Measures to protect wood from decay and fire. Protection of wood from fire. Fire retardant impregnation flame retardants. Comprehensive protection of residential buildings

and damage by wood-eating insects

To protect wood from decay during operation, both structural (creation of humidity and temperature conditions unfavorable for the development of fungi) and chemical (treatment of forest materials and products with toxic substances for fungi - antiseptics) measures are used.

Antiseptics - substances that are highly toxic to wood-destroying fungi; well penetrating into wood; washout resistant; do not impair the physical and mechanical properties of wood, do not impair the ability to glue and stain, etc .; non-corrosive metal fasteners; relatively harmless. The rationality of choosing one or another antiseptic is determined mainly by the conditions of service of wood and the methods of its protective treatment.

Highly toxic for fungi and insects are water-resistant antiseptics containing salts of chromium, copper, arsenic, zinc, sodium fluoride and dinitrophenol.

Worm-hole - damage to wood by wood-eating insects - subdivided into surface (does not reduce technical properties material), shallow - up to 15 mm deep in roundwood and up to 5 mm - in sawn timber and deep - more than 15 mm deep in roundwood and more than 5 mm in sawn timber. Both deep and shallow wormholes significantly disrupt the structure of wood materials and severely limit their use in construction. A very dangerous defect is a rotten wormhole - a waste product of house mustaches and furniture grinders that destroy wood into dust. The main methods of dealing with wood-eating insects are impregnation or fumigation of wood with poisonous substances - insecticides - a type of pesticide used in the fight against harmful insects.

The most effective way to protect wood from the destructive action of insects is fumigation for 2-3 days with poisonous gases - carbon disulfide, chloropicrin in vacuum chambers. In addition, natural resins, such as rosin, dissolved in organic solvents (turpentine, alcohols, toluene, white spirit) can be used to impregnate the affected areas.

Of the synthetic preparations, chlorine-, fluorine- and boron-containing compounds, as well as quaternary ammonium salts, are the most effective for processing. You can also use mixtures of turpentine and kerosene, creosote and kerosene, creosote and gasoline, a saturated solution of naphthalene in gasoline, and a solution of camphor and carbolic acid in kerosene.

Protecting wood from fire It is achieved either by impregnating it with special compositions - flame retardants or by coating it with fire-retardant paints.

When heated, flame retardants melt and cover the protected surface with a fire-retardant film that blocks access to oxygen, or decompose with the release of a large amount of non-combustible gases (CO 2 , NH 3 , etc.), which push air away from the wood surface, or swell, and then char, forming heat insulating coating.

Flame retardants must meet the requirements that provide high fire retardant properties; resistance during the operation of impregnated products; low hydroscopicity. They should not interact with wood and should not corrode metal joints, and should not interfere with gluing and finishing of the front surface.

The most common flame retardants are based on ammonium phosphate and sulfate, as well as borax, boric acid and their mixtures.

Boron-based flame retardants can be used in combination with chrome-copper antiseptics, while providing deep impregnation and low washout. Recently, in combination with soluble antiseptics (borax, boric acid, chromium-copper preparations, etc.), urea phosphate has been successfully used. Condensation of urea with phosphoric acid produces a water-soluble KM preparation, with the introduction of 10-15% of which into wood, it is protected from fire when exposed to open fire.

Fire-retardant properties are given to wood by painting with fire-retardant paints, consisting of non-burning substances with low thermal conductivity. Such paints are divided into silicate and non-silicate.

Silicate are created on the basis of sodium liquid glass mixed with soap and burnt magnesia (non-weather-resistant, decompose under the action of carbon dioxide in the air, while losing their protective properties).

Non-silicate are based on superphosphate, ammonium chloride and water or sulfate liquor extract, asbestos cement and water. They have a higher resistance, but have a reduced fire protection.

Fire-retardant treatment of wood is carried out either by saturation with flame retardant solutions in hot-cold baths, or by impregnation under pressure. Usually, 5-8% of a dry antiseptic is added to the impregnating compositions by weight of wood. To impregnate thin boards to the full depth, this percentage is slightly increased. To reduce the corrosive effect on metal parts and fasteners, it is recommended to add sodium phosphate to flame retardants containing ammonium salts.

Loved by mankind for its strength and natural beauty, wood is afraid not only of moisture and dampness - it is also very combustible. People for centuries have been looking for how to protect their homes from fire, invented various solutions and techniques to minimize the combustibility of wood and reduce fire damage. For this purpose, various non-combustible substances were added to construction compounds for fire retardant treatment of wood. Gradually, fire-resistant varnishes, paints and impregnations appeared.

How fire protection works

Protection of wood from fire is possible in two ways:

1. Fire retardants, which include fusible substances (salts of silicon, boric or phosphoric acid) melt when heated, forming a resistant film that does not allow air to pass to the wooden surface. Due to this, the ignition temperature of the tree is significantly increased, and hence its fire resistance.
2. If the fire-fighting mixture contains ammonia or other similar preparations, then during a fire they release gases that suppress the flame and push oxygen away from the surface of the wood.

Varieties of mixtures

All compositions, depending on the basis, can be divided into:

1. Paints. They provide good protection by coating wood products with a dense and durable film. Cons: hide the beauty of the surface; toxic. It is good to use them for fireproof protection of old buildings.
2. Lucky. They emphasize the beauty of a wooden surface, reliably protect it from fire, but due to toxicity, they are not suitable for internal works.
3. Impregnation - are used most often.

The latter need to be considered in more detail. Impregnations perfectly preserve the structure of the tree, penetrate deeply into the depth of the material, protecting it from fire.

Depending on the solvent can be:

• solvent-soluble - often toxic, used for outdoor work.
• water-soluble - non-toxic, suitable for treating walls inside and out.

Water-soluble impregnations are divided into:

1. Easily washable. Used in dry and moderately humid indoor areas, well suited for living rooms, provide good protection in case of fire.
2. Washable. Used for processing living rooms and utility rooms with moderate humidity, well protect wood from fire.
3. Difficult to wash. Suitable for wet areas (kitchen, bathroom) and outdoor use.
4. Non-washable compositions with increased flame retardant function. Well suited for external and internal processing of baths, saunas and other fire hazardous objects.

Processing methods

Impregnation wooden products fire protection can be of various depths:

1. Surface. As a rule, it is carried out on already finished objects. The composition is applied to a well-cleaned and degreased surface with a brush, roller or spraying, left to dry, and then other decorative woodwork is carried out. Fire resistance is moderate.
2. Moderate. It is carried out by soaking in special baths, it is carried out even during the construction process. Provides good fire protection to the building.
3. Deep, using an autoclave. Such impregnation is possible only in an industrial way, when the composition is driven under pressure deep into the pores of the wood. The resulting board has high fire and bioprotective qualities and does not require subsequent treatment with protective agents.

When choosing a method and solution for processing, it should be borne in mind that the deeper the composition penetrates into the base of the tree, the higher its resistance to fire will be. If it is possible to use autoclaved wood for construction, then it is better to build from it.

Degrees of protection

According to fire safety standards, the degree of protection of wood from fire can be:

1. Maximum, first class. Such fire and biological protection is inherent in wood after autoclave treatment. Buildings made of such material are able not to catch fire under the influence of fire for up to 150 minutes.
2. Average, second grade. The treated wood becomes difficult to ignite, able to resist flames up to 90 minutes. Such stability is achieved by soaking the board before construction in a bath with a flame retardant composition.
3. Low, third class. This is achieved by surface treatment of buildings with solutions, which is typical for private residential buildings.

Self-protection of the building from fire

Unfortunately, it is impossible to give the finished building the first and second class of protection of wood from fire. But the composition chosen depending on the purpose will help to significantly reduce the fire hazard. When choosing an impregnation, you must consider:

1. Heating capacity of the room. For attics, verandas, as well as for outdoor work, frost-resistant compounds must be taken.
2. Influence of atmospheric factors. For the street, hard-to-wash mixtures are needed.
3. Environmental friendliness. For residential premises, only non-toxic preparations are suitable, and when working with toxic ones, it is necessary to use protective equipment.
4. Aesthetics. As a rule, impregnating agents do not affect the color and texture of the wood in any way.
5. Profitability.
6. Fire safety. The instructions for use should indicate the protective degree of the drug.
7. Sustainability. How much time should elapse before further processing.

Applying flame retardant preparations to a wooden surface is easy. It is carried out in the same way as when using other types of impregnations:

1. All impregnation works are carried out at positive temperatures in calm weather or in a well-ventilated area. Work at negative temperatures will reduce the absorbent qualities of the wood surface and reduce the protective properties of the solution.
2. Boards are cleared of old paint, dirt and dust.
3. If possible, degreasing with white spirit is carried out.
4. The solution is evenly applied to the prepared area with a brush, roller or spray gun.
5. The surface is dried and the final decorative and construction work is carried out.

Tip: the fire-retardant qualities of the treatment carried out can be checked independently. For this from different places wooden structure, you need to take small chips and hold them over the flame.

Without constant exposure to fire, the sliver should go out. Carrying out fire-retardant impregnation of buildings is a responsible process that should not be neglected during construction or redecoration.

Proper application of flame retardants to wooden surfaces will increase the safety of a residential building. But it is worth remembering that even the highest quality preparations applied by a surface method, after a couple of years, under the influence of atmospheric phenomena, reduce their protective properties. They will need to be reapplied.

K category: Construction materials

Durability of wood and its protection from rotting and fire

The resistance of wood is its ability to resist destruction from physical, chemical and biological influences during service. Wood of different species depending on chemical composition and anatomical structure has different resistance. Domestic breeds are divided into the following groups according to resistance to decay: the most resistant (cedar, oak, elm), medium-resistant (pine, spruce, alder) and low-resistant (birch, beech, aspen, linden, maple).

Wood in buildings is often found in favorable conditions and undergoes premature destruction, which occurs mainly from decay caused by various fungi that develop only within certain limits of temperature and humidity changes and in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, it is most effective to prevent wood from rotting by drying it to a moisture content below 20%. In addition, wood is destroyed by wood-destroying insects and other woodworms, as well as by fire.

For guard wooden structures, parts, products and parts of buildings and structures from destruction, antiseptics, insecticides and fire retardants are used, which must meet the following basic requirements: protect wood from decay, damage by wood-destroying insects and fire within a specified period; be safe for people and animals, i.e. do not emit toxic substances, gases, dust, and unpleasant odors; penetrate the wood to the required depth; not reduce its strength and not increase hygroscopicity and electrical conductivity, and also not cause corrosion of metal parts.

Protection of wood from decay is carried out using:
a) antiseptics used in aqueous solutions; of these, they do not stain wood - sodium fluoride and sodium fluoride soda, sodium fluorosilicon, ammonium silicofluoride, preparation GR-48 based on pentachlorophenol; slightly stain zinc chloride, antiseptic PDH based on fluorine and sodium chromate, sodium pentachlorophenolate, sodium oxydiphenolate, uralit (a mixture of sodium fluoride with dnptrophenol);
b) antiseptic pastes based on water-soluble antiseptics - bituminous pastes on Kuzbasslak, extractive ones on sodium silicofluoride and soda, clay on sodium silicofluoride and soda; they all stain wood; c) oily antiseptics that stain wood - coal and coal semi-coke oils, shale oils;
d) antiseptics that stain wood, used in organic solvents - pentachlorophenol, oxydiphenyl and copper naphthenate.

Impregnation with antiseptics has some effect on the properties of wood: the compressive strength and static bending strength are reduced by 5–10%, and the specific shock work in bending is reduced by 10–15%; bulk density increases, water absorption, shrinkage and swelling decrease. Impregnation with antiseptics significantly increases the service life of wood: pine poles serve 4-6 years, impregnation with creosote increases the service life up to 25 years.

Protecting wood from insect infestation. Coal and shale oil, pentachlorophenol and oxydiphenyl, a mixture of borax with boric acid are used. For the treatment of wood in warehouses, insecticides are used in the form of dusts, suspensions, emulsions (DDT, chlorophos, chlordane-chloridan, naradpchlorbepzol).

Protecting wood from fire. One of the significant disadvantages of wood is its easy flammability. To protect against fire, the following measures are used: constructive - remove wooden elements from heat sources; introduce fire-resistant partitions; covered with plaster or low heat-conducting fireproof materials; they are painted, coated and impregnated with fireproof compounds - antiprepas.

Fire-retardant coatings are divided into the following types: weather-resistant (perchlorovinyl paint, XJI paint) to protect external surfaces; moisture resistant (HL-SZh paint), used to protect wooden elements and structures of buildings (except for residential and public buildings), located in conditions with an air humidity of 61-75%; non-moisture resistant (chloride paint HL-K, silicate paint SK-L, sulfite-clay coating, superphosphate paint), used for internal elements buildings and structures in rooms with air humidity of 60% or less.

Influence of humidity on the quality of wood. wood defects, protection of wood from rotting and ignition

The moisture content of the wood big influence on its properties and is determined by the porosity of its structure. According to the degree of moisture, wood can be;
1) wet ( for a long time having stayed in water) - humidity is more than 100%;
2) freshly felled - humidity -35% and higher;
3) air-dry (laying in the air for a long time) - humidity 15-20% and
4) room-dry - humidity 8-13%.

The presence of moisture in a growing tree is necessary condition its existence, but in a felled one it is harmful. A change in the moisture content of wood causes an increase (swelling) or decrease (shrinkage) of its volume. Due to the heterogeneity of the structure, the wood swells or dries out differently in different directions, as a result of which it warps. Intensive and uneven drying of wood causes cracks in the material and products. Moisture contributes to the decay of wood.

Often in wood there are various defects that reduce its quality and reduce the possibility of its use in construction. Wood defects are called irregularities in its structure, damage, as well as changes that have arisen as a result of tree disease. Full characteristic and the names of defects are defined by GOST 2140 - 48.

We present short description some defects that degrade the quality of wood as a building material.

Knots - the base of the branches, enclosed in wood. Knots break the straightness of the fibers, which reduces the strength of the wood, especially in tension. A large knotty makes it impossible to use wood in construction.

Curvature - the curvature of the trunk along the length. The curvature reduces the yield of lumber and the length of the assortment used, lowers the grade up to the transfer of the curved wood into the category of wood.

Tapering is an excess decrease in the thickness (diameter) of a log from the butt to the top. Runaway lumber often comes with cut grain, which drastically reduces its strength.

Oblique - the direction of the wood fibers in a spiral relative to the axis of the trunk. The oblique layer has a significant effect on physical and mechanical properties wood: shrinkage, warping increases, the strength of lumber decreases, especially in tension.

Cracks - appear in the wood of both a growing (metic, peel, frost) and a felled tree (shrinkage cracks). Metic is one or more wide internal cracks running along the length of the barrel through the core (radially), but not reaching the surface of the barrel.

Otlup - an internal crack that runs along the entire annual layer or part of it and spreads along the trunk for a certain distance.

Morozoboina.- an external crack, wider on the surface of the trunk and tapering towards the center.

Shrinkage cracks, external and internal, are formed when the wood dries and go from the surface of the trunk to the center. Cracks violate the integrity of wood, reduce its quality and grade.

Of the other defects in the shape of the trunk and the structure of wood that affect the physical and mechanical properties of wood, it should be noted: pilosity - a tortuous and confused arrangement of fibers, and a curl - a local curvature of annual layers and fibers caused by the presence of knots.

Mechanical damage is a superficial or deep damage to the trunk cutting tool, falling tree, etc. Distinguish the following damage: peeling of the bark; zateza - a flat, shallow wound inflicted by a cutting tool; zarub - deep cutting of a part of the trunk. Mechanical damage reduces the yield of commercial wood and reduces its grade.

Rotting wood. Color abnormalities and wood rot include: blue, sapwood redness, mold, external rot, internal redness, internal rot, singed rot, etc. All these phenomena are caused by the vital activity of spore plants - fungi; while in the wood in one case only a change in color occurs (wood-coloring mushrooms), in the other case, in addition to a change in color, the destruction of wood (wood-destroying fungi). The process of destruction of wood under the influence of fungi is called decay. Wood rotting occurs only under favorable conditions for the development of fungi: at temperatures from 2 ° to 40 °, wood moisture content above 20% and the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Mushrooms appear on the wood of growing and felled trees, the wood of assortments and in structures. At the same time, in the first stage of fungal activity, the color changes, and then there is a gradual destruction of wood (rot).

Mushrooms that appear on the wooden parts of the building, as well as on organic building materials (straw, reeds, peat slabs, etc.), are called house mushrooms. The most common types are:
1) real house mushroom (Merulius lacrymans) - the most dangerous of wood-destroying mushrooms;
2) white house mushroom (Poria vaporaria);
3) membranous house fungus (Coniophora cerebella).

Under favorable conditions, these fungi, especially the real house fungus, can turn wood into dust within a few months.

All types of fungal diseases of wood significantly worsen the quality of wood. In most cases, with abnormal colors, strength indicators decrease, the yield of commercial wood decreases, its grade decreases, and in the presence of rot, wood cannot be used in construction at all. Wood affected by house mushrooms should be removed from building structures and burned to prevent the spread of infection.

Depending on the type of defect and the degree of damage, the possibilities of using wood as a building material have been established (GOST 2140 - 48).

Insect damage to wood. Damage caused to wood by insects is called a wormhole. The wormhole can be superficial, shallow, deep, penetrating the log to a depth of 6 cm, and rotten, in which the wood turns into dust. Wormhole downgrades wood depending on the size of the damage.

Protection of wood from decay. Premature destruction of wood during decay in structures and during its storage occurs under certain temperature and humidity conditions (at a humidity of more than 20% and positive temperatures up to 40 °). Therefore, it is better to use wood with a moisture content below 20% in construction and protect it from moisture by constructive measures, such as painting. oil paints, air handling unit or good natural ventilation. Wooden parts of a building in contact with stone or metal surfaces(ends of wooden beams supported by stone walls etc.), must be antiseptic, i.e., protected from decay with antiseptics, and wrapped with roofing felt, roofing material or tarred felt.

Antiseptics are chemicals that prevent wood from rotting. These include aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride and silicofluoride, which are used for coating and impregnating wood in structures. Coal tar creosote and anthracene oils - more the best antiseptics, but they emit an unpleasant odor, so they are used to impregnate sleepers, checkers, end pavements, parts of wooden bridges, dams, etc.

Wood treatment with antiseptics is carried out different ways. The most effective is impregnation of wood under pressure in impregnating cylinders. In addition, impregnation in hot-cold baths, surface coating with pastes are used. Less effective is roasting followed by spraying with antiseptics.

However, it must be remembered that antiseptic, although it prolongs the life of wood in adverse conditions, is a temporary measure to protect wood from decay. Over time, water-soluble antiseptics leach out and lose the necessary properties, so it is necessary to rationally design parts of structures and proper operation protect wood from damage by fungi and decay.

Protection of wood from ignition. Wood must be protected from fire primarily by constructive measures, for example, removing the wooden parts of the building from heat sources, installing partitions made of fireproof materials, firewall walls and cuttings (furnaces), plastering, gypsum boards etc. In addition, impregnation, painting and coating of wooden parts with flame retardants are used. One of the fire-retardant paints recommended by the Central Research Institute of Fire Protection is a paint (white) having the following composition (percentage): liquid glass- 37.1; chalk - 37.1; glycerol - 1.9; zinc white - 1.9; water -22. This paint is used for painting structures in dry heated rooms. There are fire retardant paints of other compositions. Used to impregnate wood chemical solutions- Angipyrenes can also be used to paint wooden structures. However, it must be remembered that compliance with fire safety regulations and design measures are the best protection wood from fire.

For all its advantages, untreated wood is not a durable building material. To house, fence, gazebo, garden furniture and other elements of both the structure itself and suburban area have served for a long time, wood needs reliable protection.

Ways to protect wood

Structures and parts made of wood in construction have long been in demand due to environmental friendliness, manufacturability and mechanical strength. Almost no house can do without wooden elements today: truss systems, floor beams, internal partitions, stairs and balustrades - all this is most often made of wood. But this material there are enemies - fire, mold, fungi, insects and ultraviolet. To protect wood from such negative factors apply both constructive methods (correct placement, planning and operation of products and buildings), and special chemicals- therapeutic and prophylactic (antiseptics), protective and decorative (impregnation, azure, varnishes) and fire-fighting (flame retardants). The best option- a combination of several methods of wood protection for one structure, plus regular monitoring of its condition and periodic renewal of the outer coating (on average, such procedures are carried out every 4-5 years). In any case, prevention will be much cheaper than repairing an already damaged element.

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How to choose fire protection or bioprotection for wood?

When choosing fire and bioprotective agents for wood, you should adhere to special recommendations and carefully study the information on the product packaging.

1. Manufacturer. Wood preservative is a rather complex product, and only a well-equipped enterprise with a long production history can produce it with high quality. Therefore, products of dubious and little-known origin should not be trusted.
2. Coating service life. If a manufacturer claims that their product provides a protective layer that will last 2.3 years or 5 years, then most likely this is true. But when it comes to 20-40 years, it is better to refrain from buying. Only the most attentive buyers will pay attention to the fact that this phrase, as a rule, is followed by a footnote, where it can be written, for example, that such a protection period is possible if the solution is applied by deep impregnation or soaking. Both the one and the other - industrial methods, unattainable in domestic conditions. Another version of the so-called marketing ploy - the manufacturer, under the promised long period of time, writes in small print that such durability is achieved provided that the composition is not washed out of the wood, which is impossible in principle.
3. Composition consumption. As a rule, the cheaper the impregnation, the greater the expense declared by the manufacturer. Therefore, when you see a seemingly inexpensive product on a store shelf, you should not rush to buy it. To begin with, it is better to calculate how much impregnation is required to solve specific task following the manufacturer's recommendations for consumption. The average consumption rate should not exceed 200-250 g/m 2 . And on some products you can find figures of 500-600 g / m 2, which is quite typical for fire-retardant materials, but cannot be the norm for bioprotective compounds.
4. Versatility. When choosing a complex bio- / fire retardant, it should be taken into account that some manufacturers deliberately combine the functions of antiseptic and flame retardant actions, speaking of their mutual reinforcement. But experts say that even seemingly compatible compounds in solution can not only not give a positive effect of reinforcing each other, but also reduce bio-/fire-retardant properties. Better buy specialized means to solve different problems separately.
5. Availability of a certificate. All flame retardants and materials must have a certificate of conformity and the conclusion of the sanitary and epidemiological station. Without these documents, the sale of fire-retardant products on the territory of Ukraine is prohibited. Require the presentation of relevant confirmations at points of sale!

Biosecurity - protection of wood from decay and insects

Constant moistening of the surface, the accumulation of condensate on it lead to the formation of fungi and mold, the appearance of rot. And it is much more difficult for a tree to withstand the effects of dampness than for everyone else. building materials. Moisture can destroy wood cells, cause decomposition and splitting of structures. If you do not prevent the process or do not stop it in a timely manner, then in a few months the rot will “eat through” the tree through and through. As a result, the beam or truss structure will collapse, pulling other building and Decoration Materials. Their bioprotective treatment will help to avoid such consequences.

Raw selection

It is necessary to take care of protecting the tree from decay even at the stage of purchasing and storing timber and lumber. Under production conditions, wood harvesting goes through several stages: cutting, processing with a preservative composition, drying for a year, sawing. Technological violations at least at one of the stages lead to the appearance of harmful bacteria and insect larvae in the material.

In any case, when choosing wood, it is useful to know that different species have different resistance to decay. Hardy include pine, ash, cedar, larch and oak, medium-resistant - spruce, fir and beech, and low-resistant - birch, elm, hornbeam and maple. If defects were discovered after the purchase of the material, it must be treated with an antiseptic before storage, and for prevention, including “healthy” products.

It is difficult to determine the state of the tree by eye. Of course, it is necessary to sift out wood with pronounced signs of waterlogging: for example, if the board has a helical shape (cross-sectional distortion), there is blue or small pockets of mold. But only a person with extensive experience in profile area(for example, a carpenter) will be able to point out a moistened product - by the presence of cracks in the end, a barely noticeable warping of the material, the approximate weight of blanks of common species. An inexperienced person will determine this only in the processing process. Signs of very wet wood - the chips removed by the planer are easily crushed, and the chips from the transverse use of the chisel crumble.

• erection of walls and fences - 6-20%;
• devices roof structures and laying beams - 9-15%;
• installation of window and internal door blocks - 6-12%;
• installation of outer door frames - 9-15%;
• creating details interior decoration - 9-15 %",
• production of platbands and outer skin - 12-18%.

It is important to note that humidity small parts and connecting elements should be 2-3% lower than that of the main product in which they are used.

Assortment classification

Impregnations, disinfectant and antifungal solutions, etc. are used as special antiseptic agents. The choice of composition is determined by the designated task and the property of the necessary protection. It should be borne in mind that different types of wood absorb drugs differently, and the consumption of the product depends on this. So, wood of pine, birch and beech is distinguished by good absorbency, moderate - cedar, larch, hornbeam, oak, maple, linden, alder and aspen, low - spruce and fir.

The effect of "ambulance" is possessed by insecticidal impregnations that destroy insect larvae and prevent their appearance. Such preparations are made on an aqueous or alkyd basis. The former serve mainly for temporary (annual) conservation of wood for the period of harvesting, transportation and storage. Alkyd-based antiseptics work much longer. They create coatings that are resistant to fading in the sun and do not absorb water, and are also suitable not only for medicinal purposes, but also for preventive treatment.

Preparations intended to combat fungal diseases of wood (mold, blue, brown and brown rot) contain special substances in their formulation - fungicides. Fungicidal solutions are made on the basis of water or white spirit. Solutions of the first group are environmentally friendly, inexpensive, but are washed out with water over time, so it is better not to use them for processing elements that are in direct contact with soil and moisture. Preparations based on white spirit penetrate deeper into the wood, are not washed out with water, but are less environmentally friendly (they have a sharp specific odor that complicates the processing process).

Well, if the wood has undergone a fungal attack, the entire surface is thoroughly cleaned and special disinfectants with a high content of active substances are used, including those that can bleach wood that has changed its color.

Transparent "cosmetics"

Azures and varnishes not only protect wood from ultraviolet rays and atmospheric precipitation, but also give it an attractive decorative effect.

Varnishes intended for interior use are environmentally friendly and have a high resistance finished coating to abrasion and moisture. Organic-based outdoor lacquers provide a flexible finish increased strength, protecting the tree from temperature and humidity atmospheric fluctuations and exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Azure (glazing compositions), having transparency, leave the visible texture of the tree. They serve to protect and decorative finishes new, previously unpainted surfaces. Compared to paints, the protective effect of azures is much higher. Firstly, the content of coloring pigments in them is minimal, which ensures good absorption into the tree, and secondly, they contain much more special additives to prevent decay of the material. For long-term operation in atmospheric conditions, dark-colored azures are more suitable: they better mask the graying of wood, and their service life is on average 3-4 years (for light azures - 2-3 years).

Fire protection - protection of wood from fire

In a dry state, wood ignites and spreads fire, at a temperature of 200-250 ° C it chars, and at 300 ° C it begins to collapse. Do not forget also that building products and materials may release toxic products hazardous to human health during combustion. Therefore, it is very important to limit the time of exposure to fire on structural elements building. To combat the low fire resistance of wood, special fire retardants are designed - flame retardants, which reduce the combustibility of the material and protect its surface from the spread of flame.

Theory and practice

Wood has an interesting quality: the larger the cross section of a wooden structure, the more difficult it is to ignite, and when burning, coal is formed on the surface, smoldering more slowly. Therefore, massive bars and logs retain their bearing capacity during a fire.

It is also worth noting that the heat-reflecting ability is higher for a wooden structure with smooth surface, that is, it is more difficult to light up. Any chips, protrusions and cracks increase the likelihood of fire.

In the case of building a completely wooden house, fire-retardant treatment of all structures, including external walls, will be required.

In a house made of other materials, wood, which is used in attic floor and roof structure, since their collapse is dangerous to human life and can lead to an increase in the area and intensity of the fire. Flame retardant treatment is also required wooden surfaces in places of ordinary and emergency evacuation - entrance areas, terraces, ground floor balconies, stairs, etc. In addition, attention should be paid to places where there is an increased risk of ignition - around sockets, near a fireplace, etc.

To protect wood from fire, constructive measures are also used, such as increasing the cross sections of the most loaded wooden elements, removing wooden structures from sources of fire or creating fireproof linings, etc.

Assortment classification

For wood processing, two groups of fire-retardant materials are used, which are divided depending on the methods of their application - impregnation and coating.

• Fire retardant impregnations- these are solutions of salts of phosphoric or boric acid, most often water-soluble. Under their protection, wood is charred at the point of contact with fire, and the structure as a whole resists fire for a long period and prevents the spread of flame.
• Fire retardant coatings- this is paints and varnishes, which create a thin heat-reflecting layer on the surface of the wood. When exposed high temperatures it swells to form a heat shield of hard, non-flammable foam (similar to the action of a fire extinguisher) that prevents ignition and flame spread across the surface and retards charring.

It is better when wood processing with fire retardants is carried out in industrial conditions. In this case, the drug under pressure penetrates as deep as possible into the tree, so this fire protection is more resistant. If you buy untreated material or if the initial treatment has expired, you will have to solve the problem yourself. Apply protective agent using a brush or spray gun is possible only on a clean, dry surface.

Compliance principles

Independently choosing a fire retardant for wooden structures at home, you should take into account the indicators of its effectiveness. So, all funds are divided into three groups. The compositions of the first group according to the test results after a two-minute exposure to a flame gas burner allow a weight loss of a wood sample of not more than 9% and provide a wooden structure with a flammability class G 1, the second - a weight loss of 9-25% and a flammability class G 2. The means of the third group do not provide proper fire protection for wood, so you should not buy them. It is also better not to buy compounds whose effectiveness the manufacturer has not indicated.

For processing wooden rafters, finishing stairs, materials with a flammability class G 1 are used, for all other cases products of class G 2 are sufficient. Information about the level of flame retardant performance must be indicated on the packaging.

• How to ensure reliable and high-quality protection of wood from decay, fire and fire?
• What means can be provided reliable protection wood from fungus, mold and insect pests?
• Which wood preservative or wood preservative should I choose for fresh logs and lumber?
• What methods and methods for protecting wood from decay, fire (fire) and various pests exist and are effective?

During the years of mass dacha, garden and suburban construction construction is becoming more and more popular. wooden houses wood natural humidity. In this regard, the need for means of protecting and impregnating wood from decay, ignition (fire), pests, fungus, mold and insects has sharply increased. Today, in order to fight against rotting and mold and various insect pests, very reliable means of protecting wood boards, lumber, various logs, wooden houses from rotting, ignition (fire, flame, fire), damage by harmful fungi, mold and wood-eating pests, bark beetles, grinders.

In the photo, one of the most terrible wood pests is the bark beetle. There is only one way and method of protection against him - these are Neomid Antizhuk means. For centuries, the issue of protecting wood, wooden structures from fire and ignition of wood has been acute. In this case, to protect the wood, the so-called means of protecting wood from fire (fire retardants and materials - fire-retardant impregnations, paints and varnishes) will be required. I want to note that during the comprehensive research at the Academy of Moscow State University of Education and Science, we were able to isolate high-quality wood protection products from rotting Liga-Bioshield, wood (fire) NEOMID 450 and NEOMID 530 antiseptics and an antiseptic, wood impregnation against fungus from new wood protection products and rot League Bioshield. Among the antiseptics and flame retardants for the protection of wood (lumber and logs) present on Russian market It is possible to allocate excellent means of protecting wood from rotting and mold Neomid 46 bio, Neomid 440. Neomid 500 impregnation qualitatively disinfects wood from rotting, mold and rot. All of these funds listed domestic production have an affordable price with a very high-quality effect on wood pests - insects, rot and mold. To protect wood from fire and fire, as well as rotting and rot, the protective drug Neomid 450 is very good.

Pictured are some of the most the best means, methods and methods for protecting wood from insect pests, rotting and fungi during the operation of wooden houses made of timber and houses made of logs, bathhouses and chopped log cabins. Foreign wood protection products such as Belinka, Pinotex, Teksturol have proven themselves as effective means of protecting wood from decay. But they are recommended to protect wood with a moisture content of more than 20%. The quality of their protective action is excellent, but their cost is sometimes much higher than the cost of Russian wood protection products from rot and mold.

Photo - using these preparations, methods and methods for protecting wood from fire and fire will be more effective. Fire, fungus (rotting) and mold are by far the main pests of wood, especially fresh sawn wood in a cutting area - wet wood. Under conditions of improper storage of freshly sawn lumber, boards or logs, fungus and mold begin to develop rapidly and greatly harm the wood. They greatly destroy the structure of the tree. First, the wood of lumber and logs loses its attractive natural color, and then, if measures are not taken to destroy pests of fungi and mold, deep damage and decay of wood begins and the fresh wood turns into dust. natural pests - fungi distributed almost everywhere in nature. They are found both in human dwellings and in external environment, sprayed together with plant pollen. Mold, fungus and their spores, together with other microorganisms, are present in the air of any room, both separately, in the form of small particles. Mold spores and fragments of rotting fungi are easily airborne and enter the respiratory tract of humans and animals, which can, if certain conditions lead to the development of various allergic diseases. For effective struggle with fungus and mold, there are many preparations to protect wood from rotting, fire, mold and various pests. In addition to broad-spectrum antiseptics for wood, there are narrowly targeted preparations Antifungus Sagus and Antimold Neomid 500. We can offer you such preparations to protect the wood of your wooden house or bath from rotting, mold and fungi (fungus). Zimniy Dom Group of Companies is a manufacturer and dealer of the best means of protecting wood from rotting, fire (fire), mold, insect pests and rot fungi. Call! Let's help!