How cherries are harvested on an industrial scale. Cherry cultivation: the main rules of agricultural technology. Picking berries in the country

Summer has just begun, and on the shelves of shops and bazaars flaunts juicy and healthy sweet cherry. And although the prices bite at this time, few will refuse the pleasure of trying delicious berries. Product good quality does not stay stale for a long time and is in stable demand even at the peak of maturation of medium and late varieties. Therefore, we offer you good way earnings in the village - business cherry orchard.

What is the benefit of a cherry orchard as a business:

• early ripening and demand for fruits in the market;
• long life and fruiting of trees under favorable conditions;
• low susceptibility to diseases and pests;
• good frost resistance;
• does not require significant fertilizing with fertilizers, especially nitrogen;
• pruning and shaping the crown, grass mowing, soil mulching - the main types of work;
• high yield, 2 times more than that of cherries;
• the harvest comes already 3-4 years after the laying of the garden, and the optimal one - for the 7th year;
• from one tree you can have up to 150 kg of berries.

Registration of a horticultural business

Start a cherry orchard as a business by registering a horticultural non-profit partnership(SNT) if the territories are vast, or just as an IP.

You also need to choose a taxation system. USN or ESHN from a rate of no more than 6% of net profit. For growing fruits and berry crops OKVED code 01.13.21 is selected. Registration takes about 10-15 days. The payment of state duty is obligatory.

In order to be able to officially sell agricultural products, it is necessary to obtain a GOST R declaration of conformity from the SES and a phytosanitary certificate from Rosselkhoznadzor.

Cherry cultivation technology

1. How to choose a variety and rootstock?

When drawing up a business plan for a cherry orchard, special attention should be paid to the choice of rootstocks and crop varieties. It is on this stage of project development that the future stability of crops and, accordingly, the amount of profit depends.

When planting a cherry orchard, they are guided by the following rules:

• Varieties are selected so that the berries ripen in waves over 4-6 months - from May to mid-October. This provides the opportunity for the gradual implementation of berries at the most favorable prices.
• Consider the affiliation of varieties to different groups pollination.
• In addition to commercial varieties, pollinating varieties from mutually pollinated groups with the same flowering time are also needed.
• Provide insect pollinators. Osmium bumblebees or bees are the most effective.

To prevent losses and increase the profitability of the cherry business, we recommend giving preference to varieties:

• undersized;
• with dry separation of fruits;
• with resistance to cracking from rain (foreign varieties);
• with dark red berries, 30-40 mm in diameter;
• with the preservation of the presentation with a delay in collection for 5-15 days;
• with high transportability and a shelf life of at least 3 days.

An example of the selection of varieties for a cherry orchard

As for the choice of rootstock, it is better to use seedlings on VSL-2 of Russian selection. At correct formation crowns on it, commercial fruiting begins already in the 4th year and lasts 18-25 years.

2. Soil preparation and planting of seedlings.

To grow cherries as a business without significant investments, you need to buy and choose the right plot for a garden:

• The soil is of light mechanical composition, which drains well and warms up, not saline. Non-saline chernozems, chestnut and alluvial soils of river valleys are suitable.
• The place is well lit and protected from the wind.
• The climate is warm, without significant temperature fluctuations.
• Low humidity.

When choosing seedlings, pay attention to the root and bark. Ideally, they should be smooth, without any growths and seals. Also look for the presence of a place where the scion and rootstock grow together - its absence is a sign of a wild game.

Before planting, apply a mineral fertilizer with a low nitrogen content to the soil. Soak the seedlings overnight, and cut them in half when planting.

According to this business plan for a cherry orchard, 20 trees are placed on a territory of 6 acres at a distance of 5x3 m.

3. Cherry orchard care.

The cherry orchard does not need frequent fertilizing, especially nitrogen-containing fertilizers. The main thing is to cut the branches correctly, and leave the lower ones. This contributes to the formation of bouquet branches with fruit buds, prevents the "falling out" of trees, increases their frost resistance, and facilitates the collection of future crops. The method of forming the crown of the Spanish Bush tree has proven itself well.

Sweet cherries do not tolerate damage to the bark and roots, so work the soil by lightly mulching the tree trunks with straw or peat.

Do not forget about watering - 1 time for 10 days.

Cherries are also sprayed chemicals from pests and diseases. Beveling of grass between rows is carried out by a rotary mower.

To maintain a cherry orchard with a size of 5 hectares, only 4 permanent employees are needed:

• 1 manager, who is a fruit grower;
• 1 mechanic;
• 2 workers.

Temporary workers are hired to harvest the crops. During the ripening of cherries, 24-hour security is required or a reliable fence must be installed.

And this is how cherry pruning is done:

Calculation of profitability and payback

In the business plan of the cherry orchard, there are 2 options for calculating profit:

• for a small family business with a garden on 6 acres (about 20 trees);
• for a large enterprise with a territory of 5 hectares.

Garden information:

What are our expected costs?

Calculation of profit for the season:

It looks like a small cherry orchard

More business ideas in crop production

1. . If you want to expand your horticulture business by introducing new crops, we suggest you grow apples. For more information about the technology of planting and care, as well as the necessary investments for a garden of 1 hectare, read our business plan.

2. . Check out ideas for growing popular and profitable crops with the least financial investment: oyster mushrooms, cucumbers, potatoes and other crops.

3. . This culture does not require large plots earth. Suitable racks in your own yard or greenhouse. And at minimal cost you can get 130 thousand rubles of net income per month!

Caring for a cherry orchard is no easy task. Planting seedlings, watering, fertilizing, pest and disease control - all this in order to get high yield. And now comes the time when the cherries sing! This is the culmination of the summer season.

Harvesting

How do amateur gardeners pick cherries? What harvesting device is used by large peasant farms?

The ripening period of cherry fruits is extended in time and depends on the variety and the region where it grows. Cherry sings from the beginning of July to the end of August. If the weather is cold, then the berries may be late in ripening. The first to ripen early varieties. Finish the season - late ripening.

Picking berries in the country

The cherry harvest is laborious process which is time consuming. How to harvest cherries?

The fruits of those trees that get more can ripen earlier. solar heat and light. Harvesting should begin as soon as the first fruits ripen. Do not wait for all the berries on the trees to ripen. Harvesting must be done as they mature. Otherwise, overripe fruits will either be pecked by birds, or they will fall off on their own and part of the crop will be lost.

On the garden plot it is better to pick cherries by hand, carefully picking each berry.

There are several ways:

• cutting off part of the cutting along with the berry with scissors;
• collection of fruits with cuttings;
• picking berries without cuttings.

The choice of one or another method depends on the method of further processing of berries. But climbing trees with a ladder and a bucket is a dangerous activity. Therefore, you can use a simple device for picking cherries with tall tree with telescopic handle.

Devices are:

• collet with grip;
• collet wire;
• fruit picker "tulip" - in the form plastic cup with slots;
• pneumatic fruit picker.

How to make a do-it-yourself cherry picker? For this you will need:

• plastic bottle;
• holder (long stick);
• awl, screwdriver, knife.

A plastic bottle must be put on the pointed end of the stick with its neck. Fix it to the holder with a self-tapping screw. Cut a hole in it in the form of a vertical flag so that on top of the “window” you get a prong about which the ripened fruit will break off the tree and fall into the bottle.

With such a tool, it will be possible to collect both ordinary and felt cherries.

Harvesting in peasant farms

Cherry, like cherries, is very popular and in demand in the market. Therefore, it is grown in the gardens of peasant farms over vast areas.

On an industrial scale, harvesting is as mechanized as possible.

In order to quickly collect berries, you can use:

1. Cherry picking machine. The principle of its work is very simple. A tarp is spread under the tree. With the help of the mechanical "hand" of the machine, the barrel is vibrated. The fruits are shredded and fall onto the fabric, and then they are sorted and packed in boxes.
2. Felix Z combine manufactured by Weremczuk FMR. Designed for mechanized harvesting of cherries and sweet cherries. The combine harvester has an arched frame and, passing through a row of trees, crushes a ripe crop from them with the help of special brushes onto a conveyor belt. Then the conveyor delivers the harvested berries to containers.

Garden care after fruiting

After harvesting, you need to spray the trees with fungicides and insecticides from diseases and pests. You can also treat the plants with a 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid.

During summer season watering is done two to three times a month, depending on weather conditions.

At rainy summer trees are not irrigated to avoid stagnant water and wetting of the root collar. In autumn, water-charging irrigation is carried out, 5-6 buckets per plant.

It is necessary to make rejuvenating pruning for powerful and old cherry trees. It is not necessary to allow a strong thickening of the crown. It is necessary to cut off dry, diseased, damaged, as well as lower branches. They pull nutrients from a tree, and few fruit buds form on them.

How to feed the garden after fruiting. Many gardeners have a question: “When, and how to fertilize trees?”. Feeding should be done after harvest or before winter in order to prepare the tree for fruiting in the next season, and, as a result, get a high yield. It is more expedient to use organic fertilizers, as they in their composition have a full range of substances necessary for the plant. As a rule, you need to proceed from the calculation of one bucket of compost or well-rotted manure per 1 m2 trunk circle. In no case should you fertilize the trees with fresh manure, otherwise the roots will “burn out”.

Can also be used mineral fertilizers. Their purpose is to feed the cherry necessary elements, such as potassium and phosphorus, for full growth, development and future fruiting. And here nitrogen fertilizers better apply in early spring in the form of roots and foliar dressings. Spraying is carried out with a solution of urea (40 grams per 10 liters of water).

This year I decided to break the established tradition and personally be present at the ripening of cherries. As it turned out, the cherry begins to ripen at the very top of the tree, where the berries are best lit during the day, and maybe for some other reason - I don’t know, I’m not a botanist (and they don’t seem to be called berries, but how else to call them - don't know either). And since there are no special stairs, scaffolding or other tricky devices for breaking cherries from the very top of the tree in the country house, there is no desire to climb trees for 30 years either, then I thought about how I could pick ripening cherries.

First of all, I got into the Internet, but there was only one more or less adequate answer to such a request. And even then it turned out that a long stick, plastic or metal pipe, a piece of a bicycle inner tube, a rope and a bag for picking up plucked cherries. There were no drawings or photographs on the site, and from a short description I understood how to connect it all together and, most importantly, how to fasten the rope so that the ripe sweet cherry is clamped in the camera trim. Therefore, I was no longer interested in how the cherries would roll down the pipe and get into the bag, and I began to develop my own system for picking cherries.

I had the main thing - a stick about 3-3.5 meters long. I went to the tree and made sure that I could reach almost any berry. It remains only to figure out how to pick a cherry with this stick.

Various ingenious systems like the one shown in the cartoon about Donald Duck and badgers climbed into my head. Well, there are scissors at the end of the stick and, again, a rope. And if without a rope, then somehow expose the blades of the knives (I have old disposable ones in the garage). But then the details of a children's metal constructor came under my feet, and I quickly designed a fully functional system.

I took a strip, bent it to make a brace, and screwed the brace to the stick at about a 40-45 degree angle. And then to the top of the bracket, another piece is heavier so that when the stick rotates, when the bracket instead of horizontal takes almost vertical position, the part was lowered and thus clamped the sweet cherry previously caught in the bracket.

In general, the system turned out to be quite efficient and even passed field tests, I even picked a few cherries. However, sweet cherries grow quite densely, the distance between cherries is sometimes less than 1-1.5 centimeters. Therefore, the created model of the cherry tree, although it passed field tests, it was decided to develop a simpler, smaller and more reliable model. Therefore, I do not enclose drawings and photographs of the first model of the cherry roll.

And then I remembered that either in "Young Technology", or in "Science and Life" in the section " Home master- advice "a similar topic has already been discussed and one of craftsmen suggested for this purpose to use the usual hairpin, which women use to create hairstyles a la "Butterfly". It is enough to bend one leg of the hairpin so that the cherry leg passes between the legs of the hairpin, and fasten the second leg to the stick. Or maybe I saw something similar in a store like "Everything for the garden and garden", but then I did not attach any importance to this. Nevertheless, I decided to reproduce this design, and since there was no free hairpin at hand, I used steel wire. Now the cherry tree looks like this:

And at work like this:

I don’t give the younger one (he’s 2 years old) a cherry roll yet (he has enough fishing rods), and the older one (this one is already 10) tears the cherry with this device quite normally, but he’s not in a hurry to put the tool back in place. That's it.

P.S. As usual, it took no more than two hours to make a cherry roll, but to write this article- and 3 days was not enough.

Harvesting fruits and berries is a pleasant but not always easy activity. This is especially true for cherries. It is very difficult to collect cherries from mature and branched trees, sometimes even modern tall ones do not help, comfortable stairs. Meanwhile, a simple fixture that you can make for a short time, will greatly facilitate this work and allow you to collect the most ripe berries on the highest branches.

To make a device, take a regular PET bottle and cut it sharp blade in half. You will use the bottom of the bottle. Then, from a piece of wood, cut out a horseshoe-shaped segment, the inner diameter of which corresponds to the diameter of the bottle, and drill several holes in it, as shown in the photo:

The diameter of the holes should correspond to the diameter of the wooden chopsticks, which must be made in advance (or take ready-made chopsticks).

With the help of PVA glue, pieces of sticks must be fixed in the segment and this whole structure should be tied to the outside of the bottle with a wire or a thin rope, threading the sticks into the holes drilled for them.

The last step is to attach a pole or pipe of the required length to the manufactured container using adhesive tape (adhesive tape).

It's harvest time and the owners garden trees the question invariably arises, how to collect cherries on a tall tree? Picking berries from a tall tree is a problem, but if it is not carried out, the crop will be partially lost due to the fact that the grower cannot reach the upper branches. Are there any devices that make this procedure as easy as possible? If they exist, where can I get them and is it possible to do something similar on my own? This will be discussed in this article.

Fixture Requirements

To organize the harvest, specialty stores offer a variety of tall cherry picking tools that will help you pick the berries from the top branches. However, it is not necessary to spend money - it will not be difficult for a gardener to make such things on their own. The work is easy, fast and the right materials are often right at hand.

When choosing a puller option, it is worth considering some points:

• how effective the device is (speed of fruit picking, whether the cherry will wake up or deteriorate);
• safety of use for humans;
• convenience (how comfortable it is in the hand, is it possible to work for a long time);
• the length of the holder (the handle should be long enough so that it reaches the very top of the head and the berries break off easily).

high cherry

What are pullers

It is better for a gardener to choose such handy tool which will be the most convenient for him. If speak about homemade devices, they are of the following types:

• iron jar with cloves;
• a plastic bottle to which a wire hook is attached;
• a tube with a hook through which the berries will fall into a special container (this can be a bag or a bag).

What is the easiest way to collect cherries from the upper branches? It is worth considering in more detail the devices that help the gardener. Some of them can be made by hand.

Tube with hook

To make such a puller, you need to prepare a wide pipe through which several berries can freely slip.

Note to the gardener. A person will keep this device on weight for a long time, and therefore it is recommended to use the lightest materials (plastic or aluminum tubes).

The pipe at one end must be cut obliquely. The sharp end is cut into 2 parts. The width of the resulting groove should correspond to the thickness of the stem. Each end must be bent in the form of a hook. To relieve this work the material can be heated or rested on a flat surface.

The opposite end is also heated and then pushed onto a hard object (a cut bottle can be used). On it, when harvesting, you need to put on a bag where the berries will fall. This device allows you to easily remove the berries that are at a height.

It is worth noting that the use of tubes is widely used among gardeners due to the simplicity of the device. But if it is not possible to find materials for manufacturing, then you should familiarize yourself with other devices that allow you to collect cherries from the upper branches.

Plastic bottle

Such an assistant is also very popular in economic use. Need to take plastic bottle and cut off the bottom. A hard wire is attached to the plastic, which can be fixed with a rope, glue or tape. The wire is shaped like a watering can. The narrowed groove should have the width of the fruit stem. At the moment of tension, the berry will come off and end up inside the bottle.

On a note. It remains to choose a stick according to the thickness of the neck and insert it there. If the desired nozzle was not found, then the stick can simply be glued to the bottle.

Can

If we talk about how to properly collect cherries, then here you can use an ordinary tin can. A hole is cut in the tin in such a way that cloves remain in the place where the lid was. They will capture and hold the berry. The jar is tied to the nozzle, it can be a piece of wood or metal tube. It is best to choose lightweight materials so that your hands do not get tired.

Important! Usage cans poses a danger due to sharp edges that are easy to injure. It is not recommended to make such designs, if on suburban area have small children.

Landing net

A fish catcher can also help in the garden. To carry out the collection of berries, the hoop bends in a perpendicular direction to the handle. If there is no net, then you can take a wire, mesh or plastic bag.

Picking berries is very simple, just run a net along the branches and a ripe crop falls into a bag for collection.

How it works

It doesn’t matter which option is chosen from the proposed ones, it is necessary to take into account its structure and think about whether there will be difficulties when a person decides to collect cherries. The whole process is that the berries are hooked, wire or sharp edge. And after hooking, the picker only has to pull the device hard enough so that the cherry is in the container.

simple fixture

If we talk about how cherries are harvested on an industrial scale, then the home-made or purchased devices listed above will not work. orchards processed using special combines. Because there will not be enough human resources to manually pick a berry.

What is the use of cherries

The berry has mass useful properties which can significantly alleviate the condition of a person with various diseases. The berry helps to thin the blood and clear cholesterol.

Working in an office environment involves a long stay in a sitting position, and therefore people often suffer from varicose veins or blood stasis. Cherries can be used as prophylactic against these ailments. The berry helps with joint pain, gout or osteoarthritis.

Powerful antioxidants that slow down the aging process in cells have a rejuvenating and cleansing effect. Cherry removes toxins from the body, serves to normalize the functioning of the kidneys and liver. When the body is cleansed of toxic substances, the condition of the human skin improves markedly.

cherry renders beneficial effect on digestion, normalizes metabolic processes, improves appetite and helps digest food.

Good to know. Sweet cherries contain organic acids in small quantities, and therefore the berry is safe for people with gastritis, stomach ulcers or high acidity.

How to store cherries

After harvesting, many gardeners are wondering if the plucked cherry ripens? The answer is no, cherries are not capable of ripening during storage. Unlike some others horticultural crops, this berry does not have such a property.

You can save cherries different ways. For example, freeze fruits. Before harvesting in this way, the cherries must be sorted out so that there are no rotten fruits, from which all products can deteriorate.

Harvesting

The berries are laid out in special bags that do not let in the smell, so that the delicacies lying nearby do not affect the taste of the cherry. The berries should be dry, without smudges of juice. If everything is done correctly, then the crop will be stored for a year.

Berries can be placed in the refrigerator. Here it is also recommended to sort through all of them in order to detect spoiled ones. It is best to use containers or trays for storage. food products. The package is not the best the best way, in them the berries are often windy. Thus, the sweet cherry can lie for about 5 days.

Important! Store crops in conditions room temperature no more than 2 days is recommended. Then fermentation processes begin in the berries.

Some gardeners dry cherries, but in this form they become a delicacy for insects. So that they do not get to the berries, you need to take a jar with a lid. It is worth considering that processing destroys vitamins, but despite this, the berries still have some benefits.

When used in conservation, cherries must be refrigerated by placing them in airtight jars into which air will not pass. The retention period is 365 days. Cherry jam does not have to be left in the refrigerator; you can choose a dark place where the sun's rays do not penetrate.

Usage special devices for picking sweet cherries greatly simplifies the life of the gardener, and significantly reduces the time of work in the garden. It is worth noting that you can also use fruit collections when processing cherry trees.