Horizontal drainage system. What are the types of drainage. Varieties of drainage systems
The distance between drains - dryers is determined by the Rothe formula:
where L is the distance between the drainage drains, m;
H is the height of the unlowered groundwater level, m;
S– required decrease in groundwater level, m;
k
p
Rice. 2.4. Calculation scheme of perfect systematic drainage.
Table 2.2.
Soil filtration coefficient
Table 2.3.
Soil infiltration coefficient
2.2. Calculation of imperfect horizontal drainage.
When the occurrence of the aquiclude is more than 5 m, imperfect systematic drainage is laid in the aquifer (at a depth of 3.5 m.)
Rice. 2.5. Design scheme for imperfect systematic drainage.
The distance between adjacent drains of imperfect drainage is determined by the formula of S.F. Averyanov:
where T– distance from the center of the drain to the aquiclude, m;
h 1 - the highest point of the depression curve, m;
k– coefficient of soil filtration, m/day, tab. 2.2;
p– coefficient of precipitation infiltration into the soil, m/day, tab. 2.3.
The value of B is calculated according to the dependence
where r– drain radius, m, (we accept drains with a diameter of 0.2 m)
Drainage pipes are laid according to a pre-designed drainage system plan. Minimum slope of the drain pipe building code amounts to clay soils- 0.002, and in sandy soils - 0.003. In practice, for normal water flow, the slope of the pipe is 0.005 - 0.01. On the ground, drains-driers are located in such a way that the pipe runs in the ground parallel to the terrain and, accordingly, the depth of the drain-drier does not change throughout its length.
Drains are covered with several layers of permeable materials (for example, geotextiles) - first, washed crushed stone or gravel is placed, then sand, and the previously excavated soil is laid on top. The thickness of the backfill ranges on average from 100 to 300 mm (the less permeable the surrounding soil, the thicker the backfill). In order to prevent silting of drains and clogging of perforations, filters made of geotextiles (when reclamation of sandy and sandy loam soil) or coconut fiber (if clay, loam, peat bogs are drained) are used.
Exercise.
Calculate the distance between the dryer drains of perfect and imperfect drainage, build the appropriate design schemes. Select the initial data according to the table. 2.4.
Table 2.4.
Initial data.
| Option | ||||||||||
| Depth to aquiclude: perfect imperfect | 3,75 5,8 | 3,5 6,5 | 3,8 7,2 | 4,0 7,6 | 4,2 6,8 | 4,5 5,5 | 3,7 6,3 | 3,9 7,4 | 4,1 9,1 | 4,3 7,1 |
| Soil type | ||||||||||
| Level ground water | 0,4 | 0,9 | 0,8 | 1,1 | 0,5 | 0,6 | 0,4 | 1,2 | 0,7 | 1,3 |
| Dehumidification rate | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,5 | 2,5 | 2,5 | 2,0 | 2,5 | 2,5 | 2,5 |
Note: soil type 1 - loam, 2 - sandy loam, 3 - medium sand
Scheme of the vertical planning of the village with the provision of drainage and normal traffic and pedestrians.
The vertical planning scheme is developed on the basis of the materials of the geodetic underlying and the general plan of the village (city).
At this stage of the design of the vertical layout, the main, expedient decisions are determined on the general high-altitude location of all elements of the city, on the organization of surface runoff and measures for the improvement of territories unfavorable for development. The scale of the diagram is taken - 1:2000 - horizontal and 1:200 - vertical.
When developing a vertical layout scheme, design (red) marks are determined at the intersection points of the axes of the streets at intersections and in places where the relief changes along the route of the streets and the route of the street itself.
Black marks are determined from the topographic plan by interpolation between contour lines. The distance between the marks is taken according to the plan in accordance with the scale. Then, between the intersections, the compliance of the longitudinal slope of the street with the permissible minimum and maximum slopes is checked and the design longitudinal slope is determined by the formula:
i- longitudinal slope;
h- excess of marks between intersections, m;
L– distance between intersections, m.
Permissible longitudinal slopes are taken -5‰-80‰.
On the vertical layout diagram at intersections at the intersection of the axes of the carriageways of the streets or fractures of the slopes, existing and design marks are applied: the arrow shows the direction of the slope of the street, the longitudinal slope is marked above the arrow, and below it is the distance between the intersections of the axes of the streets.
The procedure for performing the final linkage planning decision with the relief and clarification of the actual high-altitude organization of the village, the following can be recommended.
1. A general layout plan is applied to the geodetic plan. The streets, along which the design of longitudinal profiles is supposed, are numbered and along their axes the marks of the existing relief are calculated (by interpolation between contour lines) at their intersections and at turns (Fig. 2).
2. Longitudinal profiles are compiled along the axes of the planned main streets, according to the plan in horizontal lines. In the context of existing populated areas, where, in accordance with the rules for surveying and compiling geodetic plans, the relief within the street is not shown, the following methods can be used to compile their longitudinal profiles: if the general character of the street does not differ from the relief of the surrounding territory or differs slightly from it, the longitudinal profiles are compiled on the basis of plan in contour lines, and on the territory of the streets the latter are carried out conditionally, in relation to the relief of adjacent territories.
If the existing street runs in conditions that differ sharply from the terrain of the neighborhoods adjacent to it (in a cut or along an embankment), it becomes necessary to use leveling profiles. In most cases, such profiles are available in cities along almost all significant streets, usually on a scale from 1:2000 to 1:500.
Rice. 3.1. Street numbering and calculation of marks along the axes.
The existing leveling profiles, in relation to the scale of the design solution, must be redrawn at a scale of 1:5000. In order not to equip them with unnecessary marks, one should not transfer all the marks from a large scale, but only the main points characterizing the relief of the longitudinal profiles of the streets should be selected.
In this case, in addition to the longitudinal profiles, it is desirable to have cross-sections taken every 200-300 m. The design cross-sections will make it possible to judge the height ratio of the street to the adjacent territory and, accordingly, the most advantageous height solution for the longitudinal profile. It should be noted that the leveling longitudinal profiles of streets are also necessary when drawing up a vertical planning scheme in cities with a very weak relief. In this case, the leveling longitudinal profile of the existing street makes it possible to judge its microrelief and, accordingly, facilitates the task of choosing the direction of drainage.
3. The choice of one of the above methods and the identification of either the need to use leveling profiles, or the possibility of doing without them, can be made on the basis of a detailed survey of questionable areas in nature and a thorough study of the geodetic plan. If the reconnaissance survey reveals existing streets with a particularly difficult terrain, the horizontal profile of which cannot be drawn up, and there is no ready-made leveling profile, leveling should be taken care of. Based on the plan in horizontal lines, and, if necessary, on the basis of leveling profiles, approximate directions of slopes and the direction of drainage along the streets are outlined (Fig. 3).
4. Longitudinal street profiles are designed, a design line is drawn, design marks are written out at intersection points, changes in slopes and in places of significant earthworks(more than 0.50 m), design slopes and distances are written out. The degree of detail of the design solution of the profile is determined by the scale; namely: the design line is plotted only in the first approximation, slopes of similar magnitude are generalized, inserts when pairing slopes different directions are not designed at all or are outlined in the most general form.
Rice. 3.3. Drawing a design solution on a plan.
5. The final design decision (slopes, distances, marks) is transferred from the profiles to the plan, the design marks are written out at the points of the profile break and the intersection of the axes. In the sections of overpasses and bridges, due to the impossibility, according to graphical conditions, to put a high-altitude solution on the plan, in full, the design data is shown only in the places of approaches.
6. In conditions of complex terrain (flat or with steep slopes), in addition to the profiles along the main highways, a solution is given in the plan for secondary streets, which more fully illuminates the drainage conditions and the high-rise solution for the city as a whole. The same elements are written on the plan: slopes, distances, red and black marks in places where slopes change. In the graphic design of the drawing, it should be shown in various conventional signs decisions made according to the profiles and according to the plan (Fig. 4).
7. The contours of areas that require significant backfilling or cutting are identified. The volumes of solid earthworks are calculated in the areas of construction of overpasses, bridges and approaches to them on dams, in sections of streets where the average height of the excavation or embankment exceeds 0.5 m, etc. In addition, the amount of land that will be obtained from the pits capital buildings with cellars. For individual elements, the calculation of earthworks is carried out as follows: in sections of streets where working marks exceed 0.5 m, the calculation is made according to longitudinal profiles; in areas of continuous filling or cutting at working elevations of more than 0.5 m, the calculation is made according to the method of squares. The volume of land from building pits is calculated by multiplying the area occupied by capital development by the average depth of the pit. The area of capital development is taken according to the data of the general planning project (percentage of development). Based on the calculation of volumes for individual elements, a list of earthworks is compiled.
Exercise.
Design a vertical layout plan locality with provision of drainage, normal traffic and pedestrians. The plan of the settlement is to be adopted in accordance with the option according to adj. one.
Practical work 4.
The drainage system is a system of drainage pipes that can be located around or along the house, as well as on a separate part land plot. It is designed to collect and divert excess water from the ground to prevent flooding.
It is worth noting that there are a lot of varieties of this system - each of them is used in certain cases. That is why it is worth considering in more detail the types of drainage.
Drainage system in your country house
Surface drainage
A system of this type serves to accumulate and drain rain and melt water from the site, preventing it from flooding in case of poor soil permeability.
There are two types of surface drainage: point and linear.
In the first case, water collectors are arranged locally, water flowing from the roof or irrigation taps enters here.
Linear drainage covers a larger area, collecting water over its entire area.
This is what it looks like surface drainage site
As for the design features, we will consider them using the example of one surface drainage ditch.
It has a depth of about 25-35 cm, V-shaped or trapezoidal shape. That is, the walls of the ditch are at a slope of about 30-40 degrees.
It is also important here to observe the slope of the ditch to ensure the natural flow of water. It is 1 cm per 1 meter of its length.
Ditch for drainage
deep drainage
Already by the name itself, it can be understood that with deep drainage, all communications are located deep below the surface of the earth.
This endows them high efficiency, allows you to divert not only rain, but also groundwater.
This is what deep drainage looks like
Consider the main types of deep drainage. There are only two of them:
- horizontal;
- vertical.
Each of them has its own characteristics, should be considered separately.
Horizontal drainage
Represents horizontal drainage systems, they help to reduce the level of groundwater, which can rise significantly during snowmelt or heavy rainfall.
Such drainage is most often arranged in areas located in the lowlands, as well as where there is excessive moisture.
Deep horizontal drainage
If we consider design features such drainage, it is a network of deep trenches (1.8-1.5 meters), in which a drainage layer of sand and gravel is equipped, and drainage pipes(drains).
They differ from ordinary sewers in the presence of a large number holes with a diameter of 1-1.5 mm.
All these pipes lead to a single drainage well.
The functions of such drainage are as follows:
This type of drainage is used by owners of private land plots much more often than others.
vertical drainage
It is a system of wells located in the right amount on the land.
Usually they are placed near buildings, effectively diverting the collected water. For removal, special pumps and pumps are used.
In some cases, trenches are equipped that allow water to move independently without the use of special equipment.
What does a vertical drainage system look like?
It should be noted that vertical drainage is very effective.
But, over time, it begins to silt, losing its performance.
Then you need to perform system maintenance in order to return it to working capacity.
This is what it looks like drainage well(vertical drainage)
Due to the rather high complexity of the development work, a vertical drainage scheme should be drawn up before they begin.
It is better to trust the work to specialists.
It shows the location of wells or wells on the site, and also provides the following information.
Most owners of private houses and summer cottages interested in the types of drainage. Drainage systems are widely ramified networks of channels interconnected with each other, passing around or along the building. They protect from negative impact surface and ground waters of the building, and if necessary - the entire area on which it is located, removing excess moisture outside the drained area. Such a solution allows you to drain the water that accumulates on the site, which is especially important in winter period when moisture expands in volume due to low temperatures.
The most suitable type of drainage system should be chosen at the planning stage in order to allow the building to last longer without visible damage. What's more, a well-designed drainage system will make it easier for plants to grow on the site by always providing them with enough water.
Types of drainage systems
When choosing the most suitable type drainage for your project, you should first understand their classification. By type of accommodation types drainage systems differ in:
- superficial;
- underground.
The former are also called open and the latter are called closed. The essence of the surface system lies in the simplicity of its construction: small ditches are made on the surface, delivering water to the desired point. The main disadvantages of this system are wear and tear and not very aesthetic. appearance.
Underground drainage is a system of pipes that runs underground. It does not spoil the appearance of the site and lasts longer, but the construction of such a system costs a lot of effort and expense. There are also other options, such as horizontal and vertical drains. They are used less often than the ones given earlier, but there are times when they are needed. Let us dwell in more detail on open and closed drainages.
Open drainage system
The open (surface) option involves the removal of water from the surface of the site and the roofs of buildings.
The storm flow is diverted from the territory of the site, thus preserving the foundation, basements and other underground structures from damage. For the device of such drainage, it is enough to dig a trench around the building, subsequently it will be she who will receive water flows. Usually the system is covered with gratings to give it a more aesthetic appearance. surface system divided into the following types of drainage:
- linear;
- point.
The linear type requires considerable effort during construction, since the construction of channels takes place taking into account the slope of the site and the walls of buildings. Particular attention is paid to garage entrances, especially if they are below ground level. Such drainage is done with the help of channels that are dug in the ground. So that the soil is not eroded by water flows, inner surface channels are filled with concrete.
Spot drainage is used to collect water at drain points, the channels are closed with decorative gratings. In addition to improving the appearance of the system, this prevents large debris from entering the system, which can reduce the effectiveness of the drainage. Water is most often drained into the nearest lake or river.
As stated earlier, this system It is quite simple to implement and does not require professional knowledge and skills during the construction. The biggest difficulty in building drainage devices It consists in observing the slope of the conduits so that the water itself flows into the selected drain point.
A deep (closed) drainage system is used when necessary, for example, when the site is located in a lowland or on soil with a clay structure. This type of drainage is also called tubular, since pipes are installed in trenches that have open areas collecting water.
The construction of such systems is enough difficult process. First of all, trenches are dug 40 cm wide more than the diameter of the pipes used. The depth depends on the level of groundwater. The bottom of the trench is covered with a layer of sand, a layer of rubble is laid on it. The thickness of the permeable layers, therefore, should be equal to 20 cm. Pipes are laid on top of the rubble, which should be wrapped with geotextile fabric.
Thus, sand will not get inside the pipes, clogging them. Further, a layer of sand and gravel is poured over the pipe, the system is completely covered with soil, on which the turf is laid. It must be borne in mind that the pipes must be installed with a slight slope towards the point of collection of water. Inspection wells should be installed at pipe bends.
Horizontal and vertical systems
In some cases, open and closed types of drainage are not suitable for drainage devices. Then other types of drainage are used: horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal type drainage on the site includes both the construction of ditches and trays, and the construction of backfill structures. Typically, a similar system is used in private areas, but is also used in urban construction. The main task of horizontal drainage is to preserve the foundation, but it also copes with moisture in basements. Thus, the annular type of horizontal drainage is based on a decrease in the level of soil water. To achieve this, the pipes are laid within 6-8 meters from the walls of the protected structures at a depth of 50 cm below the floor of the building.
A vertical type drainage is used mainly to drain water from a well. This is achieved by using pumps connected to pipes. After pumping out water, depression funnels form near the wells. As long as the water flow enters them, the surrounding area is protected from water. This type of drainage allows you to effectively remove moisture from the deep layers of the soil, thereby significantly lowering the level of groundwater in the district.
The drainage system on the site outside the city is an indispensable element, since the sewerage and water supply here are often autonomous. Well, what type of drainage devices to choose depends on individual opportunities and preferences.
Drainage - an extensive system of channels - a drain, an artificially created drainage system. The work of specialists is necessary for the design of any type of drainage, because. includes preparation of data for technical solutions. Mounting engineering systems on the site, installation of sewage equipment, electrical installation is planned together with the drainage works. Any types of drainage used on the site are directly dependent on hydro conditions. Properly arranged drainage significantly pays for all the costs associated with its device.
Drainage of a garden plot is necessary when groundwater is close to the ground. The purpose of such drainage is to drain water to maintain the cultivated land surface in a normal state.
Types of drainage garden plot may be open and closed type, which is decided according to the application conditions. outdoor view drainage - these are interconnected channels in crushed stone sprinkling, located at a distance from each other. This is a drainage device. open type does not decorate the site, requires additional fencing and annual cleaning.
Closed drainage
The closed type of drainage is more efficient and rational way. This is a technologically thought-out system of hermetically insulated drainage pipes laid in trenches in a sand and gravel layer. The closed type of drainage involves the installation of a manhole and a sump for maintenance, which functionally regulate the entire drainage system. A closed type of drainage is used to lower the overall level of groundwater in the area.
Drained soil is easier to cultivate, preparing for sowing and fertilizing. With the device of the drainage system on the site, waterlogging of the soil is excluded. Given that the combination of types of drainage system gives best results they are often used together. Combined view drainage is used for comprehensive protection areas adjacent to the house. The combination of a hidden underground drainage system with a surface drainage system is as functional as possible.
According to the method of location, the types of drainage are divided into horizontal and vertical drainage.
Horizontal drainage- these are buried tubular drains for open drainage on large areas. Closed horizontal drainage is a type of drainage used in suburban construction.
The device of a closed drainage system involves a trench 30 cm wide, laid to a depth of 0.7 to 1.5 m so that the slope of the natural outflow is towards the drainage well. For closed view drainage, crushed stone is poured to the bottom of the trench and perforated drainage pipes are laid in a geotextile winding. With a constituent water-bearing layer, the structure is covered with soil covered with a sod layer. System closed drainage collects water, directing it to a water intake or a special well.
Any type of closed drainage actively fights not only flooding, but also soil freezing, and hence the consequences of these destructive processes. The deep drainage system is used for deep groundwater up to 10 meters. Like all types of drainage, the deep drainage system is planned and calculated in advance, during the initial development of the site. deep drainage needed for the most part middle lane Russia, in all cases, the low-lying location of the site. Deep drainage usually uses a main drain that collects water from adjoining side drains to drain off the site or into a drainage well. Deep drainage is the only way to deal with excess groundwater in your area.
foundation drainage
Foundation drainage is special kind drainage system. The drainage of the foundation serves to protect the suburban building from groundwater. The simplest device for this type of drainage is trench drainage, which is effectively used in the absence of a basement. Trench drainage is arranged at a distance of 1.5-3m along the perimeter from the foundation of the building. The depth of the trench should exceed the low-lying point of the foundation itself by an average of 50 cm. The protective layer of clay during the installation of trench drainage is located between the trench and the foundation, and drainage pipes of the appropriate diameter are laid on the bottom of the trench. The purpose of trench drainage is to protect the building and foundation from deformation.
wall drainage
Wall drainage is planned if the building has ground floors and cellars, cellars. The device of such drainage is necessary in clay and loamy soils. In addition to wall drainage, filtering devices and polymeric roll materials. When designing wall drainage drainage pipes are laid along the contour with outside buildings and the walls themselves are protected with wall drainage material.
The foundation drainage system uses linear drainage for surface drainage. This type of drainage is used for arranging open areas in front of country house, sidewalks and surrounding areas. Linear drainage serves to preserve pavement, protects the foundation and basement floors from destruction. This is a combination of underground channels and ground protected gratings. Linear drainage collects water for discharge into a storm sewer.
Point drainage
how additional protection at linear drainage foundations install point drainage. Point drainage is installed on small areas, at the entrances and exits, under drainpipes for quick removal of excess water. The storm water inlets installed at the same time are closed from above with cellular iron, steel or plastic grid. The combination of linear surface and underground drainage of the foundation gives the best results of soil drainage.
The functional variety of types of drainage helps to properly arrange the drainage system in a particular case on your site. Provide your suburban area with a reliable drainage system.
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