State budget professional educational institution

Arzamas Commercial Technical College

V.V. Fedoseev

SET OF TASKS

ON TRAINING PRACTICE

machines and devices

for students of the specialty

13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance of electrical

and electromechanical equipment (by industry)

Arzamas

Approved by the methodological association of electrical disciplines

Minutes No. 2017

Fedoseev V.V.

A set of training tasks for educational practice (as part of PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines and appliances) for students of the specialty 13.02.11 - Arzamas: GBPOU AKTT, 2017. - 58p.

A set of training tasks (exercises) on educational practice provides for training tasks covering the main applied aspects of performing service maintenance of household machines and appliances

The methodological manual is intended for students in the specialty 13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry)

© Arzamas Commercial and Technical

college, 2017

Introduction
List of training tasks (exercises) for educational practice
Safety briefing. Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters.
Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons.
Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners.
Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer.
Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines
Applications

INTRODUCTION

The educational practice is aimed at developing practical professional skills among students, acquiring initial practical experience, implemented within the framework of the module PM.02 Performing service maintenance of household machines and appliances by type professional activity for them to master common and professional competencies in the chosen specialty.

Requirements for the results of development educational practice:

As a result of passing the educational practice by types of professional activity, the student should be able to:

	Skill Requirements
PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines and devices	organize maintenance and repair of household machines and appliances; evaluate the efficiency of household machines and appliances; efficient use of materials and equipment; use the main equipment, fixtures and tools for the repair of household machines and appliances; calculate electric heating equipment; Perform adjustment and testing of electrical appliances.

Number of weeks(hours) for the development of the program of educational practice:

Just 1 week, __ 36 __ hours,

As part of the development PM.02 Maintenance of household machines and appliances

_ 1 _ a week, __ 36 __ hours

The result of the practice program is:

development general competencies(OK):

	Name of the practice result
	Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it
	Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality
	Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them
	Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development
	Use information and communication technologies in professional activities
	Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers
	Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), the result of completing tasks
	Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan advanced training
	Navigate in the face of frequent technology changes in professional activities
	Perform military duty, including with the application of acquired professional knowledge (for young men)

professional competencies(PC):

professional activities		Name of results practices
PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines		Organize and carry out operation, maintenance and repair work household appliances.
		Carry out diagnostics and control of the technical condition of household appliances.
		Predict failures, determine resources, detect defects in electrical appliances.

SCROLL

ASSIGNMENTS FOR LEARNING PRACTICE

PM 02 ____________________________________________________________________________

Name professional module)

Speciality 13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance

electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry)

code, name

Course 4, group 13-20 EREO

№Topics, name of the program topic		Types of work (exercises)	Elapsed time, hour
PM.02 Performing maintenance on household machines
Types of jobs: Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters; Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons; Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters; Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer; Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines.
Topic 02.1 electrical appliances
Topic 02.1.1 Safety briefing. Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters.
	Safety briefing. General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters.
Topic 02.1.2 Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons.
	General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons; Repair and maintenance of small electrical appliances
Topic 02.2
Topic 02.2.1 Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners.
		General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; Repair and maintenance of large electrical appliances
Topic 02.2.2 Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
		General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters; Repair and maintenance of large electrical appliances
Topic 02.3 Repair and maintenance of electrical tool
Topic 02.3.1 Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer.
		General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer.
Topic 02.3.2 Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines.
		General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of a power tool; Repair and maintenance of power tools

Head of educational practice

Teacher V.V. Fedoseev

Head master

A.A. Zabavin

"____" ___________20__

Topic 02.1.1 Safety briefing.

Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, desktop

fans, coffee makers, toasters.

Purpose of the lesson: gain practical skills in troubleshooting electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers,

toasters.

Security: Set of educational fans, toasters,

hair dryers, coffee makers, ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with tips.

Qualifications

Students must

know:

possible malfunctions of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;

brands of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;

be able to:

find malfunctions of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;

troubleshoot electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;

At the lesson of industrial training it is forbidden:

Turn on electrical appliances

without teacher permission

Perform switching in the circuit and its disassembly with the appliance turned on.

Leave the switched on electrical appliance unattended.

Use non-standard and faulty tools when assembling and disassembling electrical appliances

Before switching on for the first time, you must make sure that the equipment is grounded and reliable.

Repair and maintenance of small

electrical appliances

hair dryer- an electrical device (Blowdryer or Hair dryer) that produces a directed stream of heated air. The most important feature of the hair dryer is the ability to deliver heat precisely to a given area. The origin of the word "foehn" is associated with the German brand Fön, registered in 1908 by the electrical equipment manufacturer AEG, and referring to the warm Alpine wind föhn

A hair dryer is usually made in the form of a piece of pipe, inside of which a fan and an electric heater are located. Often the body of the hair dryer is equipped with a pistol grip.

The fan draws air through one of the pipe sections, the air flow passes the electric heater, heats up and leaves the pipe through the opposite section. Various nozzles can be installed on the outlet section of the hair dryer pipe, changing the configuration of the air flow. The inlet section is usually covered with a grate in order to prevent large objects, such as fingers, from getting inside the hair dryer body.

A number of models of hair dryers allow you to adjust the temperature and air flow rate at the outlet. Temperature control is achieved either by connecting a different number of heaters in parallel, or by using an adjustable thermostat, or by changing the flow rate.

There are two main types of hair dryers - hair dryer and hair dryer and technical hair dryer. The principle of their operation is the same, the difference is only in the temperature and air flow rate at the outlet of the device.

Dryer for hair drying and styling

Hair dryer and hair dryer delivers a stream of air with a temperature of about 60 ° C and high speed. They try to put protection against overheating in the hair dryer in order to avoid damaging the hair with hot air. Modern hair dryers also have an air ionization function, designed to remove static charge beforehand, as well as promising smooth and silky hair.

Fan - a device for moving gas with a compression ratio of less than 1.15 (or a pressure difference at the outlet and inlet of not more than 15 kPa, with a larger pressure difference, a compressor is used).

Main application: systems of forced supply and exhaust and local ventilation of buildings and premises, blowing of heating and cooling elements in heating and air conditioning devices, as well as blowing of cooling radiators various devices.

Fans are usually used both for moving air - for ventilation of rooms, cooling of equipment, air supply to the combustion process (blowers and smoke exhausters). Powerful axial fans can be used as propellers, since the ejected air, according to Newton's third law, creates a counterforce acting on the rotor.

Separate tricks organized ventilation enclosed spaces were used in antiquity. Ventilation of premises until the beginning of the 19th century, as a rule, was reduced to natural ventilation. The theory of natural air movement in channels and pipes was created by M. V. Lomonosov. In 1795, V. X. Fribe for the first time outlined the basic provisions that determine the intensity of air exchange in a heated room through the leaks of external fences, doorways and windows, thus laying the foundation for the doctrine of the neutral zone.

AT early XIX century, ventilation with thermal stimulation of the supply and exhaust air from the premises is being developed. Domestic scientists noted the imperfection of this kind of motivation and the high heat consumption associated with it. Academician E. X. Land pointed out that complete ventilation can only be achieved mechanically.

With the advent of centrifugal fans, room ventilation technology is rapidly improving. The first successfully operating centrifugal fan was proposed in 1832 by A. A. Sablukov. In 1835, this fan was used to ventilate the Chagirsky mine in Altai. Sablukov also proposed it for ventilation of rooms, ship holds, to speed up drying, evaporation, and so on. The widespread use of ventilation with mechanical induction of air movement began at the end of the 19th century.

Fan types

In the general case, a fan is a rotor on which blades are fixed in a certain way, which, when the rotor rotates, collide with air and throw it away. The direction in which air is thrown depends on the position and shape of the blades. There are several main types of fan design used to move air:

axial (axial)

centrifugal (radial)

diametrical (tangential)

bladeless (fundamentally new type).

Design

The fan drive is usually electric. Electric fans consist of a set of rotating blades that are housed in a protective casing that allows air to pass through. The blades are rotated by an electric motor. For large industrial fans, three-phase asynchronous motors are used. Smaller fans are often powered by an electric motor alternating current with shielded pole, brushed or brushless DC motors. Fans driven by AC motors usually use mains voltage. DC motor driven fans use low voltage, typically 24V, 12V or 5V. Cooling fans for computer equipment use exclusively brushless DC motors, which produce much less electromagnetic interference during operation. In machines that already have an engine, the fan is often connected directly to it - this can be seen in automobiles, large cooling systems and winnowing machines. Also, fans are mounted on the shafts of many electric motors with a power of 1 kW or more, pulling cooling air through the motor windings - this is called self-ventilation of the electric motor. To prevent vibration propagation along the duct, the fans are equipped with fabric compensators or flexible connectors.

Coffee maker- a device for preparing coffee without the need to boil water in a separate container. Of the incompletely automated coffee makers, 5 main types are on sale:

drip

Horn

Geyser

Capsule

Pods

A coffee maker that extracts ground coffee beans through a filter using the free flow hot water method. Although there are different types coffee makers using various principles, the most common type of device in which the ground beans are placed on a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is located above a glass or ceramic container for finished coffee. Cold water, poured into a special container, is heated to a boil and sent to the funnel. This method is called drip.

Brewing through a metal filter is called the "Indian way".

The method of brewing through a paper filter was invented by the smart German housewife Mellitta - a paper filter allows you to rid your coffee drink of "heavy", unhealthy coffee alkaloids, such as coffeestol and coffeeol.

Both methods allow you to get a drink in which the flavors of the grain are very well revealed. These methods are the most popular in the world, simplifying the preparation of a refined coffee drink, unlike espresso machines, which require special blends of Arabica and cheaper Robusta roasted in a special way.

At the moment, many make equipment of this type, but the Smith family manufactory from Holland has especially distinguished itself on this front. Jerrar K. Smith's company has been operating in the filter coffee machine market since 1964 and since then its products have been considered an icon of style and taste.

electric toaster has been used for a long time, however, no matter how complex modern models are, the principles of operation remain the same. With all the extra "services," we need a device that will give us an evenly toasted slice of bread.

Pressing the slider handle lowers the toast holders, which activates a latch that holds the holders in the down position. The same action simultaneously includes heating elements who toast bread. On some toasters, turning or moving the toasting intensity control turns on a thermal switch or thermal switch that automatically releases the latch, and the spring-loaded toast holders jump up.

In fully electronic models, this process is controlled by an electrical circuit assembled on a separate circuit board - this module controls the electromagnetic latch.

The grids that enclose the edges of the toast slot converge slightly inward by means of springs when the toast holder is lowered. This creates light pressure on the slice, preventing it from deforming while frying, and ensures even frying on both sides.

Lifting the handle lever pushes the holders high enough above the top of the toaster to make it easy to pick up cooked toast.

Browning control

Conventional thermal switches are made using a bimetal plate that flexes when heated and mechanically releases the latch.

Rice. Toaster controls

The browning adjustment determines how far the bimetal plate must bend to release the latch - the farther, the longer the bread will toast. Electronic control circuits, often used in modern models, work more accurately. After a set period of time, the release coil, which is controlled electronic circuit, either releases the mechanical latch or cuts power to the magnetic latch. The electromagnetic latch only works when the toaster is on.

Heating mode

Reheats cold toast. Pressing the button for this mode automatically reduces the operating time of the device and prevents the toast from burning.

Defrost mode

In fact, this is the reverse mode of the heating mode. In this case, the appliance adds time for the frozen bread to melt.

Operating procedure

Exercise 1.

2. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the fan and diagnose its condition.

3.

4. Assemble the fan and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

5.

Task 2.

Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of coffee makers.

2.

Malfunction "PARTICLES OF COFFEE IN THE JUG"

Malfunction "LEAKING COFFEE"

Malfunction "LEAKAGE OF WATER"

Fault "SLOW AND SPLASH"

Malfunction "DOES NOT PASS WATER"

Malfunction "COFFEE MAKER DOES NOT WORK AT ALL"

3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the coffee maker and diagnose its condition.

4.

5. Assemble the coffee maker and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

6. Submit a progress report

Task 3

Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of toaster parts.

2. Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems

Toast is toasted on one side Toaster does not turn on Interference in the lifting mechanism

3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the toaster and diagnose its condition.

4. Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, electric motor.

5. Assemble the toaster and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

6. Submit a progress report

Task 4

TEST QUESTIONS:

What malfunctions of coffee makers do you know?

How to troubleshoot a coffee leak?

What fan failures do you know?

How to fix the problem - the fan is noisy?

What malfunctions of toasters do you know?

Literature:

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON

Topic 02.1.2 Repair and maintenance of electric kettles,

blenders, mixers, steam irons

Purpose of the lesson: get practical skills in finding and troubleshooting electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons.

Security: A set of training steam irons, electric kettles, blenders, mixers; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules

Qualifications

Students must

know:

possible malfunctions of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;

brands of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;

be able to:

find malfunctions of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;

troubleshoot electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;

Repair and maintenance of small

electrical appliances

Iron- an element of household appliances for smoothing out wrinkles and wrinkles on clothes. The process of smoothing is called ironing or ironing.

The iron was invented a very long time ago. In the 4th century BC, in ancient Greece, methods were invented for pleating clothes from linen using a hot metal rod that resembled a rolling pin. In ancient times, slightly processed heated cobblestones were used to smooth clothes. AT XVIII-XIX centuries irons were metal structures of a shape close to modern. Irons were heated on gas or in an oven.

In Russia, before the introduction of irons during the Time of Troubles, Poles and Lithuanians did not iron their clothes. Shirts and ports made of natural linen fabric, after washing and drying, needed to be kneaded well to give softness and hairiness. This was done in an original way. The linen was wound on a rolling pin, after which it was carefully rolled several times with a “rubel” - a long wooden plate with ribs on the bottom surface and a handle at the end. The rubel rolled the rolling pin with a characteristic thud, while its ribs kneaded the fibers of the fabric. This device was also called "rebrak", "rolling out", "pryalnik" and the like. It existed in Russian villages in some regions until the end of the 20th century.

There were also "woofs" - glass balls filled with hot water, metal mugs. By the middle of the 18th century, an iron with burning coals inside appeared. The most common were heating irons - they were placed in the oven and heated. Alcohol irons were much more expensive - in the 19th century they gave a small flock of sheep for it. Lightweight electric iron appeared in 1903 thanks to the inventor Earl Richardson.

Steam iron cleaning

It happens that the internal cavities of even the most expensive iron with a steam function can become covered with scale. This usually happens quite quickly if tap water is poured into the tank. As a result, lumps of lime “fall out” from the holes on the sole and stain clean linen.

To avoid such cases, you need to remove the scale in the iron and continue to use only soft water, then cleaning will have to be done much less frequently.

To clean your iron, simply use one of the methods below.

1. Cleaning the iron with citric acid

Use the iron cleaning function (special button on the body), which is available in many modern models. If this button is not available, use the "steam" function (maximum handle position). You should act like this:

fill the tank with a mixture of water with citric acid completely dissolved in it. Proportion - 1/4 tbsp. tablespoons of citric acid in a glass of clean water (about 150-200 mg). With severe contamination, the dose of acid can be increased;

connect the iron and let it turn off automatically;

turn it off, let it cool down a bit and repeat the procedure;

place a basin or other container under the soleplate of the iron and turn on the self-cleaning or steam function;

The fumes will remove scale from the iron. Shake the sole over the vessel to help the lime come out of the inner cavity of the product;

after cleaning the iron, wipe its soleplate from dirt residues.

Note. For best effect you should press the “steam” button as often as possible until water starts to drip (not having time to evaporate) from the iron. In this case, not only the internal holes are cleaned, but also the removal of all exfoliated dirt.

2. Cleaning the iron with a special tool

Use special agent for cleaning scale, which can be bought at the hardware store. Dilute it in water and follow the instructions. An industrial cleaner is often used like this:

pour the solution into the switched off iron;

turn it on and set the steam mode until foam starts to stand out from the holes on the sole;

turn off the iron and put it on a terry towel for half an hour;

repeat the procedure and wash (steam) the internal cavity of the product several times with clean water;

the sole is wiped with a damp cloth and allowed to dry.

3. Cleaning the iron with vinegar

Try to clean the iron from scale using folk methods. To do this, take a frying pan in which the product will fit. Dilute water with vinegar, in the proportion of 1 liter per 200 g, respectively, and pour the mixture into the pan. Next you need:

put the iron in the liquid so that it covers the soleplate by 1.5 cm. The internal vaporization cavity should be filled, but take care of the rubber and electrical parts of the case from vinegar;

you can put the back of the iron on the edge of the pan or put coins (or other metal coasters) under it;

put the pan on low heat and “boil” the iron for 10 minutes;

remove loose scale with a cleaning function or steam;

Steam the tank with clean water and dry the iron for several hours before using it again.

There is an opinion that pouring distilled water into the iron is not worth it - steam will form badly. In professional studios, they usually make a mixture of tap and distilled water in a ratio of 1: 2.

Electric kettle. Despite the reliability of many models and manufacturers, the service life electric kettles, like other electrical appliances, is limited.

Principle of operation looks like this: after connecting the plug to the power source, the current passes through the wire to the contacts of the stand, on which all kettles are installed when water is heated.

At the base of the kettle itself there are special contacts that are connected together with the contacts located on the stand - in this way the circuit is closed and the heating element is heated. The electricity then passes through a thermal switch, a device that allows the kettle to turn off when it reaches a certain temperature (usually the boiling point). Also in the standard circuit there is a thermal protection switch, which is always on and is activated only if the user turns on an empty kettle. From the marked switches, electricity passes directly to the electric heating element (also called the heating element).

Consider separately the operation of some of its circuits and sections.

Inside the round grooves of the kettle stand, you can find an electrical contact, located on a small spring. It is through this contact that the voltage from the common network is supplied to the electric kettle itself. In the center of the stand there is another contact, which, when in contact with the electric kettle, grounds its body. In fact, this contact does not play any role and is intended only to protect the user in case of violation of the integrity of the insulation.

The power cord that goes to the stand of the electric kettle, inside this stand, branches into three wires, to which the terminals are connected. One wire is for grounding, the other two wires go to concentric copper rings that are used to transfer electricity from the stand to the kettle itself. Further, electricity from copper rings goes directly to the heating element, which is installed at the base of the kettle body. As a result of the closure of the circuit, the water is heated.

overheat protection Heating elements have high power and get very hot during operation, therefore, a special protection system is additionally installed in each electric kettle. The basis of this system is bimetallic plates, which, when heated to a certain temperature, unbend and open the circuit, thereby preventing further overheating of the kettle.

Automatic shutdown Almost all modern electric kettles have a special system that provides for turning off the heating element from voltage when the water reaches the boiling point. The principle of operation of such an automatic machine is simple - when heated, steam is supplied through a special channel to a bimetallic plate, which in turn is connected to a switch. When the kettle boils and at an increased intensity of steam pressure, the bimetallic plate heats up and presses on the fish

Blenders and mixers- these are the most versatile household appliances on the desktops of every housewife. Such devices are designed to make life easier, save time and products. Blenders and mixers are multifunctional. They are equipped with a variety of attachments: whisks, spatulas and many other accessories.

Blenders are divided according to the type of construction into submersible and stationary devices. The first type includes the grinding function at the same time (often referred to as a rod grinder), and its design includes both a steel nozzle with knives and a handle with a control panel. Stationary devices structurally consist of a cup (1.5 - 2 liters), which is equipped with insert knives, as well as a base, which is located under the bowl and has a motor and control panel.

Mixers exist stationary and manual. Manual ones are compact and simple in design, while stationary ones are larger in size, and their design requires a larger bowl and a special stand.

Causes of malfunction of blenders and mixers

The main reasons failures in the operation of blenders and mixers are improper use and storage of devices, improper care of parts and, over time, deterioration in their appearance and functionality. Since the care of the blender and mixer is quite important, after each use the device should be cleaned, washed with water and wiped dry. A typical violation of the operation of the blender is idling. Among the common faults, one can distinguish such as: external damage to containers and nozzles, which may occur as a result of negligent use, such as bumps and falls. Damage to the nozzles leads to a decrease in the speed of the device. Vibration and improper load distribution. In many cases, the repair of household appliances is carried out only in the replacement of defective parts.

Operating procedure

Exercise 1.

Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of steam irons.

2. Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems

IRON STAIN Fault

Malfunction "CHALK SPOTS ON THE FABRIC"

Malfunction "WATER OUT OF THE IRON"

Fault "SPRAYER NOT WORKING"

Fault "IRON OVERHEATS"

Fault "NO STEAM"

3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric iron and diagnose its condition.

4. Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.

5. Assemble the electric iron and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

6. Submit a progress report

Task 2.

Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems

Kettle stopped heating water

The kettle stopped heating water and the indicator does not show that the kettle is on.

Switch or overheating protection does not work.

2. .

3. . Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.

4. .

5. Submit a progress report

Task 3.

According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of the electric kettle

Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric kettle and diagnose its condition.

Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.

Assemble the electric kettle and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

Submit a progress report

Task 4

Using the figure below, describe the purpose of the parts of the blender and mixer.

Task 5

Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the blender; to diagnose the state of the device.

Task 6

Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the mixer; to diagnose the state of the device.

Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, operating elements.

Assemble the electrical appliance and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

Task 7

Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)

TEST QUESTIONS:

What malfunctions of steam irons do you know?

How to troubleshoot a steam iron - stains after ironing?

Name the typical malfunctions of electric kettles

What are some common blender problems?

What malfunctions of mixers do you know?

Literature:

EAT. Sokolov Electrical and electromechanical equipment: General industrial mechanisms and household appliances: Textbook for students. medium institutions. Prof. education. - M.: Mastery, 2009.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON

Topic 02.2.1 Repair and maintenance of washing machines,

dishwashers, vacuum cleaners

Purpose of the lesson: get practical skills in finding and troubleshooting washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners.

Security: A set of training washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules

Qualifications

Students must

know:

possible malfunctions of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners

brands of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners

be able to:

Troubleshoot washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners

troubleshoot washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners

Washing machines

By type of working body machines are divided into: activator and drum. Drum washing machines have become more widespread due to the ease of automation, more gentle washing, saving water and detergent compared to activator ones; however, they are more complex and less reliable. Automatic washing machines are mostly drum type.

Activator machines, in turn, are divided into machines with a side activator (“Baby”) and machines with a lower activator (“Mini-Vyatka”, “Fey-2”, “Fey-2M”, “Oka-50”, “Oka -51", "Baby-425M", "Swan", "Dawn").

By degree of automation: automatic and semi-automatic.

Semi-automatic washing machines have only a timer to set the washing time, automatic ones have program control. Automatic washing machines can have varying degrees of automation: from simply performing a wash according to a given program, to automatically estimating the amount of water, detergent, temperature, and spin speed.

By download method: vertical and frontal.

Activator machines are usually vertically loaded. Drums are both top-loading and front-loading. A front-loading machine usually has a transparent hatch to control the wash.

Loaded by weight dry laundry.

By Application: household and industrial (for laundries).

By installation method: wall and floor

Most of the volume of the machine is occupied by a tank. The tank prevents the uncontrolled spreading of water or cleaning solution during the operation of the machine. Water is supplied to the tank through the filling hole and is pumped out of the tank using a pump. The tank is fixed in the body of the machine with the help of springs and shock absorbers. A drum rotates inside the tank on bearings.

Washing is provided by the rotation of the drum and the mutual impact of the loaded things. Spinning is done, also during rotation, by increasing the speed and discharging water by centrifugal force. The axis of the drum is most often horizontal. Since the drum is usually loaded unevenly, strong vibration occurs when it is rotated at high speed. Therefore, the tank with the drum is not fixed inside the machine rigidly, but with the help of a spring suspension. An electric motor is also fixed on the same suspension. The motor rotates the drum either directly or through a belt drive. The side surface of the drum contains big number holes for free inflow and outflow of water and ribs to increase the intensity of washing.

The drums of front-loading machines are axisymmetric, so they have less vibration during the spin cycle. The drums of top-loading machines in the area of ​​​​the doors are heavier than in other places, many manufacturers do not balance this difference in weight, which is why they have increased vibration during the spin cycle, which leads to premature wear of the drum bearings. In machines with vertical loading without a door closer to the hatch, you have to bring the drum to the hatch by rotating it with your hands, while due to the sharp edges of the holes on the drum, some manufacturers scratch the pads of a person’s fingers like a grater.

For loading and unloading things in the drum there is a hole with a diameter of about 30 cm. For machines with vertical loading, the hole is located on the cylindrical surface of the drum and is closed with a lid with a locking device. For front-loading machines, the hole is located at the base of the cylinder, and opposite it is a complex rubber cuff that does not allow water to flow out of the tank. Both types of machines have a door that closes access to the tank while the machine is running. For security reasons, this door is blocked by a special locking device or thermal lock.

There is a special tray on the machine body ( cuvette) for detergent. From cuvettes the detergent is washed off inside the machine with water specially supplied for this purpose.

For automatic operation of the machine, it also contains a heating element, a temperature sensor (main and emergency), a water level sensor, a water drain pump, a water supply valve and a geometry and real math module

The following are common malfunctions of automatic washing machines, possible causes. Sometimes the cause of the malfunction lies in a completely different part of the washing machine. But for possible reasons, you can decide in which area to look for a malfunction.

Table - the main malfunctions of washing machines

Malfunction	Probable Cause
Washing machine does not work after being turned on	There is no voltage at the mains socket. Mains plug damaged. The connecting cord is broken. The laundry loading hatch is not closed. The power switch is defective. Break in the power circuit. The electrical filter is defective. The pressure switch is defective. Malfunction of electronic modules.
Engine not running	There is a break in the connecting circuit. The drum motor has failed. The temperature control sensor is defective.
	There is a break in the connecting circuit of the motor. Engine commutator brushes are worn out. The engine is worn out. The motor control board is faulty.
	The belt tension is loose. The drive belt has broken or fallen off. Pulley fastening broken.
	There is a break in the connecting circuit of the machine. The motor control board is faulty. The electronic module is defective.
	The tachometer is defective or its fastening is loose. There is an open in the tachometer circuit. The tachometer is not powered, there is no voltage in the circuit. The electronic module is defective. The drive belt is not properly tensioned. No spin mode active The "spin off" switch is defective.
Not respected temperature regime washing.	The temperature sensor is defective. Washing temperature control does not work. There is a break in the connecting circuit of the heating element. TEN burned out The electronic module is defective.
No water enters the tank.	The water inlet valve filter is clogged. Break in the valve circuit. The pressure switch is defective. There is an open in the connecting circuit of the drain pump (pump). The drain pump (pump) is defective. Electronic module defective.
Too much water enters the tank above the acceptable level.	The water inlet valve is defective. The pressure switch is defective. Clogged pressure switch pipe.
Washing machine does not drain water	The sewer is clogged. Clogged filter or drain pump (pump). The drain pump circuit is open or defective. The electronic module is defective.
O command loop setup	The electronic module is defective. An open in the control circuit of the device or it is faulty.
When the drum rotates, a strong noise and vibration	The bearings have failed. The damper has failed. Shock absorber is loose. The counterweight is loose. Engine mount is loose.
Water leak	The tightness of parts and connections is broken.
Hatch won't open	The sunroof lock is defective. The sunroof handle is defective. Break in the sunroof lock circuit. The electronic module is defective.
Dryer fan motor does not work	Drying timer contacts are not closed. Fan motor defective. There is a break in the connecting circuit. Thermostat contacts oxidized or burnt.
Hot air does not flow when the fan is running	Drying duct clogged. The drying heating element is defective.
Loud noise is heard during drying	The fan impeller is damaged. Loose fan belt tension.
The air is not heated	An open in the temperature sensor circuit. The temperature switch sensor is defective. The thermal fuse has failed. Drying heater defective.

dishwashercar- electromechanical installation for automatic washing crockery. It is used both in catering establishments and at home. The dishwasher is connected to electricity, plumbing and sewers.

Principle washing is as follows.

Training. Dishes are placed in baskets and trays designed for dishes different types. The washing program is selected. It is loaded into special containers ( powdered or tableted) detergent, or a concentrated washing liquid designed specifically for dishwashers.

Soak. As with hand washing, soaking is good for removing dried-on or burnt-on food fragments. Dishes are splashing cold water with (or without) a small amount of detergent and left for a while. Subsequently, when washing, soaked residues are removed much easier.

Washing. The process proceeds as follows: water of the required temperature (depending on the selected washing program) with a detergent under pressure is sprayed in thin streams by rotating sprayers onto the dishes both from below and, depending on the model, and from above, washing away food residues and fat.

Rinsing. At the end of the washing procedure, there are several rinsing cycles with clean water with the addition of rinse aid, thanks to which, after drying, there are no traces of dried water drops on the dishes.

Drying. Then, if the machine has a drying function, the dishes are dried. This happens either with the help of a stream of hot air (less common), or by the method of moisture condensation. The last method is implemented as follows. During the last rinse of the dishes, the water (and, as a result, the dishes themselves) is heated. Then the water is removed, and the cooling walls of the machine condense on their inner surfaces the moisture evaporating from the hot dishes. The latter flows down the walls into a common drain.

The machine requires a connection to the mains, designed for a power of about 2.3 kilowatts.

The main malfunctions of dishwashers

Presence of food debris. Only dishes with very small particles of food are allowed to be loaded into the machine. If this is not observed, the filters will become clogged, which will cause a possible breakdown.

There is no food. A common cause of non-working equipment is a failed outlet.

Poor quality detergents. As a rule, brands such as Bosch, Indesit and Ariston recommend certain detergents that do not harm the car. If you get a cheaper option, you will have to spend money on repairing equipment.

Incorrect operation. This may include general issues - loose closing of the door, improper positioning of dishes, loading items that are prohibited for washing in the dishwasher, etc.

Household vacuum cleaners designed to collect waste in small areas. Continuous work should be no more than 30-40 minutes a day. If the operating time of this cleaning tool is increased, then it will quickly exhaust its resource and fail. The power of household vacuum cleaners does not exceed 2000 watts. At the same time, the rotation speed of the turbine can be from 18,000 to 22,000 rpm. Household vacuum cleaners are small, compact and ergonomic, so they take up little space. The capacity of the hopper with a filter of a household vacuum cleaner is usually 3-5 liters. Subject to the necessary operating conditions, the service life can be from 3 to 5 years, but a lot depends on the manufacturer and the specifics of its use. Of course, there is a big difference in cleaning ordinary household dust or, say, cement dust, construction waste or wood or metal filings.

Table - The main malfunctions of vacuum cleaners:

Malfunction
The electric motor of the vacuum cleaner is out of order: The main signs are that the vacuum cleaner does not turn on, or, during operation, a specific noise or even a whistle is heard. There may be smoke when the vacuum cleaner is running.	-turbine overload- a fairly common occurrence. It is known that the electric motor overheats during prolonged and continuous operation. When overheated, the properties of the materials that make up the vacuum turbine naturally change, as a result of which the motor goes out of working condition. Turbine overload can also occur if the bag (dust collector) of the vacuum cleaner is full, the main filter is clogged, or foreign objects that interfere with normal suction have got into the vacuum cleaner hose. It is recommended to clean the bag and filter from dust and dirt as often as possible. -moisture ingress into the motor (motor) of the vacuum cleaner. Of course, moisture adversely affects the electric motor of the vacuum cleaner. The turbine is made of metal. Typically, these metals (or alloys) are not intended to be protected from corrosion. Rust and oxides can damage a turbine very quickly. In addition, at high humidity, small and even large dust particles form on the turbine blades. Over time, these particles accumulate in such an amount that it makes it difficult for the turbine to work, because the speed of rotation of the blades can reach 24,000 rpm. At this speed, even extra milligrams can lead to imbalance in work.
Circuit breaker failure	Use in the production of low-quality materials Vacuum cleaner switch is constantly subjected to mechanical stress, as a result of which the main contact group wears out. Small short circuits occur, leading to sparks, as a result of which the contacts burn out, which in turn leads to the inoperability of the switch as a whole. Also, the switch may stop working due to surges or voltage drops in the mains, operation in a humid environment, overheating, or simply mechanical damage. It should be noted that if the switch fails, the motor fails after it. Therefore, you should take the necessary measures to repair the circuit breaker to prevent this from happening.
Throws (jumps) of voltage in the mains	While the vacuum cleaner is running, sometimes it is enough to turn on the hair dryer or washing machine so that a sufficiently strong voltage surge occurs in the network. Often, such a throw is enough for the engine to burn out completely. Sometimes, during a power surge, the winding of the electric motor of the vacuum cleaner turbine burns out partially, and the vacuum cleaner can continue to work, and you will not notice any changes in the operation of the vacuum cleaner. But, if the voltage surges continue, then the burning will continue. The turbine will eventually burn out anyway.
Lack of voltage in the network	This happens when the power grid is overloaded and the vacuum cleaner motor simply may not have enough starting current. Or, it will be enough, but the vacuum cleaner still works in the “electric starvation” mode. This will cause abnormal working conditions for the vacuum cleaner. Under such conditions vacuum turbine will soon cease to function. The low voltage mode is just as detrimental to the vacuum cleaner as constant surges in the mains.

Operating procedure

Exercise 1.

Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the vacuum cleaner and diagnose its condition.

Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, electric motor.

Assemble the vacuum cleaner and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

Submit a progress report

Task 2

Engine not running

After turning on the washing machine, the motor hums but does not rotate the drum.

The drum does not rotate although the motor is running.

Drum motor only rotates in one direction (no reversing)

During washing, the engine rotates only at increased or only at reduced speeds, or there is no spin.

Task 3

Describe how to troubleshoot a dishwasher:

Dishwasher won't drain water

Stopping a command loop

When the drum rotates, there is a lot of noise and vibration

Water leak

Task 4

Describe the procedure for troubleshooting the vacuum cleaner:

Circuit breaker failure

Failure of the electric motor.

Task 4

Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)

TEST QUESTIONS:

What washing machine problems do you know?

What malfunctions of dishwashers do you know?

List the typical malfunctions of household vacuum cleaners

Literature:

EAT. Sokolov Electrical and electromechanical equipment: General industrial mechanisms and household appliances: Textbook for students. medium institutions. Prof. education. - M.: Mastery, 2009.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON

Topic 02.22. Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

Purpose of the lesson: gain practical skills in finding and troubleshooting electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

Security: Set of educational electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters, ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with lugs

Qualifications

Students must

know:

possible malfunctions of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

brands of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

be able to:

Troubleshoot electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

troubleshoot electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters

Electric stove

Among their wide range, it is customary to distinguish the following types of electric stoves:

Classic. All devices of this type are equipped with a cast-iron heating element. The passage of current through a helical conductor with good resistance leads to the release of heat. Their main advantage is low cost, and among the disadvantages are prolonged heating and high power consumption;

Induction. Their use is not complete without special metal utensils. The principle of operation is the passage of induced eddy currents that create a magnetic field that heats the dishes. The advantages of induction cookers include: fast heating, accurate temperature control and low power consumption. However, they all have a great cost;

Glass-ceramic. This highly demanded type of electric stove can be equipped with both spiral and tape heating elements. The device with a glass-ceramic surface has a sufficiently high thermal conductivity, which contributes to the rapid heating of dishes. Its main disadvantages are the use of dishes with a perfectly flat bottom and a high price;

Halogen. Similar to glass-ceramic, halogen stoves heat up quickly. But their high price and high potential for surface damage make them less desirable.

Main element, which all types of electric stoves for the kitchen have is a burner. Today there are 4 types of burners:

rapid (a heating element in the form of a spiral provides heating of the burner in 10-12 seconds);

halogen (using a halogen lamp allows you to warm up the burner in a few seconds);

tape (tape heating element with a heating rate of 5 to 7 seconds);

induction (have the function of instant heating with the ability to adjust the power).

All current types of electric stoves provide for the presence of an oven in them. Ovens with a grill, a spit, a steam function and automatic program selection are very popular. Moreover, there are ovens with self-cleaning modes, which greatly simplifies their care.

Causes of breakdown of electric stoves

Violations of the rules for the operation of plates most often cause breakdowns in electrical engineering, and not the expiration date of parts. One of the most common faults in electric stoves is the burnout of the electric heating element. The reason for the breakdown is often the failure to follow the basic rules for using the stove. In the process of cooking, sometimes cookware is placed on the electric burners, which has either an uneven bottom or a bottom of a much smaller diameter than the heating element itself. In no case should this be done, because due to the strong difference in area, the heat of the electric heating element is not spent on heating the dishes, but on the air. Some people, due to inattention and careless attitude to the stove, left it on without any utensils, not even realizing that in this case the difference in areas is maximum, which means that the harm caused to the stove is huge .. One of the main rules for operating electric stoves is that it is necessary to use cookware that has a flat bottom with a diameter equal to or slightly larger than the diameter of the electric burner.

A short circuit between the device body and the heating element or output contact pin, poor contact between the output pin and the end of the heating element attached to it, are also often found among breakdowns of electric stoves. This can happen if too heavy objects are placed or thrown on the electric burners, as the surface is deformed; the uneven bottom of the dishes will only increase the detrimental effect on the heating elements.

Malfunction of the connecting cord and plug is not uncommon as a result of careless handling. The wire most often fails at the point where it connects to the plug, since stove owners often bend it in this area.

Another common mistake is that when unplugging the plug from the socket, people grab the cord instead of the plug block, as a result of which the electrical connection of the wire to the contact pins of the plug is broken.

microwaves divided into two types according to the type of control.

The first - microwave ovens with electromechanical control, the second - with an electronic control unit. Electromechanical control is used, as a rule, in economy class models, since the principle of its operation is quite simple. Accordingly, the probability of malfunctions is also much lower.

The first common malfunction is that the microwave oven does not turn on. The reason for this may be the failure of the control board, as well as the breakdown of the microswitches. In addition, a fuse or transformer may blow. In extreme cases, there is a break in the electrical circuit of the microwave oven.

The second failure - the microwave does not heat. The reason for this is very often a breakdown of the magnetron or damage to the power supply.

The third malfunction is the microwave oven sparks. This again may be due to damage to the magnetron or a defect in the mica plate.

Fourth, the tray (plate) does not rotate in the microwave oven. The cause of this failure may be damage to the motor or a break in the control circuit.

Electric heaters or heaters, are often used in addition to the main heating system, giving flexibility during those times of the year when the main heating may not be enough. Such heaters are also used to provide comfortable conditions in rooms without central heating, for example in the workshop.

There are three types of room electric heaters: radiation (or beam) type, convection and fan. They share common properties and may have similar problems.

Radiation heaters

Basic radiant heaters - usually electric fireplaces - generate heat from an electric current flowing through a high-resistance conductor. With this resistance, the current red-hot the exposed wire. In some electric fireplaces, the wire is wound around a ceramic tube. In another version, the wire is located in a heat-resistant quartz glass tube, which begins to glow when heated. Such devices are commonly referred to as infrared heaters.

Rice. one Radiation heater, device

1. Reflector	6. Power switch
2. Heating element	7. Terminal block
3. Heating element holder	8. earth terminal
4. Element fastening nut	9. Cord clamp
5. Power cable	10. Safety grill

In most radiant heaters, the heat output is controlled by various combinations of available heating elements. A polished metal surface installed behind the heating elements reflects heat towards the room. A wire grill covering the front of the appliance prevents contact with a heat source.

Convection heaters

In a convection heater, the heating elements are located inside the metal casing of the device and are visible only through the ventilation holes at the top and bottom of the device.

Rice. 3 convection heater

There are no moving elements or reflectors to distribute heat. Instead, the heated air rises by natural convection and exits through the top vents. The air that is sucked into the bottom vents, in turn, is also heated and rises, thereby creating air circulation throughout the room. This is a very efficient system that provides a good level of overall comfort.

Rice. four Convection heater, device

1. Upper ventilation grill	7. Cord
2. thermal protection	8. Terminal block
3. Indicator	9. Heating element switches
4.	10. Bottom ventilation grill
5. Thermostat	11.
6 Ground terminal

Convection heaters can be equipped with open (spiral) heating elements on mica or ceramic holders. Modern heaters are likely to have zigzag wire elements on heat-resistant holders.

Along with conventional switches, most convection heaters have power switches that connect different combinations of heating elements. The adjustable thermostat allows you to maintain the selected temperature. Overheating protection is provided by an overcurrent thermal switch.

Fan heaters

Fan heaters (called air heaters, heat guns, fan heaters, etc.) are the most common heating devices. Although they are small in size, they can heat large volumes of air relatively quickly, making them very useful as complementary heating devices.

Rice. 5 fan heater

The air sucked into the heater by the fan passes by a spiral or zigzag element - similar to elements in convection heaters. Switches or a circular switch allow you to use a different number of elements, which regulates the amount of heat. Most models also have a cold airflow function. Most heaters have a thermostat and thermal protection.

Rice. 6 Fan heater, device

1. Zigzag heating element	6. Thermostat
2. Air intake grille	7. Cord
3. Impeller	8. Switch
4. electric motor	9. Thermal protection
5. Temperature control knob	10. Air outlet

Typical types of malfunctions of electric heaters

The temperature is not regulated.

1. The thermostat is set to the maximum temperature. By setting the thermostat knob to the maximum, achieve comfortable conditions in the room, then turn the thermostat knob towards a lower temperature until it clicks and turns off the fan. After that, your heater will turn on and off to maintain the set temperature.

2. The thermostat is set to the minimum temperature. At the same time, many heaters do not turn on due to the fact that the temperature is higher than the thermostat setting. This does not mean breakage. To do this, turn the knob slightly in the direction of increasing the temperature.

3. Faulty thermostat. With this defect, the thermostat will not turn on or turn off the heating. To check the thermostat, unplug the heater from the mains, disassemble it and find the thermostat. Remove one tip with wire from one contact of the thermostat. Touching the probes of the tester, and turning the thermostat knob. Start from the minimum position, gradually turn the knob until you hear a click. In this case, the tester should show the circuit is closed. If, during such a check, the tester shows a constantly closed circuit or an open circuit, then the thermostat is faulty and needs to be replaced. If it is defective, then remove the handle from it. Loosen the fixing screws to remove the thermostat. Pull it out and put back the same new one.

In a fan heater, the thermostat is checked in the same way, but it is advisable to remove it for verification. To do this, disassemble the case, set the thermostat knob to the minimum temperature and remove the knob from it. Remove the thermostat from the appliance so that you can remove the wires from it. Carry out the same test as described above.

If the overheating protection in the heater is faulty, it will not disconnect the device from the mains when it is heated to a critical high temperature and it will overheat. Thermal protection is mostly carried out together with the heating element, so often such a replacement is unprofitable. Such a malfunction may occur as the failure to turn on some of the heating elements of the heater in such heaters, the switch is made with a multi-contact and its connection diagram is more complex. To check it, use the tester, having previously sketched and disconnected the wires with lugs from it.

For simpler radiant heaters, the heating element is connected to the network immediately after the device is connected to the network. The second element is put into operation with a simple switch. Checking and replacing such a switch is not difficult. If the test shows that it is working, then the heating element may not be working.

The heating element does not heat up

1. The thermostat is set to the minimum temperature.

2. The overheating protection has tripped. Wait until the appliance has cooled down to check. It should turn on by itself. Some thermal fuses need to be turned on manually. This should be described in the service book of the heater.

The protection may also work because the convection openings of the heater are blocked. foreign object(for example, dust, fluff, etc.).

3. Faulty heating element.

To check the health of the heating element of the heater, disassemble it, remove protective grille covering the heater. Loosen the fixing nuts at both ends of the heating rods and pull them out of their holders. Lay the heating element on the table and attach the tester probes to the contacts of the element. If the multimeter does not show the presence of a circuit, then the heater is unusable and a good one must be installed. Heating elements of other types of heaters are checked in a similar way.

4. Bad contact.

Disassemble the heater housing and carefully inspect all contact connections. If there are contacts that turn blue from overheating, then be sure to replace or tighten them.

Broken tips may occur. All this often happens as a result of a careless attitude to a household appliance.

The heater heats up, but there is no airflow

This fault applies to fan and convection heaters.

1. Fan openings are blocked.

Make sure that there is nothing in the path of the heated air exiting the heater body. It can be dust, fluff, etc.

2. The fan does not rotate.

This can be caused by the impeller turning slowly or something preventing it from turning. To check, disconnect the heater from the mains, disassemble its housing and remove the impeller from the axis of the electric motor. Remove any accumulated dust, dirt from the motor bearing area. I recommend immediately lubricating the bearing with oil while the impeller is removed. This will extend the life of the bearing. Lubricate the other motor bearing as well.

3. Faulty motor.

Check the motor for proper operation. To do this, check the electrical resistance of its winding with a multimeter. If the windings do not ring, then it has a break in the windings and it needs to be replaced or rewound.

4. Poor electrical contact in the motor circuit.

5. Faulty switch.

Heater not working at all

1. No power supply. Check with a voltmeter for voltage at the mains socket. It is possible that the circuit breaker on the shield turned off or the plugs burned out.

2. The heater is not plugged in. Check if the plug is well inserted into the socket and if it is inserted at all.

3. Plug fuse blown. If the plug has a fuse, disassemble it and check the fuse with a tester.

4. Plug connected incorrectly.

5. Break in the power cord.

6. Faulty heating elements.

7. Faulty switch.

8. Faulty thermostat. See check above.

9. The overheating protection has tripped.

10. Poor contact in the wiring of the heater.

Noise during fan heater operation

1. Dust and fluff has accumulated in the fan. Clean the fan from contamination.

2. The motor bearings are not lubricated. Dismantle the heater, lubricate all bearings with a small amount of oil. If the noise does not go away, then the bearings need to be replaced.

Rules safe operation electric heaters:

Do not use room heaters to dry or air out clothes. In no case do not block the ventilation openings.

Do not restrict air access to fan or convection heaters.

Do not place heaters too close to furniture. Do not allow curtains to accidentally cover ventilation openings.

Make sure all grills, covers and panels are in place and in good condition before connecting the plug to the outlet.

In no case do not leave the heater on unattended if children can access it or the elderly may fall on it.

Check the condition of the cord regularly. Do not let it come into contact with the protective grate of the electric fireplace or the fan openings of the convection and fan heater.

If your heater has a cord stored in a compact state, be sure to completely unwind it before turning it on.

In no case do not use portable heaters in bathrooms or showers.

Do not use portable heaters outdoors.

Be sure to unplug the heater before cleaning or troubleshooting.

Please note that the heating elements remain hot for some time after the appliance is switched off. Give them sufficient time before cleaning or maintaining the appliance.

Make sure the plug is connected correctly and the fuse rating is correct.

After repair or maintenance, it is important to return all parts and wires to their original position. When disassembling, mark the position of each part.

If the device is grounded, it must be checked with a tester. Many fan heaters are double insulated. If in doubt, consult the service.

Before resuming operation, check the device: insert its plug into a protected circuit | RCD, and then turn on. If the RCD works, contact a specialist to check the device.

Operating procedure

Exercise 1.

Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric stove and diagnose its condition.

Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord, switch

Assemble the tile and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.

Submit a progress report

Task 2

Describe the procedure for troubleshooting the washing machine:

Engine not running

After turning on the washing machine, the motor hums but does not rotate the drum.

The drum does not rotate although the motor is running.

Drum motor only rotates in one direction (no reversing)

During washing, the engine rotates only at increased or only at reduced speeds, or there is no spin.

Task 3

Describe how to troubleshoot a fan heater

fan does not rotate

faulty thermostat

Task 4

Describe the troubleshooting procedure. Tray not rotating in microwave

Task 4

Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)

Task 5

According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of the radiant electric heater

Task 6

According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of a convection electric heater

TEST QUESTIONS:

What malfunctions of electric stoves do you know?

What malfunctions of microwave ovens do you know?

List the typical malfunctions of room heaters.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON

Topic 02.3.1 Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer

Purpose of the lesson: get a practical skill in finding and troubleshooting an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer.

Security: A set of training electric drills, electric jigsaws, electric planes; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules

Qualifications

Students must

know:

possible malfunctions of the jigsaw, electric planer;

brands of electric jigsaw, electric planer

be able to:

look for malfunctions of the jigsaw, electric planer;

troubleshoot electric jigsaw, electric planer.

The electric drill is one of the most common tools

Schematic diagram of an electric drill.

Design features of the drill

Any electric drill consists of a housing in which the electrical and mechanical parts are located, and a chuck in which the drill is mounted on the main shaft of the drill.

The electrical part usually contains:

electric motor;

contact brushes fixed in the brush holder;

start button (switch);

engine speed controller;

reverse device;

starting capacitor;

power cord (cable).

In turn, a two-phase AC motor consists of a stator and a rotor (armature) with a collector.

The mechanical part includes a gearbox and a bearing system. The gearbox transmits the rotation of the electric motor to the drill shaft, reducing the rotation speed. A more complex mechanical part in an impact drill (hammer drill). The perforator gearbox provides shock-translational and rotational movement to the drill (drill). In addition to the gear, its design includes pistons (percussion and flying), a ram and a striker.

Types of malfunctions of the electrical and mechanical parts of the drill

A malfunction of the electrical part manifests itself in the form of a lack of rotation of the engine, i.e. when there are no signs of turning on the engine (humming, vibration, etc.). If the impact drill does not turn on, and the chuck is easily turned by hand, then we can safely talk about a malfunction of the electrical part. The same can be said if there is no speed control or rotation reverse. The expected malfunction in the electrical part is indicated by sparking during the operation of the drill. Temporary interruptions in the operation of the drill, extraneous noise can also indicate an electrical circuit.

Most often, a malfunction in the electrical part is due to wear of the contact brushes. If they are worn down by 40%, then sparking and malfunctions may occur. With more wear on the brushes, the motor simply does not turn on. The procedure for determining the culprit of a malfunction in the electrical part is recommended as follows (as far as available). First, the tester determines the integrity of the cord (cable). Then the operation of the start button (switch) and the integrity of the starting capacitor are checked.

A clear sign of a malfunction in the mechanical part is the jamming of the drill shaft. If the cartridge cannot be scrolled by hand, and at the same time the buzz of the electric motor is heard when turned on, then the reason lies in the breakdown of the gearbox or bearing. Most common cause failure in the mechanical part becomes the destruction of the thrust bearings. Damage to the gearbox can also occur when the cartridge is turned by hand and the electric motor is running, and rotation is not transmitted to the main shaft.

A malfunction in the mechanical part can cause periodic malfunctions (temporary stop) of the drill, buzzing, grinding and insufficient shaft speed. In rock drills, a mechanical failure can remove the percussive movement of the drill.

Finally, a malfunction may appear in the drill chuck. So, it may be difficult to remove the drill when the cams are not divorced due to a breakdown in the engagement inside the chuck. Sometimes a malfunction manifests itself in the form of scrolling the cartridge relative to the drill shaft. In this case, a malfunction occurred in the area where the chuck was attached to the shaft.

Laboratory work No. 8 "Procedure for organizing service maintenance of electrical machines"

The purpose of the work: To study the procedure for organizing the maintenance of electrical machines.

Progress:

Service center -- an organization engaged in the provision of service support and maintenance of machinery, equipment and other products. The activities of service centers include pre-sales, warranty and after-sales repairs.

Servicing a car in a car dealership guarantees protection from unforeseen situations for the owner of the vehicle, as well as the implementation of certain measures to keep the car in working condition. To exclude or at least prevent significant breakdowns, it is necessary to periodically contact the service center for diagnostics. As a result, the timely elimination of minor breakdowns and damage. Typically, car maintenance includes checking primary assemblies and assemblies, changing oil and antifreeze, and if problems are found, replacing brake pads, belts, and spark plugs.

One of the decisive factors in a consumer's choice of product is how much support the supplier promises after the sale of that product. This factor is especially important when buying electrical household appliances, appliances and electronics, building materials, cars, etc., that is, in those areas where a breakdown or factory defect means that the product cannot be used for its intended purpose or prevents it.

When buying a product, the warranty period for the product and its service life are established. During the warranty period, the buyer is entitled to free repair of the goods or (in special cases -- see below) to replace it. After the expiration of the warranty period, the repair of equipment is carried out at the expense of the consumer. After the expiration of the service life of the product, the manufacturer has the right to refuse the consumer to repair this product.

The activities of service centers are regulated at the legislative level, in accordance with the laws of the country in which the service is provided. According to the Law on Consumer Rights of the Russian Federation, information about the product must contain the warranty period of the product, if it is established.

“Consumer rights in case of defects in the product”:

The consumer, in case of detection of defects in the goods, if they were not specified by the seller, at his choice has the right to:

demand a replacement for a product of the same brand (the same model and (or) article);

demand a replacement for the same product of a different brand (model, article) with a corresponding recalculation of the purchase price;

demand a commensurate reduction in the purchase price;

demand immediate gratuitous elimination of product defects or reimbursement of expenses for their correction by the consumer or a third party;

refuse to fulfill the contract of sale and demand the return of the amount paid for the goods. At the request of the seller and at his expense, the consumer must return the goods with defects.

In this case, the consumer has the right to demand also full compensation for losses caused to him as a result of the sale of goods of inadequate quality. Losses are reimbursed within the time limits established by this Law to meet the relevant requirements of the consumer.

The new version of the Law mentions the period during which the consumer has the right to make a claim for the replacement of goods and for the return Money when defects are found in the product -- 15 days. If the color, size, shape of the product does not suit the consumer, then the product cannot be exchanged! After the expiration of the period established in 15 days, these requirements are subject to satisfaction in one of the following cases:

discovery of a significant defect of the goods;

violation of the deadlines established by this Law for the elimination of defects in goods;

if, in case of repeated failure, the customer was unable to use his product for more than 30 days due to being under repair

Repair and maintenance of household machines and appliances, clocks, radio-electronic equipment, televisions, tape recorders, music centers, repair and manufacture of metal products, jewelry provide consumers with the opportunity to restore the consumer properties of used products or purchase new products created according to their individual order.

Services are provided in service technical centers and repair shops. Service centers and workshops for the repair and maintenance of household appliances, watches, radio-electronic equipment have premises for receiving visitors, workshops for repair and maintenance, a warehouse for storing repaired products, spare parts and parts, and an administrative building.

Customer service is performed by the receiver, who draws up an application and accepts the product for repair, or operators of the service for receiving applications by phone, via the Internet and by mail.

Repair services are performed by a repairman with a visit to the consumer's home or in a hospital. Consumers can deliver products for repair on their own or use the delivery services of a service center. When products are accepted for repair, malfunctions of the device are recorded, a contract for repair or maintenance is drawn up, and the deadline for fulfilling the order is specified.

If the service is performed at the consumer's home, then the contract and repairs are performed by the repairman. He diagnoses the device, identifies the main malfunctions and their causes. According to the diagnostic results, the type of repair is assigned.

If the repair includes the replacement of faulty parts and assemblies, the restoration of worn parts and assemblies, the components used for replacement must be provided for by the regulatory documentation for the device. Components included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification must be certified.

Technological equipment must be certified, measuring instruments and tools verified or calibrated.

Large service enterprises have several shops (for example, a shop for the repair of household machines and appliances, a shop for the repair of transformers). The workshops have production departments: dismantling and troubleshooting, mechanical repair, winding, drying and impregnation, picking, testing station, as well as separate sections where specific types of work are performed to repair transformers, household machines and appliances, appliances and switching devices. In the dismantling and troubleshooting department, the repaired goods are cleaned of contamination, oil is drained from transformers and oil-filled devices, pre-repair tests are performed, electrical equipment is dismantled, troubleshooting is carried out (the condition and degree of wear of individual parts are determined, as well as the scope of the upcoming repair, a defect list and a repair route map are drawn up , hang marking tags on the parts to be repaired, take measures to preserve serviceable parts of electrical appliances), transfer faulty parts to repair areas, and serviceable parts to the picking or assembly department.

The dismantling and troubleshooting department is equipped with lifting and transport vehicles, testing equipment or stands for pre-repair tests, washing baths, pullers, fixtures and tools for disassembling repaired household machines and appliances.

In the mechanical repair department, they repair and, if necessary, manufacture new parts of household machines and appliances (shafts, collectors, brush mechanisms, plain bearings), remix the cores of the rotors and stators of electrical machines and devices, unload the magnetic cores of transformers. This department is equipped with hoists, metalworking machines, presses, welding machines, tools and special devices.

If it is necessary to perform work on chrome plating and nickel plating of parts, galvanic baths are installed in a separate room.

In addition to the above equipment, the mechanical repair department has locksmith workbenches, racks and cabinets for storing parts and tools. In the winding department, damaged ones are repaired (insulation is restored) and new windings of electrical machines and devices, transformers and coils of electrical devices are manufactured.

The department is equipped with machines for winding and insulating windings and coils, a machine for making wedges, guillotine shears for cutting insulating materials, machines for shrouding rotors and armatures of electrical machines, welding and soldering tools for connecting winding wires, a test facility for step-by-step control of the insulation of produced windings, as well as devices for monitoring the correct connection of winding circuits.

If necessary, install (in separate room with the presence ventilation devices and fire extinguishing agents) an annealing furnace for wires, a pickling bath and a machine for drawing and sizing wires of the old winding. Drying-impregnating department is used for impregnation and drying of manufactured windings. Its equipment includes impregnating baths, ovens for drying and baking impregnated windings, hoisting and transport vehicles for transporting massive windings and containers for storing impregnating varnishes and solvents in quantities that provide no more than a daily requirement for them. Given the harmfulness of vapors and volatile particles of varnishes and solvents, their high fire and explosion hazard, the premises of this department are provided with exhaust ventilation devices and fire extinguishing equipment.

The assembly department is the place where all repaired, as well as serviceable and some new assembly units and parts of the repaired equipment are delivered. Fully equipped electrical equipment is then transferred to the assembly department. In the assembly department, the general assembly of the repaired equipment is carried out. It is equipped with assembly tools and devices, workbenches and racks, devices for static and dynamic balancing of rotors and armatures of electrical machines, a test bench for performing the entire range of post-repair tests. The test station is located in a separate room and contains high-voltage test electrical installations, stands, various devices and protective equipment. The electrical repair shop includes warehouses for storing the repair fund (individual units and assembly units of electrical equipment: high and low voltage windings of transformers, contact system kits for switches, etc.) and repaired equipment, tool and material storerooms, utility and utility rooms, as well as other premises, the number and purpose of which are determined in each case by the adopted technology and repair conditions.

The organization of the workplace of a master in the repair of household machines and appliances has its own characteristics.

To perform services for the repair of household machines and appliances, the service company uses the main and additional equipment (machines, mechanisms, installations), technological equipment, fixtures, tools and necessary equipment (setting tables, workbenches, racks, cabinets). When organizing jobs, service specialists must comply with the requirements of GOST for the creation of healthy and safe conditions labor of electricians (lighting, personal protective equipment, primary fire extinguishing equipment, etc.).

Locksmith operations in the repair of household machines and appliances are performed using locksmith, metal-cutting and measuring tools. The set of basic locksmith tools includes hammers, chisels, files, screwdrivers, wrenches, hand saws. Of the metal-cutting tools, drills, countersinks, reamers, taps, and dies are primarily used. Of the measuring instruments, when marking, processing and manufacturing workpieces and parts, calipers, micrometers, gauges, probes, calipers, and inside gauges are used. It is necessary to use diagnostic instruments and devices, stands for determining defects and malfunctions, etc. Repair has different degrees difficulties. The degree of complexity is determined by the need to disassemble and replace the main assembly units and parts, including the housing, electric motor, etc. For example, the repair of household radio-electronic equipment is divided into:

Block method of repair associated with the disassembly and replacement of the main elements of the equipment: a kinescope, a scanning line and other elements;

Repair carried out without disassembly and replacement of the main assembly units.

Repair and maintenance of household appliances is provided by repair technologies that are regulated by regulatory documents (technological maps, specifications, standards, rules and regulations). The customer may refuse the repair in full. In this case, the service organization guarantees the customer the compliance of the device parameters with the requirements of the standard only to the extent of the repair performed. The receiver makes a note about this in the accompanying document for the repair.

Service companies do not accept devices and equipment for repair (including after the expiration of their service life), if the customer refuses to eliminate malfunctions, the presence of which leads to a violation of safety requirements. In the event that faults related to its safety are discovered during the repair process, the service company must inform the customer about this and re-issue the order, taking into account the additional amount of work.

If the customer refuses additional work, a note is made in the acceptance document that the device or apparatus is unsuitable for operation, confirmed by the signatures of the customer and the contractor.

After the repair, the technical control service of the service organization or persons entrusted with control functions carry out quality control of the repaired devices.

Repaired appliances must function in all modes provided for by the regulatory documentation for a new household appliance of a particular type, the deviation of performance indicators of repaired household appliances during their service life should be no more than 20% compared to new ones.

appliances.

After the end of the service life, the indicators can be set in agreement with the customer when receiving household appliances for repair. Repaired devices must comply with safety requirements. Decrease in the safety indicators of repaired household appliances (within the limits established by the manufacturer) during the service life and after its expiration is not allowed. Household radio-electronic equipment that has been repaired must be sealed. When the equipment is put into operation, the accompanying document issued to the customer is marked with a mark confirming the technical acceptance and safety of the equipment. When issuing repaired radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances, an employee of a service company inspects the equipment and demonstrates its operation. Turning on, turning off or switching household radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances should be easy, smooth, without delays and repeated switching on. Radio-electronic equipment powered by the electrical network must be checked for the required value of electrical insulation resistance. After the repair, the customer is issued an accompanying document describing the repair and the repaired device. Service companies providing repair and maintenance services provide guarantees that the repaired device meets the requirements of the standard. When accepting household appliances and machines from repair, the customer has the right to check the compliance of the work performed with the list of defects specified in the order. On the accompanying document issued to the customer when the device is put into operation, a mark is placed confirming the technical acceptance and safety of the device. For repaired household machines and appliances, warranty periods are established:

6 months - when performing repair work related to the first group of complexity;

12 months - when performing repair work related to the second group of complexity.

For devices discontinued more than 10 years ago, the production of spare parts for which has been discontinued, the warranty period is set at least 3 months. Warranty periods are established for repaired radio-electronic equipment

When carrying out repairs in a hospital: for color TVs, VCRs and equipment top group difficulties

At least 3 months, for the rest of the equipment - at least 4 months;

When carrying out repairs at the place of operation: for color TVs, video recorders and equipment of the highest complexity group - at least 1 month, for other equipment - at least 2 months.

For new components installed during the repair of household appliances and machines, the warranty period must correspond to the warranty period established by the manufacturer (seller). The warranty period is calculated from the date of acceptance of the work (provision of services) - the issuance of repaired household appliances or radio-electronic equipment to the customer and is considered valid if the customer observes the operating rules.

During the warranty period established by the service organization, repeated repairs of household appliances and radio electronic equipment are carried out at the expense of the service organization, except for the payment by the customer of the cost of assembly units and parts that were not replaced during the previous repair.

When performing repeated repairs within the warranty period established by the service organization, the last warranty period is extended for the period from the date of contacting the service organization until the date of acceptance of the work (rendering of the service) - issuance of household appliances or radio electronic equipment.

The customer, at his request, is provided with services for the transportation of repaired household machines and appliances. Transportation of household machines and appliances is carried out in a vertical position in a closed vehicle, which ensures the safety of appliances from mechanical damage and precipitation.

Storage of repaired and accepted for repair household appliances is carried out separately in a warehouse in dry rooms at a temperature of at least 5 ° C, without the presence of acid, alkali and other harmful substances in the atmosphere. The most convenient placement of devices on the racks. Storage conditions must exclude mechanical damage.

Jewelry repair ensures the restoration of the design and consumer properties jewelry.

Services for the repair and manufacture of jewelry are provided to consumers at stores selling jewelry or in jewelry workshops. The direct executor of repair and manufacturing services is the master jeweler.

When repairing or making jewelry, measuring, cutting tools, tools for bending and straightening (pliers, vise), tools for soldering, polishing and grinding, seaming and crimping metal are used. Acceptance of products for repair is carried out by an inspector who has a specialized education as a master jeweler. Upon acceptance, he examines the product, determines the materials of manufacture, defects and draws up a contract (receipt, other document) for the performance of work, which describes the work (with a sketch signed by the consumer) and precious

stones indicating the shape, size, weight, color, defects.

In the case of acceptance for repair or manufacture of jewelry made of precious metals belonging to the consumer, the contractor shall determine the sample of precious metals on touchstones using reagents manufactured by state inspections of assay supervision.

Jewelry made from precious metals must comply with the samples established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, and be branded in the prescribed manner with the state assay mark by state inspections of assay supervision.

In the manufacture of jewelry from precious metals, the performer must have a personal name, the imprint of which is placed on the manufactured products. Furniture manufacturing and repair provides consumers with the opportunity to restore old, used furniture or purchase custom-made furniture products. In addition, furniture workshops offer services for the manufacture and repair of baguette frames and wooden cornices, shields and solutions.

current for masking heating devices, etc. Furniture in the process of use is subjected to mechanical and physico-chemical influences, which reduce the strength of the structure, causing the destruction of furniture elements (legs, legs, armrests), etc. Over time, dents appear on the front surfaces,

ly, bullying, flakes, cladding, decorative elements are destroyed, finishing coatings. In addition, the aesthetic properties of furniture are subject to obsolescence.

O.A.Grigorieva

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR MAINTENANCE OF HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES

Guidelines

Anzhero-Sudzhensk

2014
UDC 621.3

BBC 31.2

Minutes No. 1 dated 10.09.2014

Grigoryeva O.A., Lecturer, GBOU SPO Anzhero - Sudzhensky Mining College
Reviewers:

Gergal I.N., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Director of the Anzhero-Sudzhensk Mining College

Sidartsov S.M., head of the signaling and communication section of the Anzhero-Sudzhensk vocational school

The guidelines present practical work for students enrolled in the training program for mid-level specialists, specialty 13.02.11 "Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry)". Texts practical work contain the necessary theoretical information about the designs of household machines and appliances, helping students to systematize knowledge for the development of professional competencies related to the performance of service maintenance of household machines and appliances. Guidelines for the implementation of practical work have a strict logical sequence of the order in which the task is completed and the report is compiled. Compiled to help teachers and students to organize practical training according to MDK 02.01 "Typical technological processes for servicing household machines and appliances."
CONTENT

Introduction	4
Practical work No. 1 - Determining the characteristics and malfunctions of thermal household appliances
Practice #2 - Repairing hair dryers, steam irons and fans
Practical work No. 3 - Diagnostics and troubleshooting of electric meat grinders
Practical work No. 4 - Repair of electric kettles	19
Practical work No. 5 - Repair of blenders, hand and table mixers
Practical work No. 6 - Repair of an electric kettle-thermos (thermopot)
Practical work No. 7 - Repair of automatic washing machines	38
Practical work No. 8 - The technological process of disassembling the components and assemblies of the washing machine
Practical work No. 9 - Operation and arrangement of the Biryusa-2 compression refrigerator
Practical work No. 10 - Repair of household compression and absorption refrigerators
Practical work No. 11 - Malfunctions of microwave ovens and methods for their elimination
Practical work No. 12 - Typical malfunctions of vacuum cleaners and methods for their elimination
Practical work No. 13 - Typical malfunctions of air conditioning systems and methods for their elimination
Practical work No. 14 - Typical malfunctions of kitchen hoods and methods for their elimination
References and Internet sources	101

Introduction

There is always a lot of homework in every house and, unfortunately, it takes us a lot of time. But, fortunately, mankind has come up with many useful devices, household appliances that allow mechanizing labor-intensive work at home: cooking food, washing and ironing linen, cleaning clothes, cleaning rooms, etc. with the least labor costs. Household appliances save our time and create home comfort, facilitate working and living conditions.

But, sadly, during operation, these irreplaceable helpers lose their efficiency, mainly due to wear and tear and destruction of individual parts. Then it's time for us to take care of our friends.

Of course, the easiest way out is to throw away old household appliances and purchase new ones, but after all, it has faithfully served us for many years and has far from exhausted its resource. Or simply we are so accustomed to this or that technique that we don’t want to part with it. For this, there are services for the repair and maintenance of household appliances.

Public service plays a very important role. It actively contributes to the convergence of the living conditions of the urban and rural population, the retention of personnel, especially in the countryside and in populated areas, and the rational use of material and labor resources.

One of the promising and rapidly developing industry groups of household services is the repair of household machines and appliances. Technological progress has a great influence on the development and improvement of the industry group of services for the repair of household appliances. Any machine that is in use requires constant maintenance (lubrication, cleaning, elimination of minor malfunctions) and periodic repairs (replacement of failed parts, assemblies and assemblies). Thus, household appliances that are in the operation of the population, its constant structural complication, contributes to the rapid development of an industry group for the repair of household appliances.

Household appliance repair companies provide the population with a large number of services, such as: repair of refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, floor polishers, sewing machines, electric shavers, etc. These enterprises must constantly improve their activities. Complete satisfaction of the population in household services, improving the quality and improving the culture of service, reducing the time for fulfilling orders - these are the main directions for improving the activities of enterprises for the repair of household appliances. The successful solution of all these tasks largely depends on the level of organization and planning of their activities.

In order to improve the quality of service, as well as expand the number of services to the population, enterprises are introducing new types and forms of service, such as:

• 
  repair in the presence of the customer;
• 
  taking orders by phone;
• 
  repair today for today;
• 
  use of the exchange fund of household appliances.

Practical work on the professional module: “PM 02. Service maintenance of household machines and appliances. MDK 02. 01. Typical technological processes for maintenance of household machines and appliances ”for students of specialty 140448, Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry).

These classes allow you to consolidate theoretical knowledge and develop certain skills in the repair of household appliances in the course of these practical works.

In accordance with the Work Program, students perform 15 practical work. Before starting, you need to familiarize yourself with the safety precautions. (see annex 1)

Tasks are performed by students in microgroups. Practical work is carried out on A4 sheets in the prescribed manner (Appendix 2 and 3). All entries must be accurate.

Completed practical work is viewed by the teacher. The defense of practical work is carried out at the end of the lesson or during the second subgroup on time.

Delivery and defense of practical work after the deadline is allowed only by good reason with the permission of the teacher.

Criteria for evaluating the results of practical work:

Percentage of effectiveness (correct answers)	Assessment of the level of training
	Point (mark)	verbal counterpart	criteria for evaluation
90÷100	5	Great	implementation of schemes according to GOST; accurate performance of work; conclusion on the performance of work; correct answers to control questions
80÷89	4	Good	timely delivery of work (at the end of the lesson); implementation of schemes according to GOST; correct disassembly and assembly of the layout; accurate performance of work; conclusion on the performance of work; incorrect answers to control questions
70÷79	3	satisfactorily	timely delivery of work (on time); implementation of schemes according to GOST; correct disassembly and assembly of the layout; conclusion on the performance of work; no answers to security questions (or wrong ones)
less than 70	2	Unsatisfactory	late delivery of work (on time); non-fulfillment of schemes according to GOST; incorrect disassembly and assembly of the layout; inaccurate performance of work; there is no conclusion on the performance of the work; no answers to security questions

Practical work No. 1
Determining the characteristics and faults of thermal

household appliances

Objective

1. Calculate electric heating equipment (OK 6)

2. Predict failures, determine resources, detect defects in electrical household appliances (PC 2.3)
Devices and materials

Thermal household appliance (kettle, electric stove, boiler, etc.)

Fig.1 Electric heating equipment

Explanation for work

Repeat the theoretical material on electrical engineering (Work and power of electric current. Thermal effect of current Ohm's law for a circuit section)

Class equipment

Operating instructions for electrical heating equipment
Theoretical information

Malfunctions of electric heaters and methods for their elimination

The following malfunctions are most common: heating and burning of contacts; violation of insulation between electrically conductive parts, the case and other parts of the device that are not energized; conductor breakage and damage to the insulation of the power cord; cracks in ceramic parts; burnout of heating coils, heating elements, power switches, lighting equipment, etc. Very often in household appliances, the formation of conductive bridges is observed at closely spaced electrical circuit contacts. This phenomenon is called tracking. This happens when they appear on the surface of the electrical insulating material of electrolytic pollution and the impact of electrical voltage. When tracking occurs on the surface of the assembly with electrical contacts, a short circuit occurs between the conductive cores. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to carefully clean this place until the burnt material is completely removed and check the maximum voltage.

Malfunctions in electric heaters occur from increased heating due to significant resistance and sparking of contacts. To eliminate this malfunction, it is necessary to clean the contact surfaces to a shine with a knife or sandpaper and achieve a snug fit of one contact surface to another. In bolted connections, this is achieved by tightening the nuts on the bolts, in plug-in connections, by expanding the slots of the plug. If the pins are not cut, then contact can be improved by reducing the diameter of the contact sockets of the socket. To do this, disconnect the socket from the mains, unscrew the fuse plug, remove the cover of the socket and carefully reduce the diameter of the socket using pliers. Before testing the quality of the contact, it is recommended to close the socket cover, and then put the fuse plug in its place. After repair, the connection must be tight and motionless. This will ensure good contact and eliminate increased heating of the connecting parts.

Burning of contacts occurs due to sparking. Burnt contact parts, pins, contact sleeves, etc. needs to be replaced.

The destruction of the conductors and insulation of the power cord is often caused by strong heat, the action of substances that corrode the insulation, frequent twisting and unwinding.

If only the insulation is damaged in the cord, then the damaged section must be insulated. insulating tape. From above, the insulation should be wrapped with threads in the color of the cord.

If the conductors of the cord are broken, you must first find the place of damage. To do this, it is necessary to turn on a portable electric light bulb in series with the cord. After connection, the cord must be bent in places of possible breakage, mainly near the terminal block and plug. If at the same time the light starts flashing, this indicates that the conductors are damaged at the bend. This work can be done with a combined instrument or by other means.

To eliminate the malfunction, the cord must be disconnected from the mains, the damaged part of the cord must be cut out, and the serviceable ends connected. Shortening the cord is not allowed.

The quality of repair of electric heaters is established in the following sequence:

• 
  visual inspection;
• 
  insulation resistance test;
• 
  insulation dielectric strength test;
• 
  function check;
• 
  power consumption check;
• 
  checking the horizontal installation of burners (for electric stoves).

Repaired electric heaters must comply with the requirements of the PCT.

Size: px

Start impression from page:

transcript

1 Publishing and Trade Corporation Dashkov i K Zh. - methodological association of universities for university polytechnic education as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of Technological machines and equipment, specialties household machines and devices Moscow 2012

2 UDC LBC R69 Authors: Zh. A. Romanovich Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; V. A. Skryabin Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; V. P. Fandeev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; BV Tsypin Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Reviewers: N. A. Feoktistov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, First Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs of the Institute of Public Administration, Law and innovative technologies; V. Ya. Savitsky Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Physics Department of the Penza Artillery Engineering Institute; M. M. Veselov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department Production and operation of rocket and artillery weapons of the Penza Artillery Engineering Institute. P69 Romanovich Zh. A. Diagnostics, repair and maintenance of control systems of household machines and devices: Textbook / Zh. A. Romanovich, V. A. Skryabin, V. P. Fandeev, B. V. Tsypin. 3rd ed. M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation Dashkov and K, p. ISBN The textbook presents in a systematic way the theoretical foundations and methods of repair, Maintenance and diagnostics of control systems. The main theoretical questions are supplemented with examples and assignments for independent work. For students of higher educational institutions studying in instrument-making, information, radio-electronic, machine-building and service specialties, as well as specialists in the field of technical diagnostics and repair. ISBN Collective of Authors, 2008

3 CONTENTS Preface...7 Part I RELATIONSHIP OF REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Chapter 1. Concepts of repair, maintenance and diagnostics Technical condition Types, criteria and consequences of failure Repair, restoration and maintenance Tasks and goals of diagnostics Methods, operations, repair processes and maintenance...30 Test questions...35 Chapter 2. Systems of repair, maintenance and diagnostics Structure of systems Repair, maintenance and diagnostics indicators Maintenance and repair system indicators Maintainability and manufacturability of maintenance and repair facilities Diagnosis indicators Adaptability to diagnostics...59 Test questions...62 References

4 Part II METHODOLOGY OF DIAGNOSTICS OF REPAIRED AND SERVICED PRODUCTS Chapter 3. Methods of diagnosing when restoring operability Diagnostic parameters and signs Types and methods of diagnosing Functionality control Search for the place of failure Forecasting the technical condition Diagnosing algorithms Methods of diagnosing and restoring operability ... 94 Test questions ... 97 Chapter 4. Exhaustive testing Counting of transitions and units Signature analysis Combination of diagnostic methods Comprehensive diagnostic tools Test questions References Part III IN-CIRCUIT DIAGNOSTICS Chapter 5. Diagnosis of electrical circuits of control systems Statement of the problem of in-circuit diagnostics Systematization of tasks of diagnosing electrical circuits questions

5 Chapter 6. Methods for diagnosing linear bipolar electrical circuits Classification of methods for obtaining information about the parameters of linear bipolar electrical circuits Methods for analyzing methods for estimating the parameters of passive linear bipolar circuits Methods for tolerance control of the parameters of linear bipolar electrical circuits Measuring the parameters of linear electrical circuits by systems with digital processors parameters of signals Test questions Chapter 7. Diagnosis of electrical circuits and elements as part of control systems Control of bipolar electrical circuits as part of a printed circuit assembly Diagnosis of transistors as part of a printed circuit assembly Diagnosis of integrated circuits as part of a printed circuit assembly diagnostics Control questions References Part IV OPTIMIZATION OF DIAGNOSTICS Chapters a 8. Modeling of diagnostic objects

6 8.1 Diagnostic Models Mathematical Modeling of a Healthy Object Mathematical Modeling of Failures Determining the Failure Area Test Questions Chapter 9. Methods and Algorithms for Optimizing Failure Detection Selection of Checks for Failure Detection Using the Linear Integer Programming Method Selection of Checks for Failure Detection by the Branch and Bound Method Selection of Checks for Failure Detection by Heuristic algorithm Selection of the order of execution of checks to detect failures using the branch and bound method Test questions Chapter 10. Methods and algorithms for optimizing the search for a failure site Selection of checks to search for a failure site using linear integer programming Selection of tests to search for a failure site using a heuristic algorithm Selection of tests to search for a multiple failure site by heuristic algorithm Selection of the order of execution of checks to find the place of failure by heuristic algorithm Test questions References Appendixes: 1. Examples of var solutions for adaptability to diagnosis Tasks for practical exercises

7 Foreword Household machines and appliances are serviceable and repairable items. Technological processes of repair, maintenance operations provide for the diagnosis of the product. Diagnosis costs reach 85% of the cost of repair and maintenance of products. Ensuring the suitability of the product for diagnostics, repair and maintenance begins already at the development stage and requires significant expenditures of material and financial resources, labor of qualified specialists. The most difficult components for diagnosis, repair and maintenance of modern household machines and devices, other products, including electronic household equipment, aircraft, vehicles, machine tools, are control systems. Technical diagnostics is becoming one of the most important academic disciplines in the training of product service specialists for various purposes. In recent years, a large number of textbooks and monographs have been published on certain issues and problems of diagnosing, repairing and maintaining various equipment. However, the teaching of disciplines is not yet sufficiently provided with textbooks that take into account the current state of the theory, methods and means, the features of the objects of diagnosis, repair and maintenance. Maintenance and repair of such complex objects as control systems cannot be carried out without knowledge of the basics of theory, methodology and modern information technologies for technical diagnostics. 7

8 The textbook shows the relationship and interdependence of the tasks and goals of technical diagnostics, repair and maintenance. The conceptual apparatus of technical diagnostics of repair and maintenance is analyzed, methods and tools for diagnosing analog and digital electronic objects of control systems are systematized, models, methods, algorithms used in the restoration of operability and automated design of diagnostic support for control systems are proposed. The textbook was created at the Departments of Information and Measuring Equipment, Instrument Engineering and Household Machines and Appliances of the Penza State University together with the Moscow State University of Service. It is based on the materials of lectures, practical and laboratory classes conducted by the authors for many years at Penza State University and Moscow State University of Service for students of instrument-making, information, radio-electronic, engineering, service specialties, as well as on the experience of the authors' practical work in the field of technical diagnostics and repair . The materials of the textbook will be useful to almost all technical specialties, the program of which provides for the study of the disciplines of technical diagnostics and repair. The textbook consists of ten chapters. The first chapter analyzes the technological processes of repair and maintenance. It is shown that diagnostics is a part of technical maintenance and repair processes that provide for the determination of the technical condition of an object, in which several diagnostic tasks are usually solved in a complex way. The concept of the technical condition of the diagnostic object is revealed. Tasks are formulated, the goals of diagnosing repaired and serviced products are substantiated. A methodical approach to the substantiation of economic

9 of the biological expediency of restoring the functionality of printed circuit assemblies in conjunction with the restoration technology. The second chapter analyzes the system of indicators of maintainability, maintainability, maintenance and repair, their relationship with indicators of adaptability to diagnosis, indicators of diagnosis. The concept of the system of repair, maintenance, diagnostics is revealed. The types of diagnostic tools are systematized. The third chapter systematizes the types, methods and algorithms of diagnostics used in the maintenance and repair of control systems. A technique for combining methods and algorithms for diagnosing when restoring the operability of products is presented. The concept of a diagnostic parameter is analyzed, which allows diagnosing a product without disassembling it. The fourth chapter discusses methods for exhaustive testing of digital devices of control systems. The reliability of detection of logical failures of digital objects is evaluated by the methods of counting transitions and units, by the method of signature analysis, by a combination of methods of exhaustive testing. The fifth chapter is devoted to general issues of in-circuit diagnostics of repaired units of control systems. The specifics of detecting failures of elements soldered on hardware boards are considered. The sixth and seventh chapters discuss methods for measuring and monitoring the diagnosed parameters of two-pole and multi-pole electrical circuits of control systems, including passive electrical circuits with resistors, capacitors and inductors, transistors and integrated circuits without desoldering them from the printed circuit assembly. The eighth chapter substantiates the choice of a bipartite digraph as a unified diagnostic model for setting and solving problems of detecting and searching for a failure point in the repair and maintenance of analog and digital objects. 9

10 A technique is proposed for developing a diagnostic model based on a model of an operable object and failure models. Formulas are derived for localizing the place of failure based on the results of monitoring the health of the object. The ninth and tenth chapters contain methods and algorithms for optimizing the technological processes of repair and maintenance based on the detection and search for the place of failure according to the criteria derived from the diagnostic indicators and the suitability for diagnosing products. The tasks of selecting checks and the sequence of performing checks of products to detect failures and find the place of failure with minimal time, labor, and funds are solved when substantiating the composition of control points, built-in and external diagnostic tools, and developing diagnostic algorithms. The choice of checks for detecting a failure with minimal cost is reduced to a linear integer programming problem solved by the Ballas algorithm and to a branch and bound optimization problem. The advantages of each of the methods are manifested in special cases for specific models and initial data. The branch-and-bound search is reduced by the information about mandatory checks obtained from the analysis of the model. A heuristic algorithm for selecting checks is presented, which, when combined with the Ballash algorithm, saves computational resources. The choice of the order of execution of checks for detecting failures with minimal average costs by the branch and bound method is considered. The choice of checks to find the place of failure with minimal cost is reduced to a linear integer programming problem solved by the Ballash algorithm. Heuristic algorithms for selecting checks are described, which, when combined with the Ballash algorithm, saves computational resources. A heuristic algorithm for choosing the order of checks to find the place of failure with the minimum average number of checks, based on the method of minimizing coding redundancy, is considered. ten

11 Each chapter contains questions to control the assimilation of the material. The theoretical foundations of repair, maintenance, diagnostics are laid by the works of many domestic and foreign scientists. Each part of the textbook contains a list of literature used in writing the textbook and recommended for in-depth study of the discipline. The application contains options for tasks for practical and self-study. eleven

12 Part I RELATIONSHIP OF REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Chapter 1 CONCEPTS OF REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND DIAGNOSIS project) documentation. Product parameters, the values ​​of which characterize the technical condition, are physical quantities. Types of physical quantities are systematized, for example, according to the method of determining the numerical value, the type of physical phenomena (manifestations), belonging to various groups of physical processes (table 1.1). The measured physical quantity is expressed quantitatively in the form of a certain number of established units of measurement. A physical quantity for which a unit of measurement cannot be entered is estimated by a number using the accepted scale of the physical quantity. Real (passive) physical quantities describe the properties of substances, materials and products. For their

13 Table 1.1 Systematization of types of physical quantity Classification features Method for determining the numerical value Types of physical phenomena Belonging to different groups of physical processes Types of physical quantity Measured; evaluated Real; energy; characterizing the course of processes in time Spatial-temporal; mechanical; thermal; electrical and magnetic; acoustic; light; physical-chemical and other measurements, an auxiliary energy source is used, with the help of which a signal of measuring information is formed. Passive physical quantities include, for example, mass, density, electrical resistance, capacitance, inductance. Energy (active) physical quantities describe energy processes. The conversion of active physical quantities into measurement information signals is carried out without the use of auxiliary energy sources. Active physical quantities are, for example, electric current, voltage, power, energy. The physical quantities characterizing the course of processes in time include transient characteristics, spectral characteristics, correlation functions, etc. The belonging of parameters to one or another group of physical processes depends on the principles of operation of the product. The technical condition of electronic control systems, equipment, instruments and devices is characterized, for example, by electrical and magnetic, acoustic, thermal values. 13

14 The set of parameter values ​​that meet or do not meet the established requirements forms the type of technical condition of the product. For example, the types of technical condition of the product are: serviceable (serviceability), operable (operability), faulty (malfunction), inoperable (inoperability), limiting. Short forms of terms indicated in brackets are allowed to be used in cases that exclude the possibility of their various interpretations. Each of the types of technical condition is characterized by a set of parameter values ​​that describe the state of the product, as well as qualitative features for which quantitative estimates are not applied. The nomenclature of these parameters and characteristics, as well as the limits of their permissible changes, are established in the technical documentation. The product in good condition meets all the requirements of technical documentation. In a faulty condition, the product does not meet at least one of the requirements of the technical documentation. The phrase nature of the fault means a specific unacceptable change in a product that was in good condition. The state of the product, in which the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions, meet the requirements of the technical documentation, is called operable, and if the value of at least one parameter does not correspond to the requirements of the technical documentation, it is called an inoperable state. The term operability is applied to such products that, when used for their intended purpose, consume their resource. A working product, unlike a serviceable one, must meet only those requirements of technical documentation, the fulfillment of which ensures the normal use of the product for its intended purpose. Therefore, a workable product may be faulty if, for example, it does not meet aesthetic requirements, and worsens.

15 The appearance of the product does not interfere with its intended use. An event consisting in a violation of the operable state of a product is called a failure. The event that a healthy state is broken while maintaining a healthy state is called damage. As a result of failure or damage, the product goes into a failed state. The terms malfunction, failure, damage are used in the operation of products. The type of technical condition in which the product used for its intended purpose is currently performing the functioning algorithm with parameter values ​​that meet the established requirements is called correct functioning. The product does not function properly if the values ​​of the operating parameters do not meet the established requirements. A product that is functioning correctly at the current time may not be operational. For complex products, partially inoperative states are possible, in which the product is able to perform the required functions with reduced performance or only a part of the specified functions. Events and processes leading to a change in the type of technical condition of the product are shown in Figure 1.1. The state of the product, in which its further operation is unacceptable or impractical, or the restoration of its performance is impossible or impractical, is considered as a limiting state. The limit state is manifested by a sign or a set of signs that are established in the technical documentation and are called the limit state criterion. For example, the criteria for the limit state of a product can be: failure of one or more components, the restoration or replacement of which at the site of operation is not

16 Serviceable state Operable state Inoperative state 4 5 The limit state is provided for by the operational documentation and must be carried out in repair organizations; wear of parts or deterioration of the physical, chemical properties of materials to the maximum permissible values; unacceptable decrease in time between failures (increased failure rate); excess of the established current (total) costs for maintenance and repairs or other signs that determine the economic feasibility of further operation. The product can go into the limit state as a result of a failure or, while remaining operational, if, for example, its further use for its intended purpose becomes unacceptable due to safety and economy requirements. Upon reaching the limit state, the product must be taken out of service, directed to medium or small damage; 2 failure (non-resource); 3 resource failure or other factors; 4 recovery; 5 repair Figure 1.1 Scheme of changing the type of technical condition of the product

17 overhaul, disposed of or transferred for other than intended use. 1.2 Types, criteria and consequences of failure Types of failure are classified according to signs essential for maintenance, repair and diagnostics (Table 1.2). Systematization of failure modes Table 1.2 Classification features Cause of failure Criterion of failure Possibility to detect failure Possibility of self-elimination of failure Number of failed component parts of the object Conditionality of failure by other failures Nature of parameter change Consequences of failure Types of failure Constructive; industrial; operational; degradative Functional; parametric Explicit; hidden failure; intermittent Single; multiple Independent; dependent Gradual; sudden resource; critical; non-critical Failure refers to design, production (technological) or operational failures to determine at what stage of the creation or existence of the product measures should be taken to eliminate the causes of failure. The reason for a design failure is an imperfection or violation established rules and (or) design and construction standards. A manufacturing failure occurs as a result of an imperfection or violation established process manufactured 17

18 repair or repair of the product carried out at a repair facility. The occurrence of an operational failure is the result of a violation of the established rules and (or) conditions for the operation of the product. Degradation failure is caused by the natural processes of aging, wear, corrosion and fatigue in compliance with all established rules and (or) standards for design, manufacture and operation. The failure is manifested by a sign or a set of signs of a violation of the working state, which are established in the technical documentation and are called the failure criterion. A functional failure is manifested by the termination of the performance of the specified functions by the product (non-fulfillment of the functioning algorithm), errors in the processing, storage and transmission of information by a digital device. Types of functional failure are a short circuit of an electrical or electronic product, a logical failure digital device. A short circuit is an unacceptable increase in currents in the branches electrical circuit, caused by the connection of different points of the circuit, not foreseen by the normal mode of operation. A logical failure is manifested by an invalid combination of digital two-digit signal levels. In a logical stub fault, the digital two-digit signal level always has a logic zero value (constant 0) or a logic one value (constant 1). A parametric failure is manifested by an unacceptable decrease in the quality of functioning (performance, power, accuracy, sensitivity, and other parameters). Explicit failure and latent failure, respectively, are detected and not detected visually or by standard methods and means of monitoring the technical condition under sub-18

19 preparation of the product for use or in the process of its intended use. A hidden failure is detected during maintenance or special diagnostic methods. A self-recovering failure, or a one-time failure that can be fixed with little human intervention, is called a failure. Repeatedly occurring self-eliminating failure of the same nature is called intermittent. A typical example of a failure is when the computer stops running a program, which is corrected by restarting the program. The concepts of single failure, multiple failure, independent failure, dependent failure usually refer to the components of the product. The failure of one component and several components of the product are called single and multiple product failures, respectively. The independent failure of a component is not caused, and the dependent failure of a component is caused by the failure of another component of the product. The occurrence of a dependent failure means that at least two components failed in the product and the failure is a multiple. An example of a dependent failure is the failure of a secondary power supply that is not overload protected due to a short circuit. Gradual failure occurs as a result of a gradual change in the values ​​of one or more product parameters. A continuous and monotonous change in the measured parameter, which characterizes the ability of a product to perform specified functions, makes it possible to predict the onset of a failure. A sudden failure is manifested by an abrupt change in the values ​​of one or more product parameters. The onset of a sudden failure cannot be predicted by measuring parameters whose values ​​change only at the time of the failure. 19

20 The occurrence of a failure leads to phenomena, processes, events and states called failure consequences. The set of features that characterize the consequences of a failure is called the criticality of the failure. The classification of failures according to the consequences is necessary when rationing reliability (in particular, to justify the choice of nomenclature and numerical values ​​of standardized reliability indicators), establishing warranty obligations. To classify failures by consequences, it is necessary to analyze the criteria, causes and consequences of failures, as well as to build a logical and functional relationship between failures. Signs for classifying failures according to their consequences can be, for example, direct and indirect losses caused by failures, the cost of eliminating the consequences of failures, the possibility and expediency of repair by the consumer or the need for repair by the manufacturer or a third party, the duration of downtime due to failures. The consequence of resource failure is the achievement of the limit state by the product. A failure is classified as critical if the severity of its consequences (damage from failure) is recognized as unacceptable and special measures are required to reduce the probability of this failure and (or) possible damage associated with its occurrence. Non-compliance of the product with the established requirements during quality control at the manufacturing stage, as well as during quality control of the repaired product is called a defect. A product that does not contain defects that prevent its acceptance is called fit and is serviceable. A defective product may have defects. The term malfunction, unlike the term defect, does not apply to every product. For example, unacceptable deviations of material quality indicators are not called a malfunction. twenty

21 Failure may result from defects in the product, but the appearance of defects does not always mean that a failure has occurred. 1.3 Repair, Refurbishment and Maintenance Maintenance is a set of operations or an operation to keep the product in working order or serviceability when used for its intended purpose, waiting in a state of readiness for its intended use, storage and transportation. Maintenance may include, for example, washing the product, monitoring the technical condition, cleaning, lubricating, replacing some components, adjusting. The process of bringing a product back to a healthy state from an unhealthy state is called refurbishment. Recovery includes determining the location of the failure, replacing the failed component, monitoring and regulating the parameters of the components, monitoring the performance of the product as a whole. Repair is a complex of operations to restore the serviceability or performance of products and restore the resources of products or their components. Repair may include disassembly, troubleshooting, control of the technical condition of the product, replacement and (or) restoration of parts, assembly, etc. The content of some repair operations may coincide with the content of some maintenance operations. The characteristic of maintenance (repair), which determines the range of operations, the duration of their implementation, the required labor, material and financial costs, is called the volume of maintenance (repair). A product for which maintenance is provided for by technical documentation is called 21

22 serviceable item, otherwise non-serviceable. A product for which, in the situation under consideration, restoration of a working state is provided for by the technical documentation, is called a restored product, otherwise it is called a non-restorable product. A product, the repair of which is possible and provided for by the technical documentation, is called a repairable product. If the repair of the product is impossible or not provided for by the technical, documentation for technical, economic or other reasons, then such a product is called non-repairable. A non-repairable product may be technically serviceable. A repairable product may not be repairable in a particular situation. Control systems, their components, as a rule, serviced, restored and repaired products. Unattended, non-repairable and non-repairable are, for example, autonomous control systems for unmanned spacecraft. The type of maintenance (repair) is understood as maintenance (repair) allocated (allocated) according to such criteria as the stage of existence, frequency, scope of work, regulation, etc. (table 1.3). Product maintenance can be performed during use (preparation for intended use, intended use, as well as immediately after its completion), during storage (preparation for storage, storage and immediately after its completion), during transportation (preparation for transportation, transportation and immediately after graduation). The product is placed for unscheduled maintenance without prior appointment due to technical condition. 22

23 Table 1.3 Systematization of types of maintenance and repair Classification Types of maintenance, signs and repairs Maintenance Operation stage When used; during storage; when moving; while waiting Planning Scheduled; unscheduled Periodicity Periodic; seasonal Implementation regulation Regulated; with periodic control; with continuous control; numbered Organization of execution In-line; centralized; decentralized; operating personnel; specialized personnel; operating organization; specialized organization; branded Repair Degree of restoration Capital, average; current resource Planning Scheduled; unscheduled Scheduled execution Scheduled; according to technical condition Preservation of ownership Impersonal: unidentified parts being repaired Organization of execution Aggregate; in-line; operating organization; specialized organization; branded Periodic maintenance is carried out through the established operational documentation operating hours or time intervals. Types of periodic maintenance may differ in the scope of work. In this case, technical services are numbered in ascending order of the scope of work (numbered technical services), for example, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3, etc. 23

24 Seasonal maintenance is carried out to prepare the product for use in autumn-winter or spring-summer conditions (with significant changes in the state of the environment during the year) and includes the operations of replacing seasonal grades of operating materials with flushing of the relevant systems, installation and removal of insulation and engine preheating devices, etc. Scheduled maintenance is provided for in the regulatory and technical or operational documentation and is carried out at the frequency and to the extent specified in it, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance. Maintenance with periodic control is carried out with the frequency and scope of technical condition control established in the normative-technical or operational documentation. The volume of other operations is determined by the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance. Maintenance with continuous monitoring is provided for in the regulatory and technical or operational documentation and is carried out based on the results of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the product. Continuously monitored, for example, the accuracy of the transmitted information in the computer. In-line maintenance (in-line repair) is carried out at specialized workplaces with a certain technological sequence and rhythm. Centralized maintenance is performed by the personnel and facilities of one division of an organization or enterprise, while decentralized maintenance is performed by the personnel and facilities of several divisions of an organization or enterprise. Maintenance by operating personnel is performed by those working on the product when used for its intended purpose, and maintenance by specialized personnel is performed by workers, 24

25 specialized in maintenance operations. Maintenance personnel can be specialized in types of objects, operations, types of maintenance. Maintenance (repair) by a specialized organization is carried out by employees of the organization specializing in maintenance (repair) operations. A progressive type of maintenance (repair) of some products is branded maintenance (branded repair) by the manufacturer. Such an organization of maintenance (repair) stimulates the creators of the product to improve its suitability for maintenance and repair, to improve the technology and means of maintenance and repair. Overhaul is carried out to restore serviceability and complete or close to complete restoration of the resource of the product with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts, including the basic ones. The base part is often understood as the main part of the product, intended for its assembly and installation of other components. Medium repair is carried out to restore the serviceability and partial restoration of the service life of products with the replacement or restoration of components of a limited range and control of the technical condition of the components, carried out to the extent established in the regulatory and technical documentation. The value of a partially recoverable resource is set in the regulatory and technical documentation. Current repair is carried out to ensure or restore the operability of the product and consists in the replacement and (or) restoration of individual parts. Capital, medium and current repairs may be planned or unplanned. 25

26 Putting the product for scheduled repairs is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation, and putting the product for unscheduled repairs without prior appointment to eliminate the consequences of failures or incidents. A scheduled repair is a scheduled one, carried out with the frequency and volume specified in the operational documentation, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of the repair. When repairing according to the technical condition, the technical condition control is carried out at intervals and to the extent established in the normative and technical documentation, and the volume and time of the start of the repair are determined by the technical condition of the product. An impersonal repair is carried out with the preservation of the restored components to a specific instance of the product, and in case of an impersonal repair, the belonging of the restored components to a specific instance of the product is not preserved. A type of impersonal repair is an aggregate repair, in which faulty units are replaced with new or pre-repaired ones. Replacement of units can be performed after a product failure or according to a plan. The unit is understood as an assembly unit that has the properties of complete interchangeability, independent assembly and self-fulfillment a certain function in products for various purposes. Aggregate examples; electric motor; pump; reducer. The opposite of aggregate repair is a detail repair, in which individual faulty parts are replaced or restored Tasks and goals of diagnostics The technical condition of the product is determined during technical diagnostics. The tasks of technical diagnostics

27 tuning are control of the technical condition, search for a place and determination of the causes of failure (malfunction), forecasting, reproduction of the technical condition. The term technical diagnostics or its short form diagnostics are used in the names and definitions of concepts when the tasks of technical diagnostics to be solved are equivalent or the main task is to find a place and determine the causes of a failure (malfunction). The control of the technical condition is the verification of the compliance of the values ​​of the parameters of the product with the requirements of the technical documentation and the determination on this basis of one of the specified types of technical condition at the moment. The term technical condition control or its short form control is used when the main task of technical diagnostics is to determine the type of technical condition. Identification of an inadmissible parameter value during the technical condition monitoring allows detecting a failure and identifying (localizing) the component parts of the product suspected of failure. Localization is usually considered as the first step in finding the place of failure, i.e., determining the part of the product whose failure caused the product to fail. Phenomena, processes, events and conditions that caused the occurrence of a product failure are called failure causes. The determination of the cause of failure (analysis of the cause of failure, failure analysis) is started after finding the place of failure. Finding out the cause of the failure allows you to take constructive, technological and organizational measures to prevent them. The reasons for product failure can be, for example, imperfection or violation of the rules, design and construction standards, the established manufacturing or repair process at the enterprise, violation of established rules, operating conditions, defects not detected during manufacture, testing, acceptance control, natural aging processes, wear, corrosion and fatigue. 27

28 Forecasting the technical condition consists in determining the technical condition with a given probability for the upcoming time interval. The technical condition is predicted by analyzing the values ​​of the parameters documented during periodic monitoring of the technical condition of the product. The forecast result (forecast) can be used, for example, to make a decision in a maintenance system with periodic monitoring and repair according to technical condition (Figure 1.2). Periodic monitoring of the technical condition Fault detected? YES NO Prediction of the technical condition Restoration repair Is the resource sufficient? YES Good product NO Maintenance, repair 28 Figure 1.2 Decision-making scheme for maintenance, restoration, repair of a product

29 recording (registration) of parameter values ​​made in the previous cycle (cycles) of its operation. By recording the parameter values, for example, the part of the product containing the failed element, the type and cause of the failure are established. Diagnostics is a part of technological processes that provide for the determination of the technical condition of the product. In technological processes, several diagnostic tasks are usually solved in a complex way (Table 1.4). The purpose of diagnostics may be to maintain the established level of reliability, ensure the safety requirements and efficiency of the use of products, achieve the required values ​​of indicators of technological processes that provide for diagnostics, or technological systems in which specified technological processes are performed. Table 1.4 Problems of diagnosing during maintenance and repair Problems of diagnosing during technical restoration and scheduled repairs, maintenance of unscheduled repairs Monitoring and predicting the technical condition Monitoring the technical condition, searching for the place and determining the causes of failure , selected taking into account the purpose and scope of the diagnosis, with the help of which the usefulness of the diagnosis is assessed. For example, the usefulness of diagnosing a product during restoration of operability can be determined by the formula, (1.1) 29

30 where W p, W, W are indicators of restoration, manufacturability and o or maintainability in terms of product restoration when using, respectively, a real (estimated), ideal diagnostic system and without a diagnostic system or part of it, for example, when restoring by trial replacements. By choosing specific indicators of restoration, manufacturability or maintainability in terms of restoration, it is possible to obtain various indicators of the utility (1.1) of diagnosing. An indicator of the form (1.1) is highly sensitive to changes in product diagnostic indicators. Methods, operations, repair and maintenance processes The maintenance (repair) method is a set of technological and organizational rules for performing maintenance (repair) operations. The systematization of maintenance and repair methods is presented in Table 1.5. The classification features and terms of the maintenance and repair methods coincide with the corresponding classification features and terms of the types of maintenance and repair (see Table 1.3). The maintenance operation is a completed part of the maintenance of the product, representing a set of techniques performed at one workplace by one or a group of performers with the maintenance tools installed for the operation being performed. The repair operation is a completed part of the repair of the product, representing a set of techniques performed at one workplace using the repair tools installed for the operation being performed. Maintenance may include removal of contaminants, technical inspection (monitoring carried out mainly by the senses), control and adjustment

31 Table 1.5 Systematization of maintenance and repair methods Classification Terms signs Maintenance methods Organization of execution In-line; centralized; decentralized; operating personnel; specialized personnel; operating organization; specialized organization; proprietary Repair methods Preservation of ownership of repaired parts Impersonal: non-anonymous; Organization of execution Aggregate; in-line; operating organization; specialized organization; branded note. Maintenance personnel can be specialized in product types, types of operations and types of maintenance of parameters, replacement of components, lubricants, performance monitoring, re-preservation, conservation, collection and processing of information on the operation of the product and other work depending on the type of maintenance . Restoration of the product, unscheduled repairs performed to restore performance, include monitoring the technical condition, finding a place and eliminating the failure (Figure 1.3). Monitoring the technical condition allows you to detect a failure and localize the location of the failure. Refinement of the failed component is carried out when searching for the place of failure. To eliminate a failure, disassembly, replacement or restoration of failed components, and assembly of the product are usually required. Disassembly of the product during restoration and unscheduled repairs is carried out to the minimum extent necessary to eliminate the failure. 31

32 Condition monitoring Fault detected? NO The product is operational YES Finding the place of failure Eliminating the failure Figure 1.3 Scheme of a typical technological process of restoration and unscheduled repairs The restoration technology may provide for combining the search for a place and elimination of failure by trial replacements of components suspected of failure with spare parts. Recovery by trial replacements does not require means of finding the place of failure, but a set of known working components is required. Failure location and recovery by trial replacements is not guaranteed. Repair of products can be carried out by replacing or restoring individual parts and assembly units. Overhaul usually includes the following types of work: checking the completeness of the product; disassembly of the product; Troubleshooting assembly units and parts; replacement or restoration of components; restoration of coatings; 32

33 assembly, adjustment, adjustment, adjustment of assembly units and products; quality control and testing of assembly units and products; A simplified diagram of a typical technological process of a planned overhaul shown in figure 1.4. Preparation for Troubleshooting Product Troubleshooting Dismantling Troubleshooting of units and parts Good Requiring restoration Unrecoverable Refurbishment Replacement Assembly, adjustment, quality control and testing of units Assembly, adjustment, quality control and testing of the product for example, cleaning and washing the product. Troubleshooting is carried out to determine the type 33

34 of the technical condition, composition and scope of operations that ensure the restoration of the values ​​of the technical and operational characteristics of the product after repair. Determining the type of technical condition during troubleshooting is carried out, for example, by technical inspection, methods non-destructive testing, diagnosing. The technology and organization of troubleshooting should exclude the possibility of placing defective parts and assembly units on the repaired product. Modern methods and means of non-destructive testing and diagnostics do not, as a rule, provide the identification of faulty and exhausted parts and assembly units without disassembling the product. The disassembly of the product is carried out in a volume that ensures the detection of damage and failures, the restoration and replacement of components and parts. Restoration of the shape and dimensions of parts is carried out by methods of surfacing, coating, plastic deformation, the use of additional parts of repair dimensions, combined with cutting. Restoration of printed circuit assemblies is carried out by replacing failed electronic products. The search for the place of failure, the determination of the resource of the restored node are carried out by the methods of technical diagnostics. The expediency of restoring the component parts of the product is determined taking into account technical capabilities repair bodies and the results of economic analysis. Availability, possibility or expediency of acquiring funds are taken into account technological equipment, the availability of mastered and the possibility of introducing new technological processes, the availability of specialists with the required qualifications. The substantiation of the economic feasibility of restoration is based on a quantitative assessment of the cost of restoration by the cost-effectiveness ratio of repairs K E, determined by the formula, (1.2) 34

35 where C rem the cost of restoration (repair) of the component; С izg the cost of manufacturing an integral part; K R coefficient equal to the ratio of the technical resource of the restored component to the technical resource of the purchased component. Restoration of a component is considered economically viable at K e 1. The cost of restoration of a component is largely determined by the technological cost, and above all, the costs of implementing the technological process of restoration. Parts and assembly units that cannot be restored are replaced with new ones, custom-made or purchased. Remanufactured, non-refurbished and new parts and assembly units are assembled into assembly kits and delivered to the workplaces for assembly. The assembly of components and the product as a whole is carried out using locksmith and assembly operations (locksmith assembly), electrical installation, soldering, welding and other methods of forming connections. Assembly operations can alternate with the operations of monitoring and adjusting parameters, setting up, adjusting, monitoring the functioning, diagnosing components and products. The technological process of repair provides for quality control and control tests of components and products. Materials and products used for repairs are subject to input control. Operational control is carried out during the execution or after the completion of the technological operation. According to the results acceptance control a decision is made on the suitability of the product for delivery and (or) use. Component parts and the product are tested for mechanical, thermal, electrical and other factors. Control questions 1. What is the technical condition of the product? 35

Publishing and Trade Corporation Dashkov i K Zh. A. Romanovich, V. A. Skryabin, V. P. Fandeev, B. V. Tsypin

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