Painting surfaces with non-aqueous compounds. Surface painting technology with non-aqueous compositions Painting surfaces with enamel compositions

Non-aqueous compositions (oil, varnish and enamel) are used to paint the following plastered premises in residential buildings: kitchens, sanitary facilities and walls of staircases, while continuous painting of the walls is unacceptable, since the natural ventilation regime of the premises is disturbed due to the airtightness of the paint film. Non-aqueous paint compositions are widely used for protective and decorative coatings of wood and metal surfaces.

Non-aqueous compositions paint only dry surfaces, covering them with a thin, even layer. It is impossible to increase the hiding power of the paint by increasing the thickness of the paint layer, since in a thick layer the surface layer first dries out and forms a film, and then the rest of the paint mass. The uneven drying of the paint layer leads to the formation of roughness, wrinkles and cracks. Therefore, the surfaces are painted twice, and in case of poor hiding power of the pigments, three times, allowing each layer to dry. In order to increase the hiding power in non-aqueous formulations, it is recommended to introduce solvents (turpentine, etc.).

Oil paints are used to create a decorative surface, as well as to protect structures (pipelines, metal structures) from moisture and corrosion.

According to the nature of the texture and mechanical strength of the paint layer, oil paint is divided into glossy, characterized by high mechanical strength, and matte, less durable. Glossy coloring provides surface protection from mechanical damage, atmospheric influences, corrosion, etc.; matte coloring is mainly decorative and is used for interior decoration.

Glossy colors are used for painting exterior surfaces, including metal roofs, as well as surfaces periodically exposed to moisture (window frames, exterior, entrance and balcony doors, etc.).

For wall decoration, matte colors are used, which are usually prepared centrally in accordance with approved samples.

The surfaces to be painted must be cleaned of dirt and dust, and then covered with a layer of drying oil "Oksol" using a brush or roller. To level the surface, it is puttied, after which a primer is applied over the dried putty with a paint sprayer or roller (thickly grated paint diluted in Oksol drying oil). Oil paints are applied to the painted walls and door leafs with fly brushes or fur rollers, window frames and metal lattice structures are painted with hand brushes, and large surfaces are painted with paint sprayers.

Oil paints are usually applied in two layers with an interval of 1-2 days, which is necessary for the first layer to dry completely.

During the last painting of surfaces, the following directions of shading the paint layer must be observed: on the walls - vertically, on the ceilings - towards the window; on wooden products - along the fibers; on metal structures and pipes - along the product. When painting and shading, the brush should be held perpendicular to the treated surface, since only in this case the area of ​​the treated surface will be the largest, and the brush hair will be worked evenly. Protective devices are used when painting window casings, platbands and similar products.

Water paint walls

Aqueous compositions, like lime, are prepared on cement, lime, emulsions such as MB, animal, casein or silicate glue. They paint plastered, concrete, brick or wooden surfaces. By quality, water colorings can be divided into simple, improved and high quality.

Preparing a new plastered wall for painting

Work begins with cleaning the walls from dust, dirt, splashes and streaks of mortar, removing various stains. Then the surface is smoothed over the entire area of ​​the wall, removing traces of grout, individual irregularities and protruding grains of sand. The surface of the wall is smoothed with circular movements. Large splashes of the solution are removed with a metal spatula. Small cracks are eliminated by wet grinding of surfaces with a wooden grater. To do this, simultaneously with grinding, the surface is moistened with water.

Large cracks, mechanical damage to the plaster (potholes) are greased. For better filling of cracks with a lubricant composition, they are cut (embroidered) with a metal spatula or a plaster knife to a depth of 2-3 mm at an angle of 40-45 °.
In order for the lubricant composition to better hold in the crack, it must be moistened with water, and with an improved adhesive color, the entire surface should be primed with a specially prepared primer composition.

Then the grease is applied with a metal spatula, moving it first at an acute angle to the direction of the cracks.
The final leveling of the layer and the removal of excess lubrication mass must be carried out by moving along the crack. After drying, the smeared places are ground with a pumice stone or fine-grained sandpaper, and then the entire surface is primed. The primer composition is used depending on the type of surface and the accepted color.

If you paint the surface of the wall without a preliminary primer, then in those places where it is more porous (in places of lubrication), the paint is absorbed more and matte spots form on the surface, which will stand out sharply against the general color background of the wall.

Lime primers applied to well-moistened surfaces using manual or electric spray guns. Do not wet the wet surface.

silicate primers applied to durable, well-prepared wall surfaces with foam rollers or paint sprayers.

Primer for adhesive paints cooked on blue vitriol, alum or alumina. For application primers(except for vitriol) paint sprayers are used on the wall surface.
During secondary priming for improved adhesive coloring, 6-7 kg of chalk is introduced into the composition of vitriol or alum soil for every 10 liters of it. The second primer is applied in the same way as the first.
High-quality colorings are carried out only with glue and casein formulations.

Casein primer before use, it is necessary to filter and apply to the surface using a paint sprayer.

Cement compositions used for painting surfaces with high porosity.

Before applying the primer (first coloring), first prepare in the usual way surface and abundantly moisten it with water to a moisture content of 37-40%. The primer is applied immediately after the droplet liquid water disappears from the surface. To apply the cement primer, spray guns or spray guns with a nozzle diameter of at least 2.5 mm can be used. However, it is better to use a stiff brush when applying the primer.

When painting interior surfaces waterborne emulsion paints the surface is prepared in the same way as for ordinary water-based paints.

When preparing the surface of the walls for painting with modern paints, the chalk must be thoroughly washed off. Before whitewashing with chalk or lime, vitriol is used.
When painting over oil primer, the surface must be puttied with a putty corresponding to the type of paint.
Emulsion primers are usually applied with a roller or spray gun.

For small volumes of work, primers can be applied manually with matting or fly brushes. In this case, a layer of primer is applied to the walls with vertical movements of the brush, followed by shading it in the horizontal direction, with a final shading in the transverse direction.
For high-quality painting, it is recommended to make two continuous fillers with grinding and dust removal after applying each layer of putty. The total thickness of the putty layer should not exceed 1.5 mm.

The first layer of putty is applied manually over the dried surface with a spatula, holding it at an angle of 10-15° to the surface. The putty strip applied in one movement is smoothed out by repeated movement of the spatula, perpendicular to the first.
Best for applying putty steel spatula . At the same time, a putty strip 40-50 cm wide and 1.5-2 m long is applied in one movement of the spatula. To apply liquid putty, you can use a fly brush, followed by leveling the composition rubber spatula. When leveling, the spatula is moved in a direction perpendicular to the brush strokes.

Putties applied mechanized way immediately level with a rubber trowel or a spatula with a rubber blade - in two mutually perpendicular directions.
After complete drying, the putty layer must be sanded with pumice stone or sandpaper until a smooth surface is obtained. Then the surface is wiped from dust with a rag or a dry flat brush, after which it is primed a second time. After drying, the surface is ground and primed for the third time with a composition that includes chalk and those pigments whose color will prevail in the color of the wall surface.

Preparing old wall surfaces

If the painting was done many times, then a thick paint layer is formed on the surface - nabel to be removed. A small weak nabel is simply washed off with water using a bast brush or fly brush. Strong adhesive nabelas are moistened 1-2 hours before the start of work hot water and then removed using metal spatulas or scrapers. Strong casein, silicate, as well as adhesive nabes are moistened with a 2-3% solution of hydrochloric acid and cleaned after softening. After removing the whitewash, the entire surface is thoroughly washed with water and rubbed with a wooden grater.

Preparation of wood and stone walls

Before lime painting, the wooden surfaces of the walls are cleaned, moistened with water and primed. When painting brick and concrete surfaces with lime and silicate compositions, the walls are pre-cleaned and primed with the appropriate composition: for lime painting - with lime soil, for silicate - with silicate.

Elimination of defects in the preparation of walls

The surface to be painted may be heavily soiled, with greasy or rusty spots, soot stains, etc. If the stains are not removed from the surface before painting, they will show through the layer of paint film.
Grease spots non-drying mineral oils and soot stains are washed with a 5% solution soda ash. To prepare such a solution, 400-500 g of soda is dissolved in a bucket of water. Soot stains can also be removed with a 2-3% hydrochloric acid solution.

Rusty water stains are washed with a 2-3% hydrochloric acid solution. After drying, the surface is primed with grass - a 10-15% solution of copper sulfate. If the spots are large and appear on the surface, they can be covered with rosin varnish or quick-drying enamel paint. white color.

Walls to be painted with non-aqueous compounds

Non-aqueous formulations include oil, varnish and enamel formulations.
Oil and enamel compositions cover plastered, wooden and metal surfaces, and varnishes only wood and metal. In terms of quality, non-aqueous paints, with the exception of paints for metal, are divided into simple, improved and high-quality ones.

Preparation of plastered walls

Smoothing the surface of the plaster and cutting cracks is done in the same way as in preparation for water-based paints. The surface is then oiled.
The pro-oiling of the surface is carried out using paint sprayers, and for small amounts of work - manually with brushes, shading the composition in an even layer so that there are no gaps. After the surface has dried, the damaged areas are smeared with paste for oil painting. Putty the surface with oil, varnish or oil-emulsion putty. Putty compositions are applied using the same methods and tools as for water-based paints.

After grinding and cleaning from dust, the surface is primed. With improved and high-quality colors, the primer layer is fluted, i.e., shaded and leveled with dry fluting, and after drying, polished with a fine sandpaper.

Preparation of wooden surfaces

The compositions for painting and the methods of their application remain the same as for the preparation of plastered surfaces for oil painting. In order for the drying oil to soak the wood well during pro-oiling, it is recommended to warm it up a little.
Some defects in the wood must be removed with a chisel, scraper or sanding before the surface is pro-oiled.

Troubleshooting in preparation for non-aqueous stains

Removal of rust, grease and other stains from surfaces is carried out in the same way as with water colors. Wall surfaces previously painted with oil paint, but contaminated during prolonged use, are washed with hot water and soap or soda.
Three methods are used to remove the old oil film: mechanical, thermal and chemical.
mechanically the film is removed with metal spatulas, scrapers or chisels. However, this can damage the outer covering layer of the plaster. This method is used for all surfaces except wood.

thermal method It consists in the fact that the paint is heated with hot air to such a temperature that it begins to swell and peel off. For this purpose, building hair dryers are used. Cooling quickly, the paint becomes hard again, so it must be cleaned off directly in a stream of hot air, using a metal scraper with a wooden handle.
Working with building hair dryer requires caution. First of all, its nozzle, which is very hot, can be seriously burned. Work should be in glasses, protecting all parts of the body. Fire safety regulations must be followed. Heated - the paint emits toxic gases, so it is impossible to work with a hair dryer indoors.

chemical method It consists in the fact that a chemically aggressive mixture is applied to the paint, which is absorbed into it and destroys it. As a rule, the paint also swells and softens. Removing it does not require much physical effort. In this case, liquid mixtures sold under the name "old paint remover" are used.
The disadvantage of the chemical method is that the surface is impregnated with alkali, so it has to be washed with a 1% solution of hydrochloric or acetic acid. This method is applicable only for plastered and wooden surfaces.

Compositions for removing old paints and varnishes

"Unikrongel" - remover for removing paint and varnish coatings. Provides excellent flushing action - no more than 20 minutes for one layer of paintwork.
Used to remove old paint and varnish coatings from metal, wood, concrete and plastered surfaces.
To remove the old paintwork, a carefully mixed wash is applied in an even layer on the surface to be cleaned with an area of ​​​​not more than 0.5 m2 and left in this form for 10-20 minutes. After complete softening and peeling of the old coating, it is removed from the surface with a spatula and the cleaned surface is thoroughly wiped.
Works are carried out at an ambient temperature of 10-30°C.

Composition of AFT-1 used to remove old oily nitrocellulose paints. After loosening or swelling of the old paintwork, it is removed with a brush or spatula, then the surface is wiped with a highly volatile solvent.

Alkaline means "Vivaklin" ("Vivackean") used for cleaning interior and exterior surfaces before painting. It can be used to clean previously painted surfaces from dirt, grease, oil, wax. Water is used as a solvent.

"Rapidone" ("Rapidone") A jelly-like, water-washable product for removing old paintwork from wood, metal, stone or glass surfaces.
For application use a brush or brush. After peeling, the paint is removed with a metal spatula, then the surface is washed with warm water. The solvent is water.

Composition of SP-7 serves to remove old paint coatings, enamels VL-515, ML-165, AK-194, MS-3 and putty EP-0010, as well as the old complex coating, consisting of an electrophoretic primer VKF-O92, synthetic enamels such as ML-12, ML-197, epoxy primer EP-0228.

The number and sequence of operations for painting with aqueous compositions depend on the type of surface, the paint composition and the requirements for the quality of the painted surface. Technological operations performed during the preparation and painting of indoor surfaces with aqueous compositions are given in the table.

Technological operations	Coloring
	adhesive			calcareous		silicate	emulsion
	simple	improved	high quality	for plaster and concrete	wood and brick
Surface cleaning
First priming
Filling cracks and shells
Sanding greased areas
The first solid putty
grinding
Second full filler
grinding
Second primer
Third primer with highlight
Coloring

Note. Sign " + » indicate the operations performed, and the sign « - ” indicates that this operation is not in progress.

Coloring with adhesives begin only after the last layer of the primer has dried, no later than 24 hours after its application. In this case, the coloring compositions are applied twice. For manual painting, brushes, fly brushes and rollers with covers made of foam rubber or sponge rubber are used.

To paint the ceiling use formulations with a smaller amount of glue. Ceilings are usually painted in two steps. The first staining is done with brushes, while the movement of the brush should correspond to the direction of the light falling from the window (Fig. 1). When the first layer dries, the surface is covered with a second thin layer of color from the spray gun.

Figure 1. Direction of painting surfaces

When painting the surface with a hand spray gun(Fig. 2) the work is carried out by two painters: one directly paints, and the second injects the coloring composition into the spray gun bottle. The cylinder holds 3 liters of paint composition. Two sleeves are connected to the spray gun cylinder - pressure and suction, as well as a fishing rod with a nozzle. Before starting work, it is necessary to check the tightness of the connections. The suction hose is lowered into a container with a paint composition. The cylinder itself contains a plunger pump and two ball valves. When the pump handle is lifted, a pressure difference is created in the container and the paint container, which allows the suction valve to open. The paint composition through the filter and the suction hose enters the cylinder. When the pump handle is lowered, the suction valve closes and the discharge valve opens. The paint composition under pressure begins to flow into the discharge sleeve, and then into the rod to the nozzle. When you press the rod tap lever, the paint composition flies out of the nozzle with force and is sprayed over the surface in the form of a torch.

Figure 2. Manual spray gun SO-20B: 1 - balloon; 2 - fishing rod; 3 - nozzle; 4 - plunger pump handle; 5 - discharge sleeve; 6 - crane lever; 7 - filter with suction sleeve

When working with a fishing rod, it is necessary to maintain the correct distance between the nozzle and the surface to be painted (Fig. 3). If the nozzle is too far away, the paint will flow over the surface, and if it is too close, it will bounce off the surface, which will lead to an overuse of the paint composition.

Walls they are painted with brushes and rollers in two steps, but first, at the ceiling, the upper border of staining with a color tint is beaten off with a lace.

Figure 3. The position of the nozzle relative to the surface to be painted: a - correct position fishing rods; b - a position that causes paint streaks; c - position causing paint rebound

When working with fly brushes, the surface is painted in two stages: painting - with horizontal movements; shading - vertical movements. Coloring with maklovitsa does not require transverse shading, and the coloring composition is applied with vertical up and down movements. At the same time, high rooms are painted using the “brush to brush” method (Fig. 4), so that the joints of the painted areas do not have time to dry out and are invisible on the surface.

Figure 4. Painting surfaces with a brush-brush using the brush-to-brush method

Coloring with lime compositions it will turn out strong if the lime has time to carbonize, i.e. the calcium oxide hydrate, which is part of the lime paint, will turn into crystalline calcium carbonate. This requires a moist environment. Therefore, it is better to paint with lime compositions wet surfaces that are not exposed to sun rays and dry wind.

Lime paint is applied with an airbrush or fly brushes. At the same time, the methods of work when painting walls and ceilings are the same as when painting with adhesives.

Painting with silicate compounds produce with a roller or brush 10 ... 12 hours after applying the primer. Paint with a monochromatic coating is applied in one or two layers. The second layer is applied after 10 ... 12 hours. If it is necessary to apply a drawing, then a rubber roller is used. In this case, the paint is applied 1-2 hours after the first staining.

The methods of working with a brush and roller are the same as for painting with adhesives.

Painting with water-based compositions is carried out on clean, dry, well-prepared, primed surfaces.

For applying water-based paints, brushes and rollers are used. Brushes paint on the wall surface with vertical strokes at a distance of 5 ... 7 cm from each other. Shade the paint over the surface with horizontal and vertical movements.

Before painting the entire surface with a roller, paint corners and other hard-to-reach places (near baseboards, at the border of painting) with a handbrake brush. When painting, the roller is moved in vertical movements from top to bottom, overlapping the painting grips by 2...3 cm.

Water-based paints of high viscosity are applied in one layer, and less viscous paints - in two layers. The second layer is applied only after the first has completely dried.

Surface painting - The final stage finishing works in construction. The quality of the painting affects the external decorative appearance, the duration of the operation of the premises and depends on the correct preparation of the surfaces to be painted. SNiP Sh-21-73 establishes three types of paints in terms of quality: simple, improved and high-quality, as well as a list of operations that must be performed when preparing surfaces for one or another type of paint.

Rooms and surfaces to be painted must meet the relevant requirements. Before starting painting work in the premises, it is necessary to complete all construction work (except for laying linoleum on the floors), electrical work, installation and testing of central heating, water supply, and sewerage. Humidity of plastered and concrete surfaces should not exceed 8% before painting, and wood - 12%. Painting with lime, cement, polymer cement and some synthetic compounds is allowed at higher surface humidity. At low outside temperatures in the rooms being finished, for two days before the start of finishing, the air temperature must be maintained at least +10 ° C at relative humidity no more than 70%. This temperature must be maintained for at least 12 days after finishing work is completed (the temperature is measured at a height of 0.5 m from the floor). wooden structures it is necessary to fix well, close up all cracks, eliminate burrs and other flaws.

In order to increase the industrialization of finishing works, concrete, reinforced concrete and other structures should be supplied to the construction site prepared for painting (that is, they should not require puttying at the facility).

Window and door blocks must arrive on objects painted at a time, i.e. all processes preceding the first painting must also be carried out at the factory. If necessary, individual wet spots on the plaster surface must be dried.

Facades can only be painted after they have been covered roofing steel window drains, belts, the installation of balcony railings, gutters and eaves overhangs roofs.

Before painting facades large-panel buildings work must be completed on sealing and sealing joints between wall panels. You can't paint facades when it's raining, strong wind, dry hot weather, under the action of direct sunlight, in winter - with hoarfrost and ice.

Preparation of surfaces for painting with water compositions

In preparation for simple painting, the illumination of surfaces during the production of work should be at least 50, for improved or high-quality at least 100 lux.

Each subsequent operation to prepare the surface of the structure for painting can only be started after the previous coating layer has hardened and dried.

Materials and semi-finished products used for surface preparation should be checked:

• upon receipt at the warehouse - for the compliance of these materials with the requirements of applicable standards or specifications;
• in case of violation of the integrity of the packaging or labeling;
• in cases of non-compliance of the storage conditions of materials with the requirements of standards or technical specifications;
• if the warranty period of the materials has expired.

The viscosity of primers used in preparing the surface for water-based paints, according to VZ-4, should be about 15 s. Primers should be filtered through a sieve having 1200 holes in 1 cm 2. Putties used to seal cracks, sinks and surfaces should be in the form of a homogeneous non-separating mass, firmly adhering to the base (0.1 MPa after 24 hours), easily leveled, leaving no marks, scratches and grains on the treated surface, not cracking when drying out.

The mobility of putties for manual application should be 6-8 cm along a standard cone, and for mechanized application - 12 cm. Finished putties should be ground on a paint grinder.

The appendix to GOST 22753-77 “Preparation of surfaces of building structures for painting and wallpapering” recommends the compositions of primers and putties used in preparation for painting, and methods for their preparation. Primers are recommended: polyvinyl acetate, soap-making, casein, latex, silicate, putties - xylolo-solvent (OKS), KLM, oil-free latex, polymer-cement, alum-adhesive, casein, emulsion, etc. However, other compositions () that provide reliable adhesion of the preparation layers to each other and to the paint coating.

According to GOST 22753-77, the surfaces to be prepared for painting and wallpapering should not have: deviations from the design position and defects exceeding the allowable ones given in Table. 67; through and shrinkage cracks with a width of more than 3 mm; local defects (sagging, depressions, shells) on any part of the surface with an area of ​​​​200X200 mm more than five; dirt, efflorescence and stains; on plastered surfaces - traces of a trowel tool and mortar streaks; surfaces of industrial products, their appearance and dimensions must comply with the requirements of standards or specifications for these products.

Surfaces lined with dry plasterboard sheets to be painted or wallpapered must not have the following deviations and defects: violations of sheet fastening; peeling of cardboard at the ends of the sheet more than 20 mm; tearing of cardboard with exposure of gypsum for a length of more than 30 mm; more than two broken corners with a leg up to 20 mm on the entire surface and more than one in one joint; more than two damage to the edges of sheets with a length of more than 30 mm and a width of more than 10 mm.

The preparation of new plastered surfaces begins with cleaning splashes of mortar streaks, dust and dirt with metal spatulas, scrapers or using special articulated graters and clips for bream.

The contaminated areas of the surface remaining after cleaning should be washed and dried. Fat stains are first washed with a 2% hydrochloric acid solution, then with water. Efflorescence is swept away with brushes, the cleaned places are washed with water and the surface is dried to a moisture content of not more than 8%.

The surface is smoothed with bream, pumice, the end of a tree. Small hairline cracks in the plaster can be eliminated by grinding the surface with wetting it with water. Wide cracks and potholes are embroidered with a steel spatula or knife to a depth of at least 2 mm, moistened with water and sealed with lubricating paste () with a steel or wooden spatula.

The operations that must be performed when preparing and painting surfaces with aqueous compositions are indicated in Table. 68.

Before improved and high quality adhesive coatings before lubrication of cracks, the first priming of the surface is performed with a composition prepared according to recipes No. 22, 23 (see Table 52), before simple and improved - for the first priming, 1-2 kg of chalk is added to the composition, for the second - 2-3 kg for the best filling pores on the surface. The primed surfaces must be homogeneous in terms of absorbency, which is achieved the right choice primer composition. After complete drying, the smeared places are polished with pumice stone or sandpaper.

Putty compositions for adhesive coloring are made according to recipes No. 27, 30, 31 (see Table 52).

When preparing surfaces for lime paints plastered surfaces are cleaned, moistened with water, smoothed, embroidered, smeared with cracks and potholes with lubricating paste prepared according to recipe No. 4 (see Table 52) and coated with lime compositions prepared according to recipes No. 1, 2 (see Table 52).

Surfaces prepared for silicate coatings must be well cleaned of dust, dirt and grease stains. Silicate painting is recommended to be done in rooms with surfaces plastered with cement mortar. Lubrication of cracks and potholes for silicate paints is also desirable to perform with a strong cement mortar, priming - with a composition made according to recipe No. 17 (see Table 52).

When preparing surfaces for casein staining perform the same operations as in the preparation for adhesive painting, with the exception of the second and third priming. For filling and priming surfaces to be casein-colored, use compositions prepared according to recipes No. 35, 36, 38 (see Table 52).

For waterborne emulsion coatings the surface is prepared in the same way as for adhesive coatings, it should be borne in mind that polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene and other synthetic water-borne emulsion paints are not allowed to be applied on vitriol and alum soils, as well as on putties prepared on such soils. For this purpose, putty compositions prepared on synthetic emulsions should be used, or ordinary glue-oil putties prepared according to recipes No. 29.30 (see Table 52). Surface priming should be carried out with synthetic emulsion paint diluted with water to a viscosity of 20-25 s according to the VZ-4 viscometer with flywheels or matting brushes. The primer compositions on the ceilings should be shaded across the flow of light, on the walls - in a direction parallel to the ceiling, the putty compositions on the plastered surfaces are applied for the first time with wooden, the second time - with metal spatulas with smoothing the layers in mutually perpendicular directions. After drying, the puttied surface is polished with pumice stone or sandpaper until stripes, bumps and scratches are completely eliminated. After thorough dedusting, the surface is puttied again, polished and primed.

Preparation of the surface of gypsum dry plaster consists of sealing joints, priming surfaces, isolating nail heads and puttying, if necessary, leveling the surface. Joints are closed, as a rule, with gypsum lubricating paste according to recipes No. 25, 26 (see Table 52). Sometimes the joints are sealed with sickle or gauze, and then covered with putty. The surface is primed with a primer, selected depending on the type of painting. Nail heads are covered with nitro paint (preferably light colors) before puttying. The dents formed near the nails are filled with putty.

Preparation for painting previously painted surfaces consists in carefully removing the previously applied nabel. With a small thickness, the nabel is removed by washing the surface with warm water. With a significant thickness, the nabel is moistened with hot water and after 1 hour it is torn off with a metal spatula, trying not to damage the plaster.

Surfaces painted with casein and silicate paints are washed with a 3% hydrochloric acid solution. Due to the swelling of the chalk, which is part of these paints, whitewash is relatively easy to remove from the surface with a spatula. Old stains that have formed on walls or ceilings, due to a leak in the plumbing or roof, are removed by washing with water and priming with a hot 15% aqueous solution of copper sulphate. If this is not enough, the stain must be painted with zinc white diluted on drying oil or white nitro paint. The smoked surface is washed with a 2-3% hydrochloric acid solution, after which it is primed.

Sometimes, to eliminate old stains, it is necessary to partially or completely beat off the plaster, replace it or grind it.

Preparation for painting facade surfaces produced in the same way as preparation for painting interior spaces using the same tools. Preparatory operations and types of compositions used depend on the type and quality of the intended paint coating (Table 69). Recipes for compositions used in painting facades, see table. 52.

Preparation of surfaces for painting with non-aqueous compounds

In preparation for painting, new plastered surfaces clean, smooth, embroider cracks. Then the surfaces are pro-oiled, partial lubrication of cracks and potholes, polishing of lubricated places, solid putty in one or two times, depending on the required quality of painting. Each putty is followed by a thorough grinding of the surfaces with dust removal with a brush or brush. After final filling and polishing, the surface is primed. Proolifka of surfaces is carried out with hair brushes, rollers or paint sprayers. In order to avoid gaps in drying oil, a certain amount of paint or dry pigment should be added (recipe No. 41, see table. 52).

The surface is puttied with thin layers of 0.2-0.3 mm with wooden or steel spatulas using various putty compositions (recipes No. 46, 47, see Table 52). The boundaries of oil and glue colors are beaten off with a cord rubbed with dry pigment in order to produce oiling and all subsequent operations strictly along a horizontal line. Breaking the line only before priming or painting leads to poor performance of work on the border of glue and oil painting. The list of operations that are subject to mandatory performance in the preparation and painting of surfaces with water (oil, enamel and synthetic) compounds indoors is given in Table 70.

Preparation for non-aqueous paints on previously painted plaster surfaces consists in removing old water stains or damaged films of oil and other non-aqueous compounds.

Adhesive compositions are removed from the surface by one of the previously described methods. In case of significant damage to the plaster, it is repaired in separate places, ground, allowed to dry and oiled, continuing further work in the same way as on new plaster.

If the surface was previously painted with oil compositions and has no damage, it is enough to wash it with a 3-5% solution of soda ash before painting.

Insufficiently strong old oil coatings are scraped off, burned out or treated with chemical reagents. An easily lagging layer of paint is scraped off with an ordinary spatula or a scraper. Burning out old oil paint blowtorch, immediately removing the swollen paint from the surface. Paste for the chemical removal of old oil paint consists of 5 kg of sifted chalk and 5 kg of lime paste, diluted to the density of a putty mass with a 20% solution of caustic soda. The chemical paste applied with a layer of 1-2 mm softens the old paint coating in 0.5-1.5 hours so that it can be easily removed with a spatula. After that, the surface is washed with water and a 2% solution of acetic acid. The washed surface is wiped with a dry cloth.

Preparation for painting wooden surfaces produced in the following way. Knots, dowels and pitches are cut out on the surface to be prepared, after which these places are oiled, greased, polished, again oiled and puttied with compositions made according to recipes 46, 47 (see Table 52).

When filling joinery, in addition to conventional spatulas, profiled spatulas and rubber trims of various thicknesses and configurations are used. The dried layer of putty is sanded and coated with a primer (recipe No. 43, see Table 52). With improved and high-quality colors, the primer is fluted with flute brushes and, after drying, carefully polished with fine sandpaper. Manufacturers are required to supply construction sites with joinery, primed and painted at one time. Only final painting should be carried out on objects.

Preparation for painting wooden floors consists in performing almost the same processes as in the painting of joinery, and compositions are used, from! prepared according to recipes No. 41, 43, 46 (see Table 52), and others, preferably on natural drying oils. Putty is applied with a wide spatula (with a canvas of 25-30 cm). To reduce shrinkage phenomena, up to 20% of fine sand is introduced into the composition of the first layer of putty. Grinding is done with a bream, silicate brick, with large volumes of work - parquet grinder SO-60A or SO-27. Nails in a wooden floor before grinding and putty are sunk with a hammer to a depth of 3-4 mm. Sand is not added to the composition of the second layer of putty. Wooden floors are primed with a fly brush, roller, paint sprayer.

To improve the quality and service life of the paint coating, the surface of the floors is covered with burlap or a rare cloth embedded in the first layer of putty. The surface covered with canvas is puttied twice, sanded, dedusted and coated with a primer.

Preparation of metal surfaces consists in cleaning them from dust, dirt, mortar splashes and rust with special steel manual or electric brushes. Large metal surfaces are recommended to be cleaned with electrified tools or sandblasters.

With a thermal cleaning method, the paint is burned out with a burner, after which the surface is cleaned with a spatula.

In the chemical method of cleaning the surface of steel structures, they are treated with an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid with the addition of butynol and denatured alcohol. With a thick layer of rust, the composition applied to the surface is cleaned after 30-60 minutes together with rust with steel brushes and re-coated with a solution of phosphoric acid. After that, the surface is cleaned, washed with water and neutralized with a weak solution of ammonia in water (or wiped with acetone). Dried surfaces are immediately covered with primers prepared on natural drying oils or on drying oils oxol (recipe No. 41, see Table 52) and containing coloring agents, such as red lead.

Plastering of metal surfaces with a simple painting of building structures is not required. With improved coloring, for this purpose, you can use a composition prepared according to recipes No. 46, 47 (see Table. 52), or factory-made putties.

Requirements for surfaces prepared for painting (GOST 22753-77)

Surfaces prepared for painting should not be sanded, and should not have cracks in the places of puttying, emerging stripes, spots and deviations exceeding those given in Table. 71. Surfaces prepared for painting should be checked in any places (but not less than three) for irregularities and local defects.

Painting surfaces with water compositions

General information

Aqueous compositions paint surfaces both indoors and outdoors. GOST 22844-77 establishes the following requirements for the surfaces of building structures, painted with aqueous compositions inside the premises, and the applied painting compositions (except general requirements given at the beginning of this chapter).

The color of the painting is set by the project, and in the absence of instructions in the project, the color of the test paints must be agreed with the customer.

Cement and polymer-cement paints are allowed to paint surfaces with a moisture content of not more than 12%.

Illumination of surfaces in the course of work should be at least 100 lux for simple painting and at least 150 lux for improved and high-quality painting.

The application of each subsequent layer of paint should be carried out only after the previous layer has dried, with the exception of some types of cutting of the painted surface, performed on freshly applied paint (trimming, sponge treatment, etc.).

Paint layers should dry naturally. It is possible to dry individual places of the painted surface using temporary heater-type heating devices, infrared radiation and others using a temporary ventilation system

Surfaces should be painted with ready-to-use compositions of industrial or centralized preparation. It is allowed to prepare paint compositions at the construction site.

Materials used for painting rooms must be checked for compliance with the same requirements as materials for surface preparation (GOST 22753-77). In addition, paints are tested for color, tinting power, viscosity, hiding power, drying time, sanding.

The check is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9980-85 by taking at least three samples from a batch of paints. The hiding power of paints is checked according to GOST 8784-75*, viscosity - according to GOST 8420-74*, coloring ability - according to GOST 16872-78, drying time - according to GOST 19007-73*.

The color of the paints is checked by visual comparison of test paints of surfaces with reference paints or color albums.

Coloring compositions of centralized preparation must retain their coloring power when diluted to working viscosity and compiling appropriate colors. The working viscosity of paints according to the VZ-4 viscometer should be from 15 to 50 s. The drying time of paint compositions up to degree 3 should be within 12 hours.

Adhesive paint compositions after drying on the painted surface should not wear out (shallow).

The list of aqueous paint compositions and methods for their preparation are given in the appendix to GOST 22844-77.

It is also allowed to use compositions that ensure the quality of painting in accordance with the requirements state standard and not listed in Appendix 1 (see Table 52).

When water-based painting of surfaces, the following technological operations are performed: the first priming, partial lubrication, grinding of lubricated places, the first continuous putty, grinding of the putty with dust removal, the second putty with grinding and dust removal, the second and third priming with highlighting, painting, surface trimming.

With simple painting, only priming and painting of the surface are performed, with improved - priming, partial lubrication with grinding of individual places, a second priming and painting, with high-quality painting - all operations except for trimming when working with a roller coated with a rubber sponge.

The primer should be done with a light-colored composition, and partial priming should be done with a putty that differs in color from the primer. The first and second putties should be made with compositions that differ in color from the compositions for the first primer and for the lubrication, as well as from each other. Polishing of puttied surfaces is carried out using mechanized grinding machines with subsequent touch-up with sanding paper with dedusting of the surface.

The second priming is performed with improved and high-quality adhesive colors, and the third - only with high-quality.

Cutting the painted surface is carried out with high-quality painting by uniform processing with trimming brushes, a sponge or a roller, surface knurling with a patterned roller is carried out over a dried surface.

Lime staining produced on stone, brick, plastered or wooden surfaces both indoors and on the facades of buildings.

As a rule, premises with a wet mode of operation, office premises, basement auxiliary premises, temporary structures, etc. are painted with lime compositions. With high-quality surface preparation by filling with lime and gypsum-lime compositions, lime painting can be completely replaced with adhesive. Coloring is carried out with manual or electric spray guns, matting or hair brushes for two times. Lime coloring is carried out with bleached colors. It is impossible to prepare "whole colors" on lime, which is both a binder and a white pigment. Lime painting should be carried out on a slightly damp surface, avoiding work under the influence of wind and direct sunlight in dry, hot weather.

For lime coloring, compositions prepared according to recipes No. 6, 7 should be used (see table. 52).

The strength of the paint film is increased by additives such as table salt (sodium chloride), calcium chloride, aluminum-potassium alum, drying oil. The operations performed during the lime painting of surfaces are given in table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 72.

Adhesive painting is used for painting walls and ceilings on plaster indoors. Adhesive paint compositions are prepared on animal, vegetable or composite adhesives according to recipes No. 33, 34 (see table. 52). Colors prepared in color workshops must be used within one or two shifts, since they rot during longer storage. If it is necessary to introduce pigments that are not resistant to the action of copper sulfate into the composition of the color scheme, then an alum primer or a soap maker should be used to prime the surfaces.

It is necessary to paint the surfaces with adhesive compositions no later than 24 hours after applying the primer. Ceilings are painted with colors made from chalk or chalk paste with the addition of a small amount of glue and ultramarine (or without it if the walls are painted in warm colors). When preparing a color scheme, its plywood or undergluing should be avoided. In the first case, red spots appear on the surface - “marble”, which is difficult to remove even after re-priming and repainting the surface. In the second case, the ink film is fragile and is subjected to peeling. A shallow test is performed with the back of the hand.

For mechanized painting of surfaces, paint sprayers, airbrushes and pneumatic rollers are used.

When painting by hand, painters use brushes, fly brushes and paint rollers covered with covers made of sponge rubber or foam rubber. When painting with fly brushes, the surface is covered in two stages (coloring - with horizontal movements, shading - with vertical ones). Painting with maklovitsa does not require transverse shading and the colorful composition is applied with vertical movements up and down. Ceilings are painted for the first time with brushes along the light, the second time - with an airbrush. The operations performed during adhesive painting are given in Table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 73.

casein coloring apply to internal and external high-quality colorings on plaster. The preparation of surfaces for casein stains should be carried out with high quality and reliability, otherwise the drying paint will lag behind with the preparation and crumble. Casein formulations (recipes No. 39, 40, see Table 52) must be prepared based on one-shift work. Apply them with paint sprayers or brushes. Brushes, utensils and equipment used in casein coloring should be washed at the end of the shift. Dry casein paints should be stored in a dry warehouses Recently, the use of casein paints has declined sharply due to the advent of synthetic emulsion formulations.

Operations performed with casein coloring are given in table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 74.

Painting with silicate compounds used for exterior and interior work on plaster, concrete, brick, stone, asbestos-cement products and other surfaces. In this case, compositions containing alkali-resistant pigments and prepared according to recipes No. 18, 19, 20 are used (see table. 52).

For the first color, an aqueous solution of liquid glass with a density of 1.14-1.15 g/cm 3 is used, for the second - up to 1.18 g/cm 3 . During painting, it is necessary to protect glazed, polished and other surfaces from getting silicate paint on them. The methods for applying silicate paints and the tools used when working with them are the same as for glue painting. Tools, paint sprayers and equipment after working with silicate paints should also be washed with water. Methods for correcting silicate color defects are given in table. 75.

Painting facades with silicate water-repellent paints (recipe No. 20, see Table 52) creates a paint film on the surface of increased water resistance and resistance to aggressive influences. For this purpose, organosilicon hydrophobizing liquids GKZH-10 and GKZH-11 are introduced into silicate paints. These paints are supplied in three packages: a dry mixture of pigments and fillers (silicate paint) - in paper multi-layer bags; liquid potassium glass with a density of 1.4-1.42 g / cm 3 - in iron barrels; silicon-organic liquids GKZH-10 or GKZH-11-in glass bottles. The shelf life of NGL is no more than 6 months when stored at a temperature of 0 to 30 °C. Hydrophobized silicate compositions are prepared in on-site color workshops or at workplaces in mortar mixers. The composition is prepared on the basis of one-shift work and stored in a wooden or iron container. In the process of work, the paint is periodically mixed.

Finishing facades with hydrophobized silicate compounds is carried out at a temperature not lower than 5 ° C in the following sequence: the surface is primed with a silicate primer prepared according to recipe No. 17 (see Table 52), or with an aqueous solution of liquid potassium glass with a density of 1.14-1.15 g /cm 3 ; after 15-20 hours, the first coloring is carried out with a hydrophobized composition with a viscosity of 14-15 s; the second painting coating with a composition with a viscosity of 18-20 seconds is applied 15-20 hours after the first painting.

Painting is carried out with rollers or paint sprayers. Window openings and balcony doors are protected with inventory plywood panels before painting. Hydrophobized silicate compounds applied in goggles, and when working with a paint sprayer, use respirators. When preparing the compositions, they work in glasses, aprons, rubber gloves. Skin contact with NGL or liquid glass rinse immediately with clean water.

Coloring with cement and polymer cement paints used mainly for facades on brick, concrete, asbestos-cement or plastered surfaces. The operations performed during the preparation and painting of facades with cement paints are similar to those performed during the lime painting of surfaces, and are given in Table. 69.

For the preparation and painting of surfaces with cement paints, compositions prepared according to recipes No. 12, 14, 15 are used (see table. 52). The first painting is carried out on a moistened surface with brushes or rollers, the second - after 15-20 hours.

Polymer-cement paints are prepared at the work site according to the following recipe in parts by weight:

• Polyshlacetate dispersion - 1
• Dry mix:
• white portland cement - 4.2
• fluffy lime - 0.95
• ground limestone - 2.8-3.3
• asbestos - 0.2
• calcium stearate - 0.05
• alkali-resistant pigment - 0.5-1

The dry mixture is diluted with water in a ratio of 2:1 and the polyvinyl acetate dispersion is poured in. The operations performed when painting with polymer cement paints are given in Table. 69.

Painting surfaces with water-based synthetic paints apply to internal and external works on a tree, plaster and concrete. The preparation of surfaces for water-based emulsion paints is described in the subparagraph "Preparation of surfaces for painting with water-based compositions".

The most common water-based synthetic paints, increasingly used by builders-finishers, are polyvinyl acetate E-VA-27, E-VA-27A, E-VA-27PG, styrene-butadiene-new E-KCh-26, E-KCh-26A and E-XV-28, made from a mixture of latekea SKS-65 GP and a copolymer of vinyl chloride with vinyl dechloride. These paints are designed for interior work, but are not recommended for rooms with high humidity (baths, laundries, etc.). The E-VA-27PG paint is used for painting rooms that are subject to increased fire safety requirements.

Water-based paints should not be applied over adhesive, as well as vitriol primers. Adhesive tapes should be cleaned and washed with a 3% solution of soda ash.

For outdoor use, water-based paints EAK-111, E-VA-17, E-VS-17, E-VS-114 and E-KCh-112. All of them are resistant to freezing down to -40°C and thawing, except for paints E-VS-114 and E-KCh-112.

Facades to be painted must have a smooth surface without shells, sags and traces of flaws in metal forms.

Surfaces are cleaned of dust and dirt with steel spatulas and wire brushes. Small irregularities and shells are smeared with a composition of dry sifted sand and water-based paint, taken in a ratio of 2: 1. Facade decoration is performed in the following sequence:

• ground the surface with synthetic water-based paint E-VA-17 or other diluted water in a ratio of 1:1;
• 1-2 hours after priming, the surfaces are painted for the first time with water-based paint, the viscosity of which according to VZ-4 when working with a brush or roller is 40-45 s, and when working with a paint sprayer - 20-25 s;
• the surfaces are painted for the second time after 1-2 hours at an outside temperature of about 20 ° C and after 3-4 hours at a lower temperature.

Changing the color of paints by adding dry pigments or paints of a different composition is prohibited. Brushes and other tools are washed with warm water and soap immediately after painting.

Painting surfaces with non-aqueous compounds

General information

Coloring should be done with ready-to-use paint compositions. Materials and semi-finished products used for non-aqueous paints are tested in laboratory conditions for viscosity, adhesion, degree of grinding, hiding power, drying time.

The amount of solvent and film-forming substances in paint compositions at a temperature of 18-22 ° C should provide:

• paint consistency, in which the compositions, without draining from the brush or roller, are freely separated from them when pressed on the painted surface:
• hiding power corresponding to the minimum consumption of the paint composition per unit area;
• paint drying time not exceeding 24 hours.

Facade painting non-aqueous formulations(paints, enamels) containing toxic solvents or emitting vapors that are harmful to the health of workers, it is allowed to perform only in the cold season (at a temperature of + 4 ° C and below).

Each subsequent paint coating is applied after the previous one has dried and hardened. Joinery inside and outside the premises is painted with oil and enamel paints. Glyptal enamels are used only for painting external surfaces.

Heating appliances, pipes, sanitary fittings and metal fences painted with oil paints, enamel GF-230, EP-51, NTs-132, etc.

The use of asphalt-bitumen varnishes for painting sanitary facilities and other metal products inside residential and amenity premises is prohibited. Pipes and plumbing fixtures and heating systems stained only after draining water from them.

Plank floors are painted at least twice. After the first painting, polishing is carried out until the gloss is removed.

In winter conditions, the facades are painted with frost-resistant paint compositions: perchlorovinyl, organosilicon, organosilicate, etc. Minimum temperature air when painting with these compositions should be at least -20 ° C.

Painting surfaces with oils

The industry produces oil paints, thickened and ready-to-use in a variety of ways. different colors and shades. The composition of operations for oil painting is given in table. 70.

Oil painting of surfaces is carried out with hair brushes (handbrakes, flywheels), fur rollers (manual or pneumatic), as well as paint sprayers. After painting with brushes, the surfaces are fluted or trimmed. Surfaces to be oiled must be completely dry.

In the production of finishing works, both glossy and matte oil paints are used. The most common glossy colors, the compositions for which are prepared according to recipes No. 43, 49 (see table. 52). The introduction of a desiccant into the paint (to speed up drying) during the last painting is not allowed.

In manual work, oil paints are applied to the surface with a fly brush or a handbrake in three stages: the first is the application of vertical bold zigzag stripes, the second is the shading of the paint with horizontal movements, and the third is the final leveling and shading of the paint with vertical strokes of the brush. Do not cover the paint film in one go by thickening the film and applying thick formulations, as this may cause wrinkling or flaking of the paint. It is better to paint several times in thin layers after the complete drying of each previous layer.

Flattening, that is, the removal of brush marks from the painted surface, is carried out with a dry brush. When painting window frames and door panels with oil compositions, the final layer of paint is applied along the fibers, when painting floors - along the boards, radiators - vertically along the sections, metal roofs - along the slope.

Matte oil compositions (recipes No. 51, 52, see Table 52) are used for high-quality interior decoration of unique buildings (cinemas, clubs, museums, etc.). The fine-grained, velvety texture of an oily matte color is created with trimming brushes or rollers.

Along with oil, for internal work, oil-emulsion compositions prepared on emulsions are used - VM (recipe No. / 44, 50, see table. 52). Methods for correcting defects in oil painting are given in table. 76.

Painting surfaces with enamel compounds

Enamels are produced by the industry in a ready-to-use form. In the case of evaporation of some of the solvents, the enamels are diluted at the place of work. Painting surfaces with enamel compositions made with the addition of synthetic resins or varnishes accelerates the drying time of painted surfaces and increases their decorative appearance. Preparation of surfaces for enamel painting is carried out in the same way as for oil painting or with the use of special factory-made fillers and primers.

Painting with glyptal enamels GF-230 performed in the same way as oil. The surface is prepared with oil or varnish putties of factory or own preparation, priming - with an oil primer or paint diluted with a solvent to normal density. In addition, glyphthalic primer GF-020 or pentaphthalic primer PF-020 can be used.

Painting with pentaphthalic enamels PF-115 performed with brushes or paint sprayers. Surface preparation is similar to preparing them for oil painting. The drying time of the enamels described above is long, so they can be applied with brushes or rollers.

Painting with volatile resin enamels- perchlorovinyl grade XV, NTs-25 nitroenamels, NTs-132 nitroglyphthalic and EP-51 epoxy - are usually performed with paint sprayers, since the time for complete drying of these enamels is short (1-3 hours). Enamel NTs-132K is considered to be brush enamel, while NTs-132P paint is applied only with a paint sprayer. Technical characteristics of volatile enamels are given in table. 47. To prepare surfaces for enamel XV, perchlorovinyl putties XB-00-4, XV-00-5 are used; epoxy enamels EP-51 - putties EP-00-10, EP-00-20.

Surfaces are primed with primers given in Table. 50. Perchlorovinyl and nitroglyphthalic enamel paints can be used for interior and exterior painting on wood and primed metal. If necessary, the enamels are diluted with solvents: NTs-25 enamel - solvent No. 645, 646, 647, NTs-132K enamel. - No. 649, NTs-132P - solvent No. 646.

Painting facades with frost-resistant enamels

Finishing with perchlorovinyl compositions HFC and HV-161 produced on plastered concrete or brick surfaces. Paint thinners are xylene or solvent, upon evaporation of which the film hardens. Perchlorovinyl compositions are stored in cans or barrels with tight-fitting lids at a temperature not exceeding +10°C in underground warehouses equipped with ventilation and having fireproof ceilings. Before use, the enamel is transferred to a room with a temperature of 18-20 ° C, where it is kept for 10-12 hours. Before and during the painting of surfaces, the paint is periodically mixed to eliminate sediment and delamination of the components.

The surface of the facade is coated with a primer of the HFG brand or a primer composed of ground chalk and 10% perchlorvinyl varnish. Perchlorovinyl compositions are applied to the surface with fur-coated rollers or paint sprayers twice from cradles or scaffolding. It is forbidden to paint facades with these compositions at temperatures above 4 ° C.

In winter, it is allowed to use perchlorvinyl enamels at an outdoor temperature of up to -20 ° C, however, this increases the viscosity of the paint, which makes it necessary to heat the compositions and painting equipment (hoses, compressors, spray guns).

Given the above, when working in winter it is better to use paint rollers, and heat the paint in a water bath to avoid fire.

If necessary, the compositions are diluted with xylene or solvent. It is not recommended to add dry pigments or paints of a different composition to the paint to change the color.

It is strictly forbidden to paint indoor surfaces with perchlorovinyl compounds, since the vapors released during the drying of the paint film are toxic. Solvents (solvent, xylene) are flammable, and their vapors form an explosive mixture with air. In the absence of a special warehouse, paint can be stored in hermetically sealed cans in special metal cabinets under lock and key (10-12 cans each).

Facade painting with organosilicon enamels (KO-168, KO-174, KO-198) perform on concrete, brick and plastered high-strength solutions surfaces. The most commonly painted facades of modern buildings are panel or frame-panel construction, consisting of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements prefabricated, having a surface high strength. The most common enamel for painting facades is KO-174. It is delivered to construction sites in a ready-to-use condition. When thickening, it is diluted with R-5 solvent (a mixture of butyl acetate, acetone and xylene) to a viscosity of 25-30 s according to VZ-4. Enamel drying time up to degree 3 - no more than 2 hours. It gives a strong, elastic, waterproof frost-resistant film on the surface. Finishing the facade with organosilicon enamel is performed in the following sequence:

• the surface is cleaned of dirt, dust, traces of grouting, mortar splashes, grains of sand with steel brushes, scrapers, spatulas, then it is blown compressed air, check the humidity of surfaces (brick, concrete, plastered), which should not exceed 8%, after which the first paint coating is applied with rollers or spray guns;
• the second (third) coating is applied with a technological break of 1-1.5 hours between the previous and subsequent layers.

Sometimes for improvement decorative look after all layers of enamel have dried, they are sprayed with the same enamel of a different color.

Silicone enamels are toxic and are used in the cold season (below 4°C) for finishing only external surfaces. Painters must wear goggles, respirators and receive appropriate instruction on the rules safe work with enamels.

A significant effect when finishing the facades of large-panel residential buildings with KO-174 enamel is achieved when using special technological lines for finishing panels with drying at high temperature. Such a line was put into operation at the House-Building Plant No. 1 of Glavkievmiskstroy.

Surface varnishing

Lacquering of parquet floors

Before applying the lacquer coating, the floors are carefully sanded and dust-free. For varnishing parquet floors, varnish GF-257 (TU 6-15-50-80) is used, which is supplied in two packages: varnish - in hermetic tin cans and acid hardener - in bottles. Lacquer PF-231 (see Table 48) is made on the basis of pentaphthalic resin, dries slowly and forms a more elastic film. When thickening, it is diluted with white spirit or turpentine.

Floor coating with varnish GF-257 perform in the following sequence: the varnish is mixed with a hardener in an enamel or glass container in a ratio of 8: 1 in such an amount that it can be used up within 24 hours.

The first varnish coating is applied starting from the wall farthest from the door with a strong large brush (fly or flute) or a clothes hair brush fixed on a long wooden handle at an angle. After 12-14 hours, the first coating is sanded with a fine sandpaper, it is thoroughly dusted with a vacuum cleaner and then the second and third varnish coatings are applied with a break after the second coating of 12-14 hours.

When performing the process of varnishing floors, the room should be ventilated.

Lacquering floors with varnish PF-231 perform in a similar way, however, the intervals between coatings are extended to 48 hours, and after the third coating, the floors are allowed to be used only after 72 hours. Lacquer PF-231 is applied with a brush or spray gun.

The most durable coatings are provided by urethane varnishes, however, due to scarcity and high cost, they are still rarely used. Varnish UR-19 (VTU OP-355-70) two-component. The second component is a hardener, which is introduced to accelerate hardening (2 hours of hardener are added for 10 hours by weight of the varnish). The prepared varnish must be used up in 2-3 hours. The varnish is applied on the polished parquet in 2 times with a break between layers of 2 hours.

Mechanized methods of painting works

In order to reduce labor costs in the production of painting works, in addition to mass-produced machines and mechanized tools, mechanisms and tools are used that are developed and implemented by production innovators, Orgtekhstroy trusts.

The surface is prepared for painting in two ways: in the first, putty compositions are fed under pressure to pneumatic spatulas, with which the composition is applied to the surface and leveled, in the second, the compositions are applied with spray rods, followed by leveling and smoothing with hand spatulas. For applying putty compositions according to the first method, production innovators proposed several designs of pneumatic spatulas: S. P. Krasheninnikova, M. V. Rumyanova, Z. A. Safronova, Kievorgstroy trust, etc.

When applying the composition by spraying, finishers use CO-21 installations manufactured by the industry, as well as filling and injection tanks with a working pressure of 0.6-0.7 MPa (6-7 kgf / cm 2), manufactured in construction or departmental workshops. In Glavmosstroy, finishers use this method to apply synthetic KLM putty compositions and HPC gypsum-polymer-cement compositions (respectively, recipes No. 30, 32, see Table 52) when finishing ceilings “under shagreen”.

Trust Kievorgstroy for applying putty compositions and whitewashing ceilings offered a universal fishing rod that works on the principle of mechanical spraying of compositions without additional air blowing at the outlet of the nozzle, which significantly reduces fogging. The first layer of putty is applied with a nozzle with a hole with a diameter of 5 mm, the second - 3 mm. Whitewashing of ceilings is carried out with the same fishing rod with a nozzle with a diameter of 2 mm.

Trest Orgstroy of the Ministry of Construction of the Estonian SSR has developed and introduced a unit for applying putty ANSH-1-4. After manufacturing and some modernization carried out by the Ukrorgtekhstroy trust of the Ministry of Industrial Construction of the Ukrainian SSR, the unit is used at the facilities of the Kievpromstroy plant and others. construction organizations Ukrainian SSR.

The ANSH-1-4 unit is a piston pump with a crank mechanism freely suspended inside the hopper and equipped with a drive, equipment and mechanisms necessary to supply the putty composition to the nozzle.

The technical characteristics of the ANSH-1-4 unit are as follows:

Productivity, with layer thickness up to 2 mm, mg/h	340
Hopper capacity, l	70
Air consumption during operation with one nozzle, m 3 / h	5-7
Mobility of the composition along the cone StroyTsNIL, cm, not less than	6
Electric motor:
power, kWt	0,6
rated voltage, V	380
control voltage, V	12
speed, min -1	1360
type of current	Variable three-phase
Pump	Piston
Operating principle	reciprocating
Working pressure in the receiving chamber, MPa	0,88
Overall dimensions, mm	1420x580x1185
Crank speed, min -1	68
Number of cylinders, pcs	2
Weight (without sleeves and nozzle), kg	120
Service personnel, pers.	2

The finishing of ceilings and walls "under the shagreen" with the help of the ANSH-1-4 unit is performed in the following sequence: they clean the surface, embroider cracks, grease individual places, prepare the necessary materials, tools and equipment; filling compounds are produced centrally and delivered in closed containers; the ANSH-1-4 unit is installed at the workplace, its serviceability is checked, the pressure is adjusted to 0.3 MPa. With a fishing rod, the putty composition is mowed onto ceilings or walls. The thickness of the layer and the fineness of the shagreen depends on the density of the composition and pressure. To finish the walls of staircases and transit corridors, pigmented compositions are used that do not require subsequent painting.

The output during the finishing of ceilings by the unit reaches 400 m 2 per 1 man-day.

For brushless painting of surfaces, along with manual fur and foam rubber rollers, rollers with pneumatic supply of compositions from paint and pressure tanks by a compressor are used.

Trust Kievorgstroy has developed two types of pneumatic rollers: with external and internal supply of compositions (Fig. 15). When glue painting, the roller feeder is covered with a cover made of sponge rubber, with oil painting - made of faux fur. The rollers are connected to the CO-12, CO-13 and other pressure tanks. They can also be operated from pressure tanks with hand pumps.

A number of slightly modified pneumatic rollers (including for painting floors) have been developed, proposed by the builders of Leningrad, Vilnius, Odessa, Kherson, Dnepropetrovsk and other cities. However, due to the bulkiness of mobile compressors and the lack of paint stations at many sites, pneumatic rollers have not found wide application.

In addition, pneumatic spray mugs are used. various designs, profiled rollers, whitewashing aggregates, grinders, devices for painting pipes and radiators, diaphragm mortar pumps SO-69 with attachments SO-66 for painting facades and large rooms water compositions, devices for pulling panels, etc.

Alfray cutting surfaces

Pulling panels - beating with narrow colored stripes (panels) panels from the top of the wall, the wall from the frieze or limiting surfaces broken into mirrors painted in different colors. Panels, as a rule, are pulled with panel brushes. This requires the painter to practice extensively. To pull the panels, a wooden ruler with a bevelled edge is used. When distinguishing between panels painted with glue or oil paints and walls painted with glue paints, the panels are pulled with an adhesive composition. Surfaces painted with oil compositions, if necessary, are separated by panels extended with oil compositions.

Spray cutting is done by spraying different colors of paint onto the surface. Large splashes make a lighter color, small splashes darker or brighter. The paint is applied to the painted surface with a hard stencil brush hitting a wooden stick. Spraying can be mechanized using a pneumatic spray mug.

Cutting with a blunt and trimming is done with a natural or rubber sponge. The surface, painted in one color, with a sponge or rubber roller, after drying, is blunted by pressing a sponge dipped in paint of a different color, while a peculiar pattern is obtained on the surface. Cutting for a blunt is performed with adhesive and oil compositions.

Trimming is performed with trimming brushes on a freshly painted surface. When trimming, the brush hair must be directed perpendicular to the surface. Particularly carefully and quickly it is necessary to perform trimming glue coloring which dries quickly.

Rolling with patterned rollers perform on dried painted surfaces. The paint is applied to the sponge of the roller with a brush. Before knurling, it is necessary to rotate the rollers several times so that they are wetted with paint. The rolling of the surface with a roller should be carried out with uniform movements without layers and breaks in the pattern. Cutting surfaces by knurling with rollers has rarely been used recently, and if they are used, then with a dotted scattered pattern in the form of a fine light mesh, etc.

Cutting the surface for precious woods

Oak cutting perform in the following sequence: prepare the surface in the same way as for oil painting, apply the first layer of paint (underlay). Its color should be lighter than the lightest parts of the wood being imitated. 0.75 hours of white and 0.25 hours of ocher with the addition of ultramarine or natural umber are introduced into the composition of the painting composition. Drying oil is used as a binder with the introduction of 1/3 of the volume part of turpentine and 3% of naphthenic desiccant. The underlay is applied with a handbrake brush twice and processed with a fluted brush.

For the glazing coating layer, the same pigments are used as for the undercoat, and natural drying oil and turpentine in a ratio of 1: 1 with the addition of wax and desiccant up to 5% are used as a binder. When simulating texture best effect give formulations on aqueous binders (beer, kvass).

The covering layer is applied over the dried underlay with a handbrake brush and treated with blows of the lashing brush. The layers are painted with combs made of sheet rubber 3-5 mm thick with teeth of various sizes.

The cutting begins with larger layers of the core of the tree, then the layers on both sides of the core are painted with a scallop with finer teeth, after which a pattern of small layers is applied with a scallop. The core layers are shaded with a panel brush and the layers are cut at an acute angle with a steel comb. After the top layer, cut to the texture of oak, has dried, the surface is covered with a thin glaze layer, wiped in some places with a clean rag and fluted. The dried surface of the glazing is covered with a light varnish.

Walnut cutting is done like this. The color of the underlay should be a little darker. After it dries, a glazing layer is applied on kvass or beer and treated with a fraying brush. Pigments are introduced into the composition: ocher, white, burnt or natural umber, red lead, soot. An oil-turpentine glaze is applied, consisting of drying oil and turpentine in a ratio of 1: 1 and pigments: natural umber 90% and burnt '10%. The surface is painted over the wet covering layer with a sheperk brush, and oil paints superimposed on the palette are used. artistic paints(ocher, umber, burnt sienna, soot, etc.). After that, individual large layers are worked out with a steel comb, and small ones - with a comb with rare teeth. The side surfaces are cut with crumpled rags, treated with a dry sheperka brush and fluted. After drying, the surface is covered with a thin water glazing layer on natural and burnt umber, the color of which is slightly darker than the cutting pattern, and individual places in the middle part of the pattern are lightened with a sheperk. The dried surface is covered twice with a light varnish with intermediate grinding first layer.

Marble or granite surface cutting they are produced using natural samples of these stones to imitate. They make paints corresponding to the color of the main background and veins. On the damp ground of the main background, veins and individual stone patterns are applied with thin kolinsky or ferret brushes, they are fluted, trying to accurately imitate the natural pattern.

When cutting under natural stone to display the surface lined with slabs, the latter is divided into separate slabs by parallel horizontal and vertical lines.

The dried surface is covered with a light varnish.

Textured surface finish is performed by processing a freshly applied layer of non-shrinking putty prepared according to special recipes using special methods and tools:

• composition 1: ground chalk - 1 kg, marble flour - 0.5 kg, animal glue (10% solution) - to the required viscosity;
• composition 2: ground chalk - 6.8 kg, synthol paint - 2 kg, animal glue (10% solution) - 1.2 kg.

The composition is applied to the surface with brushes or spatulas and treated with trimming brushes, embossed rollers or combs. After drying, the surface is painted with brushes, rollers or sprayers.

In addition to those described above, there are many other ways of alfreine cutting surfaces: bronzing, gilding, airbrushing, stencil printing, matte, silk finish, gunpowder painting, etc.

Acceptance rules, quality assessment and measurement of painting works

The completed painting work must comply with the project and approved standards, the color and texture of the painted surfaces must comply with the paint passports.

It is allowed to accept work only after the complete drying of water-based paint compositions and the formation of a strong film on surfaces painted with oil, enamel or varnish compositions. The coloring of wooden floors is accepted 10 days after applying the last layer of the paint composition. The quality of painting work must meet the requirements of SNiP Sh-21-73*.

The basis for quality assessment is the regulatory tolerances established for painting work, taking into account the requirements of SNiP. Compliance with the requirements of SNiP is mandatory to receive any positive assessment. To establish the assessment, the compliance of the deviations with the standard tolerances is checked. The work receives a “satisfactory” rating if all actual deviations correspond to standard tolerances, a “good” rating - if the number of actual deviations that are less than allowed is 50%. An “excellent” rating is given when the number of actual deviations that are less than the permissible ones is 50% or more.

Regulatory tolerances for painting work are as follows:

When stained with water

• The presence of stains, streaks, splashes, stripes, brush hair, chalking - Not allowed
• Brush marks - Only for simple painting, if they are not visible at a distance of 3 m from the painted surface
• Pattern offset at the joints (when working with a knurling roller) - 0.5 mm
• Local curvature of lines and shading in mates of surfaces painted in different colors during painting:
• high quality - not allowed
• improved - no more than 2 mm
• simple - no more than 5 mm

When painting with oil, enamel and varnish compositions

• See-through of the underlying layers of paint, stains, tacks, gaps, brush marks, wrinkles, streaks, pieces of film, visible grains of paint, traces of poor sanding - Not allowed
• Scratches from a spatula or sand, grains of sand on the surface - Barely visible to the eye are allowed, but not more than 4 pcs. per 1 m 2
• Local curvature of the painting lines at the junctions of surfaces painted in different colors during painting:
• high quality - not allowed
• improved - no more than 2 mm
• simple - no more than 5 mm

Measurement of painting works is carried out according to the area of ​​the actually processed surface. When calculating from the measured surfaces, it is necessary to subtract the area of ​​untreated surfaces (for example, windows and doors when calculating the area of ​​oil painting of walls). When calculating the areas of glue painting, window and door openings are not subtracted, except in cases where the opening is more than 50%.

To calculate the area of ​​relief surfaces, conversion factors are used or special tables are used (Appendix 2 ENiR, collection 8. Finishing work. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1974). These coefficients are used in determining the areas of painted moldings, gratings, metal meshes, central heating radiators, pipes, etc.

The areas of oil painting of window and door fillings that comply with current standards are given in finished form in special tables of Appendix 1 to ENiR, collection 8.

The area of ​​window and door fillings not made according to standards is determined by actual measurement, using conversion factors to determine the area of ​​actually painted surfaces.

Construction and Industrial College of Yoshkar - Ola

Agrarian and construction technical school of the village of Vyatskoye

G B P OU RME

"Mari Polytechnic College"

GR R J E IU M FL O ND H L T SZ R V BUT NOT Q E O Y To WS R J BUT FW W DQ E V H N H S O L Y R P YV O ZR AT FG E U R Y X R H F O J With U T S And AT F O G D R H Z S J M Q And W With W O L With U T Y BUT SZ AT N BUT R M J And F Repairing a previously painted surface with aqueous solutions

Lesson topic

Repair of a previously painted surface with water-based compounds

• 1. Who is renovating the school for the start of the new school year?
• 2. Who allocates money for the renovation of the school, the purchase of paint?
• 3. How much money is needed to renovate the school?
• 4. Would you like to take part in the renovation of your class?
• 5. What kind of work can you do while renovating your classroom?
• 7. What do you think: do the walls get dirty or crack quickly at school? Why?
• 8. What do you do to avoid damaging the classroom walls?
• 9. Can you do a partial surface repair.
• 10. What kind of paint are the walls at school and classrooms painted with?
• 10. What do you know about water-based paint?

Water formulations

Non-aqueous formulations

Enamel, Oil paint, Water based paint, Alkyd, Acrylic.

Water formulations

Non-aqueous formulations

Water based paint

Acrylic

Oil paint

Alkyd

Sequence of work

Instruments

Surface cleaning

Spatula or

Primer

Filling cracks with putty

Spatula and fixture

Surface leveling

Spatula wide

Grinding

(after drying)

Sandpaper or a special emery grater

• Everyone understands that it is here in the school workshop the choice of the future professions, looking for life lessons how to work and how not to work.

• What did the guys take in their "future".