Insulation materials: how to create weather in the house. General technical and comparative information (PPU) Insulation of a standard combined roof

  • Diffusion (flow) of humidity (moisture) through the most common building materials of walls, roofs and floors. diffusion coefficient.
  • Reduced resistance to heat transfer Ro = (heat absorption) -1, shading coefficient of opaque elements τ, coefficient of relative solar radiation transmission of windows, balcony doors and lanterns k
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of polymer building materials and products, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability. Expanded polystyrenes, polyurethane foams, polyfoams,...
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of concrete on natural porous aggregates, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of mineral wool, foam glass, gas glass, glass wool, Rockwool, URSA, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of backfills - expanded clay, slag, perlite, vermiculite, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of building mortars - cement-slag, perlite, gypsum-perlite, porous, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of concrete on artificial porous aggregates. Expanded clay concrete, shungizite concrete, perlite concrete, slag-pumice concrete..., heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor pressure
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of cellular concrete. Polystyrene concrete, gas and foam concrete and silicate, foam ash concrete, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of solid brick masonry. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of brickwork from hollow bricks. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of wood and wood products. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.
  • SNiP 23-02 Calculated thermal performance of concrete and natural stone. Concrete, Granite, Gneiss, Basalt, Marble, limestone, Tuff. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat absorption depending on density and humidity, vapor permeability.

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    Any construction work begins with the creation of a project. At the same time, both the location of the rooms in the building and the main heat engineering indicators are calculated. From these values ​​​​depends how the future building will be warm, durable and economical. Allows you to determine the thermal conductivity building materials- a table that displays the main coefficients. Correct calculations are a guarantee of successful construction and the creation of a favorable microclimate in the room.

    In order for the house to be warm without insulation, a certain wall thickness will be required, which differs depending on the type of material.

    Thermal conduction is the process of transferring thermal energy from warm parts to cold parts. Exchange processes occur until complete equilibrium of the temperature value.

    Therefore, when building a building, it is worth using additional materials. In this case, the thermal conductivity of building materials is important, the table shows all the values.

    Helpful information! For buildings made of wood and foam concrete, it is not necessary to use additional insulation. Even using low-conductivity material, the thickness of the structure should not be less than 50 cm.

    Features of the thermal conductivity of the finished structure

    When planning a project for a future home, it is necessary to take into account the possible loss of thermal energy. Most of the heat escapes through doors, windows, walls, roofs and floors.

    If you do not perform calculations for heat saving at home, then the room will be cool. It is recommended that buildings made of concrete and stone be additionally insulated.

    Helpful advice! Before insulating a home, it is necessary to consider high-quality waterproofing. At the same time, even high humidity will not affect the features of thermal insulation in the room.

    Varieties of insulation structures

    A warm building will be obtained with an optimal combination of a structure made of durable materials and a high-quality heat-insulating layer. Such structures include the following:

    • building from standard materials: cinder blocks or bricks. In this case, insulation is often carried out on the outside.

    How to determine the thermal conductivity of building materials: table

    Helps to determine the thermal conductivity of building materials - table. It contains all the values ​​​​of the most common materials. Using such data, you can calculate the thickness of the walls and the insulation used. Table of thermal conductivity values:

    To determine the value of thermal conductivity, special GOSTs are used. The value of this indicator differs depending on the type of concrete. If the material has an index of 1.75, then the porous composition has a value of 1.4. If the solution is made using crushed stone, then its value is 1.3.

    loss through ceiling structures significant for those living on the upper floors. The weak areas include the space between the floors and the wall. Such areas are considered cold bridges. If there is a technical floor above the apartment, then the loss of thermal energy is less.

    The top floor is made outside. Also, the ceiling can be insulated inside the apartment. For this, expanded polystyrene or heat-insulating plates are used.

    Before insulating any surfaces, it is worth knowing the thermal conductivity of building materials, the SNiP table will help with this. Insulating flooring is not as difficult as other surfaces. Materials such as expanded clay, glass wool or expanded polystyrene are used as insulating materials.

    General technical and comparative information

    The excellent technical properties of polyurethane foam make its application very versatile. PPU has a very low thermal conductivity (λ) of 0.021 W/(m K), due to which insulating layer can be very thin.

    PPU is a frost- and heat-resistant material that can withstand temperatures from -180 ° C to +180 ° C.

    PPU is resistant to heavy acids and alkalis, sea water, waste industrial gases and aliphatic hydrocarbons (mineral oils, petrol, diesel fuel etc.). Additional Technical information, permits, data sheets and specifications are available on request from NUVEL.

    Polyurethane foam among heat-insulating materials has the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity (l=0.019-0.028W/m°C) and high waterproofing properties (up to 99% closed pores), allowing it to be used even as roofing material. PPU is chemically neutral to acidic and alkaline environments. Flammability class G2. Polyurethane foam has a high resistance to chemical compounds.

    The main properties of polyurethane foams
    No. p / p The name of indicators Value for various brands of PPU
    1 Apparent density, kg/m. 18..300
    2 Breaking stress, MPa, not less than in compression 0.15..1.0 in bending 0.35..1.9
    3 Thermal conductivity, W/m*K no more than 0.019..0.03
    4 Number of closed pores, at least 85-95
    5 Water absorption,% volume 1,2-2,0
    6 combustibility G2-GOST 12.1.044 (flammable)
    Comparison of PPU with traditional heat insulators
    heat insulator Degree of density (kg/m3) Coeff. thermal conductivity (W/m*K) Porosity Service life (years) Operating temperature range
    PU foam hard 32-160 0,019-0,028 closed >30 -180.. +180
    Mineral wool 40-150 0,04-0,07 open 5 -40..+120
    cork slab 220-240 0,050-0,060 closed 3 -30.. +90
    foam concrete 250-400 0,145-0,160 open 10 -30.. +120
    Comparative analysis technical and economic efficiency
    when using PPU - products and traditional mineral wool
    indicators polyurethane foam min. cotton wool
    Coefficient of thermal conductivity 0,019-0,025 0,05-0,07
    Coating thickness 35- 70 mm 120- 220 mm
    Volumetric
    transportation per 100 cubic meters m.    		 Taking into account the regeneration coefficient ~25 100:20 = 5 cubic meters. Considering the loss factor 1.1 100 * 1.1 = 110 cubic meters.
    warehouse area per 100 cubic meters. 5 cubic meters 110 cubic meters
    Effective
    life time    		 At least 30 years old 5 years
    Manufacturing jobs from 5°С to 30°С from 5°С to 30°С
    Moisture,
    aggressive environments    		 sustainable Thermal insulation properties are lost, cannot be restored
    Ecological cleanliness Safe! Approved for use in residential buildings by the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR No. 07 / 6-561 dated 12/26/86 Allergen
    Working temperature from -80°С to +180°С 350°C
    Performance
    team - 3 people    		 200-600 sq.m per shift 20-50 sq. m per shift
    Actual
    heat loss     		1.7 times lower normative SNiP 2.04.14-88 Energy Saving, No. 1, 1999 Exceeding the standard after 12 months of operation
    Technological advantages transition to channelless laying of heat networks SNiP 2.04.07-86 ( heating network)
    SNiP 2.04.17-88 (thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines)
    TU RB 00012262-181-94 "Polyurethane foam products"
    SNiP 11-3-79 (Construction heat engineering) TU 3497-44406476001-99    		 No
    Extruded polystyrene foam polyurethane foam
    The presence of seams, the gap between the insulation and the surface. The result is the possibility of water penetration through cracks to the surface, which significantly (up to 40%) reduces thermal insulation properties The absence of seams and a continuous fit to the surface. The result is warmth and additional hydro insulation.
    Thermal insulation properties Thermal conductivity coefficient 0.031 - 0.039 W / m * K For a given thermal resistance of the insulation 1.52 m2 ° C / W. 5 cm of insulation layer thickness is required. Thermal insulation properties Thermal conductivity coefficient 0.019 - 0.025 W / m * K For a given thermal resistance of the insulation 1.52 m2 ° C / W. 3.5 cm of insulation layer thickness is required.
    Installation Requires fastening or gluing, which entails additional costs for materials. Installation Does not require fastening or gluing, thus there are no cold bridges.
    Terms of work A team of 10 people perform a volume of 1000 square meters for 15 workers. days Timing of the work A similar amount of work takes 2-3 days.
    The thickness of the layer is a multiple of the thickness of the insulation layer. Layer thickness - any
    Large volume transport costs No transport costs.
    Waterproofing Rigid need for waterproofing works. Waterproofing When using certain polyurethane foam systems, the thermal insulation layer itself is waterproofing. In the absence of stringent waterproofing requirements, even the weakest polyurethane foam system has waterproofing properties.
    Heat resistance The maximum working temperature is 75 degrees. The impossibility of carrying out waterproofing work associated with high temperatures. Heat resistance The maximum working temperature is 250 degrees. Wider range of use in the limiting temperature of use.
    Chemical resistance Instantly dissolves under the influence of any solvents, acids and alkalis. Chemical resistance Unaffected by most common solvents, acids and alkalis
    Service life 25 years Service life 50 years

    Distribution of heat losses in a two-story house:

    I - walls (35%); II - roof (20%); III - ventilation (19%); IV - sex (9%); V - windows (17%);
    From the diagram, the unconditional expediency of insulating the walls and roofs of residential buildings is obvious.

    One of the main applications of rigid polyurethane foam is the technology of applying building thermal insulation at the construction site by spraying, dictated by such unique qualities, as:

    The lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity (0.019-0.028 W / M * K);
    -Low density (40-50 kg/m3);
    -High adhesive strength;
    - No need for fasteners;
    -High acoustic isolation;
    - Lack of cold bridges;
    - Possibility of isolation of designs of any configuration and the sizes;
    - Durability of coatings (not subject to decomposition and decay, not destroyed under the influence of seasonal temperature fluctuations, precipitation, aggressive industrial atmosphere);
    -High environmental friendliness of the resulting material (according to hygienic standards, it is allowed to use it in refrigeration equipment for food products).

    Rigid polyurethane foam is capable of maintaining "equilibrium" thermal conductivity for at least 50 years, and perhaps much longer. If the product has a thick section and air access to it is limited, then it is possible to guarantee the preservation operational properties for a very long time.

    results industrial operation confirm the behavior of the PPU in laboratory conditions. Proof of the high durability of rigid PU foam are numerous examples when on industrial facilities this foam "works" for more than 20 years, and during this time there were no complaints from consumers.
    The results of full-scale tests again confirmed the high reputation of PPU among builders.

    Twenty years of experience in the successful industrial operation of rigid PPU made it possible to reveal not only the limits of possibilities, but also the "additional" advantages of this material, which include, first of all, the ability to maintain low thermal conductivity for a long time. In addition, it was found that in all cases when the PPU behaved unsatisfactorily, it either had a low quality from the very beginning, or the operating conditions were too harsh (temperature above 100 ° C; constant contact with a liquid or gas supplied under high pressure , etc.).

    Thermal insulation of heating pipes is used to reduce heat loss and helps to use thermal energy for its intended purpose. After all, for correct use thermal energy, it is necessary to heat only those premises that need it, using special thermal devices (radiators, convectors, etc.) for this. The heat transferred by hot pipes to building envelopes and non-residential premises buildings, is dissipated without benefit to the consumer. Therefore, thermal insulation of heating pipes should be mandatory, thanks to it, the amount of thermal energy given off to ceilings and non-residential premises is reduced, thereby saving heat.

    Main technical parameters defining performance characteristics thermal insulation are:

    • thermal conductivity coefficient (λ);
    • water vapor diffusion resistance factor (μ);
    • fire characteristics of the material;
    • manufacturability of installation.

    Thermal conductivity coefficient (λ, W/(m K))

    The thermal conductivity coefficient is, in other words, the amount of heat passing per unit time through 1 m² of material with a temperature difference on its opposite surfaces equal to 1 degree. The smaller λ, the better the thermal insulation properties of the material. Which thermal insulation has the lowest thermal conductivity? Thermal insulation materials have a different structure.

    Thermal insulation materials:

    • mineral wool - thermal conductivity at 0 ° 0.032 - 0.056;
    • glass wool - 0.033 - 0.042;
    • foamed polyethylene - 0.032 - 0.038;
    • foamed rubber - 0.034 - 0.038;
    • polyurethane foam - 0.030 - 0.043;
    • expanded polystyrene - 0.030 - 0.042;

    The principle of construction of all materials is the same - these are small air cavities, the walls of which are formed either by fibers or pores. Since air plays the role of a heat insulator, the coefficient of thermal conductivity for all quality materials about the same. It should be noted that X depends on the temperature of the substance; therefore, it is correct to compare materials in terms of thermal conductivity with each other only at the same temperatures.

    Water vapor diffusion resistance factor (μ)

    Depending on the arrangement of air cavities, materials are divided into two types:

    • predominantly with open pores (fibrous insulation, rigid foams);
    • predominantly with closed pores (flexible heat insulators)

    Open-cell materials absorb the moisture contained in the surrounding air well, especially in "cold" applications, while closed-cell materials do not. In order to quantify the ability of a material to resist the diffusion of water vapor into its pores, the water vapor diffusion resistance factor (μ) is used - a number showing how many times the material absorbs water vapor worse from environment than dry air

    μ = Qb/Qm=(Air vapor permeability/material vapor permeability.)

    Why is this indicator important for isolation? The thermal conductivity of water and its vapors is much higher than the thermal conductivity of air (30.6 W / (mK) and 0.024 W / (mK) respectively), therefore, when moisture accumulates inside the pores of the material, its thermal conductivity increases, that is, thermal insulation ceases to perform its main function - preserving energy. The higher the μ factor of the material, the less it absorbs moisture, the longer it retains its thermal insulation properties.

    Resistance factor of heat-insulating material:

    • glass wool - 2μ;
    • mineral wool - 2μ;
    • foamed polyethylene - 2700 - 3500μ;
    • foamed rubber - 3000 - 7000μ;
    • polyurethane foam - 16μ;
    • expanded polystyrene - 16μ;

    Fire characteristics

    SNiP 41-03-2003 regulates the scope of technical thermal insulation according to its combustibility group. The combustibility group is a classification characteristic of the ability of substances and materials to burn.

    According to the flammability of substances and materials are divided into three groups:

    • non-combustible (fireproof) - materials that are not capable of burning in air (combustibility group NG);
    • slow-burning (flammable) - materials capable of burning in air when exposed to an ignition source, but not capable of burning independently after its removal (combustibility groups G1 and G2);
    • combustible (combustible) - materials capable of spontaneous combustion, as well as ignite when exposed to an ignition source and burn independently after its removal (combustibility groups GZ and G4).

    According to SNiP 41-03-2003, it is allowed to use materials belonging to the groups NG, G1 and G2 for insulation engineering communications in residential and administrative buildings.

    Calculation of thermal insulation

    The thickness of the technical insulation must be calculated according to regulatory documents adopted in our country: SNiP 41-03-2003 and SP 41-103-2000. The results of the calculation of the thickness of the thermal insulation, obtained using application programs, must exactly correspond to the parameters specified in the regulatory documents.

    Why does a person need a home? "Weird question! - most likely, you will be surprised. “Among other things, a house is needed so that where we live it is warm, dry, quiet.” Indeed, erecting a building, it is necessary not only to build walls and cover the roof. It is also necessary to ensure that the house retains heat, so that dampness does not penetrate into it, so that behind its walls it is possible to hide from intrusive street noise. The building materials market today has a significant range of different insulating materials. Some of them have a highly specialized purpose, for example, electrical insulating materials, others can be used to solve complex problems, for example, heat and sound insulation.

    What are the basic requirements for insulating materials? Of course, they must provide high-quality insulation. Also, of course, it is important to take into account their environmental friendliness and safety for the health of people in the building. And, finally, the question of the economic feasibility of choosing one or another insulating material is always relevant. So let's consider from this point of view insulating materials available to builders today.

    Moisture protection

    Water, water ... water all around ... Undoubtedly, we cannot live without water, but ... Precipitation, atmospheric moisture, ground and melt water, condensate - all this can not only create discomfort for people living or working in the building, but also adversely affect the condition and durability of the building itself. Therefore, it is so important to provide high-quality protection against moisture in all its manifestations. The group of insulating materials that perform this task is perhaps the most extensive. Let's start with her.

    This group includes materials for providing the following types of protection:

    • waterproofing
    • vapor barrier

    Waterproofing can serve two purposes:

    • Anti-filtration waterproofing is protection against water penetration into premises and structures located under water or underground, as well as through hydraulic structures (basements, underground rooms, tunnels, mines) and protection against water leakage, including operational and technical water (wells). , caissons, dams, channels, reservoirs, settling tanks, pools, etc.)
    • Anti-corrosion waterproofing is the protection of building materials or materials from which all kinds of structures are made from the harmful effects of water, both filtering and simply washing (above-ground metal constructions, structures located in the zone of variable water level).

    There are a lot of waterproofing materials. All of them can be divided into several types depending on the type:

    • metal sheets
    • rolled or sheet materials
    • materials applied to the treated surface in liquid form
    • mineral-based binders
    • materials based on bentonite clays
    • various dry building mixtures having a penetrating effect.

    The need for high-quality waterproofing arises everywhere. However, depending on the conditions, purposes and materials used, Various types waterproofing.

    Type of waterproofing Purpose and place of use Materials used
    Painting shop Anticapillary and corrosion protection concrete and metal structures. In this case, the waterproofing layer is quite thin - only up to 2 mm thick.
    • polymer varnishes and paints
    • hot bitumen and bitumen-polymer coatings
    • cold epoxy rubber compounds
    Plaster Multi-layer coating, also for anti-corrosion and anti-filtration protection. The thickness of the layer of such waterproofing can reach 2 cm, it is most often used to protect reinforced concrete structures.
    • Cold and hot asphalt mortars for plaster
    • Mastics
    • cement mixtures applied by shotting method
    • Polymer concrete coatings
    • Polymer-cement compositions
    • Colloidal cement mortar
    Okleyechnaya Multi-layer (3-4 layers) coating, most often used for waterproofing roofs.
    • Bituminous (brizol, hydroizol, hydrostekloizol, isol, etc.)
    • Bitumen-polymer (mostoplast, isoplast, etc.) roll materials.
    • The most modern and topical solution are geomembranes based on elastomers, as well as carmizol, bernisol and berizol.
    • For gluing roll materials, bitumen, bitumen-polymer, bitumen-rubber, polymer mastics are used.
    cast Today it is considered the most reliable method of waterproofing. However, the process of arranging such waterproofing is quite laborious and expensive, so for the time being it is used mainly in especially critical areas that require particularly reliable and durable protection. Represents several layers horizontal surface, with a total thickness of 20-25 mm, or vertical casting for a wall or formwork with a thickness of 30 to 50 mm.
    • Asphalt mastics and mortars
    • Asphalt-claydite-concrete
    • Bitumoperlite
    • Epoxy foam and other foams.
    Zasypnaya By its design and purpose, it is similar to cast waterproofing - waterproofing materials are poured into cavities and layers enclosed by formwork. The thickness of such a waterproofing layer can reach 50 mm
    • Hydrophobic sands and powders
    • Asfaltoizol
    Impregnation It is used for impregnation of elements of prefabricated structures made of porous material (concrete, asbestos cement, limestone, tuff). The use of this type of waterproofing is especially justified for structures whose elements are subjected to heavy loads (piles, pipes, foundation blocks, etc.)
    • Bitumen
    • coal tar pitch
    • Petrolatum
    • Polymer varnishes
    injection This method of waterproofing is most often used to repair the waterproofing layer. In this case, a special binder is injected into the seams and cracks, as well as into the soil adjacent to the structure or structure.
    mounted The use of this type of waterproofing is resorted to in particularly difficult cases: specially made elements are attached to the main structure using mounting ties
    • metal sheets
    • plastic plates
    • fiberglass
    • Rigid PVC
    • prefabricated reinforced concrete products, manufactured in the factory and reinforced at the production stage with an additional paint or plaster waterproofing layer.
    Penetrating This type of waterproofing allows you to provide effective waterproofing concrete structures. One of the most progressive methods installation or restoration of waterproofing of concrete foundation blocks or other dug-in structures. Penetrating waterproofing technology based on a special chemical composition waterproofing material, which, when applied to a concrete surface from the outside or inside structures, penetrates into the pores of concrete, crystallizing and thus providing not only waterproofing, but also strength, frost resistance and resistance of concrete to aggressive environments.
    • Special dry mixes, which include cement, quartz sand and special chemical additives, which, under the influence of water, react with substances present in concrete and form more complex salts, which, when interacting with water, acquire a crystalline structure. Filling the pores of concrete, such crystals become a reliable barrier to water, without disturbing air exchange.
    sprayed Waterproofing of this type can be used to protect against water in almost any area: roofs, foundations, underground spaces, basements, and even artificial reservoirs. Distinguishing properties such waterproofing - high adhesion with almost any surface, fire resistance, lack of seams, durability.
    • Liquid rubber, which is a two-component composition based on a modified bitumen-polymer emulsion. Such a composition is applied in liquid form to the treated surface and instantly acquires the properties of an elastic, seamless coating.

    Well, everything is clear with the purpose of waterproofing - protecting buildings and structures from the harmful effects of water and aggressive environments, as well as preventing the penetration of moisture into the structure. The main parameters that make it possible to determine the quality of a waterproofing material are water resistance and moisture resistance, as well as resistance to aggressive substances dissolved in water. By the way, moisture resistance and water resistance are by no means the same thing.

    Water resistance- this is the ability of a material to maintain its properties during prolonged saturation with water.

    moisture resistance- an indicator that determines the ability of a material to maintain its properties and resist destruction with frequent wetting and drying. Speaking of waterproofing, we note one more parameter. This is water resistance - the ability of the material not to pass water.

    In addition to the fact that high-quality waterproofing allows you to maintain the integrity of the building, it significantly improves its thermal insulation. And in connection with the issue of thermal insulation, one more point should be noted, such as providing vapor barrier.

    The vapor barrier is designed to support optimal mode work of the thermal insulation layer. The fact is that condensation inevitably forms on the layer of heat-insulating material due to the temperature difference. If you do not ensure its timely evaporation and allow the penetration of condensate into the insulation, the heat-insulating material will lose its durability and cease to cope with its task. Roofs and facades of buildings are the main areas where in without fail vapor barrier must be used.

    The most important property vapor barrier material- this is vapor permeability, that is, the ability to pass air and water vapor. The most common type of vapor barrier today is various film materials and breathable membranes, the vapor permeability of which is achieved due to microperforation and a special chemical composition. And although in the West similar materials have been used for quite some time, Russian market they appeared relatively recently. Not so long ago, mainly roofing felt, roofing felt, foil were used for these purposes. Currently, such modern materials as Izospan, Yutafol, Yutavek, Tyvek are becoming increasingly popular. By the way, Tyvek was developed by the world leader in the production of film materials, DuPont (DuPont).

    It is noteworthy that in modern construction materials are used that combine hydro- and vapor barrier properties, which greatly simplifies the design and reduces the cost of providing high-quality insulation.

    How to keep warm

    It is not enough to protect the building and the people in it from excessive moisture, it is also necessary to think about the thermal insulation of the building. Whatever temperature regime was not supposed to be in the task, it is probably impossible to do without thermal insulation. After all, heat-insulating material allows not only to retain heat in the building during the cold period, but also to keep cool in the heat. In part, thermal insulation is provided by the building material itself, from which the building was erected and also external and interior decoration. For example, low thermal conductivity a natural stone. Modern facade plaster also improves the thermal insulation properties of the walls. Some materials used for waterproofing are also designed to retain heat. And yet, you can’t do without full-fledged thermal insulation if you want to live and work warm in winter, and not languish in the heat in summer. Choice thermal insulation materials huge today. On the building materials market, heaters of the most different kind:

    • rolled and corded (mats, bundles, cords)
    • piece (blocks, plates, bricks, cylinders, segments)
    • loose (perlite sand, various powders, granules)
    • loose (cotton wool)

    In order to make the right choice of insulation, you need to know its properties. Thermal conductivity- the main characteristic of the heat-insulating material. This is, in fact, its ability to pass heat through itself.

    According to the type of its action, thermal insulation is divided into two groups:

    • preventing thermal insulation (reduces heat loss through the use of materials with low thermal conductivity)
    • reflective thermal insulation (reduces heat loss by reducing infrared radiation)

    Preventive thermal insulation

    Thermal insulation is traditional way building insulation. There are three types of thermal insulation materials, based on the raw materials used for their production:

    • organic
    • inorganic
    • mixed

    They are made from natural raw materials: woodworking waste and Agriculture, peat, as well as various plastics, cement. This is a fairly large group of materials presented on the market in an extensive range. Almost all organic heat insulators have low fire, water and bioresistance. As a rule, organic heat insulators are used in areas where the surface and ambient temperature does not rise above 150 degrees, and also as a middle layer. multilayer structures — plaster facades, under wall cladding, in triple panels, etc.

    More resistant to moisture, fire and bioagents are materials made from gas-filled plastics (foam glass, expanded polystyrene, foam plastics, foam plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.). Cellular plastics today occupy a significant share of the market for thermal insulation materials. Insulators based on them are well-deservedly popular due to their physical properties, low cost, ease of processing and durability.

    A more detailed list of organic heat insulators on the market is shown in the table below.

    Product type Raw materials Properties
    Arbolite products
    • Portland cement
    • Fine-fiber components: sawdust, chaff of straw and reeds, wood chips, shavings
    • The mineralizer with which the product is processed
    • Chemical additives: soluble glass, alumina sulfate, calcium chloride
    • The most common in modern construction is wood concrete, having a density of 500-700 kg / m 3
    • the thermal conductivity of this material is 0.08-0.12 W / (m * K),
    • compressive strength - 0.5-3.5 MPa
    • Stretching in bending - 0.4-1.0 MPa
    Expanded polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
    • Produced by porousization of polyvinyl chloride resins
    • Average density material - 0.1 kg / m 3
    • Distinguish between hard and soft polyvinyl chloride, which allows it to be used as a heat-insulating material both for facades and for walls, floors and roofs, as well as doors.
    Particle boards (chipboard)
    • Organic fibrous components (usually specially prepared wood wool) - 90%
    • Synthetic-based resins - 7-9%
    • Hydrophobic agents, antiseptics, flame retardants
    • Density -500-1000 kg / m 3
    • Tensile strength - min 0.2-0.5 MPa
    • Bending strength - min 10-25 MPa
    • Humidity - 5-12%
    • Swelling in water - 5-30%
    Wood fiber insulating boards (DVIP)
    • non-commercial wood
    • Woodworking and sawmill waste
    • Waste paper
    • stalks of corn
    • Straw
    • All kinds of binders (synthetic resins) and chemical additives (water repellents, fire retardants, antiseptics)
    • Density - up to 250 kg / m 3
    • Bending strength - up to 12 MPa
    • The level of thermal conductivity is not more than 0.07 W / (m * K)
    Polyurethane foam (PPU) Get as a result chemical reaction in which polyester, water, diisocyanide, emulsifiers and catalysts enter
    • Density - 40-80 kg / m 3 (PPU with a density above 50 kg / m 3 also acquires waterproofing properties)
    • PPU has the lowest thermal conductivity among the thermal insulation materials used today in construction - 0.019-0.028 W / M * K
    • In addition to heat and waterproofing properties, it has a high acoustic insulation ability.
    • Has high chemical resistance
    • It is used for sprayed thermal insulation, allows to provide waterproofing and insulation of structures of any complexity, avoiding the occurrence of cold bridges.
    Mypora It is made by whipping an aqueous emulsion of urea-formaldehyde resin, to which glycerin is added to reduce brittleness. Also in the composition of this material are petroleum sulfonic acids (as a foaming agent) and organic acids (as a curing catalyst)

    Mipora can be supplied both in the form of blocks of slabs or crumbs, and poured into enclosing structures and cavities, where it hardens at room temperature.
    • Density - does not exceed 20 kg / m 3 (this is almost 10 times less than that of a cork)
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.03 W / (m * K)
    • Mipora does not burn at temperatures up to 500 °, but only chars. Besides. Flame retardants are introduced into the composition of mipora, which also prevent its ignition in an oxygen environment.
    • Mypora is sensitive to aggressive chemical attack.
    • Has significant water absorption
    Expanded polystyrene (PPS) Styrofoam composed of 98% air and 2% petroleum-derived polystyrene by step by step process. Also, a small amount of various modifiers, for example, fire retardants, is introduced into the composition of expanded polystyrene.
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.037-0.041 W / (m * K)
    • Low hygroscopicity causes excellent waterproofing qualities of polystyrene foam
    • Corrosion resistant
    • Does not create a favorable environment for the development of microflora, is not affected by bioagents
    • It has very low flammability. Basically, it is a self-extinguishing material. During combustion, the amount of thermal energy released by polystyrene foam is 7 times less than that of a tree.
    Polyethylene foam It is made of polyethylene with the addition of hydrocarbons as a foaming agent.
    • Density - 25-50 kg / m 3
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.044-0.051 W / m * K
    • Used as sound and vapor barrier
    • It is used at temperatures ranging from -40 C° to +100 C°
    • Low water absorption
    • High chemical and biological resistance
    Fiberboard Slab material made of thin, narrow wood shavings(wood wool) and an inorganic binder component (as a rule, Portland cement is used for this, sometimes magnesia binder).
    • Density - 300-500kg / m 3
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.08-0.1 W / (m * K)
    • According to tests, fiberboard, due to inorganic additives, has quite good indicators of fire resistance, biological and chemical stability. It can be used in conditions of high humidity, for example, for finishing rooms where swimming pools are located, etc.
    • Possesses good properties acoustic absorption
    Honeycomb plastics
    • A material consisting of thin-walled cells, most often having a hexagonal shape - honeycombs. However, there are honeycombs with a different shape of cells. Honeycomb filler can be made of paper or fabric based on cellulose, organic, glass, carbon fibers, and films.
    • As a binder, phenolic, epoxy and other thermosetting resins are used.
    • External panels honeycombs are made of thin-sheet laminated plastic.
    • The properties of honeycomb plastics depend on what material was used as a raw material for the manufacture of honeycomb filler, as well as on the cell size, type and amount of resin used as a binder.

    Inorganic thermal insulation materials presented on the market in an even wider range. All kinds of mineral raw materials are used for their production: rocks, slag, glass, asbestos. This type of insulation includes mineral and glass wool, products made from them, some lightweight concretes on expanded perlite, vermiculite and other porous aggregates, cellular heat-insulating concretes, asbestos, asbestos-containing, ceramic materials, foam glass. The first place in terms of production volumes among all heat-insulating materials is occupied by mineral wool. The most popular cotton wool from manufacturers such as Isover, Isoroc, Rockwool. However, domestic analogues of more than decent quality are also presented on the Russian market.

    Mineral heaters are available in various types. It can be rolled materials, and mats, and rigid plates, and bulk materials. We will consider only the main ones.

    Material type Raw materials Properties
    Mineral wool Depending on the raw material, mineral wool can be stone (basalt, dolomite, diabase, limestone, etc.) and slag (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy slag).

    In addition to mineral raw materials, mineral wool contains binding components: phenolic or carbamide. Wool with a phenolic binder is more preferable for construction work, as it is a more water resistant material than mineral wool with a carbamide binder.
    • Mineral wool is a non-combustible material. In addition, it is able to successfully prevent the spread of fire, so it is also used for fire protection and fire insulation.
    • Mineral wool is used as an effective acoustic insulation, as it has a high sound absorption.
    • Extremely low hygroscopicity.
    • High chemical resistance.
    • Mineral wool gives negligibly low shrinkage, which ensures the preservation of the geometric dimensions of the material throughout the entire service life and prevents the occurrence of cold bridges.
    • The disadvantage of mineral wool is its high vapor permeability. Therefore, mineral wool thermal insulation often requires additional vapor barrier.
    glass wool To obtain glass wool, the same raw materials are used as for the production of glass or waste from the glass industry.
    • Glass wool fibers are thicker and longer than mineral wool. Due to this, glass wool has more high strength and elasticity.
    • The density of glass wool in a loose state is not higher than 130 kg / m 3.
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.030-0.052 W / M * K.
    • Temperature resistance - does not exceed 450 ° C.
    • Glass wool is widely used as a sound insulator.
    • It has high chemical resistance.
    • Non-hygroscopic.
    • Not subject to corrosion.
    • Non-flammable, does not emit toxic substances under the influence of fire.
    ceramic wool Produced by high-speed centrifugation or blowing from oxides of aluminum and silicon, zirconium.
    • Ceramic wool has a significantly higher thermal stability than glass wool and even outperforms mineral wool in this indicator. Maximum working temperature the use of ceramic wool products exceeds 1000 ° C.
    • Thermal conductivity - 0.13-0.16 W / M * K (at a temperature of 600 ° C).
    • Density - up to 350 kg / m 3.
    • At temperatures above 100 ° C, ceramic wool acquires electrical insulating properties.
    • High chemical resistance.
    • Products made of ceramic wool are resistant to various deformations.

    Mixed thermal insulation materials are made on the basis of mixtures of asbestos and various additives (mica, diatomite, perlite, dolomite, etc.), as well as mineral binders. From this mixture and water, a plastic “dough” is kneaded, which hardens when dried. From the asbestos dough that has not yet hardened, coatings are made directly on insulated structures or semi-finished products are obtained: plates and various shells. Asbestos-containing heaters have a sufficiently high heat resistance - they can be used in conditions high temperatures(up to 900 С°). The thermal conductivity of mixed heaters is from 0.2 W / (m * K). Most of these materials are not waterproof, have high water absorption and open porosity, so such thermal insulation requires additional waterproofing. The best-known materials from this group are volcanite and sovelite. When using asbestos-containing materials for thermal insulation, sanitary standards should be strictly observed, since their use is associated with the release of asbestos dust, which is harmful to human health.

    Reflective or reflex thermal insulation is based on the fact that almost every material, including those used in construction, has thermal stability. This means that it cannot stop the movement of thermal energy, but only slows it down by absorbing and then releasing (radiating) heat.

    Significant heat loss is due to the passage of infrared radiation, which is not prevented by traditional thermal insulation materials with low thermal conductivity. However, some materials behave somewhat differently, they do not absorb, but reflect from themselves almost all (97-99%) of the heat that reaches their surface. These materials include gold, silver, pure polished aluminum. If such a material is supplemented with a thermal barrier, which is currently used as a polyethylene film, then we will get an effective heat-insulating material that can also be used as a vapor barrier. Thus, reflective thermal insulation materials are ideal for insulating baths, saunas and similar rooms.

    Modern reflective insulation is a multi-layer material consisting of one or two layers of polished aluminum and a layer of foamed polyethylene. The market for thermal insulation materials a large assortment such materials from different manufacturers. These heaters differ in very insignificant thickness. A layer of reflective thermal insulation with a thickness of 10 to 25 mm is equivalent to a layer of insulation made of fibrous materials with a thickness of 100-270 mm. Among the most popular reflective heat-insulating materials today are Penofol, Porileks, Ecofol, Armofol.

    As you can see, the insulating materials used in modern construction are more than diverse. Many of them are used to solve complex problems. Therefore, when choosing insulation or waterproofing for your home, it is advisable to focus, if possible, on those materials that will simultaneously help you provide protection from noise, wind and various harmful effects.

    Natalya Vilyuma, especially for rmnt.ru

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