Method of installation of a panel building. Installation of frameless large-panel buildings Installation technology of wall panels of civil buildings

Frameless construction contains a smaller number of mounting elements, which ensures the rapid pace of construction of buildings. Therefore, this design scheme has become widespread.

With a large-panel frameless system, building structures are divided into wall panels, floor panels and partitions. The dimensions of the panels are assigned "per room", i.e., to the planning cell, determined by the height of the floor, the pitch of the transverse partitions and the span of the floors.

The main leading process in the construction of large-panel frameless houses is the installation of panels. Its peculiarity is that after the installation of each wall panel, it has to be immediately aligned and fixed both in plan and in height. In this regard, the assembly is carried out by sequentially attaching panels to each other, the first of them being fixed with an inventory brace, and the rest are fastened with adjacent steel plates welded into the panel during manufacture. After installing and fixing the four panels that make up the walls of the room, they are laid and fastened to the walls with a floor slab that forms the ceiling. On fig. 122 shows a structural diagram of a frameless large panel building.

Rice. 122. Scheme of a frameless large-panel building

For precise installation in the design position of the load-bearing panels of walls and partitions, vertical reinforcing bars-clamps are embedded in the floor slabs, which are placed symmetrically on both sides of the wire stretched along the axis. The distance between the clamps is assumed to be approximately 3 mm more thickness panel mounted on this axis.

The technology of mounting walls from large panels depends on the method of making horizontal seams. In practice, two methods are used.

In the first method, the panel is laid on the prepared mortar layer. If deviations from the design position occurred during installation, then the panel is lifted, the bottom edge is cleaned from the solution, and the solution is added to the lowered place that caused the tilt. This method is used when installing low panels; it requires a great skill of concrete fitters.

The essence of the second method is as follows. Along the entire length of the installation site, the level of the base is checked with a level and the thickness of the seams is specified on separate parts walls. Then spread a layer of mortar with a thickness of 3 mm more than the accepted thickness of the seam, which is not brought to outside walls by 30 mm. In the mortar from the front side at a distance of 50-60 mm from the edge of the wall, two wooden linings (checkers) are laid with dimensions in terms of 40x40 mm, with a thickness equal to the thickness of the horizontal seam.

Rod retainer for installation wall panels shown in fig. 123.

Rice. 123. Rod clamp for installing wall panels

Rice. 124. Placement of checkers and wedges for installation and alignment of panels:
1 - wedges; 2 - checkers

When the panel is installed, without unhooking the slings from the crane hook, wedges are slowly pulled out from under it, as a result of which it gradually assumes a vertical position. If necessary, the panel is somewhat moved or rotated.

Wall panels are installed on a mortar layer with an average joint thickness of 12 mm; the thickness of individual joints should be no more than 20 and no less than 10 mm. Vertical joints are carefully filled with mortar on the same shift when the panels are mounted.

Alignment of panels of external walls is carried out, as a rule, along the internal plane of the wall. The verticality of the position is checked with a plumb line (Fig. 125).

Rice. 125. Plumb line:
a- general form; b- scheme of application; 1 - bracket; 2 - emphasis with a nail for
cord; 3 - cord; 4 - emphasis with a scale; 5 - plumb

A plumb line consists of a wooden ruler, in the upper part of which a bracket is attached at a right angle, and two stop bars of the same length. A scale is applied to the lower bar, and a cord with a plumb line is attached to the upper bar. When checking the plumb line is applied to the side plane of the panel. The position of the cord with a plumb line determines the deviation of the wall from the vertical on the scale.

The installation of large-panel frameless buildings of the above-ground part is carried out according to the technological maps drawn up in advance. The most appropriate would be such a scheme, according to which installers can effectively use the same type of slings, temporary fastenings, control tools and so on.

During installation, various kinds of sealants are often used, which can be found on the website https://e-centre.com.ua/shop/germetiki/kley-germetik-na-osnove-ms-polymer/. The use of such materials allows high-quality sealing of various seams.

Installation of the above-ground part is usually started from one of the corners of the outer walls of the end section, after which the beacon panels of the outer walls are installed at a distance that ensures measurement control. This distance determines the size of the first grip.

Lighthouse panels can serve as elements staircases, which are then mounted completely, after which the wall closes from the corner to the lighthouse panel.

Then the panels of the opposite outer wall are installed, also between the corner and the beacon panel located opposite the staircase.

The accuracy of laying out building axes with a frameless construction method is relatively low, since deviations from the design dimensions during installation can be evenly distributed to the ends and to the middle of the building.

Installation is carried out by grips, each of which includes 1 or 2 sections, which ensures continuity and

uniformity of processes, as well as the flow of production. Prefabricated foundations, basement walls and other elements of the underground part of the building are mainly mounted by tower, truck or crawler cranes. When installing prefabricated foundations, they begin with the installation of corner and beacon blocks on sand preparation at all corners of the building and at the boundaries of the grips. After reconciliation of these blocks, intermediate blocks are laid. Then mount wall blocks basement, then basement, and after their installation, floor slabs are laid above the basement. On the grip at the base of each wall panel along the level, wooden or mortar beacons 12 mm thick. They ensure the accuracy of the installation of the panels in height and their support at the time of planting the panels on a fresh mortar, laid with m / y beacons during installation. To ensure the accuracy of the installation of the internal panels, catchers are used, welded to the embedded parts or embedded in the floor panels. They are made of steel with a diameter of 10-12mm or from segments of corners. Temporary fastening of wall panels and their alignment is carried out by struts, fixed to the mounting loops of floor panels or foundation blocks, as well as angular and horizontal struts. The struts are also fixed with clamps, universal and wedge grips for mounting loops. It is more efficient to use shortened struts. Temporary fastening int. panels are also carried out with stands, which are installed from the free end of the panel. There are two types of spacers:

fixed on the upper ends of the panels or in through holes made in the panels. Mounting on the upper ends of the panels is made from mounting tables, in through holes - from the ceiling, and is + this type of spacers.

Mounting diagrams large-panel buildings :

Scheme of installation from the on-site warehouse. The elements are delivered as a set to the floor and placed in the area of ​​the assembly crane. The assembly is carried out according to the principle of the formation of closed cells. First create a corner cell or first mount the elements of the staircase. End beacon panels are mounted, then adjoining panels of walls and partitions are installed to form closed cells, interior partitions are mounted inside them and floor slabs are laid. This method requires a minimum number of fixtures for fastening elements.

Installation scheme with beacon panels. Here, intermediate geodetic control is simplified, crowding of workers in its individual sections is excluded. I start the installation with beacon panels, taken as support. Then they continue to mount according to the principle of closed rectangles, sequentially mount panels of external, internal transverse and longitudinal walls, stairs. marches and platforms within the capture. AT

the conclusion is satisfied with panels of partitions, ceilings and balcony slabs.

Scheme of mounting from vehicles. Work is carried out on an hourly schedule, linked to the schedule for the supply of elements. There is only a small margin in the assembly area. Work is accelerated by the elimination of preliminary unloading and warehousing. To ensure spatial rigidity, closed cells are formed from the same type of vertical prefabricated elements - end panels, external panels, internal longitudinal walls, transverse load-bearing walls or ladder walls. cells. Scheme of installation of buildings by house-building factories. The method is based on the repetition of the same assembly operations, because prefabricated elements of the same name are sequentially exhibited. Labor productivity rises sharply. Rigid cells are not created, which increases the need for temporary anchoring of elements.

Installation diagram with transverse load-bearing walls. First of all, set bearing walls with careful alignment and control of the alignment of the panels. Then the outer, inner and closest to the crane panels are mounted.

3. Calendar planning. Types and purpose

A calendar plan is such a design and technological document that determines the sequence, intensity and duration of work, their interconnection, as well as the need (with time distribution) for material, technical labor, financial and other resources used in construction.

The main task of scheduling is to draw up such schedules for the execution of work that satisfy all the restrictions that reflect the interconnection in the technological models of the construction of facilities, the timing of the intensity of work, as well as the rational use of resources.

Types of calendar plans:

Depending on the design stage, schedule plans are divided into the following types:

Calendar plan or integrated enlarged network schedule (KUSG) - in-line development of a complex of buildings or

facilities within POS.

The calendar plan for the construction of individual facilities as part of the WEP at the stage of working drawings.

Calendar plan for the implementation of individual construction processes - technological maps at the stage of development of the WEP.

The composition and structure of the KP is determined by the volume of objects and the timing of the work. The KP is part of the TIC and PPR. The units of measurement of the CP in the composition of the POS are: year. quarter, month, week, day; million thousand rub.; thousands, hundreds,

tens of tons, m 2, m 3, pcs.

as part of the PPR are: day, shift, hour, minute, second; thousand rubles, rub; m 2, m 3, pcs. , tons, kg.

On the basis of the KP, the construction of the mater-technological object is being provided. resources, quality control of work is carried out, work of subcontractors is coordinated, monthly, ten-day, weekly, daily and shift tasks are developed.

Initial data for the development of a CP as part of the PPR: design and estimate documentation, a CP as part of the POS,

directive and normative tasks and deadlines, those. maps, working documentation and local estimates, composition of teams, their

number, mechano-equipment. As part of the POS: design and estimate documentation, data on the participants in the construction,

contracts for the supply of materials, machinery and equipment.

KP consists of 2 parts: calculation and graphic.

Settlement part includes: 1. list of works in the technological sequence; 2. determination of the scope of work on estimates and slave. documentation; 3. labor intensity of work, 4. calculation of the composition of teams (according to labor intensity, standards); 5. calculation of the composition of vehicles, based on the composition of the teams; 6. number of shifts; 7. duration, depends on the production of machines, crews and deadlines. The grafical part consists of a series of graphs that are stitched together or overlaid with each other. The construction begins with the leading work, to which all the rest are sewn. When scheduling, they are based on: streaming work, maximum parallelization of work not included in the stream

1. Temporary fastening of the walls of the recesses.

When developing excavations in water-saturated soils or in cramped conditions, when it is impossible to provide the required laying of slopes, the vertical walls are fixed with special temporary fasteners. Temporary fastening can be made in the form of a wooden or metal shunt, wooden shields with supporting posts, shields with spacer frames and other structures.

Sheet piling is the most expensive way. They are used in the development of excavations in water-saturated soils near existing buildings and structures. The sheet piling is hammered in before the development of the recesses, which ensures a stable and natural state of the soil outside it.

Cantilever mount- consists of racks-piles, pinched by the lower part in the ground deeper than the bottom of the excavation. They serve as supports for shields that perceive soil pressure. This fastening is expedient at excavation depths up to 5 m. Fastening spacer (horizontal-frame) type - the simplest in execution, it is used when arranging trenches up to 4 m deep in dry or low-moisture soils. The fastening consists of posts, horizontal boards or plank shields and struts that press the boards or shields to the walls of the trenches. Most effective inventory spacer frames made of tubular struts and spacers due to their low weight, easy assembly and dismantling. Me tubular racks in height have holes for attaching struts. The telescopic type strut consists of outer and inner tubes, swivel sleeve and support parts. Depending on the width of the trench, the distance between the posts is set by extending inner pipe from the outside and fixed with a bolt inserted into the hole in the pipes. The full pressing of the shields to the walls of the recess is carried out by turning the coupling with a screw thread. When tearing wide pits, strut fastening of vertical walls can be used. It consists of boards or boards pressed to the ground with racks, braced braces and stops. This fastening is used to a limited extent, because the struts and stops located in the pit complicate the work.

Installation of large-panel frameless residential buildings lies in sequential assembly closed cells adjacent to each other, formed by panels of external and internal walls. Installation begins with the creation of a stable and rigid spatial support section. Usually such a section is a staircase, the elements of which are mounted first. Following the installation of the staircase panels, the panels of the external and internal walls are mounted, adjoining the supporting section and forming a completely closed cell. The mounted section (grip) is aligned, and then the panels or floor slabs are laid and the joints are welded along the embedded parts.

Prior to the installation of the above-ground part of the building, a breakdown of the longitudinal and transverse axes is carried out. For this, control axial benchmarks are used, installed along the main centering axes of the building, with their removal outside the building under construction at a distance from the outer wall not less than the height of the building.

On the erected basement of the building (and subsequently on the ceiling of the mounted floors or on the top of the installed panels), the axes are applied with oil paint in the form of a thin line.

The transfer of the axes of the building to the overlying floors is carried out with a theodolite with its installation exactly above the axial benchmark.

The sequence of installation of a large-panel house can be as follows: breakdown of the axes of the floor to be installed; installation of catchers by welding to the embedded parts of the panels of rods from scraps of reinforcing steel with a diameter of 10–14 mm and a length of 100 mm; solution supply; installation of beacons under the panel to obtain a subsequent mounting horizon; leveling the solution at the installation site of the panel; installation in place, alignment and temporary fixing of the wall panel; tack installed panel electric welding on embedded parts; final alignment of the wall panels installed on the grip, along the center axes of the building and their welding along the embedded parts; installation of interior partitions and installation of toilet cubicles with their temporary or permanent fastening; laying floor panels, their alignment and welding to wall panels by embedded parts; filling joints with mortar; checking the vertical marks of wall panels and floor panels.

Determination in kind of design marks of wall panels (marks of the mounting horizon) for each floor is carried out using a level from high-altitude unchanging benchmarks.

The top marks of each installed wall panel are determined at two points, the position of which corresponds to the approximate location of the beacons.

It is recommended to organize installation work using a two-grip system, based on the conditions that on one grip the panels are installed with their alignment and fastening, and on the second - welding, filling vertical and horizontal joints between the panels, preparing for the installation of the following elements and others work.

In practice, the following installation methods are used.

Installation in separate sections. After the installation of the staircase is completed, the outer wall panels are installed from the staircase to the first transverse wall panel. After welding it with the outer wall panel, the installation of the inner longitudinal

load-bearing wall with a direction towards the staircase; in parallel, internal self-sustaining partitions and sanitary cabins are mounted room by room.

Installation of elements by room. After the installation of the staircase, an external panel adjacent to the staircase is installed, then the internal (located against the external) load-bearing panel of the longitudinal wall and self-supporting internal partitions are mounted. Each mounted cell is covered and welded. This mounting method is safer.

Installation of building elements with transverse load-bearing panels also start from the staircase and lead from the staircase in blocks consisting of transverse load-bearing panels, external walls and ceilings. The installation sequence is as follows: load-bearing panels are installed, then curtain panels of external walls, after that - sanitary and ventilation blocks and partitions and the last - floor panels. With this installation method, each cell has sufficient spatial stability.

Pervouralsky method of installation of residential buildings with transverse load-bearing wall panels(proposed by engineer Ya. S. Deutsch). The main mounting devices are: a metal conductor - a tour, tubular swivel connections and fork clamps. The alignment axes of all walls are taken out onto the finished foundation (once), then only one central transverse axis is taken out to each floor. Fork clamps are fixed along the axes of the transverse walls, and subsequently on each of the lower panels (Fig. 83) to ensure accurate installation of the bottom of the panels. Then, two tours are installed near the central transverse axis, which are the base, from which the installation of transverse wall panels is carried out in both directions.

The size of the tour (Fig. 84) in the longitudinal direction is equal to the pitch of the structural grid, in the transverse direction - somewhat less than half the width of the building. Each tour is wound up with its folding legs into the clamps and is driven by four jacks into horizontal position, at which its folding stops, located at the top, accurately fix the design position of the adjacent panels of the transverse walls. After that, the folding legs are removed inside the tour and panels are installed on the transverse axes adjacent to the tour, the bottom of which is inserted into the fork clamps, and the top is fixed to the folding stops with the help of clamping screws. The rest of the panels are also installed with the lower part in the clamps, and with the upper part they are attached to the previously installed panel with swivel joints. Swivel links are put on the panel before it is installed (Fig. 85).

On fig. 86 shows the installation of panels of transverse load-bearing walls throughout the floor with their temporary fastening with tubular ties.

To simplify installation and reduce metal consumption, instead of two rounds with a total weight of 3.7 tons, the first panels can be fixed on the central transverse axis with tubular struts or lightweight conductors. These panels will be the base from which it is possible to install the remaining panels of the transverse walls on both sides.

After the installation of the panels of all the transverse walls of the floor, the panels of the external walls are installed, aligned and temporarily fixed with clamps, which are on hinged connections, to the tubular connections of the transverse walls. Then the partitions along the entire floor and sanitary cabins are installed and temporarily fixed with clamps on articulated links. After that, the middle row of floor slabs is laid along the fork clamps and electric welding is carried out along the embedded parts. Then the hinge connections are removed and the remaining floor slabs are mounted, and the tours are transferred to a temporary parking lot.

Rice. 83. Cross fork latch: a - latch; b - the position of the latch during the installation of load-bearing transverse panels and floor slabs.

After the completion of the assembly of the floor, one central transverse axis is taken out to the mounted ceiling and all the operations for the installation of the next floor are repeated in the above sequence.

Welding work is carried out in a separate stream, regardless of the installation of prefabricated elements.

Rice. 84. Conductor scheme - tours.

The duration of individual operations in time is as follows, installation and alignment tours - 30-45 minutes: installation of the transverse wall panel 6-15 minutes (panels do not require alignment); installation, alignment and clamping of the outer wall panel 4–7 minutes.

Mounting with the help of rigid hinged devices and fork clamps ensures forced accuracy of panel installation within ±3 mm. With this method, an average of 50 panels can be installed per shift with one tower crane.

For strict compliance with the design floor height and uniform load transfer, the ends of the floor slabs are calibrated for a length of 100–150 mm with a panel thickness of the bearing transverse wall of 140 mm. Calibration consists in the fact that after the end of molding on a vibrating table, even before removing the onboard equipment and extracting the punches, the ends of the plate are processed with a rail according to a given thickness.

Metal consumption for a set of inventory fixtures for one four-section five-story house is 7.2 tons. Of these, for two rounds - 3.7 tons. The weight of one pair of articulated links per step of transverse walls (6 m) is 150–200 kg.

Installation of large-panel houses with an incomplete frame is carried out for each typical floor in four stages:

Rice. 85: a) Installation of the first panel: 1 - round; 2 - fork cross lock; 3 - panel; 4 - rotary stop; 5 - clamping stop; 6 - basic alignment jack; 7 - stopper for fixing hinge connections.

b) A panel of a transverse load-bearing wall, equipped with hinged connections during lifting, 1 - a standing panel, 2 - pipes of connections. 3 ties hinges; 4 - stops, 5 - clamps for fastening the outer panels, in the tow bar clamps for fastening the outer panels; 7 - cross fork clamp; 8 - swivel lock partitions; 9 - tower crane hook; 10 - slings.

installation of columns, wall panels of staircases, flights of stairs with landings, smoke ventilation units and sanitary cabins,

installation of exterior wall panels; installation of internal partitions; installation of floor panels.

When installing external wall panels, end panels are first installed, then they are welded to the floor slabs of the underlying floor.

The installation of frame-panel houses is characterized by the sequential installation of completed sections of the building, consisting of four or

Fig. 86 Installation of panels of transverse load-bearing walls using tour. cross fork clamps and rigid tubular ties (the figure shows the installation and temporary fastening of all load-bearing panels of transverse walls).

six columns, crossbars and floor slabs. The columns are installed using a group conductor. They can have a height of two floors. Wall panels are mounted after the final fixing of the frame of a certain section of the building.

Installation sequence (in the scope of work from one position of the conductor): installation of the conductor's trolley, installation of four frame columns two floors high; laying the crossbars of the lower floor, alignment of the columns in the direction of the span and fixing in the design position by electric welding, alignment of the columns in the longitudinal direction using a theodolite and fixing by electric welding; welding of the lower position at the corners of the columns of the first chord and welding with keyed seams at the joints of the columns; laying the floor slabs of the first floor, welding the floor slabs of the first floor to each other along the embedded parts and filling the joints with mortar; installation of crossbars of the second floor; control check frame elements of a rigid cell and determination of deviations; welding of the lower position at the corners of the columns of the second belt: installation of temporary longitudinal stiffeners at the level of the second floor in the extreme end spans and spans bordering the stairwells; moving conductors to a new position; installation of temporary diagonal stiffeners in the ground floor; welding of all structural units, freed from the conductor of the mounting cell; laying and welding of embedded parts with filling of seams with a solution of floor slabs of the upper floor; installation of exterior wall panels.

Rice. 87. Scheme of installation of a large-panel partition under the run:

a - the bottom of the panel is set to the design position; b - the panel is placed under the run; c - temporary fasteners are installed; d - permanent fasteners are installed; 1 - run; 2 - temporary fastening; 3 - permanent fastening; 4 - lining.

The installation of ventilation and sanitary units on each floor, as well as partition panels, is carried out before laying the floor slabs. The removal of stiffeners is carried out before the installation of the outer wall panels or during the installation process.

The construction of the next tiers with the repetition of the above operations begins after the installation of the previous one is completed. tiers, including outer walls.

The installation of interior partitions is carried out before laying the floor slabs of the floor to be installed. Fastening of partitions is done temporary or permanent. Temporary fastening can be carried out by struts having tension ties, or by other means. The scheme of installation of large-panel partitions under the girders is shown in fig. 87.

To fasten partition panels to load-bearing and enclosing structures, various methods are used (ruffs, steel plates, T-shaped pins, needles, etc.). The most rational should be considered a mechanical method of fastening using a steel square, nailed (shooting) with dowels using an SMP-1 construction and assembly gun (Fig. 88). The steel square is aimed at the enclosing structures. When fired, the axis of the pistol is set perpendicular to the base into which the dowel is driven.

Rice. 88 Permanent fastening of panel partitions with squares and dowels nailed with an SMP-1 gun:

Cartridges for the pistol are produced in two types: C and G. Cartridges of group B are produced in eight numbers 17.5 mm long with a charge weighing from 0.3 to 0.7 g; cartridges of group G with a length of 24 mm have four numbers with a charge weighing from 0.8 to 1.1 g. Dowels with a diameter of 5.5 mm and a length of 80 mm are used to attach the square to walls made of bricks, cinder blocks and expanded clay concrete. When shooting squares to concrete structures with a strength of more than 300 kg / cm2 use a replaceable elongated pistol barrel and cartridges of group G.

I - dowel; 2 - square; 3 - partition.

The above method of fastening partitions reduces labor costs by 2–3 times compared to other methods and, in some cases, makes it possible to abandon temporary fastening.

CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE-PANE BUILDINGS

Main work cycles and geodetic support

mounting

When erecting large-panel buildings, technologies are used that relate to three cycles of the construction process:

zero cycle technologies, i.e. excavation of a foundation pit, trenches, installation of foundation blocks and basement walls, installation of ceilings above the basement, laying underground utilities with their insertion into the building;

technologies for erecting the above-ground part of the building - erecting walls and partitions, filling openings, installing stairs, floor slabs, roof panels, roofing, wiring internal sanitary and electrical communications, installing elevator equipment, installing joinery (windows and doors), plastering, floor preparation;

technology finishing works inside the building and on facades, including facing and Painting works, work on the installation of floors, built-in equipment, installation of sanitary, electrical fittings and devices with connection to networks.

Geodetic support for installation. Multi-storey large-panel buildings are characterized by increased requirements for the accuracy of the installation of structures. Failure to comply with the established tolerances and the accumulation of errors during installation make installation difficult, and most importantly, can lead to a decrease in bearing capacity and stability of individual elements and even

buildings in general.

The accuracy of the building installation can be ensured by a complex of geodetic marking works:

Fixing axes on the building with the possibility of transferring these axes to the overlying floors, i.e. creation of a center geodetic plan. To do this, before the construction of the above-ground part of the building begins, axes are marked on the basement and ceiling above the basement.

Vertical transmission of main axes on the overlap of each floor, i.e. to the new mounting horizon. The number of main transferable axes depends on design features building. For large-panel buildings, two transverse axes are transferred along the boundary of the grip and one extreme longitudinal axis farthest from the crane.

Breakdown of intermediate and auxiliary axes on the ceiling of each mounted floor. In this case, the reference points for transferring the axes to the floors are located not on the main axes of the building, but on parallel-shifted longitudinal and transverse lines (lines that determine the position of the internal planes of the outer walls), along the axes of the internal load-bearing walls. When working, installers need not the main, but these auxiliary axes.

Marking the position of the installation risks, elements required by the conditions of installation. On the ceiling of the mounted floor, using a measuring tape, mark the positions of all wall panels, both external and internal. The exact design position (position marking) of each element is determined by marks in three planes - with the help of marks showing the position of each panel along the longitudinal axis of the outer walls, and transverse marks fixing the position of the panel relative to this axis.

Definition of the mounting horizon on the floor. The mounting horizon on each floor is determined using a level. In large-panel buildings, the surface of floor panels is leveled at the joints of the installation of panels of external and internal walls. The highest point is taken as the mounting horizon. The level of the mounting horizon is prepared by installing beacons.

Compilation of floor-by-floor executive survey. At each stage of installation work, a geodetic executive scheme is performed, which documents the position of the mounted structures relative to

especially centering axes. This makes it possible to take into account the accumulation of errors and to correct the position of structures during the installation of overlying floors.

Installation of structural elements

Installation of exterior wall panels

Before starting the installation of structures of a new tier, the floor surface is leveled, filling cracks and other irregularities. Next, an accurate breakdown of the installation sites of the outer wall panels is carried out along the entire perimeter of the grip (sometimes the building), the necessary risks are applied, the position of the vertical seams and planes of the panels is determined, and the mounting horizon is fixed on the floor.

Preparation for installation. Under each panel, 2 stamps of wooden boards (stamps) are laid, the thickness of which may vary depending on the results of the leveling survey, but should be 12 mm on average. They are laid at a distance of 15 ... 20 cm from the side faces closer to the outer plane of the building wall. Thanks to these grades, the accuracy of the installation of the panels in height is ensured, the support of the panel on them at the moment of lowering it onto a fresh mortar, laid under the entire supporting plane.

On the upper face of the underlying panels of the outer walls on thin layer mastic "Izol" or similar to it, a porous gernite cord is laid under several elements at once. Immediately before installing the panel, the surface of the cord is covered with a layer of mastic, a plastic solution is spread with a layer 3 ... 5 mm above the level of the beacons. For external panels, the mortar bed should not reach the edge of the wall by 2 ... 3 cm so that the mortar is not squeezed out and does not pollute the facade of the building. The gernite cord must provide at least 40% compression when installing the wall panel. Subsequently, from hanging cradles with outer side all joints will be coated with a layer of sealant-paste, to protect which from external atmospheric influences after it dries, a protective layer will be applied, usually from organosilicon enamel.

The outer panels are installed according to the risk, fixing the position of the vertical seam, the outer edge of the panel - along the cut line of the wall and along the Line that defines the inner plane of the wall. Having set the panel in place, with the slings stretched, correct the position of the panel with mounting Crowbars. Having carried out the alignment of the panel, they unfasten it with two struts with turnbuckles, which themselves are fixed to the hinges of the floor slabs, bring the panel to vertical position with tie-downs. Next, the loops of the slings are released, the horizontal Lov of the panel is compacted and leveled. When installing the panel on a mortar bed, it is necessary to ensure, by laying beacon spacers closer to the outer edge of the wall, some initial inclination of the panel inward. By moving the panel to a vertical position by changing the length of the braces, the grout under the outer edge of the panel will be compacted. If, when installing the panel, its inclination is outward, which is unacceptable, then when the panel is moved to a vertical position, a gap forms between the panel and the bed, which is very difficult to notice and caulk from hanging cradles. Temporary fastening and alignment along the plumb line is carried out with long or short struts. A long strut connects the mounting loop of the floor slab to the top of the panel, and a short strut connects it to the mounting loop in the panel at a height of 1.7 m. When using short struts, the panels are fixed from the ceiling without the use of ladders and scaffolds.

Installation of interior walls

Similar to the outer panels, 2 gasket marks are placed under each panel, a layer of mortar is spread 3 ... 5 mm above the level of the marks. The panel is lowered, with the slings stretched, using a template, the correct installation of the panel base is checked, deviations are eliminated with a crowbar. Install and secure struts with clamps. Instead of one brace, there may be a triangular support at the end of the panel or in the doorway. The verticality of the panel is verified using a plumb bob and a strut turnbuckle. The slings are removed from the panel, the solution is caulked and compacted under the panel from all sides. Often, an angular connection is established between adjoining wall panels - external and internal in the form of a rod with a clamp (the clamp is fixed on the inner panel, and on the outer - a hook for the mounting loop).

To speed up the installation, installation of internal panels exactly along the specified axes, apply catchers, pre-welded to embedded parts or embedded in floor panels. They are made in the form of special spatial profiles or at the construction site from reinforcing steel with a diameter of 10 ... 12 mm, a height of 100 mm, the clearance between the clamps is 3 mm more than the thickness of the panel.

The designs of large-panel frameless buildings provide for the joint spatial work of all elements, the combination of load-bearing and enclosing functions in wall structures. Each newly installed prefabricated element must be firmly fixed in the design position. To do this, use the already existing spatial rigidity previously installed structures- elements of staircases, sanitary cabins, corner joints of wall panels. If it is impossible to use the rigidity of previously mounted elements, then the structure to be installed is temporarily fixed on the braces.

The installation of floor panels is carried out from the cells adjacent to the staircase. First, install the panels of the row remote from the crane, then the near one. Installation is carried out sequentially in two directions from the staircase. During laying, the first slab is taken from the scaffold, the subsequent slabs are taken from the floor slabs already installed.

For any installation scheme, before laying interfloor ceilings within each grip, wall and partition panels, ventilation blocks, sanitary cabins, etc., must be fully installed, floor preparation has been completed. The underlying floor must be loaded with materials and products necessary for interior work on this floor.

Organization of installation work

For the optimal organization of installation work, the building is divided into sections, which, in turn, can be divided into installation sections. The basic principle of breakdown is that at least two working zones should be provided along the vertical of the building under construction: on one, the installation of structures is carried out, on the other, related processes. During high-speed construction in the second zone vertically on the lower floors, other post-installation general construction works.

For the installation of a multi-section building, several installation cranes with their grips and installation zones can be involved; buildings with up to three sections are usually mounted with one crane. Buildings in two and three sections are most often divided in terms of two sections with alternating mounting. Single-section buildings-towers, which are one grip, are divided into two installation sites, the boundaries of the sites and, accordingly, the areas of operation of cranes are carefully controlled.

In table. 12.1 shows a schedule of installation and related work for the construction of a typical floor of a single-section large-panel building. When developing a schedule for the production of works, it is necessary to take into account that the planned labor intensity of the installation work on the grip is an even number, the duration of work on the installation sites must be the same and equal to an integer number of work shifts. The planned labor intensity of welding and sealing of joints should be a multiple of the duration of the installation processes.

During the construction of a multi-storey building, cargo-passenger lifts are used to lift and lower workers. They are usually installed after the completion of the installation of the 5th ... 6th floor and are increased as the height of the building increases.

It is advisable to place the cranes on the side of the facade that does not have entrances to the building, so as not to impede the access of workers there during the construction of the building. Entrances to the communications building must be designed from the side of the entrances.

Installation work is carried out "on the crane", providing the driver with a better overview of the scope of work. The use of a tower crane for the installation of the underground part of the building is recommended only when the foundations are deepened by no more than 2.5 m. Prefabricated structures for installation can be supplied directly from vehicles or from an on-site warehouse.

Before starting the installation of structures of a new tier, the surface of the floor is leveled and the exact breakdown of the installation sites of wall panels is made along the entire perimeter of the grip, and sometimes the building.

It is desirable to have a gap in time between the installation of adjacent outer panels and the inner wall panel adjacent to the joint, which allows sealing the joint of the outer panels with the waterproofing layer sticker and the installation of the insulation package in optimal conditions.

General installation principles

Installation work on the construction of the above-ground part of the building is carried out floor by floor, and first a rigid spatial block is created, and the installation of each subsequent floor begins when the concrete-cast joints of the supporting structures reach at least 70% of the design strength.

Installation of building structures on the grip begins with the installation of panels of the outer end wall, less often one distant, adjacent to the corner, most of all panels from one end to the other. Then they proceed to the installation of panels along the axis of the building farthest from the crane, adjoining the already mounted end panel and installing them to the end of the grip; then sequentially panels of the inner and nearest outer walls, then elements of stairs, partitions. Next, the supply of bricks, blocks of partitions, sanitary equipment, etc. is carried out. for finishing work on the floor. The final stage is the laying of floor panels on the grip. Taking into account electric welding and monolithic joints, a rigid spatial block of the building being erected is formed.

The constructions of the joints of building elements of large-panel schemes are very diverse. AT last years the most common is the design scheme, in which the outer panels are self-supporting. In this case, the main purpose of the joints is to protect structures from corrosion, wetting, blowing and freezing. To protect against blowing and getting wet outside and over the ledge of the horizontal joint of the Chanel, bundles and cords made of rubber, vapor barrier, and other sealing materials are laid.

The watertightness of the seam and joints is ensured by sealing with sealing mastic. The same mastic is used in internal seams. After the sealing of the joints and seams of the outer and inner panels, the space between the edges of the panels is monolithic with a concrete mixture with thorough compaction.

The bearing capacity of the building is provided by internal structures and their interface - platform joint.

Basic installation schemes for large-panel buildings

The sequence of building installation depends on many factors:

Structural features of the building;

The sequence of installation of elements recommended by the technological map;

The presence of struts, clamps, mounting equipment.

1. Scheme of installation of large-panel buildings from the on-site warehouse(Fig. 12.1). The elements are delivered in advance and placed as a set on the floor in the area of ​​the assembly crane. Are being created best conditions for the installation of prefabricated elements, as they can be submitted for installation in any order. The assembly is carried out according to the principle of the formation of closed cells. First create a corner cell or first mount the elements of the staircase. End beacon panels are mounted, then adjoining panels of walls and partitions are installed to form closed cells, inside which interior partitions are mounted and floor slabs are immediately laid. With this method of installation, a minimum number of devices for temporary fastening of elements is required.

2. Installation scheme with beacon panels(Fig. 12.2). This is traditional method installation of various types of residential and public buildings. With it, intermediate geodetic control is simplified, crowding of workers in its individual sections is excluded. Installation begins with lighthouse panels,

taken as base. Then continue the installation according to the principle closed rectangles, sequentially mount panels of external, internal transverse and longitudinal walls, landings and marches within the capture. Lastly, partition panels, floor panels and balcony slabs are installed.

3. Scheme of installation of large-panel buildings from vehicles ( rice. 12.3). The work is carried out according to the hourly schedule of installation, linked to the schedule for the delivery of prefabricated elements. In the assembly area, only a small stock of small-circulation items is created. Increases the utilization of installation equipment and speeds up work by eliminating pre-unloading and warehousing. In the process of installation, to ensure spatial rigidity, closed cells are formed from the same type of vertical prefabricated elements - end panels, external panels, internal longitudinal walls, transverse load-bearing walls or walls of stairwells.

4. Scheme of installation of large-panel buildings by house-building factories(Fig. 12.4). The method is based on the repetition of the same installation operations, since the same-name prefabricated elements are sequentially exposed. As a result, labor productivity rises sharply. If during one shift only elements of the same name are exhibited at the facility, then it is simplified at the factory to complete the batch of elements sent to the construction site. Rigid cells are not created, which increases the need for devices for temporary fixing of elements.

5. Installation diagram with transverse load-bearing walls(Fig. 12.5) requires that these walls be initially installed with careful alignment and control of the alignment of the panels. Then the installation is carried out traditionally - the outer panels farthest from the crane, the inner panels and the panels closest to the crane.

1

Rice. 6.1. Structural schemes of large-panel buildings: A - with longitudinal load-bearing walls; B - with transverse load-bearing walls. 1 - load-bearing walls, PP - floor panels.

A large-panel building is a spatial system, the rigidity and stability of which is ensured by the mutual arrangement of transverse, longitudinal walls and floor disks, combined into a single spatial scheme by monolithic joints.

The most widespread are large-panel residential buildings, interlocked from standard block sections: ordinary, end, corner, rotary, as well as in their various combinations. The combination of block sections determines the configuration of large-panel buildings in terms of plan and height.

Recently, layout space-planning elements (KOPE) have been developed, which are carriers of the main functional and compositional qualities of the house. Each residential section consists of a KOPE: a stair-elevator unit and residential space-planning elements, which may vary according to the set of apartments.

Large-panel buildings are built up to 25 floors high. The width of traditional block sections is 12...14m, KOPE - up to 22m, and large-panel infrastructure buildings up to 50m. This dictates the need for careful selection of the characteristics of erection cranes and their placement in sections and grips. Prefabricated weight reinforced concrete elements does not exceed 8 tons.

6.2. General scheme for the construction of large-panel buildings.

Construction of large-panel buildings - mechanized process assembly from prefabricated elements. Apply lifting mechanisms, providing the process of installation of buildings of various heights and configurations in the plan. Rail jib cranes are mainly used, tower cranes with design load capacity, boom reach and hook lifting height. Depending on the design dimensions of the buildings, their configuration (number of sections and number of storeys), they are divided into stages of assembly sections and grips, serviced by one or more assembly cranes. This division contributes rational organization labor, using in-line methods of work production, two-, three- and multi-cycle technologies.

It is important rational arrangement assembly cranes.

AT

Plot №1Plot number 2

Plots No. 2 and 3

G

multi-section building

complex configuration

Fig.6.2

Schemes of breakdown of buildings into plots and grips

and arrangement of mounting cranes.

A, B - low-section buildings; C, D - multi-section buildings;

1…10 – numbers of grips (sections)

For each type of building, the optimal selection is carried outassembly cranes technical parameters and economic indicators.

The order of execution of technological processes can be represented in the form of a technological model for the construction of a CPD.

Figure 6.3.

Technological model for the construction of a large-panel house (KPD).

6.3. Construction technology of the underground part of the KPD.

General technological process the construction of the underground part consists of the following technological complexes:

- development of pits (trenches) and preparation of foundations;

- foundation arrangement;

- installation of prefabricated basement structures.

In large-panel buildings, depending on the loads transferred to the base, the bearing capacity of the soil and hydrogeological conditions, the following types of foundations are used:

- tape, from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and blocks;

- pile, with a monolithic or precast-monolithic grillage;

- non-grilled pile foundations;

- slab, in the form of a continuous (monolithic or prefabricated) slab.

The most widely used design is strip foundations made of prefabricated reinforced concrete. base plates and blocks, which can be stacked in the form of continuous or intermittent tapes. In addition to supporting elements, such foundations include foundation wall blocks.

The above-foundation part of large-panel buildings is assembled from basement panels of external and internal walls and floor panels.

Installation of base plates and foundation blocks of walls is carried out on grips. They are mounted in successive horizontal rows throughout the area. On the grip, installation begins with the laying of corner and lighthouse blocks located along the axes of the sections or at the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse axes of the walls of the building. Foundation slabs laid on a leveled sand cushion with a thickness of at least 50 mm. The accuracy of mounting the remaining plates and blocks will depend on the correctness of their position relative to the alignment axes and marks, so they are carefully aligned. Intermediate plates and blocks are installed along a cord stretched between lighthouse blocks or plates. The gaps between the base plates are filled with concrete, sand or local soil. The direction of installation of plates and blocks is along the tape on the crane. For the device of communication inputs in the foundation walls, openings or holes are left between the blocks.

Mounted plates and blocks are stable elements and their temporary fastening is not required. However, to create spatial rigidity of the prefabricated foundation, wall blocks are laid not just in horizontal rows, but with dressing of vertical seams both along the wall being erected and at the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse walls. The binding size is at least 0.4 of the height of the wall foundation block. On the top of the base plates and between the rows of blocks, reinforced seams (30 ... 50 mm thick) or reinforced concrete belts(100…150mm).

Other types of foundations are made according to standard technologies.

6.4. Construction of the basement of buildings .

Prior to the installation of prefabricated structures of the underground part of the building, construction work on the installation of foundations and backfill sinuses, planning the backfilling of soil with tamping under the floors of the technical underground and other work in the basement.

Before installing wall panels, you must:

- level the upper plane of the foundations and determine the mounting horizon;

- install mortar beacons under each wall panel;

- make instrumental geodetic breakdown of the axes of the underground walls, take out the risks and put them on the foundation elements for the orientation of the mounted panels.

The installation of the underground part of the building is carried out by rail-mounted cranes designed to perform "zero" cycle work, self-propelled jib cranes, tower cranes.

Installation of structures is carried out according to two technological schemes:

A) Installation with advanced installation of external wall panels. In this case, for temporary fastening and alignment of structures, inclined tie systems are used in the form of struts, clamps, corner clamps, etc. The method of installation by cells ensures the consistent erection of elements of the basement of buildings with the creation of geometrically unchanging stable systems. In this case, a free method of mounting elements is used. Technological sequence of mounting elements:

Installation of reinforced concrete wall blocks as anchors for

temporary fastening of panels of external and internal walls;

Installation of panels of the outer stand-alone half of the grip from the crane;

Installation of elements of the lift unit;

- installation of panels of internal transverse and longitudinal walls on the same half of the grip;

- installation of panels of external walls of the half of the grip closest to the crane;

- installation of panels of internal longitudinal and transverse walls on the same grip;

- installation of entrance elements;

- removal of mounting equipment, dismantling of anchor blocks;

- installation of floor panels.

B) Initial installation of internal walls. Installation is carried out by a limited-free method and involves the use of group installation equipment in the form of horizontal tie systems. Technological sequence of mounting elements:

- interior wall panels;

- exterior wall panels;

- elements of lift shafts;

- elements of the staircase;

- floor panels;

- input elements.

After the installation of the structures of the underground part of the building on the grip is completed, they begin to perform related work: sealing and monolithic vertical joints, cutting adjunctions between structural elements, device wall drainage and vertical waterproofing.

When applying both methods, one or two sections are taken as a grip. Work is carried out in two shifts by an integrated team of 12 ... 15 people. And consisting of two links of assemblers for 4 ... 5 people, links of welders (2 people), carpenters (2 people), concrete workers (4 ... 5 people). the links are conditional, since workers are required to know related specialties, which is necessary due to the frequent change in the nature of work or small volumes of work.

The composition of technological maps for installation work must include requirements for monitoring the position of mounted elements in plan and in height in accordance with the requirements of the standards (SNiP 3.01.03.-84 and SNiP 3.03.01.-87). Permissible deviations of the center axes and mounted structures have the following parameters:

- for two-section buildings, the deviations between the extreme centering axes along the length are +/- 6mm;

- for three-section respectively +/- 8mm;

- four-section +/- 10mm;

- deviations between the extreme centering axes along the width of the building +/- 3mm;

- offset of the axes of wall panels in the lower section relative to the center axes +/- 8mm;

- in the upper section of the vertical deviation +/-10mm;

- allowable reduction in the bearing area on the panel +/- 10mm.

At each stage of installation, an executive geodetic scheme is performed, which documents the position of the mounted elements relative to the staking axes. This makes it possible to take into account the accumulation of errors and to correct the position of the elements during the installation of subsequent elements.

Input quality control provides for checking the geometric dimensions and condition of prefabricated structures delivered to the facility. Deviations from the geometrical dimensions of the length, height and thickness of the panels by more than 5 mm are not allowed. for external and internal walls; chipped concrete corners and edges more than 5mm; the presence of cracks with a width of more than 0.2 mm; spalls over 60mm per meter of rib (with spall depth >6mm).

When performing work, pay special attention to welding work and anti-corrosion protection of metal fittings.

6.5. Technology for the construction of the above-ground part of large-panel houses.

The above-ground part of large-panel residential buildings is being built using two-cycle or three-cycle technologies. With two-cycle technology, all work is carried out with the maximum combination of processes: panel installation and internal general construction work (1 cycle) - finishing work (2 cycle). The three-cycle technology provides for the unification of construction processes with a smaller combination in terms of their execution time: 1 cycle - building installation; 2 cycle - internal work; 3 cycle - finishing works.

Public buildings are erected according to three-cycle and multi-cycle technologies, for example, with the allocation to the 4th cycle of work on the installation of equipment and commissioning.

The main characteristic of the spatial parameters of the building installation process is the grip. One section is usually taken as a grip. Multi-section buildings can be divided into assembly sections. In accordance with the established experience in the construction of a building, up to 6 sections are one section, 8 sections are two sections, etc. at the same time, each installation site is an independent flow, characterized by its own parameters, commissioning deadlines, financing conditions, etc.

The installation process in time is characterized by the pace of installation of one floor of the section and is 0.75 ... 1.25 days. At the same time, the installation of reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, is carried out in three shifts. 4 assemblers and one electric welder work in each shift. The fourth link of installers (2 installers and 1 electric light) work only on the first shift and carry out the installation metal structures: (fences for stairs, balconies, stairs, roofs, etc.).

Simultaneously with the installation, work is carried out on the installation of vertical and horizontal joints between wall elements. Only when this condition is met, the front of work opens and the possibility of mounting the following elements is created: panels of internal walls - after sealing, air protection and insulation of joints between panels of external walls; installation of panels of the outer walls of the next floor - after fixing the vertical joints between all the structural elements of the underlying floor. The joints are carried out by units of insulators (2 people) and concrete workers (3 people), working in the first shift.

The installation of structures is carried out floor by floor by building up, observing the boundaries of the grips. During assembly, stability and spatial rigidity mounted elements is provided with their temporary fastening. On each grip, prefabricated elements are mounted according to the “on the crane” principle in the following technological sequence: volumetric elements (tubes of elevator shafts, sanitary cabins), panels of external walls, panels of internal walls, partitions and self-supporting elements (ventilation blocks and electric panels), stair platforms and marches, walls of loggias, floor panels, garbage chute elements.

The priority installation of the outer wall panels is due to the multi-layer construction of the joints. Their device is carried out by sequentially performing a number of processes (laying gernit, sticking waterproofing and air-protective tapes, installing water-breaking products, installing a heat-insulating layer). These works are carried out by a link of sealers (2 people) from inside the building.

A number of joint sealing processes are carried out outside the building. They can be carried out from hinged platforms installed on the ceiling of the floor being mounted or after the installation of the building is completed from hinged cradles.

The technological sequence for buildings with internal load-bearing walls may change depending on the installation method, structural and space-planning solutions.

Mounting accuracy

Ensuring the geometric accuracy of the installation of prefabricated elements is achieved by carrying out a complex of geodetic works:

- To install wall panels in the design position, installation and approximate risks are applied on each installation horizon. They are transmitted from the reference axes using a theodolite.

- For each wall panel, the mounting horizon is fixed by two beacons installed along the level.

- Installation of wall panels is carried out from indicative marks using a metal template.

- Verticality is controlled by a plumb-rail.

- The height setting accuracy is controlled by geometric leveling (from 4 corners).

The final fixing of structures is allowed only after the complete elimination of unacceptable deviations.

In parallel with the installation of the building, other construction processes are also carried out, which are necessary to prepare the scope of work in the production of finishing and special works. These include: device system natural ventilation, plastering surfaces of walls, ceilings and interfaces of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, installation of door blocks, installation of built-in wardrobes and mezzanines. These processes are carried out on grips that are free from installation, with a lag of 1 ... 2 floors and are completed by the time the roofing processes are completed.

6.6.Features of special and finishing works

Technology for performing special work in large-panel and stone buildings fundamentally no different. At the same time, fully prefabricated houses have design features:

- large-panel buildings are equipped with sanitary cabins that have full factory readiness, with the installation of sanitary communications and equipment, which reduces the amount of work;

- vertical low-voltage and low-current electrical wiring and distribution cabinets are located in special self-supporting electrical panels installed in the walls of inter-apartment corridors.

Electrical work is carried out using a combined technology with the installation of a building and is divided into two stages.

The first stage is associated with electrical installation work performed in the basement of the building, which consists in laying the wiring of group networks of apartments and stairwells. After the erection of five or six floors of the building, floor-by-floor distribution cabinets are installed and the mains supplying the group networks are installed. By the time the roofing installation is completed, the work of the first stage is completed.

Second phase electrical work is carried out during the period of finishing the premises and consists in the installation of installation products and fixtures, the adjustment of systems, the installation of low-voltage networks (broadcasting, telephony, elevator dispatching, intercoms, fire alarms).

During the period of the second stage of electrical work, smoke exhaust systems are installed from floor-to-floor inter-apartment corridors.

Finishing of large-panel buildings is carried out upon completion of installation building structures and roofing devices. By this time, the necessary temperature and humidity conditions must be created, heat must be turned on (in winter time), there is a sufficient scope of work.

The technological process of finishing is divided into four or five technological cycles.

First cycle - plastering work: cutting rustications, junctions of prefabricated elements, surface treatment of ceilings, walls, partitions, installation of screeds under the floors.

The second cycle - wall cladding and tile work, wall decoration sheet materials, installation of floors from ceramic tiles.

The third cycle is the first stage of painting works: preparation and painting of ceilings; wallpapering ceilings; preparation of the surface of the walls and the partition for the final painting.

The fourth cycle is linoleum flooring, parquet flooring.

Fifth cycle - final painting work; wall papering; final painting of walls, partitions and joinery; sharpening and polishing parquet floors and coating them with varnish.

Labor-intensive painting work is carried out in a mechanized way.

6.7. Construction of large-panel tower-type buildings.

Large-panel tower-type buildings are called single-section residential buildings with an increased number of storeys (9 ... 16 floors).

Buildings of this type are erected using two-cycle or three-cycle technologies. With a two-cycle technology, the work is combined as much as possible. There are three options for the functioning of the general technological process of erecting a building.

With the first optioninstallation of building structures is carried out in two shifts - in the second and third, and construction and special work in the first. This is due to the need to carry out work on a single-grip system, which excludes the simultaneous execution of other works with installation. A significant disadvantage is that the duration of the construction of the building increases due to the increase in the duration of the first cycle by one third.

According to the second optionhalf of the floors are assembled in three shifts (without construction and special works). Then the upper floors are assembled in two shifts, and construction and special work is carried out in the first shift. As a result, by the time the installation of the building is completed, most of the premises are being prepared for finishing.

Third optionprovides for the combination of installation work not only with construction and special processes, but also with finishing work. After preparing the 4-5 lower floors for finishing, finishing processes begin to be carried out on the grips free from installation, which makes it possible to build single-section houses without increasing the construction period.

When using a three-cycle technology, work is carried out according to the scheme: installation - interior work - finishing work.