, easy to remove and recline, without complicating the observation of the work process; do not work on the machine with removed or defective protective devices; when changing the dimensions of the material being processed, the guards must be adjusted quickly and easily, without the use of special tool; the power feed must be interlocked with the cutting tool trigger to avoid it being turned on before the cutting tool is started; parts of woodworking machines that quickly return to their original position must be provided with reliable braking devices; it is forbidden to brake cutting tools and other moving parts by random objects; machine controls (buttons, levers, handles) should be at a height of 0.8-1.2 m from the floor level and no further than 0.6 m from the machine in such a place that they have free access (accidental activation of them is excluded ); with a push-button control system, it is necessary that the “Start” button be recessed into the frame by at least 5 mm, and the “Stop” button of bright red color should be nearby, but not closer than 50 mm and protrude from the frame by at least 3 mm; when working on the machine, you need to be careful not to talk to strangers; it is impossible to remove waste, clean and lubricate the machine during operation (for this it must be stopped and disconnected from the mains); at each workplace there should be a box or cabinet for storing tools, testing devices and fixtures; do not put keys, rulers and other tools on the machine; machines, when working on which constant supervision of the correct execution of operations (milling, tenoning, etc.) is necessary, must have local lighting; there should be nothing superfluous in the workplace; passages near the machines should be free, the floor should be even; when turning off the machine, you must not move away from it until it stops completely; at the end of the work, the machine must be cleaned and lubricated.
Artistic traditions of the Kazakh national costume in the modern practice of clothing design 17. 00. 04 Fine, arts and crafts and architecture
abstractThe defense will take place "" in 2010 at "" hours at a meeting of the dissertation council K 53.40.04 for the defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of art history at the Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after T.
Approve the attached programs of preschool education and training
ProgramIn order to implement the State Compulsory Standard of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan " preschool education and training. Basic Provisions",
Traditional ornamental art of the Kazakhs in the steppe zone of Western Siberia at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries
abstractThe work was carried out in the sector of historical museology of the Omsk branch of the Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (OP IAET SB RAS)
Anyone who has been to Kazakhstan knows what dastarkhan means to a Kazakh. A gathering place for the whole family, an opportunity to chat with a dear guest, a festive ritual, an ordinary lunch or dinner - all this is a dastarkhan, traditional both for Asia and some eastern countries.
The consumption of food by the hospitable Kazakhs has not so much carnal as spiritual significance. Modern dastarkhan is richly served and generously filled with dishes. It is hard to believe that two hundred years ago there was no such abundance on the table. Where did the Kazakhs get the custom to cover the dastarkhan and how they behave at their table - the ZagraNitsa portal found out.
Self-assembly tablecloth
What Europeans call the Central Asian dining ritual also has a simple everyday meaning: the Kazakh dastarkhan is a tablecloth that is used to set the table for a meal. One way or another, but the Russian folk tablecloth-self-assembled and dastarkhan have a lot in common. But if the first was seen only in fairy tales, a rich feast for the Kazakhs is part of the tradition. Not by bread alone, but with bread and salt, say the wise men. Without a festive dastarkhan, the culture of modern "nomads" would have lost a lot. Every detail, every dish and the order in which it is served matters both in serving and eating. For example, you need to start dastarkhan with tea. And seating guests on a tor is the most honorable place.
The traditional Kazakh dastarkhan is a table of a square or rectangular shape, up to 35 cm high, or round (ustel). The participants of the meal sit on kurpacha - light mattresses up to 80 cm wide. Sometimes dastarkhans are laid in the yard, on the street under a canopy or in the shade of trees. Therefore, stationary wooden carved (or welded metal) tables are often equipped near the house along with trestle beds.
Photo: astana.kz big toy
Generously cleaned dastarkhan is a tribute to traditions. According to an ancient Kazakh legend, once a rich but greedy merchant did not want to receive a guest. The earth swallowed him along with countless herds of cattle and home. Since then, the refusal to treat the traveler and the stinginess of the dastarkhan are considered unacceptable in Kazakhstan.
The good old-fashioned custom is especially beautiful in the villages, during national and religious holidays. The toy (feast) is arranged in a large clearing or in a place specially equipped for this, and every house, every family takes out its part of the treats. Pilaf, beshbarmak are cooked in one big cauldron for the whole village and for guests. For this, yurts are specially erected, in which they equip both the kitchen and places of rest for travelers.
Sergey Klimchik, musician
In the 80s I studied at one of the universities in Kyiv. My roommates were Kazakhs - two guys from the Almaty region, Mukambet and Miras. I remember the generosity with which they prepared food, as a rule, "with a margin" - for themselves and for several people who accidentally entered the room of friends. Of course, the everyday student dastarkhan was modest in comparison with what the relatives of Mukambet and Miras arranged, who came to visit them once a year. I have never seen such an abundance of names and dishes anywhere else! I wondered how you could take so much with you on the plane: boxes of flatbread, samsa, sausage, kazy, dried lamb and horse meat, kuyrdyk, sheep cheese, sweets, jars of koumiss and ayran. I remember that a large saucepan was placed on 4 burners, and one of the relatives who arrived was preparing milapau (brain pilaf). Walked the whole hostel ...
... than a thousand siz-biz
Kazakh dastarkhan and guest are inseparable concepts. The Kazakhs have such a saying: “Better one shyzh-myzh than a thousand siz-biz” (siz-biz is an appeal to “you”). That is, it is better for a guest to cover the dastarkhan once than to respectfully address him a thousand times.
It is believed that friendship or business cooperation should be started with “däm tatysu” (treats). If a neighbor helped a neighbor financially or with household chores, a dastarkhan is necessarily arranged in his honor. Everything that is prepared for a dear guest and what they will certainly treat him to is konagas. During the meal, the most honored guest is presented with a ram's head, and he must share it among those present (and each piece from the ram's head has its own meaning).
Round
Interestingly, serving dastarkhan is a borrowed business. Settlement, which befell the nomads in connection with a change in the type of activity and the development of political, socio-economic milestones of life, literally brought diversity to their cuisine. From other Turkic and Eastern peoples, they adopted the manner of gathering at the table, as well as serving it with dishes - iron, earthenware, wood, leather.
Food should be served only in a whole and beautiful dish, Kazakhs are sure. For example, in many houses, koumiss is poured into special cups painted with silver - tenege. And tea - in gilded cases. Among the objects of the dastarkhan there are round and semicircular shapes - in honor of the moon and the sun. In the same way (in a circle) pieces of meat, vegetables, pastries are superimposed.
Photo: bsp-rest.ru Good riddance
It is noteworthy that the dishes and cutlery on the table are not arranged proportionally, but in sectors. The tablecloth should be white or light, with an ornament (it symbolizes the thoughts of the hosts regarding the guests, the wishes of a happy journey to travelers). Dark tones- bad manners of serving. If the table has corners, the ends of the tablecloth must hide its legs. Napkins and other hygienic paraphernalia of the Kazakh feast are recent, European traditions.
in many restaurants national cuisine dastarkhan is served according to folk traditions(if the client so desires). The obligatory accompaniment of the festive meal is music. The Kazakhs have a lot of drinking folk songs praising the generosity of the hosts and thanking for the food.
case tobacco
Festive dishes used to decorate. Thus, dried melon (kaunshek) and thin sausage (zhorgem) traditional for the Kazakhs were curled, laid out on a dish in the form of weaving in compliance with the pattern. Drawings in the form of flowers and ornaments were applied to bread products, the juice of berries, most often cherries, was used for paint.
Tobacco dishes were in special demand: large dinner bowls, on which meat, cakes, and sweets were laid out. There were 4 types of tobacco: small, honorary, medium and large (main). On the main and honorary tobacco they put the head of the animal, always the tibia of the carcass. Small pieces of meat were placed on small tobacco.
Photo: livejournal.com P.S.
The traditions of the dastarkhan are highly revered by the Kazakhs. Interestingly, the "love of food" does not contribute to the trend of general obesity of the population. There are several reasons for this, nutritionists are sure: firstly, the products in Kazakhstan are environmentally friendly, without the content of harmful components and synthetics. Secondly, Kazakhs are physically active: they go in for sports, lead a healthy lifestyle. Nearly a thousand long-livers live in the Republic of Kazakhstan, whose age is about or more than 100 years.
Methodological development "Table setting"
Author: Sharipova Nursulu Kadyrbekovna, technology teacher of the multidisciplinary gymnasium No. 5 "Tandau", Kokshetau. KazakhstanTopic: Table setting for dinner, table setting features of Kazakh cuisine
This work will be of interest to teachers
The purpose of the lesson: Teach table setting, table setting features of Kazakh cuisine
Tasks:
Educational - teach the correct folding of napkins, the design of plates
Educational - to cultivate interest in culinary work, aesthetic taste; to inculcate the skills of a culture of work and behavior.
Developing - to promote the development of a culture of nutrition, to promote the formation and development of students' independence.
Methods of conducting the lesson: Explanation, demonstration of visualizations, practical work, self-control.
Interdisciplinary connections: Drawing, history of Kazakhstan, self-knowledge.
Material and technical equipment of the lesson: folding napkins, tools, fixtures, kitchen utensils, samples of labor objects, workbook;
Lesson plan:
1. Organizing time
2. Presentation of new material
3. Introductory briefing
4. Practical work students
5. Final briefing
6. Cleaning jobs and homework
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment:
1.1. Greetings;
1.2. Monitoring student attendance;
1.3. Checking students' readiness for the lesson
2. Presentation of new material:
Since ancient times, hospitality has been hallmark Kazakh people. The guest was dearly invited to the dastarkhan, seated in a place of honor and treated to the best that was in the house.
In the national culture, the ritual of treats plays a special role - any dish is served with a certain meaning and to the place. Kazakhs know how with the help of konakasy (konak - guest, as - treat) you can reconcile people, show honor to respected guests.
Much attention was also paid to dishes - they should be beautiful and clean.
For all my centuries of history The Kazakh people have accumulated vast experience in the processing and storage of meat and dairy products, which is still used, especially in villages.
Table decorations for dinner and at any other time are a traditional part of the food culture of any nation. It's like a ritual, arrange it so that it is tasty and interesting to have dinner. Folding napkins under a certain table of original figures makes dostarkhan even richer. Kazakh national dastarkhan differs in many ways even in the shape of the table, which is made in a circular pattern.
First of all, you should pay attention to the tablecloth and table - this is the basis of your serving. Usually choose the tablecloth mainly light shades, the snow-white canvas looks especially good. If the table has a polished finish, then lay an oilcloth under the tablecloth.
According to the rules, the corners of the tablecloth should hide the legs of the table (we take a square or rectangular table as a basis). The descent of the tablecloth should be at least 25 centimeters, but also not fall below the level of the seat.
It is also better to spread the canvas in a classic way: they open it on the table, then take it by the ends on one side, lift it up and, “shaking it”, sharply lower it down. Thus, an air gap is formed between the canvas and the table surface, which makes it possible to better place the tablecloth. But pulling the corners of the canvas and stretching it is strictly prohibited!
Napkins also play an important role in table setting. You can choose them to match the tablecloth, you can play on the contrast and choose napkins to match. flower arrangement or candles.
Look at the board you will see patterns for folding napkins different ways.
1 group folds the "boat" and sets the table for drinking tea
Group 2 folds the "Bunny" and sets the table for dinner
Group 3 folds the "Envelope" serving the Kazakh table
3. Introductory briefing:
Before starting work, students should be told about the rules for decorating and table setting.
3.1 Working with a knife
3.2 Working with cymbals
3.3 Working with kitchen appliances
3.4 Decoration of the Kazakh table with cutlery
4. Practical work of students:
Table setting
Current briefing - targeted rounds.
1 round - check the organization of workplaces and compliance with safety regulations.
2nd bypass - check the correctness of the construction of the base grid and the technological sequence.
3 round - see the timely completion of work and evaluate independent work.
5. Final briefing:
- analysis of typical errors and their causes;
- performance analysis independent work students;
- Reporting the evaluation of each student's work.
6. Cleaning jobs
To receive and treat guests is a special tradition that has national features and characteristics. Kazakhstanis are hospitable and friendly people who love rich and sumptuous feasts. Consider tips on how to beautifully set the table to please the guests and show them respect.
Generous dastarkhan is an ancient custom followed by all Kazakhstanis. Toy is arranged in honor of family or national, religious holidays. Each traveler who came to the house is waiting for a laid table. How generous and beautifully cleaned the table for guests, so generous will Allah be for the hosts.
Any acquaintance or business cooperation begins with the dastarkhan. They cover him when they thank him for help or want to ask for it.
Kazakhs know how to reconcile quarreling people with the help of konakasa (a custom associated with treating a guest), to honor a person. The Kazakhs have always reserved for the guests all the most delicious.
How to decorate the table and treat dear guests?
Table decoration is a tradition adopted by nomads. The inhabitants of Kazakhstan from the Turkic peoples took it as a custom to gather for beautifully cleaned and served clay, iron and wooden utensils table.
There are rules for table setting, feast decoration:
Tablecloth and napkins
- Cover the table with a white or light-colored tablecloth. The ornament with which it is decorated is a reflection of the thoughts of the owners and their wishes to the guests.
- Lay the tablecloth so that it does not fall below the level of the seat and falls at least 25 cm.
- Making napkins is a new tradition adopted by Kazakhstanis from Europeans. It is recommended to choose contrasting or colored napkins. For each type of table, special ways of decorating napkins are recommended. For example, napkins in the form of a “boat” are prepared for the tea table, and they are arranged as an “envelope” for the main one.
Crockery, its location on the table
- The decoration of the table is beautiful and whole dishes in which the dishes are laid out.
- Choose dishes that resemble the moon or the sun. It must be round. Well, if made of gold or silver.
- Arrange food on plates in a circle. Serve the table in the same way.
Decoration of dishes
- Festive dishes decorate. Kaunshek (stewed melon) and zhorgem (thin sausage) curl and put on a dish like weaving.
- Apply a flower pattern to the cakes. Use cherry juice for this.
- Bas tabak - the first important tray with meat. Present it to aksakals and distinguished guests. Put the lamb head, tibia, fillet with five ribs above the kidney on bass tobacco. If the main dish is horse meat, then put kazy on bass tobacco, zhaya and sting. For a matchmaker or a matchmaker, put a kos tabak, on which, in addition to the main set of the main dish, lay out another thigh bone. Syi tabak - an additional tray - is intended for the remaining parts of the carcass. For young people, put a special tray - zhastar tabagy.
Traditional meal order
Kazakhs have their own meal sequence and order of serving dishes:
- The feast begins with a tea table. The table is served with tea: bowls are served, where girls or young women pour tea. It is served with sweets, cream and butter. Bowls should not be empty. Those who have quenched their thirst will be offered a bowl of honor.
- Snacks. Serves dishes with lamb and horse meat dishes. They are complemented vegetable dishes and cakes. Guests are offered koumiss and katyk.
- For hot dishes, they offer roast lamb offal (kuyrdak).
- For a snack, they offer samsa, puktermet, belyashi.
- The main dish is served - beshbarmak. An important guest is given a boiled lamb head. He divides it and distributes parts to the guests. At the same time, traditions must be observed:
- if the father of a respected guest is present, then the ram's head goes to him;
- ears are given to young men so that they are attentive, and heaven is given to girls so that they are industrious;
- children are not given a brain, and unmarried young ladies - an ulna.
- The owner divides the meat and distributes it to the guests. It is customary to eat it with tortillas with onions and drink meat broth, which is poured into bowls.
The distribution of meat also has its own order and traditions. Pregnant women were given cervical vertebrae, sons-in-law and daughter-in-law were given brisket, and honored guests were given pelvic bones.
Hospitable people of Kazakhstan will lay a plentiful dastarkhan for a dear guest. A generously laid table is a tribute to the visitor, a way of communication, solving household and business issues.
No matter how the order of table decoration changes, the hospitality of generous hosts remains unchanged. Remember national traditions, keep them and follow them!