Overview of heating systems for residential and administrative buildings: examples of calculation, regulatory documents. Microclimate and home heating The optimal heating system for residential premises is

Microclimate of buildings- is a set of meteorological conditions in the room, evaluated by temperature, mobility and relative humidity air and the radiation regime of the premises, determined by the temperature of the enclosing surfaces.

Optimal air temperature in a cold climate is 20-23 o C, moderate - 20-22 o C and hot - 23-25 ​​o C. The temperature gradient along the height of the room should not exceed 2 o C. If it is more than 3 o C, then the limbs are cooled and a reflex change in the temperature of the upper respiratory tract. Temperature internal surfaces walls should not be below 2-3 o C of the air temperature of the apartment.

Air mobility - an important microclimatic indicator, since moving air has a dual effect on the human body: purely physical and physiological; norm - 0.1 - 0.25 m / s. A slight movement of air excites complex reflex processes of thermoregulation: when it is cold + excessive mobility, heat loss through convection and evaporation increases, the body quickly becomes supercooled.

Humidity air affects the heat loss of the body, causing an overstrain of adaptive capabilities; the optimum relative humidity is 30 - 60%.

Natural lighting. The light factor has a high biological significance, plays a primary role in the regulation of the most important functions of the body. Insolation - direct illumination sunlight; the norm for residential buildings is 3 hours / day. Under the influence of light in the body, gas exchange decreases, protein metabolism increases, and mineral metabolism normalizes. Under the influence of UV rays, biologically active substances and vitamin D are formed, which strengthens the skeleton of the body. Sun rays bactericidal: kill microorganisms - disinfect the room, reduce dampness, preventing the development of mold.

Daylight indoors is created by direct, diffused and reflected sunlight. It can be side, top, combined. Room lighting depends on orientation premises - the location of the windows of the building according to the cardinal points. The optimal orientation of windows in a temperate climate of residential buildings is South-West and South-East, in schools - East. Level natural light is evaluated using relative indicators - KEO and SC.

KEO (natural light factor) reflects the ratio of the illumination inside the room to the simultaneously measured illumination from the outside, measured in%. The norm is at least 0.5-0.7%. There are 2 methods for determining KEO: instrumental and calculated.

SC (light factor) - the ratio of the window glazing area to the floor area - in the form of a fraction, where the numerator is "1", and the denominator is a number showing what part of the floor area is occupied by the glazed surface of the frames; the norm is 1/6-1/8.

Note:Natural lighting in residential buildings depends on a number of factors:

1) window orientation according to the cardinal points: from a hygienic point of view, orientation to the South and South-East is advisable. Northwest. The western location of residential premises is not recommended: significant radiation in summer and negligible in winter;

2) window size and location: the location of the window closer to the ceiling contributes to more deep penetration Sveta. The width of the walls should not exceed one and a half width window openings. Better rectangular windows;

3) depth of the room distance from a wall with a window to another wall. It shouldn't. exceed the distance from the upper edge of the window to the floor by more than 2 times .;

4) gap between neighboring buildings must be at least twice the height of the opposite building;

5) glass quality and degree of purity: clean glass already absorbs UV rays, while contaminated glass also absorbs light - up to 25-50%, curtains - up to 40% of light;

6) the nature of the color of the walls and ceiling: bright hues reflect light, increasing illumination.

Artificial lighting. The lack of natural light is compensated by artificial sources: incandescent or fluorescent lamps. In incandescent lamps, only 7-12% of the energy consumed is converted into light energy, the rest into heat. Requirements for artificial lighting: 1) sufficiency for a certain type of work; 2) uniform in space; 3) without glitter and 4) shadows.

Illumination standards are set depending on: the conditions of visual work, the lighting system and the type of lamp. Illumination standards in living rooms - 75 lux; in the kitchen - 100 lux, while reading - 300 lux.

For quality assessment artificial lighting exist additional indicators :

a) an indicator of discomfort, evaluating the brilliance; b) the pulsation coefficient of illumination; and c) the glare index, expressed in relation to the illumination of the visible part of the dwelling with shielding to the visible part without shielding (with glare).

Fluorescent lamps more economical with the same energy consumption, have a higher luminous efficiency, their emission spectrum approaches the spectrum daylight, creates a soft diffused light, does not give shadows, does not require lampshades. But it has a pulsation and below 75 lux there is a “twilight effect”, which is subjectively assessed as insufficient illumination, therefore, with these lamps, a large illumination norm is set.

Heating residential and public buildings must maintain a certain level of T 0 indoor air, ensure its uniformity horizontally and vertically. Heating appliances should not degrade indoor air quality. Heat is transferred from a hotter body to a colder one using three methods: convection, radiation and conduction,

Convection is the transfer of heat through air. Radiation is the emission of heat rays. Conduction is the transfer of heat from a heated surface to a colder one through contact. From a hygienic point of view, radiant heat (internal, fireplaces) is more favorable.

There are centralized and local types of heating. centralized heating (water, steam, panel, air) has advantages over local heating: it maintains a constant air temperature and does not pollute it. At steam heating coolant - steam; its disadvantage is the inability to regulate the supply of heat, heat radiators (more than 90 0) - dust burns, and soot settles on the walls. More common for heating residential and hospital buildings water heating low pressure- coolant hot water; advantage: you can adjust the degree of heating of the batteries, the purity of the air. Most hygienic panel or radiation heating - intra-wall when pipes with hot water pass through the walls. The most favorable heating of the walls is 40-45 0 , the ceiling is 28-30 0 , the floor is 25-27 0 , i.e. comfort is provided with more low temperatures and less heat loss by radiation, the cooling of the room during ventilation decreases. In addition, during the hot season, panel heating can be used to cool the room.

Local heating is stove, electric, gas and is carried out using furnaces of greater or lesser heat capacity. Furnaces with large heat capacity include Dutch and other thick-walled brick stoves. They warm up slowly, but also cool down for a long time, maintain the air temperature at the right level. Small-capacity stoves are used for temporary residences (dachas) - they heat up quickly and cool down quickly, smoke and pollute the air with dust.

Ventilation. As a result of human activity, the air in residential and public buildings changes only for the worse(!), in particular:

1) air temperature and humidity increase: a person emits 40-80 g / hour of moisture;

2) the concentration of oxygen in the air decreases - from 21 to 16% and the assimilation of oxygen worsens as a result of a decrease in negative air ions in the air;

3) concentration increases carbon dioxide- from 0.04 to 4%;

4) as a result of the decomposition of dust and sweat in the air, bad smell;

5) along with dust, microbes and viruses enter the air, which can cause SARS, measles, scarlet fever, tuberculosis; as well as mold spores, products of processing by mites of fluff, wool, hair, skin flakes, which can cause allergic manifestations;

6) in apartments with gas stoves, the content of carbon dioxide is increased + unburned gas + soot + drops of fat in the air;

7) stand out from the walls and basements - radon;

8) phenol is released from carpets and furniture made of pressed shavings.

So stay on fresh air is always better for the body than in an apartment

Basic hygiene requirements for ventilation devices apartments: (1) must provide and maintain, together with heating systems, comfortable temperature and humidity; (2) to carry out full circulation of air in the room; (3) prevent accumulation foreign odors; (4) be small in size; and (5) be silent.

Ventilation is characterized air exchange rate is a number showing how many times the indoor air has been replaced by outdoor air in an hour. The amount of air that needs to be supplied to the room per unit of time depends on: the cubic capacity of the room, the number of people, the nature of the work performed and the amount of harmful substances in the room air. In accordance with sanitary requirements should be in residential buildings. ensured removal of 3 m 3 within 1 hour per 1 m 2 of the room, and from the kitchen with gas stove- not less than 9 m 3. According to the method of supplying air to the room, natural and artificial (mechanical), local and general ventilation are distinguished.

Natural ventilation is the exchange of air through the pores of building materials, leaky walls, ventilation ducts and vents, which is carried out due to the temperature difference between the outside and inside air and the pressure difference. through the pores in building materials and cracks in the windows for 1 hour, 1-fold air exchange is provided. From a hygienic point of view, transoms that open at an angle of 45 degrees to the window surface are most appropriate, which contributes to air preheating + no draft + less noise from the street. But the best ventilation is through: in 3-5 minutes. the air in the room is completely replaced by outside air.

If natural exhaust is ineffective, they arrange an additional effective, but incentive - artificial. She may be local- from the stove and central- for the entire building. Unlike the natural one, it depends on the room T o, the pressure of the outside air, it acts constantly and evenly. Central ventilation is supply and exhaust. At inlet in. fresh air served, and contaminated squeezed out through doors and windows (used in public buildings: theaters and hospitals (operating rooms). Exhaust ventilation- removal of air from the room, and the inflow is not organized - it is carried out through cracks, pores, windows; organized in the form of a local exhaust - above the place harmful secretions. Sometimes equal supply and exhaust ventilation or dominance. So in toilets and kitchens, where the smell should not enter the rooms, the hood predominates.

The most advanced type of artificial ventilation - conditioning air, when air is supplied with the necessary microclimatic parameters (temperature, humidity, speed) + is cleaned of dust + ozonized + charged with air ions + deodorized. In everyday life, simpler ionizers and air purifiers are used.

The device, equipment and maintenance of residential premises should be aimed at creating comfortable and favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions for people to live.

One of important conditions for this, is to ensure optimal microclimate parameters in residential premises.


Optimal microclimate parameters

The optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate in the premises of residential buildings are contained in sanitary regulations ah SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises. Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations", which are approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.

During the warm season in living rooms optimal parameters microclimate, the air temperature is 22-25 °C at a relative air humidity of 60-30% and an air velocity of 0.2 m/s.

During the cold season in living rooms, the optimal parameters of the microclimate are air temperature 20 - 22 ° C at a relative humidity of 45-30% and an air speed of 0.15 m / s.

Sanitary rules SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 establish mandatory sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises, which must be observed when placing, designing, reconstructing, constructing and operating residential buildings and premises intended for permanent residence.

The requirements of these health regulations do not apply on living conditions in the buildings and premises of hotels, hostels, specialized homes for the disabled, orphanages, shift camps, and are intended for citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, whose activities are related to the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of residential buildings and premises, as well as for bodies authorized to carry out.

Comfortable conditions of the microclimate and air environment of the residential premises are provided to us by the heating and ventilation systems of the building.


Heating systems

Residential heating systems must provide uniform air heating throughout the entire heating period, while not creating odors and not polluting the air. harmful substances released during operation.

The heating system should not create additional noise and be accessible to current repair and service. The heaters of the heating system (korado and others) must be easily accessible for cleaning, and the surface temperature heating appliances for water heating should not exceed 90 °C, and for appliances with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 °C, it is already necessary to provide protective fences.

Sanitary rules and norms "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises" require the organization of a heating system for uniform heating of the floor surface in the premises of the first floors of residential buildings located in I climatic region.

Subject to hygienic quality requirements atmospheric air populated areas, hygienic standards for noise and vibration, a device for heat supply of residential buildings of autonomous boiler houses is allowed.


Ventilation

Natural ventilation of residential premises is very important and should be carried out by the influx of outside air through the windows, transoms, or through special openings in window sashes and ventilation ducts.

Exhaust ducts should be provided in kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and drying cabinets, and the union ventilation ducts kitchens and sanitary facilities with living rooms are not allowed. The device of the ventilation system of the dwelling should also exclude the flow of air from one apartment to another.

Concentration of various chemical substances in the air of residential premises should not exceed the average daily maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants established for the atmospheric air of populated areas.

When placing public premises in residential buildings, the ventilation system of the latter must be autonomous, although it is allowed to connect exhaust ventilation of public premises that do not have harmful emissions to the general exhaust system of a residential building. System mines exhaust ventilation must protrude above the ridge of the roof of the building to a height of at least 1 m.

During operation, it is not allowed to use the residential premises for purposes not provided for project documentation, storage and use in residential premises and in public premises located in a residential building of hazardous chemicals that pollute the air, performance of works that are sources of elevated levels noise, vibration, air pollution or violating the living conditions of citizens in neighboring residential premises, as well as littering, pollution and flooding of residential premises, basements and technical undergrounds, flights of stairs and cages, attics.


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Sometimes it happens that it becomes necessary to shout to another person who is at a great distance, and mobile phone not at hand. Or it is out of network coverage area. Usually you have to fold your hands with a mouthpiece and tear your vocal cords in order to thus try to shout to a remote interlocutor or even to a whole group of people.

Factoring is a complex of financial services for manufacturers and suppliers conducting trading activities on a deferred payment basis. Separate features of factoring can be found in ancient Mesopotamia during the era of King Hammurabi - about 2000 BC, and in Ancient Rome when merchants used it in their activities. A certain stage in the development of factoring is associated with the appearance in England in the 17th century of the “House of Factors”, when many large European trading houses had their representatives in trading colonies. The rapid development of factoring activity was observed in North America in the second half of the 19th century.

Log cabins in Russia were called wooden structures, the walls of which were assembled from processed logs. This is how huts, temples, towers of wooden kremlins and other structures were built. wooden architecture. A log house and various wooden fences for the terrace are being built from softwood and hardwood logs. Such wood must be dry, free of rot, cracks, fungus, and not infected by the tree beetle.

Gone are the days when in the USSR citizens were allocated plots of land from 4 to 6 acres for vegetable gardens, on which it was allowed to build one-story house no more than 3 by 5 meters in size - a kind of dacha hozblok for storage garden tools and other country utensils year-round. But even then to many garden plots electricity was supplied, and water supply in the gardens was provided by supplying pipes with water or digging wells.

URBECOLOGY, HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Mark the correct logical endings of the following statements.

    Building materials must have:

a) low thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;

b) high thermal conductivity and low air conductivity;

c) high thermal conductivity and high air conductivity.

    The optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings, in contrast to the permissible ones:

a) do not depend on age and climatic region;

b) do not depend on age and depend on the climatic region;

c) depend on age and do not depend on the climatic region.

    An indicator indicator for assessing the effectiveness of ventilation is:

a) oxidizability; b) dust;

c) nitrogen oxides; d) carbon dioxide.

    From a hygienic point of view, the optimal residential heating system is:

a) air; b) panel;

c) water; d) steam.

    To ensure the thermal comfort of a dwelling for a person, the following indicators are important:

a) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the horizontal and height of the room, the temperature of the internal surfaces of the walls;

b) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the height;

c) the humidity of the indoor air.

    The microclimate of the premises is characterized by the following indicators:

a) air temperature;

b) air humidity;

c) the chemical composition of the air;

d) air speed.

a) southwest b) southeast;

c) northwest; d) northeast.

a) south b) northern;

c) eastern; d) western.

    In the wards of health care facilities, heating systems such as:

a) water; b) steam;

c) panel; d) air.

Section 6

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

    Elements of a healthy lifestyle:

a) rational nutrition;

b) no bad habits;

c) physical culture lessons;

d) a rational mode of work and rest.

    Basic hygiene requirements for clothing:

a) maintaining thermal comfort;

b) do not impede the movement of a person;

c) be fashionable and beautiful;

d) easy to clean.

    For the hygienic assessment of physical education with children, the following indicators are used:

a) the general duration and structure of the lesson;

b) general and motor density of the lesson;

c) indicators of the body's response to physical activity;

    The manifestations of hypodynamia in children and adolescents are:

a) a decrease in the number of locomotions;

b) decrease in the functionality of organs and systems;

c) decrease in body resistance;

d) change in the qualitative composition of locomotions.

    The main principles of hardening include:

a) taking into account the state of health and the degree of hardening;

b) gradualness;

c) completeness;

d) availability.

Section 7

HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

    The composition of the premises of the group cell of the kindergarten:

a) game-dining room; b) group with pantry;

c) bedroom; d) changing room.

    The duration of active attention in children 7-10 years old:

a) 10 minutes; b) 15-20 minutes; c) 30 min.

    Features of building a lesson in elementary school:

a) variety of activities;

b) visibility;

c) emotionality;

d) holding a physical education session.

    General requirements for school furniture:

a) compliance with the growth of students; b) coloring in light colors;

c) ease; d) dark colors.

    A condition that contributes to the development of myopia in children and adolescents:

a) insufficient lighting of the workplace;

b) uneven lighting;

c) blinding brightness;

d) wrong posture.

    Basic hygiene requirements for workshops:

a) sufficient space;

b) isolated placement;

c) adequate lighting;

d) the correct arrangement of equipment.

151. Basic hygiene requirements for the classroom:

a) orientation: south, southeast, east;

b) orientation: west, southwest;

c) sufficient natural light;

d) enough space.

    Components of the kindergarten site:

a) group sites;

b) garden-garden-berry;

c) recreation area;

d) a zone of green spaces.

    Sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the conditions of education of children includes:

a) hygienic assessment of the state of school buildings (sufficiency of space, degree of improvement);

b) assessment of compliance with the norms of the teaching load;

c) assessment of the mode of the school day;

d) control over the organization of medical support for schools.

    Facilitated in the schedule of training sessions at school when teaching students on a 5-day basis working week it should be:

a) Monday b) Tuesday;

c) environment; d) Thursday

d) Friday.

    Hygienic rationality of the organization of the lesson is determined by the following indicators:

a) the density of the lesson;

b) the number of duration and alternation of activities;

c) application of TCO;

d) the presence of physical culture minutes.

STANDARDS OF ANSWERS TO TESTS

Distinguish between local or stove heating and central. The main difference is that in the first case, the combustion of fuel is carried out in heated rooms in the heating device itself (furnace), and in the second case, this process is taken out of their limits - the coolant (water, steam, air) is heated, which enters the heating pipes through pipes. devices (water, steam) or through channels directly into the room (heated air).

In modern building practice, systems of central water heating. Their advantage lies in the fact that from one heat generator, heated water can be supplied to apartments of any size, buildings, to a group of buildings, to all buildings of a block, or the whole city. The second is the ability to easily adjust the degree of water heating in the generator and, in addition, the availability of individual temperature control of heating devices directly in the apartment, in the room. It is possible to maintain a uniform temperature of the appliances, regardless of the duration of heating and in full accordance with the outside temperatures and setpoints. Steam heating of residential buildings, healthcare facilities, schools and kindergartens is prohibited for hygienic reasons. High heating temperatures of devices are always above 100C and threaten with burns, burning dust and create discomfort. The heating temperature cannot be changed depending on the outside temperatures. Steam heating is distinguished by the rapid heating of the system (small thermal inertia) and cooling after the steam supply is stopped. This makes it suitable for use in large rooms where operation requires a brief warm-up and then shutdown of the system, such as theaters. Air heating is based on heating the air in the heater, located in the basement of the building, which then enters through the channels to heat the premises. In multi-apartment buildings, air recirculation is unacceptable for general sanitary reasons, as well as the threat of spreading pathogens of airborne infections through channels. The temperature of the supplied air must not exceed 50C. The advantage of air heating is economic due to the absence of metal pipes and heating devices, as well as due to the speed of the thermal effect and the relative ease of operation of the system. The air supply should, in addition to heating, be accompanied by its filtration and humidification. Radiant heating. hallmark radiant heating is used to heat the enclosing surfaces of the room: the walls of the floor or ceiling. This is achieved due to the fact that heating pipes are laid under the fences or channels are included in the design of concrete panels of walls and fences. This type of heating is suitable for HCI DDU. The advantage is that due to the large heated enclosures, the heat loss by radiation from the surface of the body is noticeably reduced. As a result, the comfort that comes with conventional heating at an air temperature of 20 C, here it can be achieved at a temperature of 17 - 18C.

77 Hygienic requirements for the heating system of residential and public buildings

The main task of heating is to create an optimal microclimate in the apartment.

Heating in the dwelling is organized both local and central.

Local heating is a heating system in which heat is produced where it is used. In local heating systems, the heat generator is combined into one unit with heat pipes and heating devices.

Disadvantages of local heating:

1. uneven air temperature in rooms during the day

2. the presence of negative radiation in the room (from windows and external walls);

3. relatively high temperature in certain areas of the surface of heating devices (stoves), causing dust to burn and deterioration of the air composition in the premises;

4. pollution of premises with fuel, ash, smoke;

5. difficulty in regulating the heat transfer of heating surfaces;

6. danger of emission of harmful gases.

Central heating is devoid of these shortcomings - it provides a more uniform thermal regime in the room, there is no pollution by combustion products and fuel, more convenient and reliable control.

In apartments, water is used as a heat carrier. This avoids overheating of the surface of the heating devices. Heating systems, depending on the heat carriers, are divided into water, steam-water, air, etc. The most common are central water heating systems, because the water temperature in them does not exceed the regulated

According to the method of heat transfer, convective and radiative (radiant) heating devices are distinguished, and hence heating systems. At convection system predominates (70-80%) convective, that is, heat transferred by convection, and with radiation - radiation (radiant heat).

Examples of convective-type heating devices are a radiator and a convector. An example of radiant heating is the so-called panel heating, when the heating device is a panel (wall, ceiling or floor of a room). With such a heating system, heat transfer by radiation predominates, and negative radiative cooling from the outer walls of the room decreases in the room. Concrete heating panel - heating pipes are laid under the surface of the enclosing structures (floor, ceiling, walls), or they can be included in the design of concrete panels. As a result, the enclosing surfaces are heated: walls, ceiling or floor. When heated, heat is distributed almost entirely by radiation. Radiant heat has a more favorable effect on the human body, since the loss of heat due to radiation (from the thermal body of a person to the cold surface of the walls is a phenomenon of negative radiation) creates the most unpleasant thermal sensations. With radiant heating, the area of ​​the heated surface increases, therefore, heat loss by radiation decreases. Radiant heating prevents uneven cooling with different sides surface of the human body and reduces the possibility of cooling during ventilation. The feeling of thermal comfort in a person occurs at an ambient temperature of 170 C (when using radiators and convectors, the air temperature should be 200 C).

The most favorable physiological reactions and heat sensations in people are observed at a temperature of wall panels of 40-450, a ceiling of 28-300C, a floor of 25-270C - this prevents the occurrence of thermal discomfort associated with the high temperature of the enclosing structures. In this case, the air temperature in the room can be reduced to 17.50C.

Various communications in life modern people play important role, but the heating of the dwelling must be provided in without fail. If it's about northern regions, then to create an optimal microclimate, high-quality devices will be required. You also need to find out what types of heating are in general. The main indicator of system performance is the ability to maintain comfortable temperature in the premises.

Main types

Artificial heating of houses and apartments is carried out to compensate for heat losses that occur when the ambient temperature drops. For a comfortable stay, you will need special devices that can perform this task. However, the final configuration of the equipment will depend on the chosen method of heat production, as well as on the thermal insulation of the living space.

Water heating systems

This option involves the use of a liquid heat carrier as the main source of heat. It is heated to the desired temperature and circulates through pipelines that can be made according to different schemes. Heat transfer is provided by radiators, registers and convectors.

Types of pipes for heating with this option may differ depending on the material of manufacture.

  • Steel pipes connect devices that accumulate heat in many apartments and private houses. High-quality steel is the main raw material for production. Consumers are attracted by the low price, as well as the low coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • Cast iron products have always been famous for their low cost and good mechanical stability. They connect fittings, therefore, they require the use of good tow, which at the same time will not have impurities. On the instructional video these moments are usually noted.
  • are a novelty in the construction market, but in a short period of time they have become popular. Even when the liquid inside freezes, the integrity of the product is maintained, since the material is able to expand and contract with temperature changes.
  • they are connected to each other using special fittings that can be fixed with your own hands. The reliability of the individual elements is ensured by the five-layer structure. The fasteners themselves at the joints can be one-piece, compression or threaded.
  • copper products are mainly used when a long service life is required. In this regard, such elements are unlikely to be able to surpass any other material. However, when acquiring, you will have to say goodbye to a serious sum of money.

Note! All of the listed types are quite suitable to ensure the circulation of the liquid: heating in such closed circuit will still be reliable. Only the main options are named.

Heating with steam

This method of heating buildings involves the use of water vapor instead of a liquid heat carrier. However, in our country, such systems are not allowed to be installed in public and residential buildings, which is confirmed building codes and rules. As a rule, as heating devices a steam boiler or reduction-cooling plant acts.

List of main advantages:

  • Compact dimensions of devices and relatively low cost.
  • A small inertia allows for quick warm-up.
  • No heat loss is observed in the heat exchangers.

List of significant shortcomings:

  • Pretty high readings of the thermometer on the instrument plane.
  • The inability to smoothly lower and lower the temperature.
  • High sound vibrations when filling the coolant.
  • There are difficulties in installing outlets.

Attention! Other types of heating systems are considered the safest, in contrast to the presented option. In addition, the elements of steam equipment wear out quickly, as they have to withstand high temperatures.

air heating

AT modern world this method of heat accumulation is actively used to create comfortable conditions in trade and warehouses which have a large volume. The source of heated air can be a heater or a heat generator. These devices maintain the temperature set by the user, while consuming a minimum amount of power.

Advantages of HVAC equipment:

  • Profitability, because there is the possibility of dual use (for heating in winter and air conditioning in summer).
  • Long service life, which in most cases is at least twenty years.
  • During operation, direct heating of the air occurs. In other words, there are no intermediate coolants.
  • During use, much less fuel is consumed than in the case of water systems.

Note! Other types heating systems can not boast of such versatile capabilities. If necessary, it will even be possible to cool the air in the room, which is important in the summer.

Infrared radiation

Heating is carried out thanks to special emitters. infrared heating can be used as the main additional source heat. Other types of heating systems will not be able to provide high-quality heating of open spaces, as such a radiator can do.

What is the advantage of these products?

  • Firstly, they do not dry the air and do not burn oxygen, and also do not form any combustion products.
  • Secondly, these heat sources usually operate for only 5-20 minutes per hour, providing fast and even heating.
  • And, thirdly, devices of this type can save about fifty percent of electrical energy.

Addition! Receiving heat with the help of rays is the most natural, since our planet warms up exactly according to this principle. Approximately one second of the sun's power is in the infrared.

Dynamic heating

Over time, new types of heating appear. One of these can be considered a method when one part of the heat is transferred to the room, and the other is spent on the operation of a special pump, which is located between the room and the external environment.

The classification of heat engines is based on the source of heat extraction.

  1. geothermal equipment closed type takes the heat of the earth or groundwater as a basis.
  • Horizontal placement of the collector is carried out at a distance below the depth of soil freezing.
  • The vertical arrangement of the collector is carried out in wells having a depth of up to two hundred meters.
  • The water structure is installed in any reservoir below the freezing depth.
  1. Equipment open type requires the use of a heat exchange fluid circulating through the heat pump system.

Fire-air heating

Previously presented modern views autonomous heating, but a separate type of heat generation for premises can be attributed to the fire-air method of maintaining the desired temperature in a dwelling. The source is a pneumatic furnace, consisting of a chamber for heating air, a furnace and a crucible.

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