Production of painting works. Preparation of surfaces for painting with water compositions Preparation of old plastered surfaces
Defects in colorings made with lime and adhesive compositions. Defects in this case are mainly due to non-compliance with the technology of work. Most often, they can only be fixed with a complete rework. Consider the reasons for the formation of defects.
The grinding of the paint layer occurs because little glue was added to the prepared paint composition or chalk with large particles was used; not nroce^,. the prepared paint composition was poured.
Peeling of the paint film can be caused by the following - a) the paint composition was too thick or repeatedly applied to the same place; b) an excessive amount of glue has been introduced; c) painting is done with a thick layer of previously applied paint or with a weak putty.
Correct by carefully blending the applied composition with water using a brush. In this case, part of the coating is washed off. If this does not help, then it is necessary to remove the entire layer of paint, grind the surface, prime and paint.
The translucence of the previous paint layer is possible because a primer of a different color was used than the paint composition, or it was not very opaque.
To correct the surface, re-paint. If this does not help, then you will have to re-primer, using a pear tinted under the paint layer.
Rust stains are possible from prolonged water flow through the plaster or from seepage of resinous substances through the plaster.
Correct by removing the causes that caused the formation of rust spots, removing rusty plaster and replacing it with a new one. Another way is possible: peel off the old paint, rinse the surface with a warm 3% solution of hydrochloric acid, dry, paint over with oil paint (oil or alcohol varnish), prime and paint.
Grease stains on plaster come from non-drying belly or mineral oils. Correction is possible only by cutting out oiled spots of plaster, applying a new, thorough drying, painting with oil paint the joints near the new plaster, priming and painting.
Efflorescence occurs from the release of soluble salts by the surface, which form a white crystalline coating on the painting or plaster. Remove efflorescence by thorough drying and cleaning the surface with steel brushes, grinding the plaster, drying, painting the corrected area with oil paint, putty, priming and painting with adhesive paint.
"Nataski" can be when painting the surface without priming or if the painting was carried out on old paint, primed with a weak primer without shading.
To eliminate the defect, it is necessary to thoroughly wash out the old nabel with water, and even better, clean it off, grind it, prime it and repaint it.
Banding is possible from the addition of dry pigments to the paint composition, from poor mixing of the composition, uneven shading and pressure on the brush. Streaking can be eliminated by thoroughly rinsing with water and painting with a liquid paint composition using an airbrush.
"Veins" occur when surfaces are not well primed (especially with embroidered cracks smeared with gypsum Mortar) or because the embroidered cracks are not sufficiently repaired. To correct, wash out or completely remove the paint layer, prime the surfaces well (prime cracks twice) and paint. Insufficiently worn seams should be corrected by rubbing, primed and painted.
Creases are formed from the use of too thick (or too thin) paint composition. The paint composition must be diluted to normal viscosity and repainted.
The rough texture of the color and the accumulation of small tubercles are possible because the grout was made with coarse sand or the primer and the paint composition were used unfiltered. Correct by washing or grinding the surface, priming and painting with a strained composition.
Splashes, streaks and gaps. Splashes may be due to an enlarged orifice in the nozzle against the norm, streaks - due to a liquid paint composition or uneven application, gaps - due to incorrect work with a brush, roller, etc. Correct by washing the surface with water, priming and painting .
Marbled spots arise from the use of a heavily sealed paint composition. Correction is possible by washing out the paint layer and painting (or priming and painting) with a normally sealed compound.
Joints are visible due to inept work with brushes, rollers, spray guns or when painting on a weak primer. You can fix the surface by washing the surface with water and performing a primer and painting.
A change in the color of the paint can occur as a result of the use of pigments that are not resistant to alkalis, light, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide. Correct by washing off the applied paint, priming and staining with stable pigments.
A panel with uneven coloring may be due to incorrect pressure on the panel brush or excessive thick paint. The elongated panel should be redone.
The painted surface dries unevenly because a primer composition of a non-uniform strength was used and there were drafts. For correction, drafts should be eliminated and the correct preparation of the primer should be checked.
Defects in paints made with oil and enamel compositions.
Brush marks can be seen when using thick paint and not enough shading. Dried paint is cleaned with pumice or sandpaper and re-painted with the prepared paint composition.
The joints are noticeable because the painting was carried out with quick-drying paints with breaks in the same place, i.e., several grips. To correct the work, several people redo the work, working simultaneously without interruption. Dock should be near the pilasters, in the corners, etc.
The streaks appear from the use of liquid paint, applied in abundance on surfaces without sufficient shading. The dried paint is cleaned with sandpaper or pumice stone and dyed with a composition of normal density.
The rough texture of the coloring can be from the use of non-strained paint, painting over poorly executed putty or from its poor stripping (grinding). Correction consists in carefully sanding or pumice the painted surface and repainting.
"Crocodile skin" can be from applying quick-drying paint over insufficiently dry preparation. Correct by cleaning with sandpaper or pumice, pro-oiling, puttying and staining.
Wrinkles in the coloring are from applying paint with a thick layer. Correction by stripping, puttying and painting.
Rusty and dark spots are possible because resinous and mineral oil stains were not removed during preparation. Correct by removing defective areas or thorough cleaning, washing with acids, alkalis, coating with two or three layers of alcohol varnish or nitro varnish and re-painting.
Spots of different colors with non-drying paint can occur when painting on wet paint. Correction - neutralization of alkalis in it with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, rinsing with clean water, good drying, priming, puttying, painting with high-quality materials.
Peeling of the top layer of paint occurs when staining contaminated or previously painted wax formulations surfaces. Correction: remove loose paint, clean surfaces well with pumice stone or wash with soapy and clean water, dry and paint.
Swelling of paint is observed when painting poorly dried wooden surfaces.
Surface painting is the final stage of finishing work in construction. The quality of painting affects the external decorative appearance, the duration of the operation of the premises and depends on proper preparation surfaces to be painted. SNiP Sh-21-73 establishes three types of paints in terms of quality: simple, improved and high-quality, as well as a list of operations that must be performed when preparing surfaces for one or another type of paint.Rooms and surfaces to be painted must meet the relevant requirements. Before the beginning painting works in the premises it is necessary to finish everything construction works(except for laying linoleum on floors), electrical work, installation and testing central heating, plumbing, sewerage. Humidity of plastered and concrete surfaces should not exceed 8% before painting, and wood - 12%. Painting with lime, cement, polymer cement and some synthetic compounds is allowed at higher surface humidity. At low outside temperatures in the premises to be finished for two days before the start of finishing, the air temperature must be maintained at least +10 ° C at a relative humidity of not more than 70%. This temperature must be maintained for at least 12 days after finishing work is completed (the temperature is measured at a height of 0.5 m from the floor). Wooden structures it is necessary to fix well, close up all cracks, eliminate burrs and other flaws.
In order to increase the industrialization of finishing works, concrete, reinforced concrete and other structures should be supplied to the construction site prepared for painting (that is, they should not require puttying at the facility).
Window and door blocks must arrive on objects painted at a time, i.e. all processes preceding the first painting must also be carried out at the factory. If necessary, individual wet spots on the plaster surface must be dried.
Facades can only be painted after they have been covered roofing steel window drains, corbels, the installation of balcony railings, gutters and cornice overhangs has been completed.
Before painting facades large-panel buildings sealing and sealing of joints between wall panels must be completed. You can't paint facades when it's raining, strong wind, dry hot weather, under the action of direct sun rays, in winter - with frost and ice.
Preparation of surfaces for painting with water compositions
In preparation for simple painting, the illumination of surfaces during the production of work should be at least 50, for improved or high-quality at least 100 lux.Each subsequent operation to prepare the surface of the structure for painting can only be started after the previous coating layer has hardened and dried.
Materials and semi-finished products used for surface preparation should be checked:
- upon receipt at the warehouse - for the compliance of these materials with the requirements of applicable standards or specifications;
- in case of violation of the integrity of the packaging or labeling;
- in cases of non-compliance of the storage conditions of materials with the requirements of standards or technical specifications;
- if the warranty period of the materials has expired.
Mobility of putties for manual application should be 6-8 cm along a standard cone, and for mechanized application - 12 cm. Finished putties should be ground on a paint grinder.
The appendix to GOST 22753-77 “Preparation of surfaces of building structures for painting and wallpapering” recommends the compositions of primers and putties used in preparation for painting, and methods for their preparation. Primers are recommended: polyvinyl acetate, soap-making, casein, latex, silicate, putties - xylolo-solvent (OKS), KLM, oil-free latex, polymer-cement, alum-adhesive, casein, emulsion, etc. However, other compositions () that provide reliable adhesion of the preparation layers to each other and to the paint coating.
According to GOST 22753-77, the surfaces to be prepared for painting and wallpapering should not have: deviations from the design position and defects exceeding the allowable ones given in Table. 67; through and shrinkage cracks with a width of more than 3 mm; local defects (sagging, depressions, shells) on any part of the surface with an area of 200X200 mm more than five; dirt, efflorescence and stains; on plastered surfaces - traces of a trowel tool and mortar streaks; surfaces of industrial products, their appearance and dimensions must comply with the requirements of standards or specifications for these products.
Surfaces lined with dry plasterboard sheets to be painted or wallpapered must not have the following deviations and defects: violations of sheet fastening; peeling of cardboard at the ends of the sheet more than 20 mm; tearing of cardboard with exposure of gypsum for a length of more than 30 mm; more than two broken corners with a leg up to 20 mm on the entire surface and more than one in one joint; more than two damage to the edges of sheets with a length of more than 30 mm and a width of more than 10 mm.
The preparation of new plastered surfaces begins with cleaning splashes of mortar streaks, dust and dirt with metal spatulas, scrapers or using special articulated graters and clips for bream.
The contaminated areas of the surface remaining after cleaning should be washed and dried. Fat stains are first washed with a 2% hydrochloric acid solution, then with water. Efflorescence is swept away with brushes, the cleaned places are washed with water and the surface is dried to a moisture content of not more than 8%.
The surface is smoothed with bream, pumice, the end of a tree. Small hairline cracks in the plaster can be eliminated by grinding the surface with wetting it with water. Wide cracks and potholes are embroidered with a steel spatula or knife to a depth of at least 2 mm, moistened with water and sealed with lubricating paste () with a steel or wooden spatula.
The operations that must be performed when preparing and painting surfaces with aqueous compositions are indicated in Table. 68.
Before improved and high quality adhesive coatings before lubrication of cracks, the first priming of the surface is performed with a composition prepared according to recipes No. 22, 23 (see Table 52), before simple and improved - for the first priming, 1-2 kg of chalk is added to the composition, for the second - 2-3 kg for the best filling pores on the surface. The primed surfaces must be homogeneous in terms of absorbency, which is achieved the right choice primer composition. After complete drying, the smeared places are polished with pumice stone or sandpaper.
Putty compositions for adhesive coloring are made according to recipes No. 27, 30, 31 (see Table 52).
When preparing surfaces for lime paints plastered surfaces are cleaned, moistened with water, smoothed, embroidered, smeared with cracks and potholes with lubricating paste prepared according to recipe No. 4 (see Table 52) and coated with lime compositions prepared according to recipes No. 1, 2 (see Table 52).
Surfaces prepared for silicate coatings must be well cleaned of dust, dirt and grease stains. Silicate painting is recommended to be done in rooms with plastered surfaces. cement mortar. Lubrication of cracks and potholes for silicate paints is also desirable to perform with a strong cement mortar, priming - with a composition made according to recipe No. 17 (see Table 52).
When preparing surfaces for casein staining perform the same operations as in the preparation for adhesive painting, with the exception of the second and third priming. For filling and priming surfaces to be casein-colored, use compositions prepared according to recipes No. 35, 36, 38 (see Table 52).
For waterborne emulsion coatings the surface is prepared in the same way as for adhesive coatings, it should be borne in mind that polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene and other synthetic water-borne emulsion paints are not allowed to be applied on vitriol and alum soils, as well as on putties prepared on such soils. For this purpose, putty compositions prepared on synthetic emulsions should be used, or ordinary glue-oil putties prepared according to recipes No. 29.30 (see Table 52). Surface priming should be carried out with synthetic emulsion paint diluted with water to a viscosity of 20-25 s according to the VZ-4 viscometer with flywheels or matting brushes. The primer compositions on the ceilings should be shaded across the flow of light, on the walls - in a direction parallel to the ceiling, the putty compositions on the plastered surfaces are applied for the first time with wooden, the second time - with metal spatulas with smoothing the layers in mutually perpendicular directions. After drying, the puttied surface is polished with pumice stone or sandpaper until stripes, bumps and scratches are completely eliminated. After thorough dedusting, the surface is puttied again, polished and primed.
Preparation of the surface of gypsum dry plaster consists of sealing joints, priming surfaces, isolating nail heads and puttying, if necessary, leveling the surface. Joints are closed, as a rule, with gypsum lubricating paste according to recipes No. 25, 26 (see Table 52). Sometimes the joints are sealed with sickle or gauze, and then covered with putty. The surface is primed with a primer, selected depending on the type of painting. Nail heads are covered with nitro paint (preferably light colors) before puttying. The dents formed near the nails are filled with putty.
Preparation for painting previously painted surfaces consists in carefully removing the previously applied nabel. With a small thickness, the nabel is removed by washing the surface with warm water. With a significant thickness, the net is moistened hot water and after 1 hour they are torn off with a metal spatula, trying not to damage the plaster.
Surfaces painted with casein and silicate paints are washed with a 3% hydrochloric acid solution. Due to the swelling of the chalk, which is part of these paints, whitewash is relatively easy to remove from the surface with a spatula. Old stains formed on walls or ceilings, due to a leak in the plumbing or roof, are removed by washing with water and priming with a hot 15% aqueous solution. blue vitriol. If this is not enough, the stain must be painted with zinc white diluted on drying oil or white nitro paint. The smoked surface is washed with a 2-3% hydrochloric acid solution, after which it is primed.
Sometimes, to eliminate old stains, it is necessary to partially or completely beat off the plaster, replace it or grind it.
Preparation for painting facade surfaces produced in the same way as preparation for painting interiors using the same tools. Preparatory operations and types of compositions used depend on the type and quality of the intended paint coating (Table 69). Recipes for compositions used in painting facades, see table. 52.
Preparation of surfaces for painting with non-aqueous compounds
In preparation for painting, new plastered surfaces clean, smooth, embroider cracks. Then the surfaces are pro-oiled, partial lubrication of cracks and potholes, polishing of lubricated places, solid putty in one or two times, depending on the required quality of painting. Each putty is followed by a thorough grinding of the surfaces with dust removal with a brush or brush. After final filling and polishing, the surface is primed. Proolifka of surfaces is carried out with hair brushes, rollers or paint sprayers. In order to avoid gaps in drying oil, a certain amount of paint or dry pigment should be added (recipe No. 41, see table. 52).The surface is puttied with thin layers of 0.2-0.3 mm with wooden or steel spatulas using various putty compositions (recipes No. 46, 47, see Table 52). The boundaries of oil and glue colors are beaten off with a cord rubbed with dry pigment in order to produce oiling and all subsequent operations strictly along a horizontal line. Breaking the line only before priming or painting leads to poor performance of work on the border of glue and oil painting. The list of operations that are subject to mandatory performance in the preparation and painting of surfaces with water (oil, enamel and synthetic) compounds indoors is given in Table 70.
Preparation for non-aqueous paints on previously painted plaster surfaces consists in removing old nabels water stains or damaged films of oily and other non-aqueous formulations.
Adhesive compositions are removed from the surface by one of the previously described methods. In case of significant damage to the plaster, it is repaired in separate places, ground, allowed to dry and oiled, continuing further work in the same way as on new plaster.
If the surface was previously painted with oil compositions and has no damage, it is enough to wash it with a 3-5% solution before painting. soda ash.
Insufficiently strong old oil coatings are scraped off, burned out or treated with chemical reagents. An easily lagging layer of paint is scraped off with an ordinary spatula or a scraper. Burning out old oil paint blowtorch, immediately removing the swollen paint from the surface. Paste for the chemical removal of old oil paint consists of 5 kg of sifted chalk and 5 kg of lime paste, diluted to the density of a putty mass with a 20% solution of caustic soda. The chemical paste applied with a layer of 1-2 mm softens the old paint coating in 0.5-1.5 hours so that it can be easily removed with a spatula. After that, the surface is washed with water and a 2% solution of acetic acid. The washed surface is wiped with a dry cloth.
Preparation for painting wooden surfaces produced in the following way. Knots, dowels and pitches are cut out on the surface to be prepared, after which these places are oiled, greased, polished, again oiled and puttied with compositions made according to recipes 46, 47 (see Table 52).
When filling joinery, in addition to conventional spatulas, profiled spatulas and rubber trims are used. different thickness and configuration. The dried layer of putty is sanded and coated with a primer (recipe No. 43, see Table 52). With improved and high-quality colors, the primer is fluted with flute brushes and, after drying, carefully polished with fine sandpaper. Manufacturers are required to supply construction sites with joinery, primed and painted at one time. Only final painting should be carried out on objects.
Preparing for painting wooden floors consists in performing almost the same processes as in the painting of joinery, and compositions are used, from! prepared according to recipes No. 41, 43, 46 (see Table 52), and others, preferably on natural drying oils. Putty is applied wide spatula(with canvas 25-30 cm). To reduce shrinkage phenomena, up to 20% of fine sand is introduced into the composition of the first layer of putty. Grinding is done with a bream, silicate brick, with large volumes of work - parquet grinder SO-60A or SO-27. Nails in a wooden floor before grinding and putty are sunk with a hammer to a depth of 3-4 mm. Sand is not added to the composition of the second layer of putty. Wooden floors are primed with a fly brush, roller, paint sprayer.
To improve the quality and service life of the paint coating, the surface of the floors is covered with burlap or a rare cloth embedded in the first layer of putty. The surface covered with canvas is puttied twice, sanded, dedusted and coated with a primer.
Preparation of metal surfaces consists in cleaning them from dust, dirt, mortar splashes and rust with special steel manual or electric brushes. Large metal surfaces are recommended to be cleaned with electrified tools or sandblasters.
With a thermal cleaning method, the paint is burned out with a burner, after which the surface is cleaned with a spatula.
In the chemical cleaning method, the surfaces of steel structures are treated with an aqueous solution phosphoric acid with the addition of butynol and denatured alcohol With a thick layer of rust, the composition applied to the surface is cleaned with steel brushes together with rust after 30-60 minutes and re-coated with a solution of phosphoric acid. After that, the surface is cleaned, washed with water and neutralized with a weak solution of ammonia in water (or wiped with acetone). Dried surfaces are immediately covered with primers prepared on natural drying oils or on drying oils oxol (recipe No. 41, see Table 52) and containing coloring agents, such as red lead.
Plastering of metal surfaces with a simple painting of building structures is not required. With improved coloring, for this purpose, you can use a composition prepared according to recipes No. 46, 47 (see Table. 52), or factory-made putties.
Requirements for surfaces prepared for painting (GOST 22753-77)
Surfaces prepared for painting should not be sanded, and should not have cracks in the places of puttying, emerging stripes, spots and deviations exceeding those given in Table. 71. Surfaces prepared for painting should be checked in any places (but not less than three) for irregularities and local defects.
Painting surfaces with water compositions
General information
Aqueous compositions paint surfaces both indoors and outdoors. GOST 22844-77 establishes the following requirements for the surfaces of building structures, painted with aqueous compositions indoors, and the paint compositions used (except for the general requirements given at the beginning of this chapter).The color of the painting is set by the project, and in the absence of instructions in the project, the color of the test paints must be agreed with the customer.
Cement and polymer-cement paints are allowed to paint surfaces with a moisture content of not more than 12%.
Illumination of surfaces in the course of work should be at least 100 lux for simple painting and at least 150 lux for improved and high-quality painting.
The application of each subsequent layer of paint should be carried out only after the previous layer has dried, with the exception of some types of cutting of the painted surface, performed on freshly applied paint (trimming, sponge treatment, etc.).
Paint layers should dry naturally. It is possible to dry individual places of the painted surface using temporary heater-type heating devices, infrared radiation and others using a temporary ventilation system
Surfaces should be painted with ready-to-use compositions of industrial or centralized preparation. It is allowed to prepare paint compositions at the construction site.
Materials used for painting rooms must be checked for compliance with the same requirements as materials for surface preparation (GOST 22753-77). In addition, paints are tested for color, tinting power, viscosity, hiding power, drying time, sanding.
The check is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9980-85 by taking at least three samples from a batch of paints. The hiding power of paints is checked according to GOST 8784-75*, viscosity - according to GOST 8420-74*, coloring ability - according to GOST 16872-78, drying time - according to GOST 19007-73*.
The color of paints is checked by visual comparison of test paints of surfaces with reference paints or color albums.
Paint compositions of centralized preparation must retain their coloring power when diluted to the working viscosity and the preparation of appropriate colors. The working viscosity of paints according to the VZ-4 viscometer should be from 15 to 50 s. The drying time of paint compositions up to degree 3 should be within 12 hours.
Adhesive paint compositions after drying on the painted surface should not wear out (shallow).
The list of aqueous paint compositions and methods for their preparation are given in the appendix to GOST 22844-77.
It is also allowed to use compositions that ensure the quality of painting in accordance with the requirements of the state standard and not specified in Appendix 1 (see Table 52).
When water-based painting of surfaces, the following technological operations are performed: the first priming, partial lubrication, grinding of lubricated places, the first continuous putty, grinding of the putty with dust removal, the second putty with grinding and dust removal, the second and third priming with highlighting, painting, surface trimming.
With simple painting, only priming and painting of the surface are performed, with improved - priming, partial lubrication with grinding of individual places, a second priming and painting, with high-quality painting - all operations except for trimming when working with a roller coated with a rubber sponge.
The primer should be done with the composition light tone, and partial lubrication - with a putty that differs in color from the primer. The first and second putties should be made with compositions that differ in color from the compositions for the first primer and for the lubrication, as well as from each other. Polishing of putty surfaces is carried out using mechanized grinders, followed by retouching with sanding paper with dedusting of the surface.
The second priming is performed with improved and high-quality adhesive colors, and the third - only with high-quality.
Cutting the painted surface is carried out with high-quality painting by uniform processing with trimming brushes, a sponge or a roller, surface knurling with a patterned roller is carried out over a dried surface.
Lime staining produced on stone, brick, plastered or wooden surfaces both indoors and on building facades.
As a rule, lime compositions paint rooms with wet mode operation, premises for official purposes, basement auxiliary premises, temporary structures, etc. With high-quality surface preparation by filling with lime and gypsum-lime compositions, lime coloring can be completely replaced with glue. Coloring is carried out with manual or electric spray guns, matting or hair brushes for two times. Lime coloring is carried out with bleached colors. It is impossible to prepare "whole colors" on lime, which is both a binder and a white pigment. Lime painting should be carried out on a slightly damp surface, avoiding work under the influence of wind and direct sunlight in dry, hot weather.
For lime coloring, compositions prepared according to recipes No. 6, 7 should be used (see table. 52).
The strength of the paint film is increased by additives such as table salt (sodium chloride), calcium chloride, aluminum-potassium alum, drying oil. The operations performed during the lime painting of surfaces are given in table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 72.
Adhesive painting is used for painting walls and ceilings on plaster indoors. Adhesive paint compositions are prepared on animal, vegetable or composite adhesives according to recipes No. 33, 34 (see table. 52). Colors prepared in color workshops must be used within one or two shifts, since with more than long-term storage they are subject to decay. If it is necessary to introduce pigments that are not resistant to the action of copper sulfate into the composition of the color scheme, then an alum primer or a soap maker should be used to prime the surfaces.
It is necessary to paint the surfaces with adhesive compositions no later than 24 hours after applying the primer. Ceilings are painted with colors made from chalk or chalk paste with the addition of a small amount of glue and ultramarine (or without it if the walls are painted in warm colors). When preparing a color scheme, its plywood or undergluing should be avoided. In the first case, red spots appear on the surface - “marble”, which is difficult to remove even after re-priming and repainting the surface. In the second case, the ink film is fragile and is subjected to peeling. A shallow test is performed with the back of the hand.
For mechanized painting of surfaces, paint sprayers, airbrushes and pneumatic rollers are used.
When painting by hand, painters use brushes, fly brushes and paint rollers covered with covers made of sponge rubber or foam rubber. When painting with fly brushes, the surface is covered in two stages (coloring - with horizontal movements, shading - with vertical ones). Painting with maklovitsa does not require transverse shading and the colorful composition is applied with vertical movements up and down. Ceilings are painted for the first time with brushes along the light, the second time - with an airbrush. The operations performed during adhesive painting are given in Table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 73.
casein coloring apply to internal and external high-quality colorings on plaster. The preparation of surfaces for casein stains should be carried out with high quality and reliability, otherwise the drying paint will lag behind with the preparation and crumble. Casein formulations (recipes No. 39, 40, see Table 52) must be prepared based on one-shift work. Apply them with paint sprayers or brushes. Brushes, utensils and equipment used in casein coloring should be washed at the end of the shift. Dry casein paints should be stored in a dry warehouses Recently, the use of casein paints has declined sharply due to the advent of synthetic emulsion formulations.
Operations performed with casein coloring are given in table. 68, and ways to correct defects - in table. 74.
Painting with silicate compounds used for outdoor and internal works on plaster, concrete, brick, stone, asbestos-cement products and other surfaces. In this case, compositions containing alkali-resistant pigments and prepared according to recipes No. 18, 19, 20 are used (see table. 52).
For the first color, an aqueous solution of liquid glass with a density of 1.14-1.15 g/cm 3 is used, for the second - up to 1.18 g/cm 3 . During painting, it is necessary to protect glazed, polished and other surfaces from getting silicate paint on them. The methods for applying silicate paints and the tools used when working with them are the same as for glue painting. Tools, paint sprayers and equipment after working with silicate paints should also be washed with water. Methods for correcting silicate color defects are given in table. 75.
Painting facades with silicate water-repellent paints (recipe No. 20, see Table 52) creates a paint film on the surface of increased water resistance and resistance to aggressive influences. For this purpose, organosilicon hydrophobizing liquids GKZH-10 and GKZH-11 are introduced into silicate paints. These paints are supplied in three packages: a dry mixture of pigments and fillers (silicate paint) - in paper multi-layer bags; liquid potassium glass with a density of 1.4-1.42 g / cm 3 - in iron barrels; silicon-organic liquids GKZH-10 or GKZH-11-in glass bottles. The shelf life of NGL is no more than 6 months when stored at a temperature of 0 to 30 °C. Hydrophobized silicate compositions are prepared in on-site color workshops or at workplaces in mortar mixers. The composition is prepared on the basis of one-shift work and stored in a wooden or iron container. In the process of work, the paint is periodically mixed.
Finishing facades with hydrophobized silicate compounds is carried out at a temperature of at least 5 ° C in the following sequence: the surface is primed silicate primer prepared according to recipe No. 17 (see table. 52), or an aqueous solution of liquid potassium glass with a density of 1.14-1.15 g / cm 3; after 15-20 hours, the first coloring is carried out with a hydrophobic composition with a viscosity of 14-15 s; the second painting coating with a composition with a viscosity of 18-20 seconds is applied 15-20 hours after the first painting.
Painting is carried out with rollers or paint sprayers. window openings and balcony doors before painting, protect with inventory plywood shields. Hydrophobized silicate compounds applied in goggles, and when working with a paint sprayer, use respirators. When preparing the compositions, they work in glasses, aprons, rubber gloves. GKZh or liquid glass that has got on the skin is immediately washed off with clean water.
Painting with cement and polymer cement paints used mainly for facades on brick, concrete, asbestos-cement or plastered surfaces. The operations performed during the preparation and painting of facades with cement paints are similar to those performed during the lime painting of surfaces, and are given in Table. 69.
For the preparation and painting of surfaces with cement paints, compositions prepared according to recipes No. 12, 14, 15 are used (see table. 52). The first painting is carried out on a moistened surface with brushes or rollers, the second - after 15-20 hours.
Polymer-cement paints are prepared at the work site according to the following recipe in parts by weight:
- Polyshlacetate dispersion - 1
- Dry mix:
- white portland cement - 4.2
- fluffy lime - 0.95
- ground limestone - 2.8-3.3
- asbestos - 0.2
- calcium stearate - 0.05
- alkali-resistant pigment - 0.5-1
Painting surfaces with water-based synthetic paints apply to internal and external works on a tree, plaster and concrete. The preparation of surfaces for water-based emulsion paints is described in the subparagraph "Preparation of surfaces for painting with water-based compositions".
The most common water-based synthetic paints, increasingly used by builders-finishers, are polyvinyl acetate E-VA-27, E-VA-27A, E-VA-27PG, styrene-butadiene-new E-KCh-26, E-KCh-26A and E-XV-28, made from a mixture of latekea SKS-65 GP and a copolymer of vinyl chloride with vinyl dechloride. These paints are designed for indoor use, but are not recommended for rooms with high humidity(baths, laundries, etc.). The E-VA-27PG paint is used for painting rooms that are subject to increased fire safety requirements.
Water-based paints should not be applied over adhesive, as well as vitriol primers. Adhesive tapes should be cleaned and washed with a 3% solution of soda ash.
For outdoor use, water-based paints EAK-111, E-VA-17, E-VS-17, E-VS-114 and E-KCh-112. All of them are resistant to freezing down to -40°C and thawing, except for paints E-VS-114 and E-KCh-112.
Facades to be painted must have a smooth surface without shells, sags and traces of flaws in metal forms.
Surfaces are cleaned of dust and dirt with steel spatulas and wire brushes. Small irregularities and shells are smeared with a composition of dry sifted sand and water-based paint, taken in a ratio of 2: 1. Facade decoration is performed in the following sequence:
- prime the surface of the synthetic water-based paint E-VA-17 or other diluted water in a ratio of 1:1;
- 1-2 hours after priming, the surfaces are painted for the first time with water-based paint, the viscosity of which according to VZ-4 when working with a brush or roller is 40-45 s, and when working with a paint sprayer - 20-25 s;
- the surfaces are painted for the second time after 1-2 hours at an outside temperature of about 20 ° C and after 3-4 hours at a lower temperature.
Painting surfaces with non-aqueous compounds
General information
Coloring should be done with ready-to-use paint compositions. Materials and semi-finished products used for non-aqueous paints are checked in laboratory conditions on viscosity, adhesion, degree of grinding, hiding power, drying time.The amount of solvent and film-forming substances in paint compositions at a temperature of 18-22 ° C should provide:
- paint consistency, in which the compositions, without draining from the brush or roller, are freely separated from them when pressed on the painted surface:
- coverage corresponding to minimum flow painting composition per unit area;
- paint drying time not exceeding 24 hours.
Each subsequent paint coating is applied after the previous one has dried and hardened. Joinery inside and outside the premises is painted with oil and enamel paints. Glyptal enamels are used only for painting external surfaces.
Heating appliances, pipes, sanitary facilities and metal fences are painted with oil paints, enamel GF-230, EP-51, NTs-132, etc.
The use of asphalt-bitumen varnishes for painting sanitary facilities and other metal products inside residential and amenity premises is prohibited. Pipes and plumbing fixtures and heating systems stained only after draining water from them.
Plank floors are painted at least twice. After the first painting, polishing is carried out until the gloss is removed.
In winter conditions, the facades are painted with frost-resistant paint compositions: perchlorovinyl, organosilicon, organosilicate, etc. Minimum temperature air when painting with these compositions should be at least -20 ° C.
Painting surfaces with oils
The industry produces oil paints, thickly ground and ready-to-use in various colors and shades. The composition of operations for oil painting is given in table. 70.Oil painting of surfaces is carried out with hair brushes (handbrakes, flywheels), fur rollers (manual or pneumatic), as well as paint sprayers. After painting with brushes, the surfaces are fluted or trimmed. Surfaces to be oiled must be completely dry.
In the production of finishing works, both glossy and matte oil paints are used. The most common glossy colors, the compositions for which are prepared according to recipes No. 43, 49 (see table. 52). The introduction of a desiccant into the paint (to speed up drying) during the last painting is not allowed.
At handmade oil paints are applied to the surface with a fly brush or handbrake in three stages: the first is the application of vertical bold zigzag stripes, the second is shading the paint with horizontal movements, and the third is the final leveling and shading of the paint with vertical strokes of the brush. Do not cover the paint film in one go by thickening the film and applying thick formulations, as this may cause wrinkling or flaking of the paint. It is better to paint several times in thin layers after the complete drying of each previous layer.
Flattening, that is, the removal of brush marks from the painted surface, is carried out with a dry brush. When painting window frames and door panels with oil compositions, the final layer of paint is applied along the fibers, when painting floors - along the boards, radiators - vertically along the sections, metal roofs - along the slope.
Matte oil compositions (recipes No. 51, 52, see Table 52) are used for high-quality interior decoration of unique buildings (cinemas, clubs, museums, etc.). The fine-grained, velvety texture of the oily matte color is created with trimming brushes or rollers.
Along with oil, for internal work, oil-emulsion compositions prepared on emulsions are used - VM (recipe No. / 44, 50, see table. 52). Ways to fix defects oil painting are given in table. 76.
Painting surfaces with enamel compounds
Enamels are produced by the industry in a ready-to-use form. In case of evaporation of some part of the solvents, the enamels are diluted at the place of work. Painting surfaces with enamel compositions made with the addition of synthetic resins or varnishes accelerates the drying time of painted surfaces and increases their decorative appearance. Surface preparation enamel coloring it is produced in the same way as for oil painting or with the use of special factory-made fillers and primers.Painting with glyptal enamels GF-230 performed in the same way as oil. The surface is prepared with oil or varnish putties of factory or own preparation, priming - with an oil primer or paint diluted with a solvent to normal density. In addition, glyphthalic primer GF-020 or pentaphthalic primer PF-020 can be used.
Painting with pentaphthalic enamels PF-115 performed with brushes or paint sprayers. Surface preparation is similar to preparing them for oil painting. The drying time of the enamels described above is long, so they can be applied with brushes or rollers.
Painting with volatile resin enamels- perchlorovinyl grade XV, NTs-25 nitroenamels, NTs-132 nitroglyphthalic and EP-51 epoxy - are usually performed with paint sprayers, since the time for complete drying of these enamels is short (1-3 hours). Enamel NTs-132K is considered to be brush enamel, while NTs-132P paint is applied only with a paint sprayer. Specifications volatile enamels are given in table. 47. To prepare surfaces for enamel XV, perchlorovinyl putties XV-00-4, XV-00-5 are used; epoxy enamels EP-51 - putties EP-00-10, EP-00-20.
Surfaces are primed with primers given in Table. 50. Perchlorovinyl and nitroglyphthalic enamel paints can be used for interior and exterior painting on wood and primed metal. If necessary, the enamels are diluted with solvents: NTs-25 enamel - solvent No. 645, 646, 647, NTs-132K enamel. - No. 649, NTs-132P - solvent No. 646.
Painting facades with frost-resistant enamels
Finishing with perchlorovinyl compositions HFC and HV-161 produced on plastered concrete or brick surfaces. Paint thinners are xylene or solvent, upon evaporation of which the film hardens. Perchlorovinyl compositions are stored in cans or barrels with tight-fitting lids at a temperature not exceeding +10°C in underground warehouses equipped with ventilation and having fireproof ceilings. Before use, the enamel is transferred to a room with a temperature of 18-20 ° C, where it is kept for 10-12 hours. Before and during the painting of surfaces, the paint is periodically mixed to eliminate sediment and delamination of the components.The surface of the facade is coated with a primer of the HFG brand or a primer composed of ground chalk and 10% perchlorvinyl varnish. Perchlorvinyl compositions are applied to the surface with fur-coated rollers or paint sprayers twice from cradles or scaffolding. It is forbidden to paint facades with these compositions at temperatures above 4 ° C.
In winter, it is allowed to use perchlorvinyl enamels at an outdoor temperature of up to -20 ° C, however, this increases the viscosity of the paint, which makes it necessary to heat the compositions and painting equipment (hoses, compressors, spray guns).
Given the above, when working in winter it is better to use paint rollers, and heat the paint in a water bath to avoid fire.
If necessary, the compositions are diluted with xylene or solvent. It is not recommended to add dry pigments or paints of a different composition to the paint to change the color.
It is strictly forbidden to paint indoor surfaces with perchlorovinyl compounds, since the vapors released during the drying of the paint film are toxic. Solvents (solvent, xylene) are flammable, and their vapors form an explosive mixture with air. In the absence of a special warehouse, paint can be stored in hermetically sealed cans in special metal cabinets under lock and key (10-12 cans each).
Facade painting with organosilicon enamels (KO-168, KO-174, KO-198) perform on concrete, brick and plastered with high-strength mortar surfaces. The facades of modern buildings of panel or frame-panel construction, consisting of prefabricated prefabricated concrete elements with a high strength surface, are most often painted. The most common enamel for painting facades is KO-174. It is delivered to construction sites in a ready-to-use condition. When thickening, it is diluted with R-5 solvent (a mixture of butyl acetate, acetone and xylene) to a viscosity of 25-30 s according to VZ-4. Enamel drying time up to degree 3 - no more than 2 hours. It gives a strong, elastic, waterproof frost-resistant film on the surface. Finishing the facade with organosilicon enamel is performed in the following sequence:
- the surface is cleaned of dirt, dust, traces of grouting, mortar splashes, grains of sand with steel brushes, scrapers, spatulas, then it is blown compressed air, check the humidity of surfaces (brick, concrete, plastered), which should not exceed 8%, after which the first paint coating is applied with rollers or spray guns;
- the second (third) coating is applied with a technological break of 1-1.5 hours between the previous and subsequent layers.
Silicone enamels are toxic and are used in the cold season (below 4°C) for finishing only external surfaces. Painters must use goggles, respirators and receive appropriate instruction on the rules for safe work with enamels.
A significant effect when finishing the facades of large-panel residential buildings with KO-174 enamel is achieved using special technological lines for finishing panels with drying at high temperature. Such a line was put into operation at the House-Building Plant No. 1 of Glavkievmiskstroy.
Surface varnishing
Lacquering of parquet floors
Before applying the lacquer coating, the floors are carefully sanded and dust-free. For varnishing parquet floors, varnish GF-257 (TU 6-15-50-80) is used, which is supplied in two packages: varnish - in hermetic cans and acid hardener - in bottles. Lacquer PF-231 (see Table 48) is made on the basis of pentaphthalic resin, dries slowly and forms a more elastic film. When thickening, it is diluted with white spirit or turpentine.Floor coating with varnish GF-257 perform in the following sequence: the varnish is mixed with a hardener in an enamel or glass container in a ratio of 8: 1 in such an amount that it can be used up within 24 hours.
The first varnish coating is applied starting from the wall farthest from the door with a strong large brush (fly or flute) or a clothes hair brush fixed on a long wooden handle at an angle. After 12-14 hours, the first coating is sanded with a fine sandpaper, it is thoroughly dusted with a vacuum cleaner and then the second and third varnish coatings are applied with a break after the second coating of 12-14 hours.
When performing the process of varnishing floors, the room should be ventilated.
Lacquering floors with varnish PF-231 perform in a similar way, however, the intervals between coatings are extended to 48 hours, and after the third coating, the floors are allowed to be used only after 72 hours. Lacquer PF-231 is applied with a brush or spray gun.
Most durable coatings give urethane varnishes, however, due to scarcity and high cost, they are still rarely used. Varnish UR-19 (VTU OP-355-70) two-component. The second component is a hardener, which is introduced to accelerate hardening (2 hours of hardener are added for 10 hours by weight of the varnish). The prepared varnish must be used up in 2-3 hours. The varnish is applied on the polished parquet in 2 times with a break between layers of 2 hours.
Mechanized methods of painting works
In order to reduce labor costs in the production of painting works, in addition to mass-produced machines and mechanized tools, mechanisms and tools are used that are developed and implemented by production innovators, Orgtekhstroy trusts.The surface is prepared for painting in two ways: in the first, putty compositions are fed under pressure to pneumatic spatulas, with which the composition is applied to the surface and leveled, in the second, the compositions are applied with spray rods, followed by leveling and smoothing with hand spatulas. For applying putty compositions according to the first method, production innovators proposed several designs of pneumatic spatulas: S. P. Krasheninnikova, M. V. Rumyanova, Z. A. Safronova, Kievorgstroy trust, etc.
When applying the composition by spraying, finishers use CO-21 installations manufactured by the industry, as well as filling and injection tanks with a working pressure of 0.6-0.7 MPa (6-7 kgf / cm 2), manufactured in construction or departmental workshops. In Glavmosstroy, finishers use this method to apply synthetic KLM putty compositions and HPC gypsum-polymer-cement compositions (respectively, recipes No. 30, 32, see Table 52) when finishing ceilings “under shagreen”.
Trust Kievorgstroy for applying putty compositions and whitewashing ceilings offered a universal fishing rod that works on the principle of mechanical spraying of compositions without additional air blowing at the outlet of the nozzle, which significantly reduces fogging. The first layer of putty is applied with a nozzle with a hole with a diameter of 5 mm, the second - 3 mm. Whitewashing of ceilings is carried out with the same fishing rod with a nozzle with a diameter of 2 mm.
Trest Orgstroy of the Ministry of Construction of the Estonian SSR has developed and introduced a unit for applying putty ANSH-1-4. After manufacturing and some modernization carried out by the trust Ukrorgtekhstroy of the Ministry of Industrial Construction of the Ukrainian SSR, the unit is used at the facilities of the Kievpromstroy plant and other construction organizations of the Ukrainian SSR.
The ANSH-1-4 unit is a piston pump with a crank mechanism freely suspended inside the hopper and equipped with a drive, equipment and mechanisms necessary to supply the putty composition to the nozzle.
The technical characteristics of the ANSH-1-4 unit are as follows:
| Productivity, with layer thickness up to 2 mm, mg/h | 340 |
| Hopper capacity, l | 70 |
| Air consumption during operation with one nozzle, m 3 / h | 5-7 |
| Mobility of the composition along the cone StroyTsNIL, cm, not less than | 6 |
| Electric motor: | |
| power, kWt | 0,6 |
| rated voltage, V | 380 |
| control voltage, V | 12 |
| speed, min -1 | 1360 |
| type of current | Variable three-phase |
| Pump | Piston |
| Operating principle | reciprocating |
| Working pressure in the receiving chamber, MPa | 0,88 |
| Overall dimensions, mm | 1420x580x1185 |
| Crank speed, min -1 | 68 |
| Number of cylinders, pcs | 2 |
| Weight (without sleeves and nozzle), kg | 120 |
| Service personnel, pers. | 2 |
The finishing of ceilings and walls "under the shagreen" with the help of the ANSH-1-4 unit is carried out in the following sequence: they clean the surface, embroider cracks, grease individual places, prepare necessary materials, tools and inventory; filling compounds are produced centrally and delivered in closed containers; unit ANSH-1-4 is installed on workplace, check its serviceability, regulate the pressure to 0.3 MPa. With a fishing rod, the putty composition is mowed onto ceilings or walls. The thickness of the layer and the fineness of the shagreen depends on the density of the composition and pressure. To finish the walls of staircases and transit corridors, pigmented compositions are used that do not require subsequent painting.
The output during the finishing of ceilings by the unit reaches 400 m 2 per 1 man-day.
For brushless painting of surfaces, along with manual fur and foam rubber rollers, rollers with pneumatic supply of compositions from paint and pressure tanks by a compressor are used.
Trust Kievorgstroy has developed two types of pneumatic rollers: with external and internal supply of compositions (Fig. 15). When glue painting, the roller feeder is covered with a cover made of sponge rubber, with oil painting - made of faux fur. The rollers are connected to the CO-12, CO-13 and other pressure tanks. They can also be operated from pressure tanks with hand pumps.
A number of slightly modified pneumatic rollers (including for painting floors) have been developed, proposed by the builders of Leningrad, Vilnius, Odessa, Kherson, Dnepropetrovsk and other cities. However, due to the bulkiness of mobile compressors and the lack of paint stations at many sites, pneumatic rollers have not found wide application.
In addition, pneumatic mugs-sprayers of various designs, profiled rollers, whitewashing units, grinders, devices for painting pipes and radiators, SO-69 diaphragm mortar pumps with SO-66 attachments for painting facades and large rooms with water compositions, devices for pulling panels, etc.
Alfray cutting surfaces
Pulling panels - beating with narrow colored stripes (panels) panels from the top of the wall, the wall from the frieze or limiting surfaces broken into mirrors painted in different colors. Panels, as a rule, are pulled with panel brushes. This requires the painter to practice extensively. To pull the panels, a wooden ruler with a bevelled edge is used. When distinguishing between panels painted with glue or oil paints and walls painted with glue paints, the panels are pulled with an adhesive composition. Surfaces painted with oil compositions, if necessary, are separated by panels extended with oil compositions.Spray cutting is done by spraying different colors of paint onto the surface. Large splashes make a lighter color, small splashes darker or brighter. The paint is applied to the painted surface with a hard stencil brush hitting a wooden stick. Spraying can be mechanized using a pneumatic spray mug.
Cutting with a blunt and trimming is done with a natural or rubber sponge. The surface, painted in one color, with a sponge or rubber roller, after drying, is blunted by pressing a sponge dipped in paint of a different color, while a peculiar pattern is obtained on the surface. Cutting for a blunt is performed with adhesive and oil compositions.
Trimming is performed with trimming brushes on a freshly painted surface. When trimming, the brush hair must be directed perpendicular to the surface. Especially carefully and quickly it is necessary to carry out the trimming of the adhesive color, which dries quickly.
Rolling with patterned rollers perform on dried painted surfaces. The paint is applied to the sponge of the roller with a brush. Before knurling, it is necessary to rotate the rollers several times so that they are wetted with paint. The rolling of the surface with a roller should be carried out with uniform movements without layers and breaks in the pattern. Cutting surfaces by knurling with rollers has rarely been used recently, and if they are used, then with a dotted scattered pattern in the form of a fine light mesh, etc.
Cutting the surface for precious woods
Oak cutting perform in the following sequence: prepare the surface in the same way as for oil painting, apply the first layer of paint (underlay). Its color should be lighter than the lightest parts of the wood being imitated. 0.75 hours of white and 0.25 hours of ocher with the addition of ultramarine or natural umber are introduced into the composition of the painting composition. Drying oil is used as a binder with the introduction of 1/3 of the volume part of turpentine and 3% of naphthenic desiccant. The underlay is applied with a handbrake brush twice and processed with a fluted brush.For the glazing coating layer, the same pigments are used as for the undercoat, and as a binder - natural drying oil and turpentine in a ratio of 1:1 with the addition of wax and desiccant up to 5%. When imitating texture, compositions based on aqueous binders (beer, kvass) give the best effect.
The covering layer is applied over the dried underlay with a handbrake brush and treated with blows of the lashing brush. The layers are painted with combs made of sheet rubber 3-5 mm thick with teeth of various sizes.
Cutting begins with larger layers of the core of the tree, then the layers on both sides of the core are painted with a scallop with finer teeth, after which a pattern of small layers is applied with a scallop. The core layers are shaded with a panel brush and the layers are cut at an acute angle with a steel comb. After the top coat, cut to the texture of oak, has dried, the surface is covered with a thin glaze layer, wiped in some places with a clean rag and fluted. The dried surface of the glazing is covered with a light varnish.
Walnut cutting is done like this. The color of the underlay should be a little darker. After it dries, a glazing layer is applied on kvass or beer and treated with a fraying brush. Pigments are introduced into the composition: ocher, white, burnt or natural umber, red lead, soot. An oil-turpentine glaze is applied, consisting of drying oil and turpentine in a ratio of 1: 1 and pigments: natural umber 90% and burnt '10%. The surface is painted over the wet covering layer with a sheperk brush, and oil paints superimposed on the palette are used. artistic paints(ocher, umber, burnt sienna, soot, etc.). After that, individual large layers are worked out with a steel comb, and small ones - with a comb with rare teeth. The side surfaces are cut with crumpled rags, treated with a dry sheperka brush and fluted. After drying, the surface is covered with a thin water glazing layer on natural and burnt umber, the color of which is slightly darker than the cutting pattern, and individual places in the middle part of the pattern are lightened with a sheperk. The dried surface is covered twice with light varnish with intermediate grinding of the first layer.
Marble or granite surface cutting they are produced using natural samples of these stones to imitate. They make paints corresponding to the color of the main background and veins. On the damp ground of the main background, veins and individual stone patterns are applied with thin kolinsky or ferret brushes, they are fluted, trying to accurately imitate the natural pattern.
When cutting under natural stone, to display the surface lined with slabs, the latter is divided into separate slabs by parallel horizontal and vertical lines.
The dried surface is covered with a light varnish.
Textured surface finish is performed by processing in special ways and tools of a freshly applied layer of non-shrinking putty prepared according to special recipes:
- composition 1: ground chalk - 1 kg, marble flour - 0.5 kg, animal glue (10% solution) - to the required viscosity;
- composition 2: ground chalk - 6.8 kg, synthol paint - 2 kg, animal glue (10% solution) - 1.2 kg.
In addition to those described above, there are many other ways of alfreine cutting surfaces: bronzing, gilding, airbrushing, stencil printing, matte, silk finish, gunpowder painting, etc.
Acceptance rules, quality assessment and measurement of painting works
The completed painting work must comply with the project and approved standards, the color and texture of the painted surfaces must comply with the paint passports.It is allowed to accept work only after the complete drying of water-based paint compositions and the formation of a strong film on surfaces painted with oil, enamel or varnish compositions. The coloring of wooden floors is accepted 10 days after applying the last layer of the paint composition. The quality of painting work must meet the requirements of SNiP Sh-21-73*.
The basis for quality assessment is the regulatory tolerances established for painting work, taking into account the requirements of SNiP. Compliance with the requirements of SNiP is mandatory to receive any positive assessment. To establish the assessment, the compliance of the deviations with the standard tolerances is checked. The work receives a “satisfactory” rating if all actual deviations correspond to standard tolerances, a “good” rating - if the number of actual deviations that are less than allowed is 50%. An “excellent” rating is given when the number of actual deviations that are less than the permissible ones is 50% or more.
Regulatory tolerances for painting work are as follows:
When stained with water
- The presence of stains, streaks, splashes, stripes, brush hair, chalking - Not allowed
- Brush marks - Only for simple painting, if they are not visible at a distance of 3 m from the painted surface
- Pattern offset at the joints (when working with a knurling roller) - 0.5 mm
- Local curvature of lines and shading in mates of surfaces painted in different colors when coloring:
- high quality - not allowed
- improved - no more than 2 mm
- simple - no more than 5 mm
When painting with oil, enamel and varnish compositions
- See-through of the underlying layers of paint, stains, tacks, gaps, brush marks, wrinkles, streaks, pieces of film, visible grains of paint, traces of poor sanding - Not allowed
- Scratches from a spatula or sand, grains of sand on the surface - Barely visible to the eye are allowed, but not more than 4 pcs. per 1 m 2
- Local curvature of the painting lines at the junctions of surfaces painted in different colors during painting:
- high quality - not allowed
- improved - no more than 2 mm
- simple - no more than 5 mm
To calculate the area of relief surfaces, conversion factors are used or special tables are used (Appendix 2 ENiR, collection 8. Finishing work. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1974). These coefficients are used in determining the areas of painted moldings, gratings, metal meshes, central heating radiators, pipes, etc.
The areas of oil painting of window and door fillings that comply with current standards are given in finished form in special tables of Annex 1 to ENiR, collection 8.
The area of window and door fillings not made according to standards is determined by actual measurement, using conversion factors to determine the area of actually painted surfaces.
Often, when using adhesive compositions, damp spots or separate places with a “frozen” color appear on the painted surface, the color of which is much darker. This happens when not quite dry plaster is painted. Such defects are eliminated by washing the entire surface with warm water, drying damp places, and then priming and painting again.
When using colors with an insufficient amount of glue, the paint layer is sanded, which is removed by also washing the surface, then priming and painting with a color with a normal content of glue.
When using colors with excess glue, as well as when painting surfaces puttied or primed with compositions containing an excess amount of glue, the color fades: marble-like spots and stripes appear. To eliminate them, the paint is washed off with hot water, the surface is washed several times with warm water and, when it dries, it is covered with a very weak primer (with a small amount of glue) - the glue from the putty should fix the weak primer. The primer for these purposes is prepared according to the following recipe:
Primer on re-glued putty (for 10 liters of composition)
- Copper vitriol .............................................................. ...........0.05 kg
- Laundry soap ................................................................ ....0.05 kg
- Animal glue (10%) .............................................. .0.55 l
In addition to the previously listed defects resulting from painting with aqueous compositions, including adhesives, there may be other defects. The reasons for their appearance and ways to eliminate them are indicated in Table. fifteen.
The quality of water colors is determined mainly by appearance completed work.
Table 15
Defects in water-based paints
|
Defects |
The reasons for their appearance |
Solutions |
|
Grease spots |
There are stains of non-drying mineral and animal oils on the plaster |
Cut down the plaster in the area of the stain, re-plaster and paint; rinse surfaces with alkaline water and paint |
|
Traces of greasy stains on the surface of painting on reinforced concrete surfaces |
Traces of non-drying oils from mold lubrication |
Clean the surface of the paint layer together with putty, rinse with a 5% solution of trisodium phosphate or soda ash, neutralize the surface with a 5% hydrochloric acid solution and repaint |
|
yellow rust spots |
Seepage of resinous substances through plaster and paint |
Remove the old nabel: rinse with a warm 3% hydrochloric acid solution and, if the spots are small, prime with a copper vitriol primer without chalk, and if large, with shellac alcohol or rosin varnish |
|
Efflorescence (white crystalline coating) |
Release from plaster or brickwork soluble salts under the action of water vapor |
Dry and clean the surfaces with a wire brush, prime with white oil paint, fill with adhesive putty, prime, and then repaint with adhesive paint. |
|
Translucence of the previous paint layer |
The use of a primer that differs in color from the painting |
Rinse and dry thoroughly, prime again and paint. For solid and intense colors, prepare the primer to match the color of the color |
|
Peeling ink film |
The surface is painted over a thick layer of previous nabels; too much glue in the color or too thick color |
Shade white with clean water, and in case of significant peeling, scrape off the paint, grind the plaster, prime and repaint |
|
The surface was painted without priming the plaster, frayed without cleaning off the old whitewash, repaired damages, cracks and potholes in the plaster were not sufficiently primed |
Thoroughly wash the painted surface with clean water, remove the scratches with a steel spatula, if necessary, grind, dry, prime and repaint |
|
|
Insufficiently primed places repaired with gypsum mortar. Cracks filled with lime mortar are poorly repaired and not aligned with the rest of the surface |
Peel off the paint, rinse with water and grind the plaster, then prime again and paint over the dried surface |
|
|
Shallowing |
There is not enough glue in the color scheme; contains large grains of pigment or chalk |
Fix by spraying the surfaces from the spray gun with a weak adhesive solution, prime again and paint with strained compounds |
|
Insufficiently mixed pigments in the color scheme; poorly shaded color |
Rinse and paint with liquid color from a spray gun |
|
|
Splashes, streaks passes |
A liquid tint is applied and the paint layer is oversaturated due to the slow movement of the fishing rod or manual paint sprayer; the opening of the nozzle disc of the spray gun is enlarged |
Rinse off the paint with water, prime the surface again and paint. Replace injector disc |
|
Painted over a light primer; inept work with a brush or spray gun |
Rinse the surface with water, prime again and paint |
|
|
Change color tone |
In lime colors, non-alkali-resistant pigments are used, and in adhesive colors, based on a soap-making primer, they are not resistant to lime; cause a change in color tone and pigments that are unstable to the action of light, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide |
Wash off the paint, prime and paint the surface again, using pigments in the color that are resistant to alkali, light and hydrogen sulfide |
|
Painted surface dries unevenly |
The ambient temperature fluctuates; the primer composition is not sufficiently clean and homogeneous |
Determine the causes of fluctuations in ambient temperature; check the correct preparation of the primer composition |
test questions
- List the technological operations in preparation for painting:
- 1.1. improved adhesive;
- 1.2. lime plaster and concrete;
- 1.3. improved casein;
- 1.4. emulsion.
- What are the requirements of SNiP for the quality of painting with aqueous compositions?
Surfaces to be painted with non-aqueous compounds must be dry, dust-free after sanding and primed.
small flat areas walls are painted with a handbrake brush, fur rollers, and large surfaces - with paint sprayers.
Window frames, metal lattice structures are painted with handbrake brushes, flute brushes.
The painting of the walls begins with beating the top of the painting with a cord dyed with dry pigment. The resulting line is taken away with a handbrake brush.
To paint the wall, the brush is first dipped into the paint for half the length of the pile and the excess is squeezed out on the edge of the container. Coloring begins with vertical sections (Fig. 1), then the paint is distributed in zigzag movements and shaded with vertical movements.
Oil paints are applied in two layers, keeping the first layer for 1-2 days.
Figure 1. Sequence of application of non-aqueous formulations by brush
When painting on the surface, bumps and brush marks often remain.
To obtain a smooth and glossy surface, the freshly painted areas are flattened. And to get rough, matte texture- facing.
Flattening (Fig. 2) is performed with a dry flattened brush without pressure, only with the very tip of the pile, with vertical movements.
Figure 2. Flattening with a dry brush
To trim the surface (Fig. 3), they take a dry trimming brush and strike the paint layer (once). Facing allows you to create a smooth, evenly diffusing light, rough surface.
Figure 3. Surface trimming
With a roller, the walls are painted with vertical stripes. To do this, first it is lowered into a bath of paint and the excess is squeezed out, rolling it over the grid.
The roller is applied to the wall and moves it up and down along the surface.
Each subsequent painting strip should overlap the previous one by 2 ... 3 cm. Paint the surface with a roller until it gives up all the paint, shade it with a dry roller in reverse motion.
When painting doors, brushes and rollers are used. The smooth surface of the door begins to be painted from the upper left corner, then the adjacent areas are covered. Further, going down, paint the entire door. If the door is with contour trim, then it is more expedient to paint it first, and then the door leaf or panels.
The painting of windows begins with the movable sash, then the gratings of the fixed sash are painted, and finally the frame and window sill.
To prevent traces of paint from remaining on the glass, shields made of tin, cardboard, plywood are used. The edge of the shield is cut into a chamfer so that there are no non-paints left. You can also use masking adhesive tape, pasting it around the glass along the perimeter of the surface to be painted.
After work, it can be easily removed from the glass, leaving no traces of paint.
When painting wooden door panels and window frames, the final shading is performed along the wood fibers.
The painting of pipes, radiators and other lattice metal structures is carried out with shaped brushes, handbrake brushes, a double roller, zigeyka mittens, and a spray gun.
Non-aqueous compositions (oil, varnish and enamel) are used to paint the following plastered premises in residential buildings: kitchens, sanitary facilities and walls of staircases, while continuous painting of the walls is unacceptable, since the natural ventilation regime of the premises is disturbed due to the airtightness of the paint film. Non-aqueous paint compositions are widely used for protective and decorative coatings wood and metal surfaces.
Non-aqueous compositions paint only dry surfaces, covering them with a thin, even layer. It is impossible to increase the hiding power of the paint by increasing the thickness of the paint layer, since in a thick layer the surface layer first dries out and forms a film, and then the rest of the paint mass. The uneven drying of the paint layer leads to the formation of roughness, wrinkles and cracks. Therefore, the surfaces are painted twice, and in case of poor hiding power of the pigments, three times, allowing each layer to dry. In order to increase the hiding power in non-aqueous formulations, it is recommended to introduce solvents (turpentine, etc.).
Oil paints are used to create decorative surface, as well as to protect the structure (pipelines, metal structures) from moisture and corrosion.
According to the nature of the texture and mechanical strength of the paint layer, oil paint is divided into glossy, characterized by high mechanical strength, and matte, less durable. Glossy coloring provides surface protection from mechanical damage, atmospheric influences, corrosion, etc.; matte coloring is mainly decorative and is used for interior decoration.
Glossy colors are used for painting exterior surfaces, including metal roofs, as well as surfaces periodically exposed to moisture (window frames, exterior, entrance and balcony doors, etc.).
For wall decoration, matte colors are used, which are usually prepared centrally in accordance with approved samples.
The surfaces to be painted must be cleaned of dirt and dust, and then covered with a layer of drying oil "Oksol" using a brush or roller. To level the surface, it is puttied, after which a primer is applied over the dried putty with a paint sprayer or roller (thickly grated paint diluted in Oksol drying oil). Oil paints are applied to the painted walls and door leafs with fly brushes or fur rollers, window frames and metal lattice structures are painted with hand brushes, and large surfaces are painted with paint sprayers.
Oil paints are usually applied in two layers with an interval of 1-2 days, which is necessary for the first layer to dry completely.
During the last painting of surfaces, the following directions of shading the paint layer must be observed: on the walls - vertically, on the ceilings - towards the window; on the wooden products- along the fibers; on the metal structures and pipes - along the product. When painting and shading, the brush should be held perpendicular to the treated surface, since only in this case the area of the treated surface will be the largest, and the brush hair will be worked evenly. Protective devices are used when painting window casings, platbands and similar products.