horizontal drainage. Types of drainage: surface, deep, horizontal and vertical. Types of horizontal drainage systems

Because of a large number precipitation and the inability of the soil to quickly absorb moisture, many suburban areas in the spring and autumn period suffer from waterlogging of the soil. An excess of water adversely affects both the cultivation of crops and the integrity of construction projects. To delete excess moisture, a drainage system is being installed on the site. For private facilities, horizontal drainage is most often used, which is a system of artificial watercourses (pipes, trays, channels), which allows groundwater to be diverted outside the drained area.

The optimal situation is the arrangement of the drainage system at the same time as the construction of the house and the ennoblement of the backyard territory. Therefore, before starting the main work, it is necessary to decide: is drainage needed on the site or not?

According to building codes, drainage structures are installed in such cases:

• If the lowest point of the construction object exceeds the groundwater level (GWL) by less than 0.5 m.
• If the site is dominated by clay or loamy soil (regardless of groundwater level).
• If the underground part of the buildings is in the zone of capillary moisture.

In the case of horizontal drainage at already inhabited facilities, the design must be carried out taking into account all buildings and previously constructed drainage systems that are located in the adjacent territories.

Properly executed drainage minimizes the impact of groundwater on construction sites

Types of horizontal drainage systems

Any task horizontal system is to collect and withdraw excess water from the territory through special watercourses. Depending on the location of the structure and the tasks performed, drainage can be superficial or deep.

Surface drainage

This type is used in case of predominance of soils with low water permeability and is designed to quickly remove precipitation from the earth's surface and drain the topsoil. The surface system includes: central drainage and field ditches. Water from the surface of the site through the field ditches enters the central channel and is discharged into the water collector. The depth of the drainage ditches is determined taking into account the nature of the soil and is usually at least 0.2 m.

Horizontal tubular drainage on the surface land plot

One of the subspecies of the surface drainage system is the storm sewer, which can be open and closed. In the first case, open trays are used as watercourses, and in the second, closed ones. drainage pipes. Additionally, the storm drain can be equipped with storm water inlets (for point collection of rainwater) and sand traps (for filtering sand and other debris).

Advice. To check the performance of storm sewers, it is necessary to pour a certain amount of water into the storm water inlet and collect it at the outlet. In the absence of faults, the output volume of water must be equal to the input.

open trays storm system

deep drainage

In order to reduce the overall GWL and maintain an optimal water balance, horizontal deep-type drainage is used on the site. The depth of the channels depends on the GWL and the terrain features and averages 1 m. The pipes are laid on a gravel-sand cushion, and each pipe must be wrapped with a geotextile sheet to prevent clogging of the drainage holes with sand mass.

deep system constructively can be carried out in different options, each of which decides certain tasks.

• Wall drainage.

If the construction site is being built on clay or loamy soil, then the foundation and basement must be protected from moisture using a wall drainage structure. Such a system is laid along the perimeter of the building with outer side. The location of the drain should be below the base of the foundation. At a large depth, the pipe is additionally strengthened in order to prevent its deformation.

• Ring drainage.

Such a system is used to protect a building or land from groundwater entering from outside. Unlike wall drainage, ring drainage is laid at a certain distance from the building (5-8 m) and allows you to "take into the ring" several objects at once for comprehensive protection territory.

Worth paying attention. If groundwater approaches the building from one side only, it is allowed to install an open drainage ring.

Scheme of the horizontal tubular drainage ring: 1 - drainage pipe; 2 - manhole

• Reservoir drainage.

If it is impossible for other types of systems to provide sufficient protection against waterlogging, for example, in the presence of underground pressure water or the construction of a building above the lens, a layered structure is used. It is laid under the base of the protected object directly on water-saturated soil and is hydraulically connected to a tubular drain designed to drain water.

Preparation of the drainage layer before the construction of the building

Drainage system design

Before the arrangement of horizontal drainage, it is necessary to draw up a project, according to which work will be carried out in the future. As a rule, such a document is created by specialists. Nevertheless, the owners of the site should also be aware of the design features, especially if they want to do the installation themselves.

What is taken into account when creating a project

In order for the drainage system to function correctly and smoothly, the project must be based on the following documents:

• Site plan with the location of all buildings.
• Topographic survey of the area (if the work will be carried out in difficult terrain).
• Territory dendroplan for tying drainage to existing and future plantings.
• Site hydrology (information on hydrological factors and water balance).
• Plan of underground utilities to take into account the intersections of the electric cable and pipeline with drains.

The composition of a typical project

Finished project consists of the following parts:

1. Plan of the watercourse (general scheme).
2. Layout drawing (for a complex structure).
3. Cross section of the drain.
4. Explanatory note.
5. Slope table with necessary calculations.
6. List of materials.
7. Routing for horizontal drainage.

Note. The technological map is a document that includes a complete list of works and the sequence of their implementation. This section is usually drawn up in the form of a table and is used in the arrangement of particularly complex systems for draining the territory.

An example of a general site drainage scheme

Arrangement of horizontal drainage: basic processes

Determination of the optimal variant of the drainage system depends on the engineering-geological and landscape conditions on the site, which are primarily taken into account when drawing up the project. As a rule, preference is given to gravity structures. However, if it is not possible to maintain the correct slope of the pipe for draining groundwater, forced pumping is applied using pumping equipment.

When arranging horizontal tubular drainage, the main and auxiliary works are carried out. The main processes include:

• digging a trench to a given depth;
• laying of drainage pipes;
• filter layer device;
• connection of pipes with a collector.

Good to know. The following are commonly used as a filter bed: gravel, crushed stone, expanded clay, slag, etc.

Auxiliary processes, in turn, are divided into preparatory and final. On the preparatory stage equipment and materials are delivered, the components of the drainage network are laid out, and construction markings are carried out. The final stage is characterized by the construction of manholes, backfilling of trenches, recultivation of the vegetation layer and cleaning of the territory.

Drainage work on the site

If all work is done correctly, horizontal drainage will function properly and will achieve an optimal water balance in the drained area. In this case, any error in the design and implementation installation work can be very costly. To get rid of unnecessary risk, it is better to trust the arrangement of the drainage system to specialists.

5.1. When constructing a closed horizontal drainage, the requirements of SNiP III-8-76, SNiP III-16-80, SNiP 3.05.04-85 and this section should be met.

5.2. Drainage construction should be carried out starting from higher order collectors to drains. The development of the trench and the laying of drainage pipes should be carried out from the mouth to the source (from bottom to top).

5.3. When laying the drainage-laying chimney in areas with a transverse slope of more than 0.03 and the presence of irregularities on it with a height of more than 20 cm, the surface of the collector and drain routes must be leveled on a strip 4 m wide.

5.4. When constructing a closed horizontal drainage, as a rule, trench and trenchless dredgers equipped with laser slope indicator systems should be used.

Single-bucket excavators for trenching can be used in the following cases:

at the depth of the trench and the diameter of the laid drainage pipes, exceeding the technical capabilities of the drainage pipes;

when the soil group is higher than the permissible one due to the difficulty of development and when the content of inclusions in the soil prevents the operation of drainage layers based on bucket-wheel excavators;

when arranging drainage in soils with a bearing capacity that does not allow the movement and operation of drain spreaders;

when laying drainage pipes on shelves and racks.

5.5. At sites with different geological and hydrogeological conditions, joint operation of continuous machines and single-bucket excavators should be provided.

5.6. Laying of drainage pipes in water or on liquefied soil is prohibited.

5.7.B winter period at a depth of soil freezing exceeding the technical capabilities of dredgers based on multi-bucket excavators, the layer of frozen soil must first be loosened.

5.8. Backfilling of drainage trenches should be carried out in two stages: backfilling of drains and final backfilling.

Powdering of drains must be carried out mechanically immediately after laying the pipes. In the powder material, stones with a diameter of more than 5 cm and clods of frozen soil with a diameter of more than 10 cm are not allowed.

The final backfilling of drainage trenches by a bulldozer should be carried out when it moves along the axis of the trench or at an angle of no more than 30 °.

Backfilling should be done in the direction from the source to the mouth.

5.9. Backfilling of the trench in stable soils should be carried out no later than three days from the date of laying the drainage pipes, in floating soils, as well as in winter conditions, regardless of the type of soil, directly after their laying.

5.10. After laying the drains with a trenchless drain laying machine, the slot should be rolled up.

5.11. Drainage mouths and wells must be arranged simultaneously with the laying of drainage pipes.

5.12. During the operational quality control of the work performed, the following should be checked for compliance with the project and the requirements of these rules:

position of the drain axis;

the thickness of the cutting of the fertile soil layer (when developing a trench with a single-bucket excavator);

drainage trench slope;

mark of a pit for deepening the working body of a trenchless drain spreader;

diameter of drainage pipes and their protection with filter material;

bias plastic pipes laid with a trenchless drainage layer;

type of soil powder and its thickness;

backfilling of the trench and restoration of the fertile soil layer (when developing trenches with single-bucket excavators);

gap closure;

type, completeness and dimensions of drainage structures on the drainage network.

5.13. Deviations of drainage parameters from the design ones should not exceed the values ​​indicated in Table. 5.

Table 5

5.14. Slope-free sections are allowed at a length of not more than 10 m, subject to the general slope. Sections with a reverse slope of the trench bottom, a decrease in the thickness of the protective filter material and an increase in the gap at the joints of the drainage pipes are not allowed.

5.15. Checking the marks of the bottom of the trench or the top of the laid drainage pipes should be carried out: for drainage slopes up to 0.005 - after 3 m, for large slopes - after 5 m; when laying drainage pipes with a trenchless drain-laying machine - every 5 m, regardless of the slope.

Drainage - an extensive system of channels - a drain, an artificially created drainage system. The work of specialists is necessary for the design of any type of drainage, because. includes preparation of data for technical solutions. Mounting engineering systems on the site, installation of sewage equipment, electrical installation is planned together with the drainage works. Any types of drainage used on the site are directly dependent on hydro conditions. Properly arranged drainage significantly pays for all the costs associated with its device.

Drainage of a garden plot is necessary when groundwater is close to the ground. The purpose of such drainage is to drain water to maintain the cultivated land surface in a normal state.

Types of drainage of the garden plot can be open and closed, which is decided in accordance with the conditions of use. outdoor view drainage - these are interconnected channels in crushed stone sprinkling, located at a distance from each other. This is a drainage device. open type does not decorate the site, requires additional fencing and annual cleaning.

Closed drainage

The closed type of drainage is a more efficient and rational way. This is a technologically thought-out system of hermetically insulated drainage pipes laid in trenches in a sand and gravel layer. The closed type of drainage involves the installation of a manhole and a sump for maintenance, which functionally regulate the entire drainage system. A closed type of drainage is used to lower the overall level of groundwater in the area.

Drained soil is easier to cultivate, preparing for sowing and fertilizing. With the device of the drainage system on the site, waterlogging of the soil is excluded. Given that the combination of types of drainage system gives best results they are often used together. Combined view drainage is used for complex protection of territories adjacent to the house. The combination of a hidden underground drainage system with a surface drainage system is as functional as possible.

According to the method of location, the types of drainage are divided into horizontal and vertical drainage.

Horizontal drainage- these are buried tubular drains for the device open drainage on the large areas. Closed horizontal drainage is a type of drainage used in suburban construction.

The device of a closed drainage system involves a trench 30 cm wide, laid to a depth of 0.7 to 1.5 m so that the slope of the natural outflow is towards the drainage well. For closed view drainage, crushed stone is poured to the bottom of the trench and perforated drainage pipes are laid in a geotextile winding. With a constituent water-bearing layer, the structure is covered with soil covered with a sod layer. System closed drainage collects water, directing it to a water intake or a special well.

Any type of closed drainage actively fights not only flooding, but also soil freezing, and hence the consequences of these destructive processes. The deep drainage system is used for deep groundwater up to 10 meters. Like all types of drainage, the deep drainage system is planned and calculated in advance, during the initial development of the site. deep drainage needed for the most part middle lane Russia, in all cases, the low-lying location of the site. Deep drainage usually uses a main drain that collects water from adjoining side drains to drain off site or into drainage well. Deep drainage is the only way to deal with excess groundwater in your area.

foundation drainage

Foundation drainage is special kind drainage system. The drainage of the foundation serves to protect the suburban building from groundwater. The simplest device for this type of drainage is trench drainage, which is effectively used in the absence of a basement. Trench drainage is arranged at a distance of 1.5-3m along the perimeter from the foundation of the building. The depth of the trench should exceed the low-lying point of the foundation itself by an average of 50 cm. The protective layer of clay during the installation of trench drainage is located between the trench and the foundation, and drainage pipes of the appropriate diameter are laid on the bottom of the trench. The purpose of trench drainage is to protect the building and foundation from deformation.

wall drainage

Wall drainage is planned if the building has basements and basements, cellars. The device of such drainage is necessary in clay and loamy soils. In addition to wall drainage, filtering devices and polymeric roll materials are used. When designing wall drainage, drainage pipes are laid along the contour from the outside of the building and the walls themselves are protected with wall drainage material.

The foundation drainage system uses linear drainage for surface drainage. This type of drainage is used for arranging open areas in front of a country house, sidewalks and adjacent areas. Linear drainage serves to preserve pavement, protects the foundation and basement floors from destruction. This is a combination of underground channels and ground protected gratings. Linear drainage collects water for discharge into a storm sewer.

Point drainage

how additional protection at linear drainage foundations install point drainage. Point drainage is installed on small areas, at the entrances and exits, under drainpipes for quick removal of excess water. The storm water inlets installed at the same time are closed from above with a cellular cast-iron, steel or plastic grate. The combination of linear surface and underground drainage of the foundation gives the best results of soil drainage.

The functional variety of types of drainage helps to properly arrange the drainage system in a particular case on your site. Provide your suburban area reliable drainage system.

Price for

Open drains - grooves and trays, and closed tubeless drains are suitable for short-term operation for the period of construction work.

The most widespread are tubular drains laid in the lower part of drainage trenches filled with filter material.

In tubular drainage, the following types of pipes are used: asbestos-cement, concrete and reinforced concrete, cast iron, ceramic, plastic, porous concrete pipe filters on dense aggregates, porous polymer concrete pipe filters, etc.

The pipe material is prescribed depending on the degree of aggressiveness of groundwater and the strength of the material, taking into account the depth of their laying.

The laying depth of pipes made of porous polymer concrete is limited to 5 m. Pipes made of porous concrete on dense aggregates are laid to a depth of more than 8 m. asbestos-cement pipes is determined by calculation, and PVC pipes are assigned taking into account the thickness of their walls. Concrete, reinforced concrete and asbestos pipes are used only in non-aggressive environments with respect to concrete.

Table 6.1 shows the characteristics of some types of drainage pipes.

Drainage pipes made of plastics, which are currently widely used, are made of polyethylene low pressure(HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with round holes up to 4 mm in diameter and slit-like - 0.8 - 1.5 mm wide.

For filter coatings around pipes, sand and gravel sprinkles, wraps made of artificial fibrous materials (geotextile), windings made of non-woven roll material, and drainage composite materials - geocomposites are used.

For drainage pipes wrapped with rolled filter material with an overlap of layers, sand and gravel preparation (cushion) with a thickness of at least 100 mm is arranged. If sandy soils lie at the base, then laying pipes on a planned natural base is allowed.

Table 6.1

Sprinkling of a prism from separating layers of sand and gravel material is prescribed from the condition of the pipe not being silted and excluding soil suffusion.

Filter coatings around pipes made of mineral fibrous materials are made of fiberglass VVT, VVK (4 layers), fiberglass fabrics VPM-1 (two layers), SSTE-6 and SS-1 (one layer) in combination with sprinkling of unsorted sandy soils that are more permeable than drained soils.

To ensure long-term operation of drainage pipe filters, geotextile materials are used (permeable fabric, non-fabric, knitted and composite fabrics made of synthetic fibers), which high density and filtration capacity provide the least silting of drainage pipes.

Geotextile performs three functions in the soil mass - separation, filtration and reinforcement.

Of the Russian materials that have been widely used in underground construction, it should be noted dornit, developed by VNIIStroypolimer and the Rostokinsk non-woven materials factory (Moscow); from foreign - Geolon of the Dutch company Nicolon, Heidelberger Vlies German company Gebruder Friedrich, Bidim of the French company Rhone-Poulenc, Polyfelt of the Austrian company Polyfelt and others.

Drainage composite material (geocomposite) includes two elements - a three-dimensional plastic base (moisture conductor) and a geotextile filter. The latter allows water to pass into the plastic base, while retaining soil particles.

The most widely used drainage materials are: Delta Drain (Germany), Enkadrain (Netherlands), GSE Hyper Net (Germany), J-Drain (USA), Polyfelt (Austria), Terram Drain (England) and others.

Under difficult geological and hydrogeological conditions with the presence of aquifers of great thickness and with their layered structure, as well as in the presence of pressure groundwater, reservoir drainage should be arranged under the base of the underground structure (Fig. 6.2).

Formation drainage protects the structure from both gravity water and capillary moisture. Such drainage is arranged in poorly permeable soils, where tubular and other linear structures are ineffective. Water from reservoir drainage is discharged through tubular and non-tubed drains, flumes and grooves.

Under the structures, reservoir drainage is performed as a single-layer or two-layer. A single-layer drainage of crushed stone or gravel is laid on rocky or semi-rocky fractured soils. Two-layer drainage is performed in dusty and fine sands and clay soils. Upper layer poured out of crushed stone or gravel with a minimum thickness of 150 mm. The size of crushed stone or gravel is recommended to be 3 - 20 mm with a heterogeneity coefficient of 5. The content of clay or silt particles should not be more than 3%. The bottom layer is filled with sand of medium size with a minimum layer thickness of 100 mm.

Rice. 6.2. Reservoir drainage scheme

1 - groundwater level; 2 - underground structure; 3- wall drainage; 4 - sand layer; 5 - protective covering crushed stone layer; 6 - sand and gravel or crushed stone layer; 7 - pipe

Wall drainage is a vertical layer of permeable material, arranged on the outside of a buried structure, and is brought to a mark above the maximum groundwater level by 0.3 m. Wall drainage is laid along the contour of the building from the outside (Fig. 6.3).

Rice. 6.3. Scheme of wall drainage using PVC pipes and drainage shell "Dreniz"

1 - sand Tof> 5 m/s; 2 - dornite or mineral fiber material according to OST 33-10-73; 3 - granite crushed stone 3 - 10 mm in size; 4 - Concrete B15; 5 - crushed granite, rammed into the ground

6.1.10. Formation and wall drainage structures made of plastics in combination with geotextile materials are the most effective.

An example modern type structures of near-wall drainage with the use of polymeric filtering materials are shells "Dreniz". The shell "Dreniz" consists of two layers: sheets of a special profile made of polymer material(polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride) and non-woven geotextile bonded together by welding or waterproof adhesive. Dreniz shell sheets are overlapped with each other. Application technology this material specified in Instruction VSN 35-95.

The Delta drainage system of the German company Dorken is a one-, two- and three-layer structure, which includes a high-strength polyethylene sheet with molded rounded spikes (Fig. 6.4).

Rice. 6.4. Wall and horizontal reservoir drainage using Delta systems

1 - wall of concrete blocks; 2 - horizontal waterproofing membrane; 3 - outer waterproofing membrane of the walls; 4 - formation drainage along concrete preparation made from Delta MS or Delta MS-20 canvas; 5 - wall drainage made of Delta-Geo-Drain TR or Delta-Drain fabric; a - drainage cloth, b - milling membrane made of geotextile; 6 - perforated drainage pipes along the perimeter of the structure; 7 - backfilling with gravel; 8 - soil backfill; 9 - fastening profile of the upper edge of the drainage cloth; ten - metal grid; 11 - thermal insulation on the basement waterproofing; 12 - floor surface

In single-layer structures with a web thickness of 8 mm (Delta-MS) and 20 mm (Delta-MS-20), the water throughput is 5.0 and 10.0 l/m s, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of classical drainage systems.

In two-layer structures, a filtering polypropylene geotextile membrane (Delta-Drain, Delta-Geo-Drain TP) is used. Distinctive feature The Delta-Drain system is a double sided duct design with molded spikes that simultaneously drains water and ventilates an underground wall.

The three-layer Delta-Geo-Drain system consists of profiled fabric and geotextile and has a sliding membrane made of polyethylene sheet. This membrane, by creating additional insulation of the wall, also ensures the safety of the drainage system as a whole in case of possible settlement of the backfill soil.

Internal plastic drainage Delta (Fig. 6.5) is arranged along the walls and bottom (floor) of the protected underground room during the repair or reconstruction of the building, as well as in the process of erecting new structures.

Depending on the type finishing coatings two options can be implemented. The first option is to use a Delta-MS drainage sheet in combination with a galvanized plaster mesh, the second option is to install a Delta PT drainage sheet with a welded polymer mesh.

Water is collected from the internal drainage system in a specially equipped pit. The flow of drainage water into the pit is carried out according to drainage tray, through the drain pipe or directly through the air gap in the bottom with the drain sheet.

The removal of water from the pit is carried out by a float pump, which pumps water into the sewer system.

Rice. 6.5. internal drainage floors and walls of the building using Delta systems

1 - brickwork walls; 2- reinforced concrete slab grounds; 3 - construction joints and possible cracks in the base slab; 4 - reservoir drainage for concrete preparation, made of Delta MS or Delta MS-20 sheet; 5 - perforated drainage pipes along the perimeter of the walls; 6 - floor concrete with reinforcing mesh; 7 - wall drainage with inside walls made of Delta PT cloth; 8 - a special profile along the perimeter of the floor and ceiling at the attachment points of the Delta PT sheet; 9 - plaster walls; 10 - "Injecto" system along the perimeter of the junction of the base and walls; 11 - special treatment of the floor surface; 12 - pump

Radiation drainage is arranged in the most permeable soils (sands, sandy loams) or when poorly permeable soils alternate with flooded layers. Radiation drainage is advisable to use on construction sites located in cramped conditions of urban development with a dense network of communications.

In radial drainage, horizontal tubular wells are combined with a catchment well and a water collector. Horizontal wells are arranged using horizontal drilling rigs or punctures. The catchment receiver is carried out by the methods of "wall in the ground", a descent well and others (Fig. 6.6).

Rice. 6.6. Radiation drainage

1 - water intake; 2- natural level groundwater; 3 - low groundwater level; 4 - drainage well; 5 - horizontal beam well

Rice. 6.7. The main layouts of the radial water intakes

a, b - ring; c, d - areal

In soils with low filtration properties, vacuum drainage is arranged. Structurally, vacuum drainage is a conventional drain led into a vacuum well with a lid that provides reliable sealing. inner space well. Used for pumping water and air vacuum pumps. The recommended length of vacuum drains should not exceed 50 m.

With deep drainage of soils (more than 10 m), it is advisable to perform gallery drainage. These drainages are performed by open or underground methods (adit, shield, punching method). Drainage galleries have gravel-sand filling or filters made of porous materials.

Most owners of private houses and summer cottages interested in the types of drainage. Drainage systems are widely ramified networks of channels interconnected with each other, passing around or along the building. They protect the building, and if necessary, the entire area on which it is located, from the negative impact of surface and groundwater, removing excess moisture outside the drained area. Such a solution allows you to drain the water that accumulates on the site, which is especially important in winter, when moisture expands in volume due to low temperatures.

The most suitable type of drainage system should be chosen at the planning stage in order to allow the building to last longer without visible damage. What's more, a well-designed drainage system will make it easier for plants to grow on the site by always providing them with enough water.

Types of drainage systems

When choosing the most suitable type drainage for your project, you should first understand their classification. According to the type of placement, the types of drainage systems differ in:

• superficial;
• underground.

The former are also called open and the latter are called closed. The essence of the surface system lies in the simplicity of its construction: small ditches are made on the surface, delivering water to the desired point. The main disadvantages of this system are wear and tear and not very aesthetic. appearance.

Underground drainage is a system of pipes that runs underground. It does not spoil the appearance of the site and lasts longer, but the construction of such a system costs a lot of effort and expense. There are also other options, such as horizontal and vertical drains. They are used less often than the ones given earlier, but there are times when they are needed. Let us dwell in more detail on open and closed drainages.

Open drainage system

The open (surface) option involves the removal of water from the surface of the site and the roofs of buildings.

The storm flow is diverted from the territory of the site, thus preserving the foundation, basements and other underground structures from damage. For the device of such drainage, it is enough to dig a trench around the building, subsequently it will be she who will receive water flows. Usually the system is covered with gratings to give it a more aesthetic appearance. The surface system is divided into the following types of drainage:

• linear;
• point.

The linear type requires considerable effort during construction, since the construction of channels takes place taking into account the slope of the site and the walls of buildings. Particular attention is paid to garage entrances, especially if they are below ground level. Such drainage is done with the help of channels that are dug in the ground. So that the soil is not eroded by water flows, inner surface channels are filled with concrete.

Spot drainage is used to collect water at drain points, the channels are closed decorative grilles. In addition to improving the appearance of the system, this prevents large debris from entering the system, which can reduce the effectiveness of the drainage. Water is most often drained into the nearest lake or river.

As stated earlier, this system It is quite simple to implement and does not require professional knowledge and skills during the construction. The biggest difficulty in the construction of drainage devices is to observe the slope of the conduits so that the water itself flows into the selected drain point.

A deep (closed) drainage system is used when necessary, for example, when the site is located in a lowland or on soil of a clay structure. This type of drainage is also called tubular, since pipes are installed in trenches that have open areas collecting water.

The construction of such systems is enough difficult process. First of all, trenches are dug 40 cm wide more than the diameter of the pipes used. The depth depends on the level of groundwater. The bottom of the trench is covered with a layer of sand, a layer of rubble is laid on it. The thickness of the permeable layers, therefore, should be equal to 20 cm. Pipes are laid on top of the rubble, which should be wrapped with geotextile fabric.

Thus, sand will not get inside the pipes, clogging them. Further, a layer of sand and gravel is poured over the pipe, the system is completely covered with soil, on which the turf is laid. It must be borne in mind that the pipes must be installed with a slight slope towards the point of collection of water. Inspection wells should be installed at pipe bends.

Horizontal and vertical systems

In some cases, open and closed types drains are not suitable for drainage devices. Then other types of drainage are used: horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal type drainage on the site includes both the construction of ditches and trays, and the construction of backfill structures. Typically, a similar system is used in private areas, but is also used in urban construction. The main task of horizontal drainage is to preserve the foundation, but it also copes with moisture in basements. Thus, the annular type of horizontal drainage is based on a decrease in the level of soil water. To achieve this, the pipes are laid within 6-8 meters from the walls of the protected structures at a depth of 50 cm below the floor of the building.

A vertical type drainage is used mainly to drain water from a well. This is achieved by using pumps connected to pipes. After pumping out water, depression funnels form near the wells. As long as the water flow enters them, the surrounding area is protected from water. This type of drainage allows you to effectively remove moisture from the deep layers of the soil, thereby significantly lowering the level of groundwater in the district.

The drainage system on the site outside the city is an indispensable element, since the sewerage and water supply here are often autonomous. Well, what type of drainage devices to choose depends on individual opportunities and preferences.