Interesting Bauhaus stuff. Bauhaus: architecture and philosophy in the interior. An iconic chair designed by Mies van der Rohe especially for the German pavilion in Barcelona. Mies worked on this piece with German designer Lily Reich. armchair o

The Bauhaus today is a symbol of bold and functional developments in art, architecture and design. Much of what we take for granted in our environment is a consequence of the revolutionary ideas of the founders of the Bauhaus. Now few people know that the design of many pieces of furniture that we have long known - armchairs, chairs, built-in wardrobes, tables made of metal and glass, comes from the Bauhaus style (bauhaus, German - "building houses"). This is a design direction (and Bauhaus school), which flourished in 1919-1928, was founded by the architect Walter Gropius from Weimar, Germany. The style of the German avant-garde has become one of the most influential trends in modern architecture and modern design.

The movement developed in parallel with Russian constructivism and had much in common with it. Among the teachers of the school were such famous expressionist artists as Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee. The Bauhaus preached the cult of geometric shapes and functionality. The design welcomed a mixture of different techniques and techniques.

Bauhaus products had to open new era in the design of the dwelling, to which Gropius himself contributed by building an exemplary house with flat roof. Equipping the house with linoleum floors, furniture walls and furniture from metal tubes was shockingly simple and functional. "The debunking of bourgeois luxury" was the program goal of the pioneers of the Bauhaus. From household items by "eliminating everything unnecessary" arose typical models interior. This was the start of industrial mass production.

The works of Bauhaus bore a tangible imprint of the art of the 20s with the passion for cubism, the decomposition of general form object into its constituent geometric shapes. The samples made within the walls of the school are distinguished by the energetic rhythm of lines and spots, the pure geometrism of objects made of wood and metal.

The Bauhaus style comes from the idea that everything in a space should be simple, modern and functional. Its creators saw the main task of the direction in improving the quality of industrial products, which should have an attractive appearance, affordable price and be as user-friendly as possible. The proclaimed idea of ​​the synthesis of art and technology became the main concept of the activity of style. When creating objects in the Bauhaus style, the principles of rational use of materials are observed.

The color palette of the Bauhaus style is dominated by white, beige, gray and black tones. Big role has a color scheme in which the walls are painted: red - brings closer; blue - moves away; sounds are louder in a bright room than in a dark one. Light objects appear lighter than dark ones. At the same time, the coldness of traditional materials - glass and metal - is softened by the warmth of wood, the texture of leather and decorative organic elements.

Main motives:
- geometric: rectangle, square, elongated rectangle, circle;
- spatial: asymmetric shapes, elongated lines, diagonals.

The main features of the style are an abundance of light, high ceilings, design in horizontal plane. Only vertical element- This narrow window, illuminating flights of stairs.

Interior decoration is minimal, surfaces are smooth monochrome. The walls and ceiling of the Bauhaus-style interiors are finished with plaster, and wallpaper can be used to decorate the walls. To share the wallpaper created in the workshop wall painting schools, had the greatest commercial success. Instead of flowers, patterns were used that resemble the structure of a fabric with geometric patterns. The advantage of this wallpaper was that the pattern was small and irregular, which made it easy to adjust the stripes when pasting the walls. Small rooms, thanks to this pattern, seemed more spacious.

Today, Bauhaus-style wallcoverings are always original, neatly and graphically precise, a piece of drawing technique that brings out charming kinetic effects that emphasize the sophistication of the style. The amorphous shapes on the Bauhaus wallcoverings help to create the necessary contrasts, highlight the impact of the colors and bring an incomparable color to the interior design.

Fashionable these days multi-level ceilings also suggested the Bauhaus style, lowering them somewhat in the bedroom and raising them in the living room. Linoleum is used as a material for the floor.

Intense search for new constructive solutions, often unexpected and bold, were especially characteristic in furniture production. Supporters of the Bauhaus tried to introduce inexpensive multifunctional furniture for people with modest incomes. The furniture is characterized by laconic, clear geometric shapes, lack of ornamentation, which gives the products convenience, simplicity and perfection. The design of chairs and armchairs uses the principle of crossing planes and, as a rule, they do not have handles. The Bauhaus was the first to use metal in the design of furniture. Ergonomic and aesthetic chairs made of steel tubes by Marcel Brewer or Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with curved X-shaped frames, chrome steel strips, leather cushions and canvas on the seat and back are considered “modern classics”. Brewer saw his furniture as the "apparatus of today's life", which should be hygienic, inexpensive and collapsible. Today, this absolutely new type of furniture for that time is an integral part of many office and home interiors.

A new type of furniture appears - transformable, folding - tables, retractable one into another, collapsible stools. Josef Albers' nesting tables with stained glass tops are both simple and functional, with easily recognizable pure colors. These and other developments of the Bauhaus in the field of furniture exploded the usual framework of technology and aesthetics.

Style brought great amount innovation: from modular furniture and up to abstract patterns of carpets. The creators of the style professed the principle of functionality, trying to make the most efficient use of space. Therefore, built-in wardrobes have become a natural element of the interior, with a large capacity and allowing you to make the room more spacious. Workplace the kitchen also came under the scrutiny of designers.

The new models were characterized inexpensive materials and contemporary aesthetics. For the children's room, Alma Siedhof-Buscher designed changing tables and cribs, and for the living room, Josef Albers designed built-in wardrobes and glass tables, combining glass and metal for the first time.

Bauhaus was real factory ideas. Marianne Brandt was the first to take a decisive step towards industry by developing her lamps. The successful development of the "mass product" was the wallpaper, which had a neutral pattern and could be pasted without special efforts and preparation.

Bauhaus accessories are simple and functional: a family photo on the wall, a flower vase, a small figurine. The best accessory for such a room is high-quality household appliances and a well-thought-out lighting system, the use of lamps to create functional work areas.

Integrity, practicality and lack of pretentiousness are the characteristics of the Bauhaus style that make it stand out. The slogan of Bauhaus is functioning functionalism. Developments and prototypes of the Bauhaus still look amazingly modern today, objects of inspiration contemporary designers. Harmony of art, architecture, crafts and philosophy combined with rationality Everyday life remains unique. The idea that functionality determines the style of a product is the foundation of modern industrial design. Main principle: "Beauty does not live without use."

The Bauhaus is ideal for lovers of simplicity, convenience and functionality. With external uncomplicated solutions, style allows you to create comfortable interior where each subject has its own place and role.

bauhaus, as a direction of architecture, with distinctive features forms and functions was formed in Germany at the beginning of the last century - in the 1920s, and then continued its development in the USA, after the 1930s.

Features of Bauhaus architecture.

There are a number of characteristics of the Bauhaus/International style of architecture:
1) Minimum ornament, maximum functionality;
2) Use of asymmetry and repeating symmetry;
3) Maximum use of premises space;

Bauhaus buildings are generally cubic in shape with right angles (although some are found with rounded corners and balconies); have smooth facades and an open floor plan.

With time architectural style Bauhaus was recognized by architects and engineers and spread throughout the world. The American form of the Bauhaus architectural style has transformed the name of the style into an international one.

international style

Some critics argue that Bauhaus architecture can only include buildings built in Germany, and everything else should be attributed to international style— while others use both terms as synonyms for the same phenomenon. The editors of the journal support the idea of ​​interchangeable concepts.

The term International Style was adopted following the publication of a book by historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson, which coincided with a 1932 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA). The book is called International Style.

Bauhaus architecture dedicated social aspect of design with the creation of new forms of affordable housing for people.

The formation and development of the Bauhaus style of architecture was also due to progress in building materials and engineering. Development construction technologies, the use of reinforced concrete made it possible to give concrete walls any form. The Bauhaus design school, which functioned from 1919 to 1933 (first in Weimar, then in Dessau), directly depended on the development of technology in general. The goal of the school was to connect all the arts within the concept of design. In order to create these new connections and use technologies that were not available before, combining them with new forms and images, the school required each of its 700 students to forget everything they knew today.

The best representatives of the arts of that time were invited by Gropius to teach at the school -
painters People: Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Lionel Feinin, Oscar Schlemer;
influential architects: Mies van der Rohe, Hannes Meyer, and himself all contributed to the establishment and shaping of the Bauhaus/International Style image in architecture, industrial design and graphic design.

Modern design fashion in the interior and architecture is at the stage of revising the classic styles that have been formed over the centuries. The view on the functionality of housing, its ergonomics and aesthetic expression is being revised. At the same time, there is a rather narrow layer of directions that have appeared relatively recently. These include the Bauhaus style, which originated at the beginning of the last century and still retains basic principles organization of living space in the conditions of the industrial era.

General information about style

The origins of the style were formed in Germany in the 1920s. The ideologist of the direction is Walter Gropius, who in 1919 occupied the chair of the head of the school of design and construction. On its basis, a circle of designers and architects was organized, who developed the concept of style.

It should be noted that the shade of industrialism is not the only thing that was reflected in the new concept by that time. The founders of the direction sought to embody in it the needs of a new person of that time. Oddly enough, much of what was laid down in the original principles is still relevant today. At the same time, the Bauhaus is an architectural style that goes far beyond interior design. And this applies not only to stylistic features, but also to the design, forms and materials.

Style principles

The style is based on the principle of merging crafts and applied arts. This means that the artist becomes a creator and craftsman on the same level as artisans, offering his works to ordinary consumers. In other words, style offers the creation not of purely practical forms and objects, but of genuine works of art that take place in architectural ensemble or the interior of a private house.

To combine art and handicraft, the principle of coordinating the efforts of specialists was formulated different profile who could together solve the artistic, technical and economic problems that inevitably arise at different stages of construction. Bauhaus is currently a design style that can be characterized as functional, simple and at the same time modern. The concept of the direction, unlike many styles, does not discard the idea of ​​arranging housing with the introduction of manufacturability. And if for the high-tech direction such solutions look in many respects as elements of aesthetic expression, then the Bauhaus uses them for practical purposes.

Style Reflection Materials

The style imposes few restrictions on the choice of material base, but there is a clear bias towards heavy, durable and reliable structures. In particular, the main material can be called metal. Today it is practically not used in interiors, but exterior finish may well be performed using metal siding, profile structures and beams.

The premises are dominated by plastic and glass surfaces. But even in this case, it should be noted that both materials must undergo special processing - impregnation or hardening to give strength and reliability. There is also a place for leather goods, which adorn Bauhaus-style houses, also bringing shades of naturalness. As for the direct surface finishing, plaster is the main means of decorating walls for this style. At the very least, it acts as a basis on which both painting and wallpapering can be applied.

Color solutions

Perhaps this is one of the most democratic styles in terms of color choices. Through the shades of surfaces and decorative elements Bauhaus is practically not expressed. In such houses one can meet both cold and warm colors. On the other hand, you can choose the tactics of following the spirit of the industrial style. And then again, a heavy or at least neutral texture, emphasized by beige, gray and even black colors, will come to the fore.

But at the same time, it cannot be said that conservatism and asceticism are the main things that should reflect the style in the interior of the Bauhaus. The photo below shows that this direction can also be characterized by shades of play and contrast. Adding blue, yellow and green shades will dilute the boring palette and hardly make the interior less attractive and aesthetically expressive.

Lighting Requirements

If in choice color design given a certain freedom, then there are quite specific rules for lighting. First of all, the organization of placement of devices should be divided. For each functional area the room provides its own group of sources. Moreover, the emphasis is on built-in lamps, large chandeliers, floor lamps and ceiling lamps. And in this context, we can emphasize the similarity of the modern fashion for LED spotlights and the Bauhaus style, which also gravitates towards functionality and manufacturability. Luminaire models should be chosen according to the criteria of power, massiveness and brightness. There should be a lot of light, but at the same time one must remember about comfort for the eyes. For example, it is advisable to use LED sources only in equipping the ceiling. And for classic designs in the same floor lamps and chandeliers, use ordinary incandescent lamps.

Suitable pieces of furniture

In the approach to the organization of furniture, practicality dominates. Sometimes even to the detriment of ergonomics. So, designers recommend abandoning chairs with armrests and additional devices that increase comfort. Best Choice there will be compact, transformable items that will not take up much space and will allow rational use of their functions. In terms of materials, we can recall that the Bauhaus is a style in the interior that focuses on metal, plastic and glass. Indeed, the fashion for eco-styles in this design is not traced, which, however, has its positive aspects. Cases made of plastic and metal are durable and functional, although they do not always look aesthetically pleasing, like furniture made from natural materials.

Decor elements

To decorative materials and especially to ornaments as such, the style is indifferent. It is not worth completely abandoning such a design, but it is desirable that it carry a certain semantic load. These can be commemorative paintings, photographs, family candlesticks, etc. At the same time, the Bauhaus style does not impose restrictions on the combination of aesthetic appeal and functionality of interior components. This means that you can make the desired shades of decor through textiles, carpets, the same wall decoration and lighting fixtures. Each element should be chosen based on the overall style of the room, which is emphasized within the Bauhaus direction.

Reflection of style in architecture

This direction in architecture was originally focused on the construction apartment buildings. These were three-four-story houses that formed entire settlements for workers. Accordingly, we could only talk about apartments of a small area, from which a certain desire for minimalism comes from. For example, the Bauhaus style in architecture involves the arrangement of monochrome smooth surfaces. If we transfer this genre to the modern soil of building private houses and cottages, then it can organically fit into the concept of space optimization. It will be a house, in the construction of which inexpensive building materials were rationally used. Close to this trend is the idea frame construction based on kits. In this case, the building process itself will be optimized.

Conclusion

From the point of view of a modern resident of the metropolis, this style offers many interesting and original solutions. Due to minimal resources, it allows you to organize an original unique interior. But you should also consider the limitations that distinguish Bauhaus-style houses - as in external design, and in internal arrangement. In particular, you will have to abandon the increased comfort and decorativeness. These qualities are already provided according to the residual principle, and the first place is given to functionality and simplicity. There are no restrictions on the use modern communications, technological equipment and apparatus. As in the period of its inception, and in our days, this style goes towards technical progress and welcomes new means that expand the possibilities of exploiting living space.

The Bauhaus style, which became popular at the beginning of the 20th century, was particularly influenced by the general enthusiasm at that time for geometricism, cubism and constructivism. In the interior of the Bauhaus, it was customary to use practicality and functionality, moving away from the unnecessary luxury of the bourgeoisie.

Style evolution

From the moment of its formation to the present day, the Bauhaus style has been continuously developed and improved. The main idea of ​​this style is a special simplicity, corresponding to the spirit of the times.

Furniture and decorative elements used for the home should have high quality characteristics, attractive appearance and necessarily functionality, ease of use and affordable cost for most people. Items in the interior must be manufactured in accordance with the principles of rational and economical consumption of raw materials.

Bauhaus style brought ceilings into fashion different heights for every room in the apartment.

The followers of the Bauhaus direction for the first time began to manufacture comfortable and necessary furniture use metal. For the first time, a curved metal tube was used as a frame for chairs and tables.

Actively used easily transformable and receiving different forms and provisions of the furniture. Today, these ideas not only form the basis modern home but also widely used in offices.

Materials, color and lighting

The color scheme of the Bauhaus style is predominantly neutral tones (black, white, beige and gray). Often this palette of colors is diluted with bright flashes - spots of red, blue, different shades blue, green and yellow. The interior uses not only glass, plastic and metal surfaces, but also leather with wood. Abstract drawings and geometric patterns are widely used.

A house decorated in accordance with the Bauhaus style can be called light - high ceilings and bright light sources help to make the interior transparent. The style is characterized by the use of predominantly horizontal planes. Only windows and flights of stairs can be classified as vertical.

A house where the Bauhaus style is used can be recognized by some other signs.

• The interior of such a house necessarily contains geometric shapes - a square and a circle, a simple and elongated rectangle.
• In space, diagonals, elongated lines and some asymmetry are widely used.

Traditionally, in the Bauhaus style, simply plastered walls are used. If wallpaper is used, then their surface should resemble fabric with geometric pattern. A small pattern on the wallpaper will make the room more spacious. Modern wallpaper used in the interior of the Bauhaus is a graphically precisely built special pattern that allows you to create a variety of kinetic effects. Due to such drawings, the interior becomes sophisticated and contrasting.

It is customary to lay on the floor quality linoleum with neutral patterns. Organically fits into the interior linoleum, imitating wood or metal surface.

Decor features

Bauhaus decor occupies a very small niche. The decoration is dominated by monochrome and almost smooth surfaces.

The best decoration for such interiors is not the use of various accessories, but the design of the room with the help of modern household appliances and bright light sources that highlight separate zones. In its pure form, the Bauhaus style is quite rare, but its character traits you can notice in such styles as modern, hi-tech, contemporary, minimalism.

Furniture selection

Bauhaus style furniture is furniture for the average person with the most modest income. Tables, chairs, sofas are chosen not because of their presentable appearance, but because of their high functionality. Laconic and clear forms, the absence of decorative elements give products made of wood, plastic and metal simplicity, convenience and modern perfection. For the design of armchairs and chairs, the principle is used simple intersection planes. Usually such pieces of furniture do not have handles and armrests.

Ergonomic chairs made of bent metal tubes, with cushions made of leather or canvas as seats, are already considered classics in the Bauhaus style. The founders of this style believed that pieces of furniture should not be too expensive, extremely functional and collapsible. The use of metal and plastic allows you to make the interior hygienic, as such materials are easy to clean. Today, such furniture has firmly fit into the interior of offices, educational and medical institutions.

Transformable furniture is very popular - tables and chairs that can be easily removed into each other, collapsible stools and bedside tables. Tables from Josef Albers fit one on one, their tops are made of tempered glass recognizable by clean, bright colors. Simplicity and functionality allows you to make the interior comfortable for all people living in the house.

The Bauhaus style originated in Germany in the 1920s. The founder was the architect Walter Gropius, head of the Higher School of Construction and Design. The idea of ​​the style was to maximize efficient use living space, the rejection of excessive luxury and textured forms, in favor of ergonomics and functionalism.

This direction significantly influenced the mass production of furniture. The creators of the style strove for industrial, conveyor production of beautiful, comfortable and affordable things that would use latest developments and materials.

It was in the Bauhaus style that built-in wardrobes and furniture were first used on metal frame, as well as collapsible and modular furniture.

In Russia, the Bauhaus quickly gained popularity and demand, as it was related, which then, already originated in the Soviet space.

Bauhaus in the interior: canons of style

The main postulates in the interior of the Bauhaus are ergonomics and aesthetics.
In addition, all interior items should be functional and useful.
The decoration of the room is not decor and accessories, but rational use space, correct geometry, thoughtful lighting and high-quality household appliances.

For the interior in the Bauhaus style, all elements are selected for the specific characteristics of a person in order to make your stay in the house as comfortable and productive as possible.

Materials and design

Favorites when choosing finishing materials are the most practical: metal, wood, leather, glass and plastic.
color scheme in the Bauhaus are: yellow, red, black, gray, and as additional: brown, green, blue.

Finishing work is characterized by simplicity. The walls are decorated with plaster or wallpaper with a simple geometric pattern.
On the floor, you can lay high-quality linoleum (imitating a tree or metal surface) or parquet, laminate.

Style furniture

Simplicity, practicality, functionality - this is what you should be guided by when choosing furniture. Lack of unnecessary decor and compactness as well important criteria choice. Such bulky pieces of furniture, such as a wardrobe, must be built in, for the sake of economy. usable space.

By the way, furniture on a chrome-plated metal frame is calling card style.

Lighting

Lighting should be plentiful. Big windows, built-in lamps, table lamps and floor lamps (with shades of the correct geometric shape: rectangle, circle, square) fit perfectly into the style.

Decor?

Since superfluous objects, and especially decorative trinkets, are not favored in the interior of the Bauhaus, only paintings in the style of abstractionism or cubism, and a solid carpet on the floor, complementing themselves, can complement the style. color palette interior.

The Bauhaus style offers a different perspective on beauty and proves that simple shapes beautiful in themselves, and order and ergonomics are more expensive than massiveness and splendor.
Such an interior will appeal to pragmatic people who value comfort and practicality.