Types of floors in civil buildings. Floors of civil buildings

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

EAT. Petunina

FLOORS OF CIVIL BUILDINGS

Tolyatti 2002

Petunina E.M. floors civil buildings: Tutorial. - Togliatti: TSU, 2002. - From 20.

The general information about the sexes and the requirements for the floors are outlined. Constructive solutions for the floors of civil buildings are given.

The textbook is intended for students studying in the specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction".

Scientific editor: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Zadvornev G.A.

Approved by the scientific and methodological council of the university.

1. Requirements for floors. General information about the floors.

The floors of civil buildings are subject to a number of design and operational requirements, depending on the purpose of the premises in which they are arranged. Floors must meet the following basic requirements.

1) must be durable i.e. resist mechanical influences(abrasion when walking, blows). It is necessary to highlight the requirement of crushing strength from possible concentrated loads (legs of heavy objects);

2) do not bend under the influence of loads;

3) have low heat absorption;

4) must be silent when walking;

5) must be hygienic: easy to clean or wash. In wet rooms they must be water-resistant and waterproof, and in fire-hazardous rooms - fireproof and temperature-resistant;

The floors are arranged along the ceilings or directly on the ground (floors of the basement or first floor). The top layer of the floor, directly exposed to operational influences, is called the coating or clean floor (clothes).

When installing floors, on the ground, the coating is laid on the underlying layer (preparation). The underlying layers are divided into non-rigid, made of sand, gravel or crushed stone, and rigid, made of concrete or reinforced concrete. Waterproofing can be introduced into the floor structure along the ground, which is most often made of cement mortar, asphalt or roll materials. The base is the soil on which the underlying layer is directly laid. When installing floors on the floor, the role of the base is performed by the bearing part of the floor, and the underlying layer is often absent. The floor structure may include a layer of sound insulation and thermal insulation. Heat and soundproof layers when installing floors on the floor are made of lightweight concrete, slabs and loose materials.

2. Constructive floor solutions.

2.1. Piece floors.

2.1.1. Wooden floors.

According to the type of products used and the design of the clothes, the wooden floors of residential buildings are divided into plank, parquet and fiberboard floors.

A. Plank floors.

Plank floors are made planed on one side pine boards thickness from 22 to 37 mm. Boards are nailed to the joists. The distance between the lags is chosen depending on the thickness of the floor boards from 0.5 to 1 m (so that there is no significant deflection under load). The width of the boards in order to avoid warping and the formation of large cracks during the drying of the boards should not be taken more than 100-12 mm. The boards are interconnected in the longitudinal direction in a tongue and groove. With such a connection, the fragility of the floor is reduced (since the independent deflection of individual boards under the influence of local concentrated loads is excluded) and through slots are eliminated.

Examples of plank floor designs

B. Parquet floors.

Parquet floors are assembled from small boards (staves) made from hard rock wood (oak, beech, etc.).

By type, parquet is divided into:

a) piece parquet;

b) plank parquet from parquet boards and type-setting (mosaic) parquet;

in) panel parquet;

a) Piece parquet of various patterns is assembled on site from individual rivets rectangular shape length from 150 to 400 mm., width from 30 to 60 mm. and thickness from 15 to 18 mm. Rivets are laid on mastic on cement-sand lubricant or asphalt, and when laying on black wooden flooring, they are attached to it with nails.

There are four types of parquet riveting. For floors laid wooden base, use a riveting with a groove and a ridge - grooved.

Or a rivet that has grooves on all four edges into which thin slats are inserted to connect the rivets to each other. The rivets are nailed to the plank base with nails driven obliquely into the edge of the rivets.

For floors laid on hot asphalt laid in a layer of 2 cm. concrete base, usually use a riveting with a fold.

To stick parquet on bituminous mastic on a concrete or wooden base, a riveting with an oblique edge is used.

Depending on the relative position riveting, you can get a parquet floor of a particular pattern. The most widespread pattern is "Christmas tree".

b) main view parquet flooring are parquet boards with a groove and a comb, each of which replaces from 40 to 150 planks block parquet, and boards of type-setting ("mosaic") parquet. Type-setting (mosaic) parquet consists of small rivets with straight edges. Rivets are glued at the factory front side to sheets of paper measuring 600x600mm. Type-setting parquet, like piece parquet, is laid on a continuous even underlying layer and fastened to it with the help of bituminous mastic. After laying the parquet, its surface is wetted and the paper is removed together with the adhesive. Type-setting parquet is less time-consuming than piece parquet.

Plank parquet is made from enlarged factory-made elements - the so-called parquet boards. The parquet board consists of a slatted base and a covering of rivets. The rivets are connected to the base with waterproof glue.

For the manufacture of rails, soft wood (pine, spruce) is used. In order to avoid warping of parquet boards, longitudinal cuts are made in the slats. Parquet boards are made 1200, 1800 and 3000mm long, 150mm wide and 25 to 27mm thick. To connect the boards to each other in a tongue, there are ridges and grooves on their edges.

Parquet boards are laid on logs and nailed to them. The distance between the lags is taken from 400 to 500 mm.

Examples of parquet floor designs:

in) Panel parquet is assembled from large (1.5x1.5 m) panels prefabricated at the factory. The shield consists of the so-called foundation (actually a shield made of pine boards) and rivets glued on it (with straight edges). Their forms in terms of plan and layout on the shield can be different depending on the architect's intention. The shields are laid along the lags, located every 0.75 m, in such a way that the joining of the shields to each other is above the lags. Between the shields, thin oak laths are laid or the seams are closed with rivets glued in place.

After laying parquet of all the listed types, its surface is cycled with parquet grinders and then rubbed with wax mastic to add shine and protect it from moisture. Parquet floors favorably differ from plank floors in their great abrasion resistance, durability and beautiful appearance. However, they are 2.5-3 times more labor-intensive. Particularly expensive is panel parquet, which is used only when high architectural requirements are imposed on the premises.

B. Hardboard floors.

Currently, solid wood fiber boards are made from wood waste, impregnated with phenolic resins or subjected to a special heat treatment. These slabs are 3.5 to 5 mm thick, 100 to 540 cm in length and 60 to 195 cm in width, are glued on casein-cement mastic on an underlying layer of semi-hard fiberboards, which, in turn, are glued on bituminous mastic on concrete, wood or asphalt base. Such floors are cheaper than wooden ones.

2.1.2. Ceramic floors.

The clothes of the floors are assembled from thin and small size ceramic tiles. Their upper, front surface is made smooth, the lower - coarsely rough. Mineral dyes, usually white, yellow and red, are introduced into the composition of the top layer of tiles. Tiles can be square, triangular, hexagonal and octagonal. The dimensions of the plates are small: the side of a square tile or the diameter of a circle inscribed in a multifaceted tile does not exceed 200 mm; The thickness of the tiles is from 10 to 13.

By selecting tiles various shapes, sizes m colors can be obtained beautiful drawings floors. Due to the fragility of the tiles, the base for them must be even and rigid: reinforced concrete, concrete, etc. The tiles are attached with a cement mortar of 1:3 or 1:4 composition. Thin vertical seams between tiles after laying are filled with liquid cement mortar. On less rigid substrates, such as wooden planks, ceramic tiles can be laid on an underlayment of glassine and reinforced thin wire mesh cement mortar on bituminous mastic. Bituminous mastic will provide some pliability of the floor clothing, necessary in case of deformation of the base. In this case, it is recommended to choose tiles of smaller sizes.

Floors made of very small square tiles(size 25x25x6mm) is called a "carpet" mosaic. The method of laying them is more industrial than with tiles of larger sizes, since floor sections measuring 200x600 or 300x600mm are assembled at factories, fixed with paper glued on top and in this form are laid with paper up on a layer of cement mortar. After the solution hardens, the paper is washed off with water. Ceramic floors are distinguished by high abrasion resistance, water resistance and rigidity and significant heat absorption. Therefore, they are used in rooms where water can get on the floor (washrooms, showers, sanitary units of apartments, etc.), where frequent cleaning floors or where there is heavy movement of people (in stairwells, lobbies, etc.). When installing floors in sanitary facilities, a waterproofing layer is introduced between the floor clothing and its base. It is arranged from two or three layers of glassine on bituminous mastic. At the junction with walls and partitions, the waterproofing is raised by 50-100mm.

Examples of ceramic floor designs:

2.2. Roll floors.

2.2.1. Linoleum floors.

Linoleum is a durable rough canvas, impregnated with an anti-rotten compound and covered on top with a mass consisting of resins, drying oil, cork or wood flour and dyes. The thickness of linoleum is from 2 to 5 mm. Linoleum is produced in rolls up to 30 m long and 1-2 m wide.

Some varieties of linoleum are made with a lining of a layer of felt or foam (polyfoam). The lining serves to insulate the floor, increase sound insulation, from impact noise. Linoleum is produced in one color or with a multi-color pattern. Linoleum flooring requires a solid and sufficiently rigid underlying layer (groove board, asphalt, etc.). On the reinforced concrete floors linoleum can also be laid on a continuous layer of sound insulation made of hardboards. It is also required from the base that its surface be even and smooth, since even with the slightest irregularities, linoleum wears out quickly. Linoleum is glued to the underlying layer with special mastics or glue. The choice of adhesive depends on the material of the underlying layer. It can also be attached to wooden flooring with nails without a sticker: in this case, however, while washing the floors, water may leak under the edges of the linoleum.

Linoleum is a little abraded, waterproof, has a beautiful appearance. Its cost is 12-20% lower than the parquet floor.

Examples of roll floor designs:

2.3. solid floors

2.3.1. Cement floors.

The clothes of cement floors are arranged from a cement mortar with a composition of 1: 2-1: 3 (cement: sand). Clothes can be monolithic or prefabricated. The bases under them must be rigid: concrete or reinforced concrete. Monolithic clothes are laid in a layer of 20-30 mm. To give greater density and reduce water permeability, the surface of the mortar layer is smoothed and rubbed (“ironized”) to a gloss. Prefabricated clothes are arranged on cement square, hexagon and other tiles. The usual sizes of tiles are 200x200x20 mm. They are often made colored, for which in their upper surface layer to a depth of 5 mm. mineral dyes are introduced. Laying method cement tiles same as ceramic.

Tiled clothes are somewhat stronger than monolithic ones. However, both of them have little resistance to abrasion. Therefore, cement floors should not be installed in areas with heavy traffic.

The appearance of cement (even colored) tiles is unattractive, since they are significantly inferior to ceramic ones in terms of brightness. Cement floors in residential buildings are used in sanitary facilities, kitchens and basements.

2.3.2. Concrete floors.

Concrete clothes differ from cement ones in that they contain large fillers. Just like cement, concrete clothes can be monolithic and prefabricated from slabs.

Concrete is laid on the base with a layer of 30-35 mm. After leveling the surface, the concrete is compacted with light rollers or vibrators and then smoothed out. Concrete plates manufactured in factories. Their dimensions in plan are from 200x200 to 600x600 mm. with thicknesses respectively from 30 to 60 mm. To increase abrasion resistance in surface layer slabs are sometimes introduced stone chips from solid mineral rocks (granite, basalt, etc.). The slabs are laid on the base on a cement mortar with a composition of 1:3 to 1:4. Compared to cement floors, concrete floors are cheaper and more resistant to abrasion. However, the surface roughness and unsatisfactory appearance allows them to be used mainly in the basements of residential buildings.

1. Architecture of civil and industrial buildings: Textbook for universities. In 5 volumes, vol. Sh. Residential buildings / L.B. Velikovsky, A.S. Ilyashev, T.G. Maklakova and others. Ed. K.K.Shchevtsova. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1983 - 239 pages.

2. Constructions of civil buildings: Textbook for universities / I.A. Shereshevsky. L .: Stroyizdat, 1981 - 176 pages.

3. Constructions of civil buildings: Textbook for universities / T.G.maklakova, S.M.Nanasova, E.D.Borodai, V.P.Zhitkov, ed. T.G. Maklakova. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1986 - 135 pages.

4. Design of industrial buildings and structures / I.A. Shereshevsky. - L .: Stroyizdat, 1981 - 168 pages.

1. General information about the sexes. Floor requirements……….3

2. Structural solution floors…………………………………………4

2.1. Piece floors………………………………………………………………4

2.1.1. Wooden floors…………………………………………………………4

2.1.2. Ceramic floors……………………………………………………..13

2.2. Rolled floors…………………………………………………………..15

2.2.1. Linoleum floors……………………………………………………...15

2.3. Solid floors………………………………………………………….17

2.3.1. Cement floors……………………………………………………………17

2.3.2. Concrete floors ………………………………………………………..…18

In residential, public and auxiliary buildings associated with the permanent stay of people, the most common floors are plank, parquet, chipboard, synthetic materials: linoleum, PVC slabs, polished concrete, mosaic, ceramic and slag-ceramic slabs. On fig. 1 shows some floor designs of civil buildings.

Plank floors (GOST 8242-75) are laid from sheet pile boards 10-12 cm wide and 29 mm thick along wooden lags, which are laid on soundproof backfill (sand, slag), on floor slabs or on brick columns with a section of 25 X X25 cm (for the floors of the first floors). Under the logs, soundproof pads made of fibreboard or mineral mats are placed. Plank floors are laid in living rooms, corridors and kitchens of apartments, in living and working rooms of hostels, boarding schools, hotels, sanatoriums, rest houses, administrative buildings, sports halls and foyers of entertainment enterprises.

Parquet floors are made from parquet boards (riveting) - piece and from parquet boards and prefabricated boards - panel parquet floors. Staves are made from oak, beech, maple and birch. Lay such floors on asphalt or cement-sand screed on a layer of hot or cold bituminous mastic. When laying parquet on a wooden base on a layer of roofing paper, cardboard or paper, it is fixed with nails. Parquet floors are distinguished by high aesthetic qualities, strength and durability. The scope of parquet floors is the same as that of plank floors (except for rooms with high humidity- kitchens, lobbies). Parquet floors are widely used in entertainment and exhibition halls.

For living rooms in apartments, dormitories, sanatoriums, hotels, etc., floors made of synthetic coatings are used: linoleum with carpet synthetic pile; in school classrooms - linoleum floors with a heat and sound insulating layer. Floor constructions of PVC, PVC and Coumaron boards are similar to linoleum floors.

Floors made of ceramic and slag-ceramic slabs are made on a layer of cement-sand mortar on a concrete base. Tiled floors are characterized by high chemical resistance and abrasion resistance. Such floors are used in rooms with wet mode: in showers, bathrooms, washrooms, sanitary facilities, laundries, in trading floors shops and catering establishments. In these rooms, concrete polished and mosaic floors are also laid, the construction of which is described in the next paragraph.

Floors are the top layer of an intermediate floor or independent design when located directly on the ground (in the basement and first floors). The floors of residential premises should be even, low-abrasion, well resist impact and moisture, have low heat absorption and have good finish. Wooden floors with airspace must have natural ventilation through ventilation grilles or slotted skirting boards.

The main elements of the floor on the interfloor floor are: coating ( upper layer), the base of the coating, heat and sound insulating layers (slab and loose), laid directly on the floor structure.

In order to industrialize repair work and reducing their cost, it is recommended to use self-leveling floor bases based on gypsum bottoms (“Recommendations for the design and installation of iols for monolithic self-leveling gypsum-based screeds for mass housing construction” M .: TsNIIEP housing, 1977).

The physical and mechanical properties of the bases (screeds) of the iols must meet the following requirements:

compressive strength - 10 MPa (100 kgf / cm 2);
density in dried to constant weight state 1200 kg/m 3 for gypsum bases and 1500 kg/m 3 for gypsum-sand;
thermal conductivity coefficient - 0.45 W / (m ° * C);
heat absorption coefficient 7.8 W / (m 2 - ° C);
softening coefficient - 0.5.
The composition of the gypsum-sand mortar per 1 m 3 (at a ratio of 1: 1):
gypsum binder grades G4-G6 (GOST 125-79 **) with a water requirement of not more than 0.5-678 kg;
additive (plasticizer) NF (GOST 6848-79 *) S-3 (TU 6-14-625-80) - 3.4 kg; moderator (sodium tripolyphosphate GOST 13493-86 * E) - 1.02 kg;
sand (size modulus up to 3 mm, GOST 8736-85) - 678 kg;
water - 503 l.

The following materials are used as a soundproofing layer when constructing floors of interfloor ceilings.

Density, Materials no more than, kg/m 3

Building sand (GOST 8736-85) 1600
Crushed stone from blast-furnace slag (GOST 5578-76).................................................. ......................... 800

Crushed stone from slag pumice (GOST9760-86).................................................. ......................... 800

Expanded clay gravel (GOST 9759-83) .............................................. ............................................. 600

Crushed stone and sand from expanded perlite .............................................. ......................................... 200

Expanded vermiculite (GOST 12865-67 .................................................. ......................................... 200
M2, MZ wood fiber boards (GOST 4598-86).................................................. ............ 250

Fiberboard slabs on Portland cement (GOST 8928-81) .................................................. .......... 350

The minimum thickness of the sound and heat-insulating layer when it is made of bulk materials, regardless of the calculation results, must be at least 40 mm. Limiting size of loose materials - no more than 20 mm.

For thermal insulation of floors above technical undergrounds and basements, the materials given in Table 1 are used. 35

The floors of the first floors on the ground are arranged solid with laying floor layers on a concrete base without waterproofing (in dry soils), with a waterproofing layer (in wet soils), as well as on logs along brick columns on concrete preparation. To protect against damage by fungi and wood-destroying insects, plank floors must be kept dry, and the underground well ventilated. Ventilation holes located in two diagonal corners of each room; gratings covering the openings are placed on linings 1 cm high to prevent water and debris from entering the underground.

When installing floors directly along the beams for ventilation of the underground, slotted skirting boards are first made, which, after the floor structures have dried, are removed and replaced with ordinary skirting boards; permanent ventilation of the underground is carried out through the ventilation grilles of the floor (Fig. 24).

AT wooden houses the underground is ventilated through air ducts located in the basement at a distance of 5 - "6 m from one another (Fig. 25). With this decision, a heat-protective filling should be made along the perimeter of the underground no more than 0.7 m wide and 10 cm below the structure in height underfloor heating Air should be removed through the entire thickness of the heat-protective backfill using wooden antiseptic boxes.

Floors can be solid (seamless), as well as from piece and roll materials.

Solid floors. Solid floors include floors made of concrete, cement mortar, asphalt, xylolite, synthetic materials, and clay.

Concrete, cement and mosaic floors are arranged in rooms that are constantly exposed to water. These floors are hard, low-abrasion, cold and sound-conducting. Asphalt floors are laid in one or two layers on a crushed stone or concrete underlying base. These floors are waterproof and impermeable. Concrete (cement) and asphalt floors are sometimes arranged in the basements of residential buildings. Cement floors are made on landings and in bathrooms.

Xylolite floors are used in dry rooms (systematic waxing is required) or used as an underlay for floors made of linoleum or synthetic materials. Floors made of synthetic materials (mastic) are laid mainly in kitchens and corridors in accordance with the "Recommendations for device technology seamless coatings floors from filled mastic compositions” (M.: Stroyizdat, 1987).

Clay, clay concrete and combined floors are sometimes arranged in technical undergrounds.

Floors made of piece materials can be made of various tiles, boards and parquet. As an underlying layer, cement magnesia and other mortars and adhesives - bituminous or other mastics are used. Tiles are used cement concrete, pressed asphalt concrete, xylolite, ceramic, etc. Floors made of ceramic tiles are arranged in bathrooms and on landings. Such floors are hardly abraded, but they are cold and do not withstand impact loads. Plank floors are warm, silent and dust-free, but permeable to water.

Parquet floors are laid individually or with boards made in factories from pine boards with riveting glued to them. Parquet floors have beautiful view, warm, resist abrasion well and are durable.

Roll floors. common view roll material for floors is linoleum (basic and baseless). Linoleum is glued to a hard, even underlying layer or screed special glue. In addition to the sticker, linoleum is nailed to the wooden base.

Linoleum floors are durable, hygienic, have a good appearance, but are not suitable for rooms with a constant wet regime.

Floors made of synthetic materials are used in living rooms, kitchens, auxiliary rooms, and are also used to cover landings and steps of marches.

In living rooms, it is most rational to lay one-color linoleum or tiles of calm tops with or without a frieze. In the kitchen, you can use multi-color linoleum. In bathrooms, rubber linoleum is sometimes laid.

The main synthetic floor coverings of residential buildings are polyvinyl chloride.

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