Types of drainage. Features of the installation of open and closed drainage systems Open drainage system

To remove excess moisture that accumulates on land plot, you can choose one of existing methods: plant moisture-loving plants, pour imported soil, raising the ground level, improve soil porosity by adding organic matter, carry out a drainage device.

The latter method is necessary at a high level ground water, heavy clay soils, finding a site in a low-lying area.

Conventionally, drainage systems are divided into two main types:

• open,
• closed.

Open or surface drainage is carried out using a system of open channels that serve to drain precipitation, water from roofs and terraces. The system consists of modular channels through which water flows beyond the boundaries of the site into storm sewer.

Surface drainage is:

• point,
• linear.

removes water from places where its local collection is necessary - under roof drains, watering taps, from pits near doors. Rainwater inlets are used for water collection - rectangular containers, equipped with bends, with the help of which the drainage system of the site is connected to the storm sewer.

Linear drainage is a system of narrow, long drainage ditches, flumes, sand traps, in which fine debris and sand are retained. From above, drains and sand traps are covered with lattice covers.

If the site is located on a slope, then a drainage ditch is installed across it. It intercepts the water flowing from above and redirects it into a single longitudinal flow outside the site.

The main disadvantage of open drainage is the unattractive appearance of such a system.

Closed drainage device

The closed drainage system consists of underground channels, the location of which is regulated by the project.

There are several technologies for the device of closed drainage systems.

The most commonly used backfill drainage, in which the drainage channels are filled with sand or gravel. Drainage pipes, called drains, can be laid in channels. In such systems, if necessary, a drainage pit may be provided.

The most popular type closed system are drains that fit into channels arranged in a herringbone pattern.

The system, consisting of perforated plastic pipes, is located in the most flooded part of the site. Water from the pipes enters the absorbing well, which is arranged at the lowest point in the area. The center of the drainage system is a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm, the depth of its occurrence should be at least a meter above the bottom of the absorbing well. The side pipes have a diameter of about 75 mm.

Channels for laying pipes are dug with a depth of about a meter, and a width of about half a meter.

The channels are filled with gravel, then with crushed stone, into which drains are placed, wrapped in a filter.

Pipes must have permeable walls:

• Most simple option is the use of plastic pipes with perforated walls. Such pipes are the cheapest and easy to install.
• Perforated concrete or pottery pipes are laid with gaps to allow water to enter the drainage system. Such pipes are difficult to lay and maintain - it is difficult to protect them from debris and sediment.

Drainage plastic pipes wrapped with geotextile - a filter material that protects the pipes from the ingress of clay particles into them. Pipes can be bought already wrapped or you can use volumetric drainage filters that are made from textile industry waste, fibrous peat, rye straw, fibers coconut or other materials.

The purpose of volumetric filters is not only to protect drains from silt, but also to provide a better flow of water.

Rules for the construction of a drainage well

The place where the water will be released is called an absorbing well. Its device is necessary in areas where there is no stream or other natural reservoir nearby.

The well is built in the lowest place on the site, as far as possible from housing construction.

Garden drainage should never be combined with domestic sewer system. In severe weather, the results can be disastrous.

For most garden plots sufficient is the device of a conventional absorbing well, which is a pit filled with pebbles and gravel. The absorption well must be dug to a depth that is less than the depth of the groundwater table.

The dimensions of the absorbing well are determined by the dimensions of the site. For standard garden plots, a hole 1 m deep and 1 m 2 in area is sufficient. A layer of inverted sod is laid on top of the well, then fiberglass mats, and then a layer of soil or grass.

The creation of the system begins with digging a well, and then leading a trench under a closed collector, through which water will flow from the drains to the well.

Construction of drainage systems: rules for their location

The drainage system should be located at a distance of at least half a meter from the enclosing structure of the site and a meter from the blind area of ​​the housing construction.

Drainage rules, in particular, the interval for placing drains depends on the type of soil:

• 3-6 m in clay soil;
• 6-10 m in loams;
• 15-18 m - in sandy soils.

The drains are connected to the main pipe at an angle of 45 0 with special fittings.

There are situations when the site is located in a lowland or on a slope, and natural water intakes - ditches or ravines - are located above the drained area, that is, it is impossible to divert water into them by gravity.

To solve this problem, a drainage well is being built, the depth of which should reach 2-3 meters. Automatic pumping of water into the natural water intake will be carried out using drainage pump. A drainage well of this type must be reinforced reinforced concrete rings about 1 m in diameter.

When the territory is located on a slope or in a swampy area, the project of deep and surface drainage should be drawn up at the stage of development of the general plan of the site

There are a few. But, if you look into this issue, you can find out that the best option is a closed drainage system.

Purpose of drainage around the house

There is one very common misconception inherent in all inexperienced but wealthy people: drainage may well replace foundation waterproofing. Actually it is not! Even if it is good to isolate the foundation from water penetration, then it needs a drainage system anyway. To identify the reason for this, it is necessary to “ripen to the root” - under the house, loam and clay alternate, and the height of groundwater in different seasons may differ.

Another important factor is the height of your yard relative to the terrain. The lower this height is, the more drainage is needed around your home. Also, this should include precipitation and soil water permeability. In a word, there are a lot of such factors, it is impossible to take them all into account even before the construction of the house began. But all of them will soon manifest themselves either in the form of moss or mold.

To avoid the adverse effects of excess moisture, drainage must be installed before the construction of the building, at the stage earthworks. With regards to other methods of water drainage, it is rather the elimination of holes in a sinking ship. It might work, but it's temporary.

How to make drainage around the house with your own hands

There are several drainage options, but, again, it is better to use a closed one. Other types of laying is undesirable.

1. Closed drainage option. Special drainage pipes are used for it, it is completely safe, it is possible Maintenance, as well as several options for arrangement.
2. Open variant. In this case, a trench is being dug around the house, the depth of which will exceed the depth of the foundation. It may be narrow, but it must be sloped so that water can drain naturally. As a result, we get a certain gap on the site, which completely and completely destroys all its attractiveness. You can decorate it with something, try to disguise it, but the likelihood that your children will fall there is very high.
3. Zasypnaya. In principle, here is the same trench around the house, but on top it is covered with rubble and covered with broken bricks, if desired, it can be decorated with turf. No one can fall here, but maintenance is out of the question. If the drainage system becomes clogged, then literally everything will have to be torn apart, since you will not be able to visually determine where the blockage occurred.

The choice of pipes to create drainage

After we have decided on the type of drainage system, it is necessary to select pipes.

Varieties of drainage pipes of domestic and foreign production

Important! It is best to use pipes with existing perforations, as this greatly simplifies installation. Therefore, the most suitable polymer pipes, in which the diameter may be different, but for drainage, mainly 100-110 mm are used.

Do-it-yourself closed drainage

Below is step technology drainage devices. It consists of several stages.

earth measurements

First you need to determine the lowest point on your site. It is here that the future trench will stretch, and here there will be drain well. This is because although mold in the basement is highly undesirable, the waterlogged soil in the area will not bring any benefit either. If your site is flat, tall grass grows on it, or there are other kinds of complications, then only one thing will help you - a theodolite.

It is better to borrow this tool from someone or rent it, it is not profitable to buy it.

The ditches that will be around the house should be at a slope of the order of one centimeter per running meter. This may seem like overkill, since the water will flow down a five-millimeter slope, but in reality it is not. The drainage system will flow dirty water with sand, clay, so that over time a coating forms on the pipe, so a centimeter slope is just right, and let the amount of work from this increase, but at the same time, the durability of the system increases.

Digging a ditch, backfilling

Now you can start installation drainage pipes.

Installation of drainage pipes

Important! Do not forget that the pipes should be laid with an inclination towards the drain well!

Our entire drainage system must be installed using fittings. We do this before we backfill the last gravel layer.

Open drainage technology

Outdoor drainage is the easiest way to protect the house from precipitation. Material costs are minimal, the work is insignificant, but there is a danger that someone may fall into such a drainage. To work, you only need a shovel and a tape measure. We dig around the perimeter of the house with an open ditch 50 cm wide and 70 cm deep, about a meter from the wall. Its walls should be sloped approximately 30°. Water that has fallen into the ditch will drain into a specially created sewer, which can be shared across multiple buildings. To move water into the pit, we dig a large ditch connecting all the secondary ones.

It is advisable to fill the bottom of the ditch with rubble so that the water flow does not erode the soil.

Important! Open drainage is especially effective when snow melts.

If a suburban area located on a slope, then open drainage systems will effectively remove water. In this case, the ditches dug across the slope will “intercept” the flowing water, after which the latter will be directed to the general channel, and then to drain hole outside the yard.

Backfill drainage technology

As mentioned earlier, for the construction of a backfill drainage system, we need the following materials:

• Large gravel;
• Gravel;
• Broken brick (instead of gravel or in combination with it).

In general, the technology of the backfill system is much like a closed one, only pipes are not used here - instead of them, the ditch is half filled with crushed stone of large fractions or broken bricks. Next, gravel is poured, finishing layer- This is soil with turf.

But this type of drainage clogs up pretty quickly, and it is generally very difficult to clean it. That is why backfill drainage is considered the least effective and durable. In order to at least partially correct this, it is recommended to put geotextiles between the gravel layer and the soil, or even better tecton - the walls and bottom of the ditch are covered with material. After that, the water will not soak into the ground. Such waterproofing should not only completely cover the ditch, but also go beyond it by about 0.3 meters on each side. Then falls asleep broken brick or crushed stone, which is covered from above with the left edges of the material. After that, the finishing layer is laid.

In the manufacture of tecton are used modern technologies, which allows you to get a material that almost does not rot when in contact with water. And this a great opportunity improve the efficiency of such an unreliable system as backfill drainage.

Other ways to install drainage. Foundation blind area

The blind area of ​​​​the foundation is a strip of concrete or asphalt arranged around the perimeter of the entire house. It is made at an obtuse angle relative to the surface of the wall. It's not only effective method protect the foundation from moisture, but also decorative element at home. The function of the blind area is simple - to divert melt or rainwater from the foundation.

Important! If the soil on which the house is built is non-sagging and dry, or moreover, the foundation of the house is columnar, then there is no need for a blind area. In all other cases, this must be done, since a wet foundation cannot last long.

What material to choose for the blind area?

For this purpose, we can use one of the following materials:

• Galvanized steel sheets;
• Rubble stone;
• Asphalt;
• Clay;
• Concrete slabs;
• Brick;
• Concrete.

Of these, concrete is the most popular, due to its excellent characteristics - high strength and durability. But there is another material, relatively "young" and therefore unknown to anyone - profiled PVP membranes, which perfectly isolate from moisture penetration and are not covered with cracks during operation.

Such a membrane lies on the ground, and sand and gravel are placed on top of it. You can cover such a structure with almost anything, even a flower bed or lawn located above it. To do this, lay another layer of turf about 20 centimeters thick on the rubble.

Finally, the easiest way to make drainage around the house is to take plastic pipe and cut it lengthwise into two pieces. Lay pipe cuts along the perimeter at a slight slope towards the water outlet. Also for this purpose, special drainage channels equipped with plastic gratings for guard.

And remember! All other drainage methods other than the pre-dug system are secondary. Their efficiency is an order of magnitude lower, and there can be no question of durability.

Video - How to make drainage around the house with your own hands

Drainage on the site can be laid open and in a closed way. If it is necessary to divert only rainwater and only a limited area, then an open drainage device can be used. This is a fairly simple type of installation and does not require special maintenance. Open or surface drainage systems do an excellent job of handling precipitation, but do not contribute to lowering groundwater levels.

Depending on your destination surface systems drainage are divided into linear and point.

Linear drainage system is used on large areas for drainage of atmospheric precipitation and is a storm sewer. For its device, use different kinds drainage gutters. They are installed on cement mortar or in tracks. From above they are covered with cast-iron or steel removable gratings. To clean such a channel, it is enough to remove the grate. For drainage to separate sections point drainage systems are installed. Installation sites for such systems are located under roof drains and watering taps. The sump is a container rectangular shape, on which special taps are located. Such storm water inlets are connected to linear system with the help of bends and PVC pipes. Pipes are laid in the ground. To prevent sand and debris from getting into point drainage systems, special devices are installed in them - sand traps. Before laying in the ground, the drainage system must be checked for leakage. To this end, it is necessary to pour a certain volume of water into the storm water inlet and then collect this water at the outlet. If there are no malfunctions in the system, then the volume of water at the outlet will be equal to the volume of water poured into the storm water inlet.

Ground or closed device drainage systems (deep drainage) is used when groundwater is located close to the surface or to rid the soil of the site from over-wetting from "overhead", that is, water that collects in the soil after snow melts and heavy rainfall. The purpose of such drainage is to lower the level of groundwater. The depth of the trench is on average a meter, and the width is about 40 cm. When digging a trench, the slope indicated in the plan should be observed. For construction ground system drainage, artificial watercourses - drains are used. They are laid on geotextiles, which prevents clogging of the drainage. Then the drains are covered with a filter of sand and gravel, after which it is covered with soil. Water that passes through the soil ends up in drains. Due to the fact that the drains are laid under a slope, water is discharged by gravity either into a sewer ditch or into a drainage well. The need for installation drainage well occurs when it is impossible to drain the drainage into a ravine or ditch.

Install absorption well can be outside the site or on it. The depth of the well is 2-3 meters, and the diameter is 1 meter. Fill up the well in layers. For this purpose, excavated soil, sand, broken brick, crushed stone can be used. The water running along the drains enters the well, is filtered and goes into the lower layers of the soil. The advantage of such systems is stealth. Disadvantages include a large amount of excavation and a more complex installation requiring specialist knowledge.

There are several places in a private house that need to be protected from getting wet from the outside. This is the foundation and recessed buildings. Rainwater, all kinds of drains and rising groundwater gradually destroy monolithic foundations and walls basements. A properly equipped drainage system around the house can prevent the occurrence of this process. It is able to remove excess moisture from structures. Even a very good blind area cannot be compared in terms of the degree of protection of a house with a laid drainage system. It is highly recommended to equip such a system near each house, regardless of the presence of a basement or basement.

A high-quality drainage system around the house with your own hands can be made in several ways:

Features of different foundation drainage systems

The choice of a particular type of drainage depends on the presence of buried rooms, the depth of groundwater, the composition of the soil on the site and the topography of the site itself. Consider what features the drainage device around the house has.

In total, there are 3 types of drainage, which differ in their location and design:

Important: Please note that formation drainage does not replace other types of drainage, but only complements it. Therefore, in addition to it, the main drainage system should be carried out.

Please note that if you decide to do ring drainage around the house with your own hands, the system should be located 0.5 m below the foundation level. Such an arrangement will ensure high-quality removal of groundwater from the building at any time of the year.

And if you are thinking about that, then our separate material on this topic may be useful to you.

Drainage installation

Consider how to make a drainage system around the house in two ways.

Production of wall drainage

Before performing work, it is necessary to prepare the foundation, since the system will directly adjoin it.

For this, the following work is carried out:

1. foundation with outside primed with a special bituminous primer.
2. Bituminous mastic is applied to the dried surface.
3. A reinforcing mesh with 2 x 2 mm cells is glued onto the mastic.
4. The next day, after the mastic has hardened, the second layer of mastic is again applied to the mesh.

• a collector well is mounted, to which drainage pipes will be connected. It is located at the lowest point on the site;
• using a laser or building level the slope of the trench passing near the foundation is ensured towards the water collector;
• the bottom of the trenches is covered with a layer of sand of at least 5 cm;
• geotextiles are laid on the sand, the sides of which will subsequently be overlapped;
• a gravel backfill is created having a thickness of the order of 10 cm;
• prepared perforated pipes are laid on the gravel layer. They are provided with a slope of 2 degrees;
• pipes are joined by adapters and corner connectors;
• at the corners of the building, all pipelines enter the installed manholes;
• pipes are laid from the manholes, diverting water into a collection well or drain pit. These pipes are also located in trenches and have a slope;
• the pipes are backfilled with gravel (about 10 cm) and the entire contents are wrapped with geotextiles. By means of synthetic ropes, the geotextile is firmly fixed;
• further backfilling of the trenches to the level of the soil is carried out with sand or soddy soil.

We looked at how to make drainage around a wall-type foundation. Next, we will pay attention to the manufacture of trench drainage, which is even more popular.

Production of an annular drainage

For this type of work, you will also need perforated pipes, crushed stone, sand and geotextiles. When an annular drainage system is made around the house, the technology involves digging trenches at a distance of 5-8 m from the foundation of the building in order to exclude the possibility of subsidence of the soil around it. The trenches are located around the building and represent a closed system. The depth of the trenches should be such that the drainage passes below the level of the foundation by 50 cm.

A trench (or several trenches) is immediately carried out towards the main catchment well. The slope of the trenches is provided at least 2-3 cm per linear meter. The slope can be adjusted by adding sand in the right places.

• the bottom of the trenches is lined with a layer of sand, and then with geotextiles, the edges of which are wrapped around their walls;
• crushed stone is poured onto the geotextile with a layer of 10 cm;
• pipes with holes drilled in them are laid out on crushed stone. It is desirable to use a pipe diameter of at least 10 cm. It is advisable to pre-wrap all pipes with a layer of geotextile, which will prevent their clogging;

Tip: Regular ones are fine. pvc pipes used for sewerage. In them, you can drill holes of small diameter with a drill, placing them in a certain order.

• the slope of the pipes is checked, which must be at least 2 degrees;
• manholes are mounted at pipe bends, closed with removable covers. The same wells should be installed on long straight sections, with a step of 12 m;
• crushed stone or gravel is poured over the laid pipes with a layer of 20-30 cm;
• the entire “pie” inside the trenches is wrapped with overlapping geotextiles;
• the place left in the trenches is filled up river sand and covered with sod.

Features of drainage wells

Any drainage around a site or structure should be constructed using multiple manholes located at pipe bends. It is in these places that clogging of drainage pipes most often occurs. Through the manhole, you can control the cleanliness of the drains and clean them if necessary. Wells can be purchased or made from any material. They should be of such a width that it is convenient to clean them by lowering your hand there.

In addition to several manholes, at the lowest point of the site is collector well designed to collect all the water flowing through the channels. This is a wider and more voluminous structure, which can be concrete, plastic or metal. Its depth is chosen in such a way that the pipes entering it are at a considerable distance from the bottom. This makes it possible to periodically clean the well from sediments accumulated at its bottom and allows the well to be filled with sewage. From the collector tank, water can be pumped out by a pump or go by gravity to designated places.

By creating a drainage system around the house in accordance with all the rules, you will get rid of the detrimental effect of excessive dampness affecting the foundation and recessed rooms of the house.

The drainage system is a rational solution to issues related to the adverse effects of storm and groundwater on the structure. This structure is designed to cooperate and clean up the liquid accumulated under the soil layer, or near any building.

The presence of highly moistened soil on the site, which prevents the normal process of construction and planting, gives grounds for the introduction of a hydraulic engineering plan here. It will help to remove excess fluid from the soil. Types of drainage are distinguished based on such a parameter as the depth of the drainage device. Drainage can be located on the surface, in depth and be vertical.

Main purpose

The drainage system consists of pipes drainage purpose connected to each other and located near the selected types of buildings. It is laid on the site in need of drying. The liquid first passes through the soil, then enters the drainage, and, in the end, through the perforated holes it ends up in the pipe. The size of the holes ranges from 1–5 mm. Such recesses are located almost along the entire length of the pipe. As backfill use sand and gravel.

Any selected drainage system is equipped with a special well designed to collect water. To install it, it is recommended to dig a deep hole. In this case, it is necessary to keep a record of the relief indicators of the area. The presence of small height differences gives grounds for placing such a well anywhere in the site.

Varieties of drainage systems

There are various types of drainage systems. Starting the process of developing the territory, it is important to choose a specific variety.

Drains differ in the depth of the drainage pipes. Separate superficial and deep drainage and.

Surface drainage

It belongs to the category simple species drying systems. This type of system accumulates moisture coming in the form of precipitation, lowering high level humidity. It is not difficult to carry out work on the selected type of drainage system. There is no need to plan extensive work on the ground. Often this method of drainage is called storm drainage. It can be made in the form of point and linear drains. The point option accumulates water from roofs or irrigation taps. Linear can collect water from a vast area of ​​​​area.

Surface value system or open drainage are simplified designs for getting rid of unwanted water. They help to quickly get rid of moisture accumulated due to precipitation, snowmelt, from a large volume of flood waters. Their maintenance is not difficult.

Types of drainage systems on the site are divided into linear and point. The first type of drainage systems is designed to move water collected from small areas. Trenches 30–40 cm wide are dug throughout the site. They are connected to a place where water drainage is especially required. Such ditches have a depth of about 50 cm and an inclined wall angle of 30 degrees. These ditches lead into the main pit. All liquid is drained into it. The nodal cuvette is sometimes used simultaneously for all points. A water drainage system of such a sample is often equipped with special containers to purify the liquid from possible litter and sand deposits. Such structures are closed with bars.

Another type of drainage structure, called linear, is used to drain water from the base of the house. Liquid can come from roofs, from drain pipes. For this purpose, storm water inlets are used, which come with siphon bulkheads. They, in turn, contribute to blocking bad smell from sewer openings of storm devices. There are also baskets that collect garbage.

In order for the drainage system to function normally, ready-made ditches should be filled with suitable materialsproviding good filtration. These are river pebbles, crushed brick, crushed stone, etc. The height of such a layer should be approximately 30 cm. The selected drainage will last a little more than 5 years.

Note! Over time, the drainage pipes will gradually fill with earth.

deep drainage

This method of drainage of the territory is a drainage structure horizontal position. It helps to reduce the height of the rise of groundwater and remove excess water put on outside the boundaries. In addition, such drainage helps to get rid of a significant accumulation of liquid in the process of the appearance of melt water and precipitation.

Drainage device

Deep drainage is often carried out in low-lying areas with highly moist soil. Also, you can’t do without it in places intended for landscaping the territory, when laying paths and paths.

The essence of this system is that it consists of pipes with a perforated base, located in trenches dug at a certain depth. This design goes to a larger diameter collector pipe or to a well. On the small area you can use a pipe of small diameter, and in areas large area it is even supposed to install several wells at once. This variety drainage system used very often.

In addition, drainages are distinguished by the way the pipes are arranged: horizontal and vertical.

vertical drainage

The selected design is represented by several wells located near the building. This system collects water with pumps and discharges it from the territory. It is not difficult to make such a device, however, difficulties may arise in the development of the project. This requires special knowledge from the field of engineering. For this reason, you should not do this type of work yourself. To make sure everything is clear necessary work, you need to have hydraulic equipment.

Special types of drainage

Radiation drainage. It is often installed in the territories of industrial facilities. Consists of a significant number of wells.

In the case of dense green spaces, apply double drainage, under similar conditions, use Rerolle drainage.

Coastal drainage established in coastal areas. slanted- it is applied to drainage of dams and dams.

Device Features ring wall drainage and reservoir drainage can be seen in the photo:

Using a certain type of drainage structures on the site of the house, it is possible to carry out high-quality and stable protection of the base of the house from the destructive action of groundwater. The scheme of such a device should be well thought out and clearly organized. An event of this kind is best entrusted to specialists.

Video

The features of the choice of drainage pipes are described in detail below: